{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/zp3vt1j53m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Cohen, Gerald (1991)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1991-03-27 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGerald Cohen was interviewed by Ray Ann Kremer on March 27, 1991 in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eGerald Cohen was born in 1918 in Pocomoke City, Maryland shortly before his Russian and Polish immigrant family moved to Atlanta. He grew up on Pryor and Washington Streets, in the heart of the Jewish community. As a youth, Gerald was involved in many Jewish organizations. He attended activities hosted by the United Hebrew School, Young Judaea, B’nai B’rith Youth Aleph Zadik Aleph, and Jewish Educational Alliance. He attended Georgia Avenue School, Hoke Smith Junior High School, and Boys High School. Growing up, his friends were mostly Jewish. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald went to Emory University after graduating high school and trained to become a metallurgist. He found it difficult to find jobs in his profession after he graduated, and eventually began Central Metals Co., a metal recycling business, with his father and brothers. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe married his high school sweetheart, Helen Hillman Cohen. Together, the two had three children: Judy Cohen Kogon, Carol Cohen Deutsch, and Mark Cohen. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald was very involved in the Atlanta Jewish community. He has served as president of the Ahavath Achim Synagogue (1974-76), the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta (1984-86), and the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization Adult Committee (1959-61). He was the chairman of the Atlanta Jewish Federation's Annual Campaign (1978), Men's ORT, and Year 2000 Committee of Atlanta Jewish Federation, national chairman of National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council (NJCRAC), and was a founding member of The Harry H. Epstein School and The Doris and Alex Weber School. He served on the boards of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the American Jewish Committee (AJC), the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta, ORT, Jewish Family \u0026amp; Career Services, Bureau of Jewish Education, The Epstein School, The Weber School, Ahavath Achim Synagogue, Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, and as a National Officer of Council of Jewish Federations. Gerald received the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta's Lifetime Achievement Award, B'nai B'rith's Century Club Man of the Year, ADL's Abe Goldstein Humanitarian Award, AJC's Selig Distinguished Service Award, The Weber School's First Annual Honor, and The American ORT Federation's Leadership Service Award, and as a member of the Rabin Legacy Society and the King Solomon Society.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald passed away in February 2009 at the age of 90. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eGerald begins the interview by describing his upbringing in the south side of Atlanta. Gerald explains that he and his family lived in the heart of the Atlanta Jewish community. He recalls the many organizations he was involved with, even as a child, including B’nai B’rith Youth, Aleph Zadik Aleph, and more. His friend group was mostly Jewish and he describes his involvement in a Jewish Boy Scout troop. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe then describes his family and how his children and their activities were the center of his community life. Gerald and his wife, Helen, were very active parents. He began his involvement with the Ahavath Achim Synagogue by teaching Sunday school. He eventually became the president of the Synagogue and he also discusses his involvement in the Federation. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald then speaks about his schooling. First, he attended Crew Street School, then Georgia Avenue School, Hoke Smith Junior High School, and Boys High School. He recalls being the only Jewish student at Georgia Avenue School. He also remembers how he lived in an integrated neighborhood and played with African American children growing up. He also briefly describes attitudes toward segregation in Atlanta at that time. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eNext, Gerald discusses the migration of Jewish families from the south side to northeast and then northwest Atlanta. He and his family followed along with these migrations. Gerald discusses how neighborhood life was different after the migrations. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald then comments on antisemitism at Emory University. He states that antisemitic discrimination was worse in the medical and dental schools. He also talks about how it was difficult for Jewish students to enter non-Jewish fraternities. He then explains how his experience at Emory helped prepare him for life. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eFollowing this discussion, Gerald describes the nature of Jewish society in Atlanta and its different aspects. He then returns to the subject of the south side and how a baker named Mr. Bromberg would go from Jewish home to Jewish home with his horse-led cart full of baked goods. He then talks about what it was like to attend Boys High School. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter describing a few more of his family’s moves, he talks about his children and their Jewish family traditions. He describes his family’s reasons to move to northwest Atlanta rather than the northeast. Gerald talks about how the nature of decision-making in the Atlanta Jewish community has changed over time. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald continues by describing his family background. As a teenager, his father came to America from Russia. His mother was from Poland and came over at the age of five. His father became involved in the scrap metal business. As new immigrants, they entered a welcoming community comprised of German and Western European Jews. Gerald also discusses how it was difficult for Jewish immigrants to find capital to begin their businesses, especially during the Great Depression. Gerald describes the social divisions between different Jewish groups in the early 20th century. Different denominations socialized in different places and at different institutions. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald notes a change in the Atlanta Jewish community. More members joining the community are young professionals, rather than businessmen and entrepreneurs. He then describes how Jewish Americans came to Atlanta from the North in the 1960s. Gerald also comments on the importance of Israel to the Atlanta and American Jewish community, and his involvement with Israel’s independence movement. Following this discussion, he speaks on the importance of the American Jewish Committee’s interfaith programs. He then states how Rabbi Jacob Rothschild united the Atlanta Jewish community and how the community can continue to unite and progress. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29179"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["African Americans (topical term)","Ahavath Achim Synagogue (Atlanta, Ga.) (corporate name)","Alabama (geographic term)","Aleph Zadik Aleph (corporate name)","Alexander Sr., Henry “Harry” Aaron, (1874-1967) (personal name)","Alterman, Max (personal name)","Alterman, Ro (personal name)","American Jewish Committee (corporate name)","Anniston (Ala.) (geographic term)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Arab-Israeli conflict — 1948-1967 (named event)","Assimilation (Sociology) (topical term)","Atlanta (Ga.) (geographic term)","Augusta (Ga.) (geographic term)","Bakers. (topical term)","Bar mitzvah (topical term)","Birmingham (Ala.) (geographic term)","Bloom, Leon (personal name)","Blumberg, Marvin (personal name)","B'nai B'rith (corporate name)","B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (corporate name)","Borochoff, Charles (personal name)","Boy Scouts (corporate name)","Breman, Max (personal name)","Breman, Mortimer Willian “Bill” (1908-2000) (personal name)","Brickman, Stanley Perry (1931-) (personal name)","Camps (topical term)","Charleston (S.C.) (geographic term)","Check fraud (topical term)","Childhood (topical term)","Civil Rights movement (named event)","Clubs (topical term)","Cohen, Bernard, (1915-1997) (personal name)","Cohen, Gerald, (1918-2009) (personal name)","Cohen, Gibby (personal name)","Cohen, Helen Hillman (personal name)","Cohen, Mark (personal name)","Cohen, Pauline (personal name)","Columbia (S.C.) (geographic term)","Conservative Judaism (topical term)","Dating (topical term)","Dental schools (topical term)","Deutsch, Carol (personal name)","Dry-goods (topical term)","Education (topical term)","Education, Elementary. (topical term)","Emory University (corporate name)","Epstein, Harry (personal name)","Freedman, Ely (personal name)","Freedman, Jack Irving “Honey”, (1921-2017) (personal name)","Freedman, Phyllis Blonder (personal name)","Freedman, Ramona (personal name)","Garson, Charlotte (personal name)","Georgia (geographic term)","Girl Scouts (topical term)","Goldstein, Betty Cohen, (1929-2015) (personal name)","Goldstein, Marvin Clarence, (1917-1997) (personal name)","Golf courses. (topical term)","Great Depression (named event)","High School (topical term)","Hotels (topical term)","Immigrants--United States. (topical term)","Institutions (topical term)","Israel (geographic term)","Jewish congregations (topical term)","Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta (corporate name)","Jewish orphanages (topical term)","Jewish sects (topical term)","Jews, German (topical term)","Jews, Polish (topical term)","Jews, Russian (topical term)","Jews--Dietary Laws (topical term)","Kananov, Melvin (personal name)","Kiddush. (topical term)","Kimmerling, Max (personal name)","Kline, P. S. (personal name)","Kogon, Judy (personal name)","Kosher Food (topical term)","Levitas, Louis J., (1885-1968) (personal name)","Louisiana (geographic term)","Marriage (topical term)","Marx, David (personal name)","Massell, Jr., Ben J. (1917-1986) (personal name)","Massell, Sam (personal name)","Massell, Sr. Benjamin Joseph (1886-1962) (personal name)","Medical schools (topical term)","Medintz, Barney (1919-1960) (personal name)","Mendel, Hyman (1872-1954) (personal name)","Migrations (topical term)","Miller, Harriet (personal name)","Minyan (topical term)","Morris Plan Corporation of America. (corporate name)","National Council of Jewish Women (corporate name)","New Orleans (La.) (geographic term)","Old age homes (topical term)","Orphanages. (topical term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)","Paradies, Isaac Jacob, (1885-1967) (personal name)","Passover. (topical term)","Poland (geographic term)","Public schools (topical term)","Rabbis (topical term)","Race (topical term)","Reform Judaism (topical term)","Religious education (topical term)","Restaurants (topical term)","Rosenberg, Samuel H., (1905-1962) (personal name)","Rothschild, Jacob Mortimer (1911-1973) (personal name)","Russia (geographic term)","Savannah (Ga.) (geographic term)","Schools (topical term)","Scrap metal industry (topical term)","Seder. (topical term)","Segregation (topical term)","Shalom, Oliva (personal name)","Shearith Israel Congregation (Atlanta, Ga.) (corporate name)","South Carolina (geographic term)","Sukkot. (topical term)","Talmud. (topical term)","Temple (Atlanta, Ga.) (corporate name)","Universities and colleges (topical term)","Vinings (Ga.) (geographic term)","Warsaw, Sam (personal name)","Weinstein, Isadore Milton “I.M.” (1887-1954) (personal name)","World War I (named event)","World War II (named event)","Young Judaea, Inc. (corporate name)","Zionism. (topical term)","Zionist Organization of America (corporate name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eGerald Cohen was interviewed by Ray Ann Kremer on March 27, 1991 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerald Cohen was born in 1918 in Pocomoke City, Maryland shortly before his Russian and Polish immigrant family moved to Atlanta. He grew up on Pryor and Washington Streets, in the heart of the Jewish community. As a youth, Gerald was involved in many Jewish organizations. He attended activities hosted by the United Hebrew School, Young Judaea, B\u0026rsquo;nai B\u0026rsquo;rith Youth Aleph Zadik Aleph, and Jewish Educational Alliance. He attended Georgia Avenue School, Hoke Smith Junior High School, and Boys High School. Growing up, his friends were mostly Jewish.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald went to Emory University after graduating high school and trained to become a metallurgist. He found it difficult to find jobs in his profession after he graduated, and eventually began Central Metals Co., a metal recycling business, with his father and brothers.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe married his high school sweetheart, Helen Hillman Cohen. Together, the two had three children: Judy Cohen Kogon, Carol Cohen Deutsch, and Mark Cohen.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald was very involved in the Atlanta Jewish community. He has served as president of the Ahavath Achim Synagogue (1974-76), the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta (1984-86), and the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization Adult Committee (1959-61). He was the chairman of the Atlanta Jewish Federation's Annual Campaign (1978), Men's ORT, and Year 2000 Committee of Atlanta Jewish Federation, national chairman of National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council (NJCRAC), and was a founding member of The Harry H. Epstein School and The Doris and Alex Weber School. He served on the boards of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the American Jewish Committee (AJC), the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta, ORT, Jewish Family \u0026amp; Career Services, Bureau of Jewish Education, The Epstein School, The Weber School, Ahavath Achim Synagogue, Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, and as a National Officer of Council of Jewish Federations. Gerald received the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta's Lifetime Achievement Award, B'nai B'rith's Century Club Man of the Year, ADL's Abe Goldstein Humanitarian Award, AJC's Selig Distinguished Service Award, The Weber School's First Annual Honor, and The American ORT Federation's Leadership Service Award, and as a member of the Rabin Legacy Society and the King Solomon Society.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald passed away in February 2009 at the age of 90.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerald begins the interview by describing his upbringing in the south side of Atlanta. Gerald explains that he and his family lived in the heart of the Atlanta Jewish community. He recalls the many organizations he was involved with, even as a child, including B\u0026rsquo;nai B\u0026rsquo;rith Youth, Aleph Zadik Aleph, and more. His friend group was mostly Jewish and he describes his involvement in a Jewish Boy Scout troop.