{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/zk55d8p714/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Lansky, Lola Borkowska (1995)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1995-12-01 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Absence of Humanity Project (AOH)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eLola Borkowska Lansky was intervied by Sandra Berman on December 1, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eLola Borkowska Lansky was born in Lodz, Poland on November 19, 1926. She had two siblings: a brother one year older and a sister one year younger. Lola’s mother died in 1931 of tuberculosis, and her father remarried his sister-in-law, whom Lola referred to as her mother.  \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLola’s parents came from the small towns of Parzeczew and Ozorkow, Poland where they lived until Lola’s father served in the Polish army during World War I. When he came back from the army, they moved to Lodz and lived there until the outbreak of World War II. Lola spent happy summers as a child visiting her grandparents in Ozorkow.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen Lola was about to enter the seventh grade in 1939, the Germans invaded Poland. Lola’s father went to Warsaw to join the fight against the Germans. He returned six weeks later and joined Lola and her siblings in Parzeczew, where they had gone to be with her grandparents. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1940, the family was sent to Ozorkow and soon confined to a ghetto. In Ozorkow, Lola witnessed the hanging of a cousin, after which the Jews in Ozorkow went through a selection. Lola’s grandparents and young cousins were sent to Chelmno. Lola and her immediate family were then sent to the Lodz ghetto in 1942.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the Lodz ghetto was liquidated in 1944, Lola and her family were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where Lola, her mother and her sister were separated from her father and brother. From Auschwitz-Birkenau, Lola, her mother, and her sister were sent to Ravensbruck concentration camp in Germany. After a few weeks, they were transferred by train to Muhlhausen labor camp in Germany to work in an ammunition factory. There, Lola’s mother became ill with pneumonia. They stayed in Muhlhausen until February, 1945 when they were evacuated by train to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Lola and her sister took turns caring for her mother, who grew increasingly more ill.  Eventually, Lola was able to move her mother to a hospital, but Lola’s mother died just one day before the camp was liberated by the British.  \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, Lola and her sister stayed at Bergen-Belsen until her sister recovered from typhoid. Eventually, the sisters were reunited with their father and brother. The family rejoined with other aunts and uncles in Feldafing, a displaced persons camp in Germany. Lola’s father wanted to move the family to the United States, so they arrived in New York Harbor in June, 1946.  \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1947, Lola married Rubin Lansky, a second cousin and survivor from Ozorkow who immigrated to the United States in 1947. The couple had two children. In 1953, the Lansky's moved to Atlanta, Georgia where they opened a grocery store. A few years later, Rubin began a successful career in the Real Estate management business. Rubin and Lola were members of Ahavath Achim Synagogue and founding members of Eternal-Life Hemshech, which constructed the Memorial to the Six Million. Lola passed away in 1999 and Rubin died in 2005.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eLola briefly introduces her family. She recalls her father’s military experience in World War I and leaving to fight the Germans in Warsaw when they invaded Poland in 1939. Lola explains how her family ended up in the small town of Parzeczew, where her grandparents lived. She describes the restrictions and harassment endured under German occupation. Lola details her own arrest by the police. She talks about her family being sent to a ghetto in Ozorkow, another small town where her extended family lived. Lola recounts a hanging she witnessed and a selection that sent her grandparents and younger cousins to Chelmno. She remembers being sent to the Lodz ghetto, where she worked as a seamstress and witnessed a series of roundups. Lola describes being sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where she, her sister, and her mother were separated from the rest of their family. She talks about the way they were treated by other inmates and how they learned about the crematoriums. Lola outlines their transfer to Muhlhausen and then Bergen-Belsen. Lola explains how she and her sister cared for their mother, who had become very ill. She recalls the chaos of liberation and her mother’s death. Lola tells of her sister’s recovery from typhoid and reuniting with an uncle. She talks about reuniting with her father and brother and moving to a DP camp in Feldafing, Germany. The interview closes with Lola’s immigration to the United States in 1946.