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe then describes his family and how his children and their activities were the center of his community life. Gerald and his wife, Helen, were very active parents. He began his involvement with the Ahavath Achim Synagogue by teaching Sunday school. He eventually became the president of the Synagogue and he also discusses his involvement in the Federation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald then speaks about his schooling. First, he attended Crew Street School, then Georgia Avenue School, Hoke Smith Junior High School, and Boys High School. He recalls being the only Jewish student at Georgia Avenue School. He also remembers how he lived in an integrated neighborhood and played with African American children growing up. He also briefly describes attitudes toward segregation in Atlanta at that time.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eNext, Gerald discusses the migration of Jewish families from the south side to northeast and then northwest Atlanta. He and his family followed along with these migrations. Gerald discusses how neighborhood life was different after the migrations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald then comments on antisemitism at Emory University. He states that antisemitic discrimination was worse in the medical and dental schools. He also talks about how it was difficult for Jewish students to enter non-Jewish fraternities. He then explains how his experience at Emory helped prepare him for life.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eFollowing this discussion, Gerald describes the nature of Jewish society in Atlanta and its different aspects. He then returns to the subject of the south side and how a baker named Mr. Bromberg would go from Jewish home to Jewish home with his horse-led cart full of baked goods. He then talks about what it was like to attend Boys High School.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter describing a few more of his family\u0026rsquo;s moves, he talks about his children and their Jewish family traditions. He describes his family\u0026rsquo;s reasons to move to northwest Atlanta rather than the northeast. Gerald talks about how the nature of decision-making in the Atlanta Jewish community has changed over time.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald continues by describing his family background. As a teenager, his father came to America from Russia. His mother was from Poland and came over at the age of five. His father became involved in the scrap metal business. As new immigrants, they entered a welcoming community comprised of German and Western European Jews. Gerald also discusses how it was difficult for Jewish immigrants to find capital to begin their businesses, especially during the Great Depression. Gerald describes the social divisions between different Jewish groups in the early 20th century. Different denominations socialized in different places and at different institutions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGerald notes a change in the Atlanta Jewish community. More members joining the community are young professionals, rather than businessmen and entrepreneurs. He then describes how Jewish Americans came to Atlanta from the North in the 1960s. Gerald also comments on the importance of Israel to the Atlanta and American Jewish community, and his involvement with Israel\u0026rsquo;s independence movement. Following this discussion, he speaks on the importance of the American Jewish Committee\u0026rsquo;s interfaith programs. He then states how Rabbi Jacob Rothschild united the Atlanta Jewish community and how the community can continue to unite and progress.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Cohen_Gerald_(1991).mp3"]},"duration":3873.56735,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/206/219/original/Cohen_Gerald_%281991%29.mp3?1692222769","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":3873.56735,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Cohen, Gerald (1991) [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[start of tape 1, side 1]\n\nKREMER: On March 27, 1991, I am interviewing Gerald Cohen about the history of\nAtlanta for the American Jewish Committee, National Council of Jewish Women, and\nthe American Jewish Federation's Oral History Project. Gerald [Cohen], delighted\nthat you're here today. I'd like to ask you what it was like growing up in\nAtlanta [Georgia, United States] in the early days of the south side.\n\nCOHEN: I grew up on the south side of Atlanta, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was a very tight little\ncommunity, extending from Pryor Street to Capitol Avenue east to west, and\nWoodward Avenue to Georgia Avenue, north and south. We knew everybody in the community.\n\nKREMER: Everybody Jewish?\n\nCOHEN: We concentrated on our Jewish neighbors and we had, a large percentage of\nthe neighborhood was Jewish. The reason that we knew all of our Jewish neighbors\nso well was that we attended the same synagogues ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together, three synagogues\nactually together, The Temple also. We had The Temple, we had the Shearith\nIsrael, and we had Ahavath Achim. There was a small synagogue [indistinct: 1.11]\non Capitol Avenue. Seeing them in synagogue, going to Hebrew school together, we\ngrew-- We became quite close.\n\nKREMER: Did the-- all synagogue Jewish community relate to teach other? Were you\nfriendly to each other from different synagogues.\n\nCOHEN: In a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"minimal way, they related only during certain community events, but\neach made kiddush for themselves. There was an interface, though, come to think\nof it. There was a community afternoon Hebrew school called United Hebrew School\nand all of the synagogues participated in that.\n\nKREMER: Did you have friends from other synagogues or were they mostly from your--?\n\nCOHEN: My friends actually were neighborhood friends and I was little aware of\nwhat their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue affiliation was except that we might attend the same Hebrew\nschool class together.\n\nKREMER: That was when you were young, as you got older was there a difference?\n\nCOHEN: Oh, considerably, for many years later but I thought we were talking\nabout what was happening to me in the south side from the period of World War I\nsay, until about 1936. My contacts were principally through athletics and\nsocial. Athletics was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on, in the streets. We played football in the church yard.\nWe played baseball behind the Princess Apartments. We played football behind the\nold Jewish Orphan's Home. We played pick-up games, kick games, and kick the can\ngames in the street. Those were the people that I knew. Later, we were in Scout\ntroop together. Later than that, we were in Young Judaea, and even later than\nthat we were in AZA [Aleph Zadik Aleph] together, so my friends were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most--\n\n[indistinct: 3.00]\n\nKREMER: Who were some of those people?\n\nCOHEN: I would have to become compartmental on it, there was a small group of\ncamping buddies that I had. There was Leon Bloom, and Sam Warsaw, and Bernard\nCohen, not my brother Bernard [Cohen]. Bernard--[indistinct: 3.15] We would camp\ntogether and get our Boy Scout merit badges together, fish together, and even\noccasionally ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hunt together.\n\nKREMER: Tell me a little bit more about Boy Scouts.\n\nCOHEN: There were two Scout troops in that time frame. One was at the Jewish\nEducational Alliance, that was the first troop that I joined, Troop 27. I\nremember that my Scout master was a man named Mr. Blackmar. Then Melvin Kananov\nwas the second Scout master, Skeet's brother. The other one was Troop 52 and it\nmet at the Shearith Israel which was about half a block or three-quarters of a\nblock from my home. We had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problem. The problem was a lack of leadership. We\nwould recruit for ourselves; we would recruit someone to take leadership if he\nwas old enough, strong enough.\n\nKREMER: What kind of people did you recruit, fathers, brothers?\n\nCOHEN: No. We would recruit anybody who was eighteen years of age and it was\nalways a Jewish man except in the case of Mr. Blackmar. It was somebody we knew\nthrough the neighborhood or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through friends. We normally went camping three\ntimes a summer. One week in June, one in July, and one in August. We went to Boy\nScout camps.\n\nKREMER: Were there some camp areas around?\n\nCOHEN: There was a Boy Scout camp in Vinings [Georgia, United States]. It was\nnamed Bert Adams Boy Scout Camp. We went by street car and walked the last mile\nor so.\n\nKREMER: Your Boy Scout troop was essentially all Jewish?\n\nCOHEN: It was all Jewish.\n\nKREMER: Did you interact with non-Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"troops?\n\nCOHEN: If you participated in the Scout-o-rama or some city-wide event, yes. If\nwe went to Boy Scout camp, we would compete with them as a troop.\n\nKREMER: Describe south side Atlanta a little bit more, the way of life.\n\nCOHEN: I remember south side Atlanta as being centered around Georgia Avenue.\nThere was a shopping center on Georgia Avenue, a store, a drug store, a\npharmacy, a barber shop, and a block or so up there was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Empire Theater,\nwhich was our Saturday afternoon amusement. I remember that there was another\ncomplex centered around the Jewish Educational Alliance. There was Taylor's\nBakery and Delicatessen and across the street was Siegel's Kosher Restaurant.\nThen the other grouping was around the Ahavath Achim Synagogue and the Shearith\nIsrael Synagogue. We revolved around ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those [indistinct: 6.00], those places.\n\nKREMER: You mentioned going to the movies on Saturday afternoons. Can you tell\nme how you did that?\n\nCOHEN: Before Saturday always came Friday, and my recollection of Fridays are a\nlittle stronger than Saturdays because I was the middle child. I was the younger\nbrother and it was my job to go with mother to the grocery store and I remember\npicking the chicken--this was the day before shabbas--and mother would always\npick the fattest ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chicken. I was the lucky one who had to go to the shochet with\nthe chicken. They were very busy on Friday getting ready for shabbas. My bubee\nlived directly across the street from me and next to her was the Garsons and\nnext to them-- But anyway, those are my strongest recollections around shabbas.\n\nKREMER: Did you have a big family dinner?\n\nCOHEN: We had, yes--[indistinct: 6.55]-- I specifically remember our Passover\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Seder dinner. Bubee couldn't speak English. Bubee was from Poland and Zaida was\nfrom Russia. Bubee never spoke English, so I had to learn Yiddish.\n\nKREMER: Was this your father's side?\n\nCOHEN: This was my mother's side. I never knew my father's family. My father was\nRussia; mother came over at the age of five. Dad was [indistinct: 7.22].\n\nKREMER: Tell me about your immediate family.\n\nCOHEN: We just talked about my parents, but my siblings-- I have an older\nbrother who's my best friend. We've been in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business together all of our lives.\nI have a younger sister. There was a gap of a number of years between me and my\noldest sister. I was her babysitter. I was definitely reminded by my parents.\nAnyway, I had to babysit. Betty Goldstein is my older sister and Harriet Miller\nis my younger sister.\n\nKREMER: Anything else you'd like to tell us about early days in the south side?\n\nCOHEN: If you talk about the early days in the south side and you do it\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chronologically, you then come to my Young Judaea days which were [indistinct:\n8.05] and you come to my AZA days which started at the Jewish Orphan's Home, and\nthen later we moved to the Alliance. If you talk about that you begin to think\nabout my advisors. You may know of H. A. Alexander. He was prominent here in\nAtlanta. He was our AZA advisor, [indistinct: 8.29] advisor, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our main\nadvisor was L. J. Levitas. L. J. [Levitas] was really outstanding and had a\ngreat deal of influence on all of us. L. J. [Levitas] used to give us a little,\nwhat I call advice every time we had a meeting. He was a character [indistinct: 8.46].\n\nKREMER: Tell us some of the people who were in AZA with you.\n\nCOHEN: I remember Martin Herschberg, I remember Marvin Blumberg, Charles\nBorochoff, Oliva ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shalom. We traveled together and went to conventions together.\nOur parents apparently were not as careful. They didn't hover over us as much as\nI see my children hover over their children. They allowed us to travel\nindependently. We were particularly close with Charleston [South Carolina,\nUnited States], Savannah [Georgia, United States], with Augusta [Georgia, United\nStates], and Columbia, South Carolina [United States]. And generally with\nBirmingham [Alabama, United States] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and New Orleans [Louisiana, United States]\n[indistinct: 9.31].\n\nKREMER: Anything else about AZA? Things you did?\n\nCOHEN: Things that I did--regional officer, [indistinct: 9.39] officer. I went\nto the debate finals, a number of the international conventions. I think\nprobably that AZA had more influence in molding my community involvement than\nany other thing that I participated in. As much or more so than the Boy Scout program.\n\nKREMER: What about Young Judaea?\n\nCOHEN: Young Judaea was not as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an intensive experience for me as AZA was. I was\ninto AZA in terms of debate. We published the newspaper regularly. We had-- We\nwere convinced that we were going to be the best chapter, division chapter in\nthe [indistinct: 10.19].\n\nKREMER: Do you want to talk about the early days of the A.A. [Ahavath Achim]\nSynagogue? [indistinct: 10.28]\n\nCOHEN: Yes, we lived about three blocks from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue. That's the original\nbuilding that I remember. It's not the original building of the synagogue. I\nused to go five days a week to afternoon Hebrew school and Sunday school on\nSunday. I remember well the basement of the synagogue, which was where our\nclasses were held, which was where the minyan was held, the daily minyan. I\nremember the old men--[indistinct: 10.52]--but I remember the old men would\ngather in the corner and study Talmud in the afternoon. You don't see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that anymore.\n\nKREMER: Do you go to minyan?\n\nCOHEN: Huh?\n\nKREMER: Do you go to minyan?\n\nCOHEN: I go to minyan almost every day. I think it's a great way to start the\nday. [indistinct: 11.14] Also, I manage to go to most Saturday morning services.\nI remember the shamas--incidentally, my wife's grandfather was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shamas--of the\nA.A. Synagogue, but the one I distinctly most prominently remember was Shalom\nKline, P. S. Kline. He was quite an outstanding man. I remember Rabbi [Harry]\nEpstein. This is the period of time in my life when I first met Rabbi [Harry]\nEpstein. This was the period of time when I was bar mitzvahed. It was the period\nof time-- We left the south side of Atlanta when I graduated from high school.\n[indistinct: 11.56]--high school. I rode across ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"town on the trolley for years\nand then the year that I graduated high school we moved within three block of\nBoys High School. Rabbi Epstein helped me in my graduation speech. We'd been\nclose friends all those years until he died--[indistinct: 12.19]\n\nKREMER: How did you get involved with the synagogue? Were you involved in your\nearly days?\n\nCOHEN: No, no. Our family pattern had been our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children. When-- After Helen\n[Hillman Cohen] and I-- Helen [Hillman Cohen] was my childhood sweetheart. She\nwas the first date that I ever had. We were both fourteen. We lived for a period\nof number of years-- A few years after, we came back to Atlanta and began a\nfamily, then moved away from Atlanta. We were living in Anniston, Alabama\n[United States]. But our communal life always centered around the children. If\nthe children were involved in a [indistinct: 13.00], ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's there we were. If\nthe children were involved in a Brownie pack, that's where we were. So, my-- To\nanswer your question, how did I get started in the synagogue, I was teaching\nSunday school. When I was in college, I began to teach Sunday school and I\ntaught Sunday school for twenty years. That easily bridges the period of time\nwhen my children were involved in their Sunday school. It wasn't as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good, but it\ninvolved, my teaching Sunday school-- It involved many activities, so, committee\nchairmanships, education seminars. [indistinct: 13.43] But always around the\nchildren's activities.\n\nKREMER: When did you go on the board and become president?\n\nCOHEN: The-- To become president of A.A. Synagogue in particularly in those\ndays, you had to go through the chairs. I don't know how many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"junior officers,\nbut nevertheless, you might be chaired less than twelve months. It was twelve\nyears of--[indistinct: 14.07]-- it prepared you for what you had to do. Being\npresident of A.A. Synagogue was one of the many important positions,\ntime-consuming positions. I'm sure it's true of The Temple. I'm sure it's true\nof the other synagogues. I know it's true of A.A.\n\nKREMER: You worked on the Federation?\n\nCOHEN: In terms of raw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hours, maybe so. In terms of intensive responsibility,\nnot so much. The basic duties in the synagogue revolve around tradition. Revolve\naround things that have been done. You have a rabbi to make a lot of decisions\nfor you. You may be minding the store but you're not making important decisions\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"policy. Being president of the Federation is much more demanding because you\nget involved in policy decisions. [indistinct: 15.10]--National Federation.\n\nKREMER: How did you get involved with the Federation?\n\nCOHEN: I was recruited. I was recruited to come to the Federation work because\nof the fact that I was [indistinct: 15.24]. There was a fraternal feeling there\nbetween the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who were involved and other people... I'd like to bring, to\nget away, a little bit away, from the personal element here and reflect a little\nbit on how my personal life was tied to the community as a whole, not just the\nlittle activities I was involved with.\n\nKREMER: I would like to go to south side-- [indistinct: 15.58]\n\nCOHEN: I'm sorry?\n\nKREMER: Your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"schooling. Let's talk about school!\n\nCOHEN: Okay.\n\nKREMER: Elementary--\n\nCOHEN: Elementary school-- First I went to Crew Street School because it was a\nhalf a year and I skipped a half of a grade and I went to Georgia Avenue School\nand Hoke Smith Junior High School, and then Boys High School, then [indistinct: 16.19].\n\nKREMER: [indistinct: 16.20] No, I'm not through with the south side yet. But we\nwanted to get in you and the south ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side because you had all your neighborhood\nJewish friends but then there was this other part of the community and who else\nwent to school with you? Was it an all-Jewish neighborhood?\n\nCOHEN: It was unfortunate-- I had an unfortunate circumstance, when I went to\nCrew Street School in third and a half grade, to Georgia Avenue School. Georgia\nAvenue School was located about five blocks from the James L. Key School, Key\nSchool had a very heavy Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"population. At Georgia Avenue School I was the\nonly Jew. I'm sure my mother gave little thought to it. I was a good student and\nshe learned I would succeed in that school [indistinct: 17.15]. I don't think\nshe considered the fact that they transferred me to Georgia Avenue School. It\nwas not a real pleasant few years that I spent there because I felt like a\nminority. I didn't have other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews in my classes. I remember distinctly that\nwhen we sang Christmas carols I would stand up and I would mouth the words but I\nwouldn't utter the words so that no one would really realize that I wasn't\nsinging Christmas carols. [indistinct: 17.47]\n\nKREMER: But you didn't bring those kids home to play with you in the afternoon.\nYou played with the Jewish kids?\n\nCOHEN: Oh, sure. My school friends were not my afternoon ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends. Are you aware\nof the structure of neighborhoods in the period between 1918 and 1936?\nWashington Street was a prominent street. [indistinct: 18.16] The next street\nwas Fulton and then the text street was Pryor. Between Washington and Fulton\nthere was an alley that bisected the middle of the block. Internal to the alley\nthere were black families that lived there. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"playmates, when I was very young,\nwere the children of the black families. We lived in a totally integrated\nneighborhood. In the same block there were almost as many black families as\nthere were white families, except that our houses faced the street and their\nhouses faced the alley that bisected. To the extent that my playmates were black\nat that age, I was exposed to a non-Jewish culture. But at no time did I really\nassociate with a large ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"number of Christian children.\n\nKREMER: Where did the black kids go to school?\n\nCOHEN: They went to the black schools. The schools were completely segregated.\nThe neighborhood was integrated, but the schools were segregated. It's hard for\npeople that have come to Atlanta. A minority of us native Atlantan's--the rest\nof the people have come to Atlanta--it's hard for people to understand how\nnatives of Atlanta, in those days, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accepted segregation with little question. It\ndid not occur until I was ten, twelve, fifteen-year-old boy, to question the\nfact that we lived in that neighborhood. There were colored facilities and there\nwere white facilities and we accepted that and thought it was fine.\n\nKREMER: When you say you moved just before you graduated high school, what\ncaused this move from the south side and where did you move?\n\nCOHEN: The year was 1936 and we moved to 6th ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Street which was a neighborhood\nnear Piedmont Park. We moved because my parents wanted to live in that\nneighborhood. [indistinct: 20.10]\n\nKREMER: Was your old neighborhood still predominantly Jewish?\n\nCOHEN: It had begun to change. There was, the change was so pronounced that the\nA.A. Synagogue decided that it needed it-- So many of its young families lived\nnorth, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it had to build an educational center. That's when the A.A.\nSynagogue built the educational center on 10th Street next to Piedmont Park.\n\nKREMER: Can you say that from a whole, in a certain year, there was certain a\nchange in the neighborhood that would start--[indistinct: 20.46]. You know, at\nthe beginning. The move, start with how it began.\n\nCOHEN: Beginning in the early 1930s, there was a migration of the Jewish\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"families from the south side of town of Atlanta, to the northeast side of town.\nAs a result of that migration, A.A. Synagogue determined that it would build an\neducational center on 10th Street, which is now, I believe, a labor union hall.\nThat was where-- After we moved from Washington Street to 6th Street, that was\nwhere my social and synagogue activities took place. I taught Sunday school\nthere. We built a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Scout hut next door to the educational center on 10th Street.\nThen we began to see a merging in front of the Jewish community in northeast\nwith a lesser amount going northwest at that period of time. Then we began to\nsee another migration to the northwest. I must have followed all of the migrations.\n\nKREMER: Now when you say \"northeast,\" you mean Druid Hills, further over that way?\n\nCOHEN: No. Almost to Druid ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hills. I'm talking about Virginia-Highland. I'm\ntalking about Ponce De Leon, 10th Street, Parkway Drive, Boulevard.\n\nKREMER: How was life in those neighborhoods different from life in the south side?\n\nCOHEN: It's difficult for me to contrast life in that neighborhood and in the\nsouth side because, you've got to understand, there was an abrupt change in my\nlife at that time. I went to college. I went to Emory University. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interests\ncertainly were not neighborhood centered. My interests began to drift away from\nbeing community centered with the exception of the synagogue. It's difficult for\nme to really judge the neighborhood and the influence of neighbors on the\nyounger people.\n\nKREMER: What was your involvement at Emory?\n\nCOHEN: My involvement at Emory was mainly scholastic. I was, of course, invited\nto be a member of the Jewish fraternity there. We were not affluent at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time\nand I didn't feel like it was something that my family should let me undertake,\nso I never even asked them. I want you to understand that at that time AZA was\nan older age group than it is now. You first entered AZA at age sixteen and you\nstayed in AZA until age 21, sometimes 22. So, parallel to the--some of my\nfriends being involved in Greek ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"society, fraternity, I was more involved in\nNational AZA. Definitely not nationally, but AZA.\n\nKREMER: What did you end up doing in AZA? Were you an officer?\n\nCOHEN: Yes, I was a national officer. I was the local regional president and I\nserved on committees and it was quite a broadening experience.\n\nKREMER: What was your later most formative activity?\n\nCOHEN: I think Emory is, distinguished. During that period of time and I think\nit's continued until this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day, its intellectual atmosphere. It was a student--\nIt was a campus that if you were a serious student, you could find enough to do\nand to keep you involved and busy and developed in your potential.\n\nKREMER: How did that prepare you for life?\n\nCOHEN: One of the first experiences that I had at Emory University that I think\nprepared me for life was I being aware of the fact that it was different for a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jew at Emory University at that time than it was for a non-Jew. It was difficult\nto get into medical school. It was very difficult to get into dental school.\nThere were three Jewish fraternities and it was difficult, if not impossible, to\nget into the strictly Christian fraternities. We began-- I began to understand\nthat there were strata of society that had to be overturned and dealt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with on a\nrealistic basis.\n\nKREMER: How is that translated into your later life?\n\nCOHEN: I think it's been a benefit to me in business that I have understood the\nstratification of society and how to deal with it and how to succeed in an\nuneven world. I think it's been particularly beneficial to me to understand that\nin terms of my Jewish community life because it gave me a focus on how I would\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deal with the structure by Jewish society. I think it made me very realistic.\n\nKREMER: How would you describe the structure of our Jewish society?\n\nCOHEN: Our Jewish society, as I see it, is composed of maybe-- I've had never\nthought of this before but I'm going to try to identify maybe three strata of\nsociety. One strata of society is religion-oriented. It is the part of us that\nties ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us to our history and our class and occupation. Another strata of society\nis our Jewish communal society which causes us to want to have a social\nstructure, where we can associate with each other on a social basis, and the\nchildren have contacts with each other and the social [indistinct: 26.20]. The\nthird strata that occurs to me is the strata of economics, where maybe because\nof the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact that we have these other two strata that we're a part of gives us\nthe ability to integrate into society to bring the best from our communal group\nand succeed in an open society. It's encouraged us to have to work hard. It's\nencouraged us to [indistinct: 26.46] our intellect. It's encouraged us to\ndevelop certain skills, verbal communicative skills, that we might not otherwise\nhave had.\n\nKREMER: I guess we have to go on to your next move.\n\nCOHEN: The next move, of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course, was World War II. Helen [Hillman Cohen] and I\nlived in Anniston, Alabama. I didn't serve in the military.\n\nKREMER: When did you get married? Let's do that. Why don't you stop for one\nminute and break? [indistinct: 27.14]\n\nCOHEN: Are we getting the kind of stuff--?\n\nKREMER: Wonderful.\n\nUNKNOWN FEMALE: This is good stuff.\n\nKREMER: I love the fact--\n\nUNKNOWN FEMALE: I mean, for me the telling about the community, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the moves, what\nit was like. I'm looking for what the picture was. We can get the, the\nhistorical society has pictures of all the places you've mentioned.\n\nKREMER: I find a little bit of philosophy nice.\n\nUNKNOWN FEMALE: I think we can get that-- I think the philosophy--\n\nCOHEN: You're talking about pictures, let me tell you one of the things I wish\nI'd thought about when we were talking about the south side.\n\nKREMER: Wait, turn it on there!\n\nUNKNOWN FEMALE: Turn it on! Okay. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[indistinct: 27.57]\n\nCOHEN: I had just had a thought-- A moment ago we were talking about whether I\nintegrated or how close-knit, not integrated, how close-knit the south side was.\nI remembered something. I remembered Mr. Bromberg's horse. Mr. Bromberg\ndelivered bread to the neighborhood and Mr. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bromberg's horse knew every Jew in\nthe south side. He would walk from Jewish house to Jewish house and he would\nstop. Mr. Bromberg never had to say a word. He'd have his basket of bread and go\nto the two or three houses, go back to the wagon and the horse would go to the\nnext Jewish house. [indistinct: 28.50] It was amazing to watch. You wouldn't\nfind that today in any neighborhood, I don't believe.\n\nKREMER: I don't get the feeling that that closeness, that charm that you're\ntalking about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"existed in your next move, to 6th Street.\n\nCOHEN: That closeness didn't exist because you've got to understand that there\nwas a dramatic change in my association. I was no longer neighborhood oriented.\n\nKREMER: Right, but what about for other people?\n\nCOHEN: I can speak to that only vicariously because my sister, being ten years\nyounger than I am, developed her friends in the 6th Street ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neighborhood. Many of\nher friends today are the girls who lived in the 6th Street neighborhood, which\nbrings another thought to mind. We have four couples who live very close\ntogether. Of the four couples, six of us grew up on Washington Street. Six of us\nknew each other. The three girls were in clubs together. The boys associated in\nmany, many other things.\n\nKREMER: Their names?\n\nCOHEN: Oh! We have Ro and Max ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alterman, we have Gibby and Pauline Cohen, of\ncourse Helen [Hillman Cohen] and I and the fourth couple are migrants which is\nthe wrong ratio of three to one. It's usually one to three according to the\ngeneral population. [indistinct: 30.14] Anyway, I was saying that my sister-- I\nobserved my sister's friends were neighborhood friends just like my friends were\nneighborhood friends when I was at that age.\n\nKREMER: Could you describe the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business scene or the feeling of what was going on?\n\nCOHEN: Are we back to the south side?\n\nKREMER: No, we're back on 6th Street now--\n\nCOHEN: Oh.\n\nKREMER: --your move to 6th Street. I'm trying to get a picture of that neighborhood.\n\nCOHEN: That neighborhood was not business served-- it was not served by\nbusinesses. The closest business neighborhood with a shopping neighborhood was\n[indistinct: 30.54], probably ten blocks away. It was dominated by integrated\nhigh schools and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Piedmont Park.\n\nKREMER: How long did you live there before you moved?\n\nCOHEN: We moved there in 1936 and I got married in 1942 so, that was six years.\nMy parents lived there until they moved some five or ten years after that.\n\nKREMER: Did you go to Boys High School?\n\nCOHEN: I went to Boys High School.\n\nKREMER: [indistinct: 31.21]\n\nCOHEN: Mhm. You want to talk to Boys High School? Boys High School was an\nexperience. The people that went to Boys High ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School probably have a stronger\nfeeling for Boys High School than they have for the college they attended. I\nhave discussed it. We have reunions and it's one of the things that we talked\nabout. Many of the men that were in my class--we had a fiftieth\nreunion--expressed that same sentiment. There was something about Boys High\nSchool that-- I indicated previously that I rode a street car across town. I\ndon't know if I mentioned it. But we rode on the street car past Marist ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"College.\nI remember during football season it was hectic. The seats, [indistinct: 32.04],\nthe seats were full up. The campus was shared with Tech High. There was an\nintense rivalry between Boys High and Tech High on the football field and in\nother ways. The Jewish students at Boys High School-- Boys High School was\ncollege preparatory and Tech High School was vocational oriented. The students--\nThe percentage of Jewish students at Boys High ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School was very much higher than\nthe percentage at Tech High School. Even during the football rivalry period\nthere were gestures made with the indication that they were casting aspersions.\n[indistinct: 32.44] Anyway, we went to school in a wooden building, a terrible\nbuilding, a temporary-type building and I remember the lunch room. We brought\nour lunch to school. We all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gathered in one corner [indistinct: 33.03]. Boys\nHigh School was a [indistinct: 33.08].\n\nKREMER: What was your life like? Who were some of the people there?\n\nCOHEN: Social life in that period of time was centered around the Jewish\nEducational Alliance, which was still on the south side. The Jewish Educational\nAlliance was going down after World War II ended. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's when we lost the A.A.\nSynagogue, the Shearith Israel building, and all of those structures. The\nneighborhood was practically wiped out. [indistinct: 33.40] Near north side.\n\nKREMER: I wanted you to talk a little bit about the people you met at Boys High.\n\nCOHEN: If you go to most any social affair in Atlanta and you talk to a native\nAtlantan, those are the people who went to Boys High ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School. Helen [Hillman\nCohen] went to Commercial High School and Ro [Alterman] went to Girls High\nSchool. But most of the boys, Jewish boys, went to Boys High School. If you\nstart thinking twice and say who I went to school with, you'd have to include\nmost everybody [indistinct: 34.19].\n\nKREMER: Getting on to your next move, why did you then move? Oh, you told me,\nyou got married. Where did you move when you got married after you came back\nfrom Anniston?\n\nCOHEN: We lived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first for a short period of time on Parkway Drive near the\nGeorgia Baptist Hospital. That was a temporary move. We lived in an apartment.\nThen shortly thereafter we moved and built a house near Bobby Jones Golf Course\nand we lived there for 28 years. Our kids went to E. Rivers School, They went to\nNorthside High School. We tried to get them to go to the Hebrew Academy and we\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not successful. They went to various colleges. They went to three different colleges.\n\nKREMER: Tell me about your three children, when you had them?\n\nCOHEN: Judy [Kogon] was born when we were living Anniston and we brought her\nback as almost an infant when we came back to Atlanta. Carol [Deutsch] was born\nwhen we were living on Parkway Drive and Mark [Cohen], my son, was born when we\nwere living on Dellwood Drive. I indicated previously that our family life was\nchildren oriented. What they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"needing to do and what they were doing was\nwhere we were. On Sukkot we felt like we needed to have a family succah. So, we\nbuilt a succah and incidentally that succah has been handed down from me to Judy\n[Kogon], and now Mark [Cohen] is using it. That succah is about thirty or some\nodd years old already. It's aluminum, the frame is, but back to Sukkot. Sukkot.\nWe would erect the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"succah and then we would have a neighborhood party and we\nwould see that all of the children in the neighborhood participated. Whatever\nthe season was, whatever the activity was, we would center it around what we\nfelt our children's needs were at that time. The Rauzins lived right up the\nstreet. Therefore, their children and our children would be together. The\nFreedmans, Jack and Phyllis Freedman, were backyard neighbors with us.\nTherefore, those two families mixed together. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harry and Gookie Solomon were\nbackyard neighbors. Ely and Ramona Freedman were backyard neighbors also. Our\nchildren got to know each other because of this. It was a [indistinct: 36.42]\nneighborhood. [indistinct: 36.46]\n\nKREMER: But it sounds like it was quite Jewish. There were a lot of Jewish\npeople who lived there.\n\nCOHEN: No, I've described a microcosm of the neighborhood. It was not-- There\nwas a much higher concentration of Jews northeast of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta than there.\n\nKREMER: Why did you choose northwest Atlanta instead of northeast Atlanta?\n\nCOHEN: I had a specific reason. Our business is on Marietta Street and I did not\nwant to drive completely across town. My synagogue was on Northside Drive and I\nwanted to be near the synagogue, so I decided that that was where I needed to be\nfor geographical reasons. My children didn't like it. Our children had Helen\n[Hillman Cohen] schlep them up across ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"town to be in northeast Atlanta to be with\nthe predominantly with Jewish neighborhood because they felt a little bit\nisolated socially.\n\nKREMER: Why did A.A. build in the northwest instead of the northeast?\n\nCOHEN: [indistinct: 37.44] They had a major decision to move northeast or\nnorthwest. They had a lot where Stein's Printing Company is now and they almost\nbuilt there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[indistinct: 38.00] But there was one stubborn man who was the\ntreasurer of the synagogue and he said he would not sign the checks to buy that\nlot. Which brings up the point-- We haven't talked about the decision-making\nprocess that I perceive went on in the moving from south side to near north and\nnow far north, and the evolution of that decision making process. We can come\nback to it later.\n\nKREMER: Go ahead and talk about it.\n\nCOHEN: But you had the machers in the community, the shakers and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"movers who\nmade the decisions that guided the community. You had the Srochi family, you\nhad--it depends on whether you're talking about the synagogue or whether you're\ntalking about the community. You had [indistinct: 38.45]. You had Ben Massell,\nBarney Medintz. Most of these I should say [indistinct: 38.50] because they're\nno longer with us. But these men, and Mr. Weinstein, [indistinct: 38.58]\nWeinstein. These men were self-made ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men. They were used to making decisions.\nThey made decisions and then they more or less imposed them. [indistinct:\n39.10], that there has to be a dictator. If you see Perry Brickman, tell him\ndon't try. it Because you have to do something in Atlanta now in contrast to\nthen; you have to have a consensus-building process first. People are not used to,\nor not content to follow a man ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blindly.\n\nKREMER: Do you think there are still strong leaders to lead the way?\n\nCOHEN: They're strong leaders and I don't find it possible to put myself in the\nshoes of these leaders. Maybe they had the same problems. Strong leader or not,\na strong leader will be shot down quickly if he does not do something that\nsorely needs to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done. I think that's the expectation of our population.\n\nKREMER: Tape 1.\n\n[end of tape 1, side 1]\n\n[beginning of tape 1, side 2]\n\nKREMER: [indistinct: 40.07] How did they get here?\n\nCOHEN: My parents were part of, the last part of the migration from Eastern\nEurope. My grandparents were from Poland. My mother's parents were from Poland.\nMy mother, as a five-year-old child, came from Poland. My father was a\nnineteen-year-old from Russia and they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"struggling to make a living, to\nbecome established and Americanized. You've got to understand when you talk\nabout where my parents and the people mainly that lived northside came from,\nthat there was already a well-established affluent Jewish community in Atlanta\nwhen they got here. This was part of the German, Western European migration that\ncame to the United States and established themselves. They were some of the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pioneers in our community. There was a helping hand and yet, there was a\ndivision. I remember there was a Max Breman. Our family did some scrap metal.\nMax Breman, Bill Breman's uncle, used to have a business on Decatur Street,\nscrap metal business. All of the beginning scrap dealers would come to his\noffice on Saturday afternoons. He would lend us from two hundred dollars to five\nhundred dollars to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business for the week. At that same period of time,\nMendel, H. Mendel was the predominant dry goods merchant, wholesale dry goods\nmerchant, in Atlanta. The small merchants from all around would come to his\noffice, but this was on a Sunday because they weren't open on Saturday. The\nitinerant peddlers would come to his office and he would advance them what was\nnecessary for them. One person helping another. An established community helping\na new immigrant.\n\nKREMER: How were they financed?\n\nCOHEN: Oh! ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Capital was very scarce. There was an institution called a Morris\nPlan Bank, which was a small group bank and it was willing to extend credit to\nnon-credit people and it got a lot of people started. That was the Free Loan\nSociety which was able to give people a small amount of money to get them\nstarted. There was a matter of kiting checks. You're too young to know about\nkiting checks. I would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"issue a check to someone who issued a check to me and\nwhile the checks were crossing each other we had a little money to do business.\n[indistinct: 42.36]\n\nKREMER: Were these Jewish institutions, the Free Loan Society?\n\nCOHEN: The Free Loan Society was a Jewish institution. The Morris Plan Bank was\npredominantly, dominated by Jews.\n\nKREMER: Who?\n\nCOHEN: I can't tell you exactly who. I know that Mr. I. J. Paradies was\ninvolved. But listen, I was a young man-- I was a young boy at that time when\nthey ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were important institutions. But this causes me to think about something\nelse. Is, what was the relationship between the established community, and the\nnew immigrant community, and later the Sephardic community? There was a definite\ndivision. There was not a social interaction. I remember there was a club called\nthe Top Hat Club, which was almost all of the people that were the children of\nthe members of The Temple. I remember the Standard Club on Pryor Street and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ponce De Leon. It was predominantly the German Jewish population. Now the\nStandard Club is all denominations. I remember when the Progressive Club was\nbuilt and it was predominantly the later Eastern European Jews and then the\nMayfair Club was more mixed. [indistinct: 43.47] Which brings up another\nthought. We didn't have a backyard swimming pool. We didn't have fancy\nrestaurants. Our social life was built around three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clubs. Because of the fact\nthat our social life was there, we brought our children down on Sunday and they\nswam and they got to know each other and we got to know each other more. The\nadults got to know each other better. The existence of the three clubs at that\ntime was the cement that bound us together. We lost that. The Standard Club's\nnew development doesn't serve the new community [indistinct: 44.22].