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28016"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Lola Borkowska Lansky (personal name)","Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski (personal name)","Josef Mengele, \"Angel of Death\" (personal name)","Josef Kramer, \"Beast of Belsen\" (personal name)","Hans Biebow (personal name)","Anne Frank (personal name)","Parzeczew, Poland (geographic term)","Ozorkow, Poland (geographic term)","Lodz, Poland (geographic term)","Chelmno, Poland (geographic term)","Muhlhausen, Germany (geographic term)","Chelmno Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Ravensbruck, Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Lodz Ghetto (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","Palestine (geographic term)","Feldafing Displaced Persons Camp (geographic term)","Displaced Persons Camps (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Crematoriums (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Pneumonia (topical term)","Typhoid Fever (topical term)","Dysentery (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eLola Borkowska Lansky was intervied by Sandra Berman on December 1, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLola Borkowska Lansky was born in Lodz, Poland on November 19, 1926. She had two siblings: a brother one year older and a sister one year younger. Lola’s mother died in 1931 of tuberculosis, and her father remarried his sister-in-law, whom Lola referred to as her mother.  \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLola’s parents came from the small towns of Parzeczew and Ozorkow, Poland where they lived until Lola’s father served in the Polish army during World War I. When he came back from the army, they moved to Lodz and lived there until the outbreak of World War II. Lola spent happy summers as a child visiting her grandparents in Ozorkow.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen Lola was about to enter the seventh grade in 1939, the Germans invaded Poland. Lola’s father went to Warsaw to join the fight against the Germans. He returned six weeks later and joined Lola and her siblings in Parzeczew, where they had gone to be with her grandparents. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1940, the family was sent to Ozorkow and soon confined to a ghetto. In Ozorkow, Lola witnessed the hanging of a cousin, after which the Jews in Ozorkow went through a selection. Lola’s grandparents and young cousins were sent to Chelmno. Lola and her immediate family were then sent to the Lodz ghetto in 1942.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the Lodz ghetto was liquidated in 1944, Lola and her family were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where Lola, her mother and her sister were separated from her father and brother. From Auschwitz-Birkenau, Lola, her mother, and her sister were sent to Ravensbruck concentration camp in Germany. After a few weeks, they were transferred by train to Muhlhausen labor camp in Germany to work in an ammunition factory. There, Lola’s mother became ill with pneumonia. They stayed in Muhlhausen until February, 1945 when they were evacuated by train to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Lola and her sister took turns caring for her mother, who grew increasingly more ill.  Eventually, Lola was able to move her mother to a hospital, but Lola’s mother died just one day before the camp was liberated by the British.  \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, Lola and her sister stayed at Bergen-Belsen until her sister recovered from typhoid. Eventually, the sisters were reunited with their father and brother. The family rejoined with other aunts and uncles in Feldafing, a displaced persons camp in Germany. Lola’s father wanted to move the family to the United States, so they arrived in New York Harbor in June, 1946.  \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1947, Lola married Rubin Lansky, a second cousin and survivor from Ozorkow who immigrated to the United States in 1947. The couple had two children. In 1953, the Lansky's moved to Atlanta, Georgia where they opened a grocery store. A few years later, Rubin began a successful career in the Real Estate management business. Rubin and Lola were members of Ahavath Achim Synagogue and founding members of Eternal-Life Hemshech, which constructed the Memorial to the Six Million. Lola passed away in 1999 and Rubin died in 2005.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLola briefly introduces her family. She recalls her father’s military experience in World War I and leaving to fight the Germans in Warsaw when they invaded Poland in 1939. Lola explains how her family ended up in the small town of Parzeczew, where her grandparents lived. She describes the restrictions and harassment endured under German occupation. Lola details her own arrest by the police. She talks about her family being sent to a ghetto in Ozorkow, another small town where her extended family lived. Lola recounts a hanging she witnessed and a selection that sent her grandparents and younger cousins to Chelmno. She remembers being sent to the Lodz ghetto, where she worked as a seamstress and witnessed a series of roundups. Lola describes being sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where she, her sister, and her mother were separated from the rest of their family. She talks about the way they were treated by other inmates and how they learned about the crematoriums. Lola outlines their transfer to Muhlhausen and then Bergen-Belsen. Lola explains how she and her sister cared for their mother, who had become very ill. She recalls the chaos of liberation and her mother’s death. Lola tells of her sister’s recovery from typhoid and reuniting with an uncle. She talks about reuniting with her father and brother and moving to a DP camp in Feldafing, Germany. The interview closes with Lola’s immigration to the United States in 1946.