\n\nKREMER: [indistinct: 44.24] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did you see the change come about when the\nJewish community--[indistinct: 44.38]?\n\nCOHEN: A lot of things happened simultaneously. I described to you the fact that\nour parents were very anxious to educate us. Many of us in my generation did not\ngo to college. My brother, for example, worked so that I could go to college but\nhe had to go to night school. He got his master's degree at night. But many of\nus didn't get a college degree. But in my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generation, we began to see now,\nbecause 90, 95 percent of our children go to college. Many of us became\nprofessionals, doctors, lawyers, and accountants, [indistinct: 45.12]. But that\npart, that desire to become professionals, that transition away from the small\nbusiness man, the entrepreneur, had a great--had a profound effect on the nature\nof our community ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the associations, the business associations, were on a\ndifferent level until that time. The interaction, the neighborhoods, the desires\nof the parents and the neighborhoods that they wanted to live in, the necessity\nof being mobile had a tremendous impact on our community. One of the reasons we\ngrow so fast is that we have a large number of professionals that come here for\ncareer reasons. It's been a fertile field for young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doctors in our community.\nWe're in a different time frame now than we've been talking about up until now.\n\nKREMER: Why? Could you describe what they call the great influx of the Yankees\nin the 1960s and how that affected the community and the Jewish community? Just\nhow many were Jewish?\n\nCOHEN: That was-- There were several phenomena that took place. I don't think\nthat I would identify it as being a Jewish phenomenon. The influx of Jews was\nnot because of the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infrastructure. It was because of economic reasons.\nSometimes family reasons. A member of a family would move here which would cause\nother people to move here. But they weren't coming here because of our Jewish\ninstitutions and whatever. [indistinct: 46.45] We had a problem fifteen years\nago, that if we needed to recruit a Jewish professional to come to our community\n[indistinct: 46.56] because we did not have a community of like-minded people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of\nsufficient size that they could socialize and have like-minded friends. We did\nnot have the day school system that we have today. We didn't have the diversity\nof synagogues that we have today. We didn't have the diversity of social life\nthat we have today. People who were northeast natives hesitated to come to\nAtlanta. Now it's a desirable position to come to Atlanta. The young person--\nThe young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish professional likes to come to Atlanta. If we are interviewing\nfor a communal job, we have little problem in getting--in sparking their\ninterest because we have this Jewish infrastructure, communal\ninfrastructure--[indistinct: 47.44].\n\nKREMER: How do you feel the community coped, or the way they coped, when all\nthis started happening and they didn't have the organizations that could handle\nthe influx?\n\nCOHEN: We coped with the problems of those days, and I've inferred that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before,\nbecause we had a very strong core leadership and they compensated for the lack\nof effective infrastructure by pushing things through. Decisions were made in\nhallways that affected the entire community. Decisions were made around the\npinochle table or the poker table that affected the community. Believe me, it\ndoesn't happen that way today. It can't happen that way today.\n\nKREMER: What would be kind of a decision that, you know--?\n\nCOHEN: I mentioned a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decision we made, that was done by a tiny group of people\nand that was where to located the present A.A. Synagogue. I'll tell you another\none, where to locate the Progressive Club which became--is now CNN Studios,\nokay? I'll tell you another one. The first home of the Jewish Home-- The first\nlocation of the Jewish Home that was on 14th Street was done by a tiny little\ngroup of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. If you go right down the list of decisions that were made as to\nwhere the builder built and when to have a drive and how to have a drive that\nwas run by a tight little group of men, very strong men, mostly entrepreneurs.\nPerry Brickman can't get away with that.\n\nKREMER: I'm going to ask you-- Israel, can you talk about Israel?\n\nCOHEN: Anytime.\n\nKREMER: Anytime.\n\nCOHEN: Anytime.\n\nKREMER: When did you see the Atlanta community become as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved with Israel as\nit is now?\n\nCOHEN: If you want me to, in my past history, to trace involvement with Israel\non a personal basis, I'll have to go back pretty far. I don't know all of the\ncommunity history at the time. My first involvement goes back before Israel was\nestablished as a state. First of all, prior to that, I was involved in Young\nJudaea, as you know, very Zionist oriented. I've always been a member of ZOA\n[Zionist Organization of America]. In 1948 when, the war for independence, being\nin the scrap metal business, we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"visitations. I remember Max Kimmerling came\nto Atlanta from Birmingham and he went through our warehouse and we had\naccumulated a large supply of war surplus. [indistinct: 50.10] He went through\nour warehouse and he picked out items that Israel needed and we shipped it for a\nblind destination. We knew where it was going; we never admitted that. My\ninvolvement starts then. I remember all of the campaigns that we had. I remember\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very sharply the impact that the Suez campaign had on me. I was less involved\ncommunally then but the one I most remember was the Six-Day War. I remember\ngathering, I think it was--and I'm not even positive--but I think it was in the\nAtlanta American Hotel, a small group of us around a TV and the news came in and\nit was good and we said, \"No, it's not true. It can't be that good.\" We were\nplanning a campaign. We were planning fundraisers. Then as you move ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from 1967 to\n1974, I remember being in the synagogue when the news came. Marvin Goldstein was\npresident of the synagogue then. [indistinct: 51.08] Every one of these\ntraumatic events that I was personally involved in, I was a just part of the\ncommunity that was becoming more and more involved. I remember that when we\nfirst began the missions, the idea of missions to Israel-- My first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trip to\nIsrael was prior to when we had missions. It was in 1965. I remember the first\nmissions that we had and how we started from a small beginning until it's become\nan important part of the integration and indoctrination and inspiration and the\nbattery charge in a lot of people. So, now, we feel that one of the most\nimportant things that we can do for the young person is to give him an Israel\nexperience. [indistinct: 52.02] I'll ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say another thing. Let me philosophize. I\nthink that our relationship with the Atlanta Jewish community has been such a\ntwo-way street that I think probably-- I can make a strong case that we've\nbenefitted more by our relationship with Israel than Israel has benefitted by\nwhat we've done for them. In terms of what it has done in our own\nself-awareness, in terms of what it has done in pride. I spoke to you much\nearlier about when I was in Georgia Avenue School and I sang Christmas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"carols\nbut I mouthed them, but I wouldn't sing them. I remember becoming ten feet tall\nin 1967. That's a personal experience that I had, how proud I was. It was a\nchange being a Jew at that time but I'm proud of the change at that point in\ntime. I think that that's what it's done for our community, that's what it's\nstill doing for our young people.\n\nKREMER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[indistinct: 52.54]\n\n[tape clicks]\n\nCOHEN: I think we've done enough of--\n\nKREMER: The history.\n\nCOHEN: The history. I think we've set the stage fine. What we need to do now in\nterms of the AJC [American Jewish Committee] [indistinct: 53.26]. We need to\nbegin to talk ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what is facing, not necessarily what the community is like\ntoday. I think it's a fair assumption that people know what the community is\nlike today, out in the suburbs...[indistinct: 53.40]. We need to talk about,\nwhat are the problems that we are facing today? How does AJC fit into the\nsolution of those problems?\n\nKREMER: AJC deals with intergroup relations. [indistinct: 53.39] Relations to\nthe blacks, the Christians, international ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community--\n\nCOHEN: One of the problems that we have is that we are part of a broad society\nand we cannot be-- progress and be free in a society that is not totally free,\nso, our fate is tied to the fate of everybody, okay? AJC does a supreme job in\nintergroup relations, building bridges, okay? Another problem that we have is\nthat our people are too little aware and too little educated of the basic\nsprings of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fault that are guiding Jewish action today. We don't take-- We're not\nsocially conscious out of the fact that something was started and a tradition\nthat's handed down-- It's grounded in our religion. It's grounded in our\npractices. It's grounded in our intergroup functions between each other and\ntherefore, to the outside world. I think AJC does a superior job. I think AJC\ndoes a superior job in reaching ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out to marginally affiliated Jews that aren't at\nthe synagogue, that aren't involved in Federation, that haven't been raised in a\nJewish community center environment or congregation, but who have a Jewish soul\nor Jewish background. They are attracted to AJC because of where they're coming\nfrom. These are people that really need it. I think that we have to recognize\nthat our community has exploded and is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expanding so fast that our current\ninstitutions, our current ways of thinking, aren't sufficient. Everybody doesn't\ncome from the same strong background and AJC understands that. I think the\npublications that they put out are head and shoulders above what you get in the\nJewish press. That's because they're think type--think tank type of\npublications. AJC has got to build on those strengths. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"order to do that, you\nhave to have a lot of infrastructure to do stuff like fundraising, banqueting,\nand recruiting Gerald Cohens who don't want to do it and they say no and things\nlike that happen but it's part of the process. I think that that's the message\nthat we've got to get out to our people.\n\nKREMER: Why don't you say that, actually it was so good that if you tried it one\nmore time tighter, it would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[indistinct: 56.30]? [interviewer laughs] Why is AJC important?\n\nUNKNOWN FEMALE: He's awfully good.\n\nCOHEN: We have a very complex community structure here. In order to do things,\nwe have to involve so many streams of people, so many ideas, so many different\ndirections and sources of background that we have to--\n\nKREMER: The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing that we have here that is such an advantage is that we've got\nmany resources, human and material. [indistinct: 57.12]\n\nCOHEN: Is there one thing that you--\n\nKREMER: We've been talking about the intergroup relations and the variety\nof--[indistinct: 57.25]--and bringing the whole community together. Intergroup\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relationships, bringing it together, the fact that we need everybody working\ntogether. I think the fact that AJC has a real awareness of the world outside is\nwhy and how we're all in it together, and--\n\nUNKNOWN MALE: One of the things I might say is that AJC does have a difference\nnow than it used to, of course, off record, but it does and that's one of the\ngood things and that's one of the things we were talking about. It's not just\none incorporated people who do have other backgrounds but seek the necessity to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"move together.\n\n[indistinct: 58.03]\n\nCOHEN: I've been involved in Jewish communal work-- [indistinct: 58.20] I've\nbeen involved in Jewish communal work for so long, the idea just hit me and fled\nfrom me. One of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things that I understand is we cannot reach out to every\nelement of the community. We cannot reach out to the non-Jewish community. We\ncannot provide security for ourselves and survival and continuity for our people\nunless we have the strength in organizations. Unfortunately, it is a fact of\nlife that it requires finances to build an organization and I guess that's why\nwe continually call upon the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leadership of our community to provide those\nresources. We cannot expect it out of our younger people in our community just\nstarting their career. We cannot expect it out of the disaffected. We can expect\nit and we hope to get it out of those who have an understanding, who have been\nexposed to and this is really the job that AJC is so superbly doing.\n[indistinct: 59.22]\n\nKREMER: One other question. [indistinct: 59.25] The question was asked, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how and\nwhen did the Jewish community come together? At what period of time did all the\ndifferent groups start coming together? And would you talk about Rabbi [Jacob] Rothschild?\n\nCOHEN: After the tenure of Rabbi [David] Marx, Rabbi [Jacob] Rothschild came\n[indistinct: 59.44]. Rabbi [Jacob] Rothschild reached out into the entire\ncommunity, not just the Jewish community, not just the Reform community. Not\njust our own people but [indistinct: 59.57]. As a result of having done ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this, he\ninvolved a lot of our people in the Jewish communal work that maybe otherwise\nwouldn't have. At the same time that that was happening, the Civil Rights\nMovement was taking place and our people, because of their social desires and\nsocial consciences, became involved not only in the general community but in the\nJewish community as well. Simultaneously with that happening we saw an\nevolvement of the Federation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"structure. We saw an evolvement of our own\neducation--Jewish educational projects. All of these things happened at the same\ntime, so that we combined the united-- Anyway, it all ended up as Atlanta Jewish\nFederation. Then we were under the directorship of Sam Rosenberg at the Jewish\nEducation. We began to think in terms of global Jewish education. Now, we had\nthe three things happening simultaneously. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had an integration of the\nreligious community. We had an integration of the educational community and we\nhad an integration of the social service community. So that the community began\nto come together as a whole rather than just parts operating in their own field.\n\nKREMER: [indistinct: 1.01.21] Because I think that-- Who would have believed\nthat [indistinct: 1.01.23]. You'd be honored by AJC and the deep feelings that\nyou had of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Federation. In the way things were. Isn't that true?\n\nCOHEN: It's very true. But we always want to put it in the positive.\n[indistinct: 1.01.39]\n\nKREMER: It is praising the positive. But to me, the positive thing is that it's\nall married together. Charlotte Garson at the AJC meeting said to me-- She said,\n\"You know, I'm a born-again Jew.\" That's what she said. All right. I have one\nother question. First thing, what would you like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews of all ages do now?\n\nCOHEN: I would like to see a broad enough community structure and I'm going to\nlimit myself to the Jewish community because there are so many economic\nenterprises that they're involved in, and civic that they're involved in, and\nsocial that they're involved in. But let's just talk about all the Jewish\ninvolvement. I would like to see it be as sophisticated as necessary that it\nwould make ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who were little affiliated feel quickly at home as part of our\ncommunity. It's a big task because we're not just talking about coming to\nsomeone and getting an annual contribution. We're talking about having that\nperson make a contribution to an organization that he understood and further\nsupported with his heart and with his soul, that he felt an integral part so\nthat when a stranger walked into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[indistinct: 1.03.00], or a social club or a\nsynagogue or into a community center that that stranger would at once feel the\nsame belonging, the same spirit of being part of it that we all felt on\nWashington Stret, near north side, far north side. [indistinct: 1.03.21] And how\nwe do that is a challenge. Whether we have to do it in the parts of Jews that\nhave a close relationship, in the parts of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relationship, or some other\nstructure, but we are in the process of involvement is not the question that you\nasked me. You asked me what I would like to see.\n\nKREMER: Do you have any ideas of how to bring that about?\n\nCOHEN: Yes, I've got them. I think that the first thing that we have to do is to\nbuild in the young people a sense of personal awareness. They have to know their\nhistory, their position. They have to know where they came from and why they're\nlike the way they are. If they know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those things, then they can begin to piece\ntogether the other necessary ingredients. I walked up to you and we have\nsomething immediately to talk about. I have a need. I have a crisis. I'm going\nto approach you. [indistinct: 1.04.13] If we begin to build in our children that\nmentality, that awareness, then they'll follow. They might follow the same and\nthey will become the backbone, the Jewish citizens in the Jewish community that\nwill develop.\n\nKREMER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/transcript/48997/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay. I think we're going to call it a day. Yes!\n\n[end of tape 1, side 2]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3870.0,3900.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Committee (AJC) was founded in 1906 to safeguard the welfare and security of Jews worldwide. It is one of the oldest Jewish advocacy organizations in the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Council of Jewish Women is an organization of volunteers and advocates, founded in the 1890s, who turn progressive ideals in advocacy and philanthropy inspired by Jewish values. They strive to improve the quality of life for women, children, and families. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federations of North America represents 153 Jewish Federations and over 300 network communities, which raise and distribute more than $3 billion annually for social welfare, social services and educational needs with the objective of protecting and enhancing the well-being of Jews worldwide. After the Holocaust, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (the “Joint,” or JDC), the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), and other philanthropic organizations that later merged to form the JFNA worked together to support Jewish survivors. Refugees from displaced persons camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy received funds to help them resettle in places like the United States or Palestine and create new lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Esther and Herbert Taylor Family Foundation was founded in 1983 and is administered by the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta. The Foundation supports the Oral History Project at the Breman Museum in Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta is the capital city of Georgia. Before European settlers arrived in the area, the Creek people lived in the region. The 1821 Indian Removal Act forced the Creek to leave their north Georgia home. Atlanta was founded as a railroad hub and became the center of multiple tracks. The settlement at the railroad hub was called Terminus, Thrasherville, Marthasville, and finally, Atlanta. Atlanta was an important depot for military supplies during the American Civil War. General William Tecumseh Sherman ordered that the city be destroyed during his March to the Sea and the city was slowly rebuilt after the war. In the early 20th century, Atlanta’s population tripled, and Atlanta was vital to the United States war effort in World War II because of its local industries and railroad network. After the war, Atlanta became a hub for the Civil Rights Movement. As of 2020, over 498,000 people live in the city proper, while the larger metro area has over 6,100,000 residents. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePryor Street runs from Edgewood Ave. SE to Osmond St. SW in downtown Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCapitol Avenue begins at M.L.K. JR Dr. SE and becomes Hank Aaron Dr. SW, and is located in downtown Atlanta.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple on Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia was bombed in the early morning hours of October 12, 1958. About 50 sticks of dynamite were planted near the building and tore a huge hole in the wall. No one was injured in the bombing as it was during the night. Rabbi Jacob Rothschild was an outspoken advocate of civil rights and integration and friend of Martin Luther King Jr. Five men associated with the National States’ Rights Party, a white separatist group, were tried and acquitted in the bombing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Congregation Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002. As of 2022, the current Senior Rabbi of the congregation is Ari Kaiman. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ahavath Achim Synagogue is a Jewish synagogue that was established in 1882 in Atlanta, GA. Eastern European immigrants founded the institution and built the first synagogue themselves in 1900 on Gilmer Street. The congregation grew to several hundred members in the 1920s, so they moved services to Washington Street (which would become Turner Field). Now the synagogue sits on Peachtree Battle Avenue and has more than 1,200 families attending.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKiddush [Hebrew: sanctification] is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Sabbath and Jewish holidays. In many synagogues congregants gather for Kiddush reception after the Friday night or Saturday morning service to recite the blessing over wine or grape juice and have something to eat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Hebrew School was created by leaders of Ahavath Achim Congregation and housed in the Jewish Education Alliance building. When the congregation moved to a larger synagogue, two or three classrooms were designated in the building’s basement for the school. A Sunday school was developed in the early 1920s to augment the activities of the United Hebrew School. Women members organized themselves into a sisterhood in September, 1920 and took upon themselves the task of developing and expanding the Sunday school.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I was a major global conflict lasting from 1914 to 1918. It was fought between two coalitions, the Allies and the Central Powers. Fighting took place throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Orphans’ Home was located at 478 Washington Street in Atlanta, Georgia. The residence facility was open from 1876 to 1930. It was originally called the Hebrew Orphans’ Asylum and was originally an actual orphanage. In 1901, the name was changed to the Hebrew Orphans’ Home. Then its services phased into placing children in foster home care and helping with adoptions instead of an actual orphans' home, during which time it was called the Jewish Family and Children's Bureau (and another variation—Jewish Children's Services). Finally it got out of the children's institutional care business entirely. In 1988, the organization’s mission changed and it became the Jewish Educational Loan Fund (JELF) with the goal of providing low-interest post-secondary education loans for Jewish students.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Boy Scouts of America is one of the largest scouting organizations and one of the largest youth organizations in the United States, with about 762,000 youth participants. The BSA was founded in 1910, and since then, about 110 million Americans have participated in BSA programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYoung Judaea is a peer-led Zionist youth movement founded in 1909 for Jewish youth in grades 2–12. Its programs include youth clubs, conventions, summer camps and Israel programs that provide experiential programming through which Jewish youth and young adults build meaningful relationships with their peers, emphasize social action, and develop a lifelong commitment to Jewish life, the Jewish people, and Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAleph Zadik Aleph (AZA) is an international youth-led fraternal organization for Jewish teenage boys. Its sister organization for teenage girls is B'nai B'rith Girls (BBG). B'nai B'rith Youth Organization, now BBYO, is an umbrella organization including Jewish teens in both AZA and BBG. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBernard Wesley Cohen (1915-1997) was born in Pocomoke City, Maryland and moved to Atlanta, Georgia as a child. During World War II he served stateside in the Unites States Navy. He was in the scrap metal, hides, and rags business with his father, Morris, and his brother, Gerald. He was married to Rae Alice Bernstein Cohen (1918-1997), a native of Chicago, Illinois. She was president of the southern branch of the Women’s League for Conservative Judaism and its national vice-president. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVinings is a census-designated place (CDP) in Cobb County, Georgia that runs along the Chattahoochee River bank across from Buckhead. As of the 2020 census, the CDP had a total population of 12,581. Located next to the affluent Paces section of Buckhead in northwest Atlanta, Vinings is known for its historic sites, shopping districts, proximity to local freeways and The Battery, and nearby nature areas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBert Adams Scout Camp is a long-term overnight camp owned and operated by the Atlanta Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America. Bert Adams is located south of Covington, Georgia, situated on Lake Bulow Campbell; the camp is one of three major BSA summer camps in the Atlanta Area Council.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSiegel’s Kosher Restaurant was located on Capitol Avenue across the street from the Jewish Educational Alliance and operated from the 1930s to the 1950s. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA shochet is an adult male Jew who is trained and accredited by a rabbinic authority in the Jewish dietary laws. Specifically, a shochet slaughters animals in a way prescribed by Jewish dietary laws to avoid pain to the animal as much as possible, and to safeguard the health of the consumer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSeder [Hebrew: order] is a Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. It is conducted on the evening of the fifteenth day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar throughout the world. Some communities hold seder on both the first two nights of Passover. The seder incorporates prayers, candle lighting, and traditional foods symbolizing the slavery of the Jews and the exodus from Egypt. It is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePoland is a nation in Central Europe the size of 312,696 km², or over 120,700 mi². Poland has a population of 38 million residents and is the fifth-most populous member state of the European Union. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRussia spans Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world and covers 6,601,670 sq mi. Russia has eleven time zones and borders fourteen countries. It has a population of over 147 million people. The country's capital and largest city is Moscow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetty Cohen Goldstein (1929—2015) was very active in Atlanta’s Jewish community, including serving as an Atlanta Hadassah chapter president. She and her husband Leon had four children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Aaron “Harry” Alexander, Sr. (1874-1967) was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Julius Mortimer Alexander and Rebecca Ella Solomons Alexander. His grandfather, Aaron Alexander, was the first Jew of American birth to settle in Atlanta. He was a prominent attorney, scholar, and religious leader. Alexander served in the Georgia State House of Representatives and was a veteran of World War I. He was also a president of the Atlanta Historical Society and a prominent Atlanta attorney. He was a member of the defense team in the trial of Leo Frank. In 1930 he and his wife, Marion Kline Alexander, built one of the largest homes in Atlanta on Peachtree Road. The Alexander family sold part of their land for development of the Phipps Plaza mall, which opened in 1969.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouis J. Levitas (1885-1968) was born in Riga, Latvia, spent his youth in Dublin, Ireland, and moved to Atlanta in 1912. In the early years of the Jewish Educational Alliance he was in the center of youth activities. He organized a Sunday School for the religious education of children and became its superintendent. He was also active in the United Hebrew School. He was a member of the Fulton Masonic Lodge, the Ahavath Achim Synagogue, the Atlanta Hibernian Society, the Progressive Club and member of the board of Jewish Children Service for more than 30 years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharleston is the largest city in South Carolina. It was founded in 1670 and has a population of over 150,000 people.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSavannah is one of Georgia’s most important port cities and is the fifth-largest in the state. The coastal town is located along the Savannah River. As of 2020, the city had a population of over 140,000 residents. It is well-known for its tourist attractions and historical neighborhoods.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAugusta is a consolidated city-county on the central eastern border of Georgia. The city lies directly across the Savannah River from North Augusta, South Carolina at the head of its navigable portion. Georgia's third most populous city (after Atlanta and Columbus), Augusta is located in the Fall Line section of the state. It has a population of over 202,000 (2021). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColumbia is the capital of South Carolina. As of 2020, the city had a population of over 136,000 and the metro area has a population of over 829,000 people, making the city the second-largest in South Carolina. Fort Jackson, a United States Army installation, is located there.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBirmingham is the third-largest city in Alabama. In 1871, the Elyton Land Company founded the town and sold lots near the planned site of the intersection between various railroads. This railroad crossing became known for its mineral deposits, which contained the three raw materials for steel making. After 1873, the town developed exponentially and received the nickname “The Magic City.” In the 1950s and 1960s, Birmingham became a center of the Civil Rights Movement. As of 2021, Birmingham has over 197,000 residents.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew Orleans is a city-parish seated at the mouth of the Mississippi River in Louisiana. With a population of 383,997, it is the most populous city in Louisiana and third most populous city in the Deep South. New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the Gulf Coast region. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA minyan refers to the quorum of 10 Jewish adults required for certain religious obligation. While traditionally only males counted toward the quorum, in many non-Orthodox streams of Judaism adult females count in the minyan. A minyan is needed in Jewish communal prayer for certain components of the regular daily or Shabbat services, reading from the Torah and haftarah portions in synagogue, and saying Kaddish, among other things. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Talmud [Hebrew: study] is the legal code spanning 1,000 years. Based on the teachings of the Bible, the Talmud interprets biblical laws and commandments. It also contains a rich store of historic facts and traditions. It has two divisions: the Mishnah and the Gemara. The Mishnah is the interpretation of Biblical law. The Gemara is a commentary on the Mishnah by a group of later scholars.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA shammash, also spelled shamash or shammas (Hebrew: “servant”), or gabbai, is a salaried sexton in a Jewish synagogue whose duties now generally include secretarial work and assistance to the cantor, or chazzan, who directs the public service.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Hyman Epstein (1903-2003) served as rabbi of Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia from 1928 to 1982, when he became rabbi emeritus. Under Rabbi Epstein, the formerly Orthodox congregation began to shift to Conservative Judaism, and officially joined the United Synagogue of America (now the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism), in 1952.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: b’nai mitzvah] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: b’nai mitzvah] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnniston is the county seat of Calhoun County in Alabama. It is located in northeastern Alabama and has a population of over 21,000 residents (2020). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrownies are Girl Scouts in second and third grades (around ages 7–9) and earn triangular shaped Brownie Leadership Journey Awards and National Proficiency Badges.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community. Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities. It is an affiliate of the Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCrew Street School was one of the first four public schools in Atlanta, opening in 1872. It was located between Capitol Avenue and Washington Street. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Georgia Avenue School was a predominantly white school that was built in 1911. By the 1950s was a predominately black school. It was renamed in 1961 after Peter James Bryant who was the a Baptist pastor in the 1920’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHoke Smith was a junior high school formerly on Hill Street in Atlanta, Georgia. It was open from 1947-1985; it merged in the 1980s with Roosevelt High School to form Southside High School, now Maynard Jackson High School. The former building is no longer in existence and a track field now stands in its place.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe James L. Key Elementary School was named for a former mayor in 1963. Located at the intersection of Memorial Drive and Stovall Street, the school was closed in the 1990s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWells St. SW becomes Fulton Street, which ends at Connally St. SE. Fulton Street is located in downtown Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e6th St. NE runs from W. Peachtree St. NE Argonne Ave. NE. It is located in Midtown Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePiedmont Park is an urban park in Atlanta, Georgia, located about 1 mile northeast of Downtown, between the Midtown and Virginia Highland neighborhoods. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e10th St. runs from 10th St. NE runs from Brady Ave. NW to Monroe Dr. NE in Midtown Atlanta.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDruid Hills is a community which includes both a census-designated place (CDP) in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, United States, as well as a neighborhood of the city of Atlanta. It has a population of over 9,000 residents (2020).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVirginia-Highland is an affluent neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia, founded in the early 20th century as a streetcar suburb. It is named after the intersection of Virginia Avenue and North Highland Avenue, the heart of its trendy retail district at the center of the neighborhood.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePonce de Leon Avenue stretches from Spring St. NW to James B. Rivers Memorial Dr. It cuts through Northeast Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eParkway Drive runs from Ponce de Leon Avenue to Highland Ave. NE in Northeast Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoulevard runs from Ponce de Leon Avenue to McDonough Blvd. SE through East Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University’s dental school opened in 1887 as the Southern Dental College. It was called the Atlanta-Southern Dental College before being renamed as Emory University School of Dentistry in 1944. The school closed in the 1990s due to a lack of funding and because it lost students to state schools. Emory’s dental school was known for being especially discriminatory against Jewish students in the early to mid 20th century. Between 1948 and 1961, more than half of the dental school’s Jewish students faced discrimination and were unfairly dismissed.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The most of the world's countries fought as part of two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarist School is a private Catholic school located in Brookhaven, Georgia, United States, north of the city of Atlanta. Founded in 1901, it is operated independently of the Archdiocese of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTech High School began as the Technical Department of Boys High School in Atlanta but became its own establishment in 1909. Tech High and Boys High merged in 1947 under the name Henry Woodfin Grady High School (now Midtown High School).  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommercial High School was founded by Corinne Stanton Williams Douglas in Atlanta, Georgia. It began as a department of Girls High School in 1889. Students studied bookkeeping and typing, in addition to mathematics and history courses. The school soon expanded into new space, a four-story brick building at 138 Pryor Street in downtown Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGirls' High School was one of seven schools opened in 1872 as part of the original public school system in Atlanta, Georgia. It was the only public high school in Atlanta that was girls-only. In 1947, Atlanta schools became co-ed. The school was renamed Roosevelt High School and operated until 1985, when it was combined with the Hoke Smith School. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Georgia Baptist Hospital was founded as the Tabernacle Baptist Infirmary in 1901 in Atlanta. In 1913, it was renamed to the Georgia Baptist Hospital. In 1926, the hospital moved its location to Boulevard and East Avenue. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eE. Rivers Elementary is one of Atlanta’s oldest schools. Opened in 1917, the original school burned down in 1948, a new school was then constructed on the same site. Construction on the third E. Rivers building began in 2013-14. Today, E. Rivers serves the South Buckhead communities of Loring Heights, Ardmore Park, Brookwood Hills, Underwood Hills, Collier Hills, Peachtree Hills, Colonial Homes. E. Rivers Elementary feeds Sutton Middle School and North Atlanta High School. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNorth Atlanta High School is a public high school of approximately 2300 students in the Paces neighborhood of the Buckhead community of Atlanta, Georgia. The school is a part of Atlanta Public Schools. The school was formed after North Fulton High School combined with Northside High School during the 1991–1992 school year. This merger resulted in North Atlanta High School being the only high school in APS to host two magnet programs: the International Studies Program and the Performance Arts. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eE. Rivers Elementary is one of Atlanta’s oldest schools. Opened in 1917, the original school burned down in 1948, a new school was then constructed on the same site. Construction on the third E. Rivers building began in 2013-14. Today, E. Rivers serves the South Buckhead communities of Loring Heights, Ardmore Park, Brookwood Hills, Underwood Hills, Collier Hills, Peachtree Hills, Colonial Homes. E. Rivers Elementary feeds Sutton Middle School and North Atlanta High School. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDellwood Drive NW begins at W. Wesley Road NW and ends near Peachtree Creek in the Peachtree Battle Alliance neighborhood of Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSukkot is one of the harvest festivals of Judaism. It is seven days long and comes after the ingathering of the yearly harvest. It celebrates God’s bounty in nature and God’s protection, symbolized by the fragile booths in which the Israelites dwelt in the wilderness. During Sukkot, Jews eat and live in such booths, which gives the festival its name and character.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA temporary shelter covered in natural materials, built near a synagogue or house and used especially for meals during the Jewish festival of Sukkot.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJack Irving “Honey” Freedman (1921-2017) was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He attended Boys’ High and was a graduate of Emory University. During World War II, he served in the United States Navy as a blimp pilot and was posted in the Philippines and South America. He worked in import-export, plastics, real estate, and oil exploration businesses. He was a board member for the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, William Breman Jewish Home, Ahavath Achim synagogue, Organization for Rehabilitative Training (ORT), and Epstein School. He led Saturday morning religious services for more than 35 years at the William Breman Jewish Home. He and his wife, Phyllis, received the B’nai B’rith Distinguished Service Award of B’nai B’rith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhyllis Blonder Freedman (1928-2015) was a native of Port Chester, New York. She attended Syracuse University and moved to Atlanta, Georgia in the late 1940s after marrying her husband Jack Freedman. She was president of the Atlanta Chapter of Brandeis University National Women’s Committee, the National Women’s Division Chairwoman of the Council of Jewish Federation, and president of Jewish Family \u0026amp; Career Services. She and her husband also received the Distinguished Service Award of B’nai B’rith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHowell Mill Rd. becomes Marietta St., which ends at Peachtree St. It runs through downtown Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNorthside Drive NW runs from Northside Parkway NW to Wells St. SW in northwestern Atlanta.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn influential person in their community; someone active in their community organizations. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePotentially Ben Massell Sr. or Jr.: Benjamin Joseph Massell, Sr. (1886-1962) was a civic and community leader in both the Jewish and general communities of Atlanta. In the early 1900s, he and his two brothers, Sam and Levi, founded the Massell Realty Company, which had a hand in the development and sale of several landmark properties in Atlanta. Civic leader Ivan Allen, Sr., was known to say, “Sherman burned Atlanta and Ben Massell built it back.” Ben Massell was the uncle of former Atlanta mayor Samuel A. Massell, Jr. Ben J. Massell Jr., (1917-1986) was a native of Atlanta, Georgia who became chairman of Massell Company, Massell Investment Co., and Realty Operations Inc., three holding companies for the Massell family's properties. His father, Ben J. Massell Sr., was a well-known real estate developer in Atlanta who was often referred to as “Mr. Skyscraper.” Ben Jr. chaired a restoration committee for the Fox, a landmark Atlanta theater. He was a national co-chairman of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) Society of Fellows, a member of the ADL executive committee for the Southeastern United States, and a member of a local ADL development committee. He assembled a notable collection of antique cars, including a Packard formerly owned by Al Jolson and a 1928 Cadillac convertible. He was a graduate of Marist School and of the University of Virginia where he earned a degree in architecture. His first cousin, Sam Massell, was mayor of Atlanta in 1970-74. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBarney Medintz (1910-1960) was a Jewish leader both nationally and locally in Atlanta. He was one of the national leaders of the United Jewish Appeal and the Israel Bond Organization. He was also vice-president of the National Community Relations Advisory Council, vice-president of the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds and a former member of the executive committee of the American Jewish Committee. Locally, he was president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and past president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council and the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education. He was also president of the Southeast Regional Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. Medintz graduated from Northwestern University at Evanston, Illinois where he was a star basketball player. He came to Atlanta after he graduated to become a recreation director at the Jewish Educational Alliance. In 1936, Barney married Dorothy Davis. Camp Barney Medintz, a Jewish camp in Cleveland, Georgia, is named in his honor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePotentially Isadore Milton “I.M.” Weinstein (1887-1954) was an Atlanta businessman who was born in New York City and raised in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1919, he founded the National Linen Supply Company, which expanded and eventually grew into National Service Industries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Stanley Perry Brickman (1931-), a native of Chattanooga, Tennessee, was kicked out of Emory University’s School of Dentistry in 1951 because he was Jewish. Brickman spent the next few years interviewing dozens of Jewish students who attended the school in the 1950s and 1960s, compiling a video that revealed a pattern of antisemitism by the school’s dean. In 2012, Emory University administrators issued a public apology. Dr. Brickman is a noted oral surgeon practicing in Atlanta, and released a book, Extracted: Unmasking Rampant Antisemitism in America’s Higher Education, in 2019.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent. The term has a wide range of connotations. The region officially stretches from the Ural Mountains in the east to the borders of Poland and Romania. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMortimer William (Bill) Breman (1908-2000), owner of the Breman Steel Company, was a longtime resident and community leader of Atlanta, Georgia. Bill received numerous humanitarian and human relations awards for the extensive community service work that he did, including the Distinguished Service Award of the Gate City Lodge of B'nai B'rith (1965); the American Jewish Committee Human Relations Award (1981) and the Abe Goldstein Humanitarian Award of the Anti-Defamation League (1984). He served as president of the Temple and the Jewish Home, now called the William Breman Jewish Home. Bill also founded the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDecatur St. SE runs from Peachtree St. and becomes DeKalb Avenue NE.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHyman Mendel (1872-1954) was a Jewish immigrant from Lithuania. He came to the United States at the age of 19 and established H. Mendel \u0026amp; Co. initially working as a peddler around Atlanta. Once he was able to purchase a horse and wagon, he was able to expand his business. In 1892 he opened his first store on Decatur Street in downtown Atlanta. By the turn of the twentieth century, H. Mendel \u0026amp; Co. became the city's biggest dry-goods wholesaler. In 1913 Mendel built his own three-story building on Gilmer Street. In 1921, the business moved to Pryor Street where it remained for more than 40 years. Generations of merchants throughout the southeast trace their start to their relationship with H. Mendel \u0026amp; Co. and credit extended to them from Hyman Mendel. He was a founder and former president of Ahavath Achim, a member of B’nai B’rith, and is counted as one of the businessmen who helped shape Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Plan Banks were part of a historic banking system in the United States created to assist the middle class in obtaining loans that were difficult to obtain at traditional banks. Arthur J. Morris (1881–1973), a lawyer in Norfolk, Virginia, began the banks. The first was started in 1910 in Norfolk, and the second in Atlanta in 1911. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCheck kiting is a form of check fraud, involving taking advantage of the float to make use of non-existent funds in a checking or other bank account. In this way, instead of being used as a negotiable instrument, checks are misused as a form of unauthorized credit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsaac Jacob Paradies (1885-1967) was the founder of Paradies and Company. He was born in Latvia and lived in South Africa where he worked in diamond mines and as a rancher before relocating to Atlanta, Georgia. In Atlanta, he started a wholesale grocery business that grew into a chain of dime stores. In 1942, he established a wholesale toy and housewares distributorship, Paradies and Company, a family business.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa, and the Middle East, and their descendants. The adjective “Sephardic” and corresponding nouns Sephardi (singular) and Sephardim (plural) are derived from the Hebrew word Sepharad, which refers to Spain. Historically, the vernacular language of Sephardic Jews was Ladino, a Romance language derived from Old Spanish, incorporating elements from the old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, Hebrew, Aramaic, and in the lands receiving those who were exiled, Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Greek, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian vocabulary. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Standard Club is a Jewish social club that started as the “Concordia Association” in 1867 in Downtown Atlanta. In 1905, it was reorganized as the “Standard Club” and moved into the former mansion of William C. Sanders near the site of Center Parc Credit Union Stadium (formerly Turner Field). In the late 1920s the club moved to Ponce de Leon Avenue in Midtown Atlanta. Later, the club moved to what is now the Lenox Park business park and was located there until 1983. In the 1980s, the club moved to its present location in Johns Creek in Atlanta’s northern suburbs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mayfair Club is a defunct Jewish social club that was located on Spring Street in Atlanta, Ga. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe CNN Center in Atlanta, Georgia, is the international headquarters of the Cable News Network. The main newsrooms and studios for several of CNN's news channels are located in the building. It is located on Marietta St. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA nursing home in Atlanta providing short and long-term dementia, Alzheimer’s, and nursing care. Formerly the Jewish Home, it first opened in 1951 at 260 14th Street, NW, on land that had been donated by real estate developer Ben J. Massell. The Home’s growth called for a larger, updated facility, leading to the construction of a new building at 3150 Howell Mill Road, NW. The second Jewish Home opened on February 16, 1971. In 1991, it was renamed the William Breman Jewish Home to honor and recognize its third president, Bill Breman, as the prime motivator of the modern-day facility.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e14th Street runs from Howell Mill Rd. to Piedmont Ave. NE. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsrael is a country in Western Asia located on the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea. It borders Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, and Palestine. While Tel Aviv is the largest economic center of the country, Jerusalem is its capital. The first evidence of human habitation in the region dates back to 1.5 million years ago. Canaanites inhabited the area was inhabited since the Bronze Age and the Israelites’ ancestors belonged to an ancient Semitic-speaking people in the region. Israelite culture spread to various villages in the area. Jerusalem was occupied by many countries and empires throughout its history but became an independent nation in 1948. The independence of Israel from Britain led to the Arab-Israeli War, which lasted from 1948-1949. Today, there is still an ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestine. As of 2022, it is estimated that over 9,000,000 people live in the country.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1897, the Zionist Organization of America is the oldest pro-Israel organization in the United States. It is dedicated to educating the public, elected officials, media, and college/high school students about Israel and to promoting strong United States-Israel relations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Arab-Israeli War of 1948 broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the announcement of the independence of the state of Israel on May 14, 1948. Fighting continued until February 1949, when Israel and its neighboring states of Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria agreed to formal armistice lines.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe second Arab-Israeli war, also known as the Suez War, broke out on October 29, 1956 when Israel invaded Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula. In 1956, the President of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser, nationalized the Suez Canal, a vital waterway connecting Europe and Asia that was largely owned by French and British concerns. France and Britain responded by striking a deal with Israel—whose ships were barred from using the canal and whose southern port of Elat had been blockaded by Egypt—wherein Israel would invade Egypt; France and Britain would then intervene, ostensibly as peacemakers, and take control of the canal. In five days the Israeli army captured Gaza, Rafaḥ, and Al-ʿArīsh—taking thousands of prisoners—and occupied most of the peninsula east of the Suez Canal. In December, after the joint Anglo-French intervention, a UN Emergency Force was stationed in the area, and Israeli forces withdrew in March 1957. Egypt dropped the blockade of Elat. A UN buffer force was placed in the Sinai Peninsula.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Six-Day War was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known at the time as the United Arab Republic), Jordan, and Syria. Relations between Israel and its neighbors had never fully normalized following the 1948 War of Independence and in the period leading up to June 1967 tensions became heightened. As a result, Israel launched a series of preemptive airstrikes against Egyptian airfields on June 5 following the mobilization of Egyptian forces along the Israeli border in the Sinai Peninsula. The outcome was swift and decisive. Israel took control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. The Sinai was returned but the other territories were incorporated into Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta American Hotel opened in 1962 and was the first integrated hotel in downtown Atlanta. The hotel was originally owned by Irving and Marvin Goldstein, who were local dentists. The hotel served as a meeting place for civil rights activists. It is still in operation today and is located at 160 Ted Turner Dr. NW. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Marvin Clarence Goldstein (1917-1997) was a prominent dentist and businessman in Atlanta. He was a graduate of Boys’ High School in Atlanta, had with a combined undergraduate and master’s degree in dentistry from Emory University in Atlanta, and trained in orthodontic dentistry at Columbia University and the University of Michigan. He served as a dental surgeon for the United States Army Air Forces in Europe during World War II. He and his brother, Irving Goldstein, also a dentist, built the Atlanta Americana Motor Hotel, Atlanta’s first integrated hotel, which opened in 1961. Marvin was international president of the Alpha Omega Dental Fraternity, editor of the American Journal of Orthodontics, president of the Georgia Society of Orthodontists, trustee for the American Fund for Dental Health, honorary fellow in the American College of Dentists and International College of Dentists, and chief of staff of the Ben Massell Dental Clinic. He was a president of Ahavath Achim Synagogue, Atlanta Jewish Federation, ORT Atlanta men’s chapter, Tichon Atlanta, B’nai Brith’s Atlanta chapter; vice-president of the American Jewish Committee; and a vice-chairman of the board of trustees for the Martin Luther King Center for Non-violent Social Change.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Mortimer \"Jack\" Rothschild (1911-1973) served as rabbi of Atlanta’s oldest Reform congregation, the Temple, from 1946 until his death in 1973 from a heart attack. A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he forged close relationships with the city’s Christian clergy and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Dr. David Marx (1872-1962) was a long-time rabbi at the Temple in Atlanta, Georgia. A native of New Orleans, he led the congregation’s move toward the practices of Reform Judaism. He served as rabbi from 1895 to 1946. When he retired, Rabbi Jacob Rothschild took the pulpit that Rabbi Marx had held for more than half a century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/annotation_set/1102/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel H. Rosenberg (1905-1962) was executive director the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education from 1949 to 1962. A native of New York, he was educated at Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, City College of New York, Columbia University, and University of Buffalo.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=3630.0,3660.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/index/59229","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Cohen, Gerald (1991) [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/index/59229/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gerald's Childhood in South Side Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=22.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/index/59229/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I’d like to ask you what it was like growing up in Atlanta [Georgia, United States] in the early days of the south side.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219#t=22.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105485/file/206219/index/59229/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ahavath Achim Synagogue (Atlanta, 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