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/099/288/small/Lansky_Lola.mp4_1603147544.jpg?1603133145","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Lansky_Lola.mp4"]},"duration":3390.761,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/099/288/small/Lansky_Lola.mp4_1603147544.jpg?1603133145","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/099/288/original/Lansky_Lola.mp4?1603133144","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3390.761,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Lansky, Lola [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANSKY: I am Lola Borkowska Lansky. I was born in Lodz, Poland. That is the\nsecond largest city in Poland. It was the industrial city. When the Nazis came\ninto Lodz, I was 12 years old--twelve and a half, but here we say 12. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a\nbrother a year older than me and a sister a year younger than me. In the First\nWorld War, my father served in the Polish Army for three years, fighting for\nindependence. He fought from 1918 to 1921. As a child growing up, I always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heard\nmany stories relating to that war. Never did I dream that I would be living one\nthrough. He was really militarily attuned even though we were religious Jews.\nWhen the Second World War broke out, the urging by the government on the radio\nin Poland and Lodz that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all able-bodied men should run to Warsaw to helped\ndefend the capitol. My father and his younger brother, who also lived in Lodz,\ntried to reach Warsaw. For six weeks, he was stranded there while the Nazis\nbombed and wiped the whole community. In the meantime, our family\nroots--paternal and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maternal--dated back to a very ancient, old Jewish\ncommunity. As a matter of fact, there was an old wooden synagogue that dated\nback 800 years before the war, making it probably 1130, 1200. It must have been\na very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early . . . one of the earliest ancient Jewish communities. I remember\nseeing that synagogue and playing at it. That is where my maternal grandparents\nand relatives lived . . . now I am mixed up here . . . my maternal, Rotenbergs,\nand my paternal, the Borkowskis. In the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"middle of it was a big Catholic church.\nThere was no antisemitism there before the war, but when the war broke out,\nafter the urging from my grandfather, my mother sent us to this community. In\n1939, about three months after the war broke out, my brother, and I, and my\nsister were sent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to this community. It was called Parzeczew. It was seven\nkilometers from Ozorkow, which was another small community. This is where I\nwitnessed the first atrocities of the Nazis. As a matter of fact, the first ones\nthey arrested were the Christian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. All the preachers, teachers--some of\nthem were friends of my father from his boyhood years since he was born\nthere--the chief of police, anybody that had a little intelligence they felt was\na threat to them. After that, they started with the Jewish people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\ncollected the most pious Jews. At peak time I was told by my grandfather there\nwere 100 families in this community. It was like a supply town for the farmers\nand neighborhoods around it and they all knew each other. The Nazis came in and\nthey picked out Sefer Torahs that were hidden from the synagogues, brought them\nto the square in front of the church ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the most religious Jews. They\nperformed like a little show. They lit the Torahs. They cut the beards from the\nJews, including my poor grandfather, and they made them dance around it and they\ntook pictures of it. There are many stories from this community. After, I think\nmy father rejoined us. When he came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back from Warsaw, my mother and my father\ncame down. My father was a very talented man but he didn't know what to do, how\nto earn a little living there. There was a great need for a hat maker. He went\nahead and tore a few hats, and designed them and made them for the farmers. They\nused to bring us all the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food we needed. At one point, he needed some thread. In\nthe closest city of Ozorkow there was a cousin of his that was selling the\nthread. He said he . . . I volunteered to go there. I had a friend that also\nwanted to go visit. At this point we had different laws, restrictive laws\nforbidding Jewish people to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"walk on the main streets. By the gutter, that's the\nonly way we could walk. We had to wear Stars of David and they were specific how\nthey should be worn: 12 inches below your shoulder, how many inches away from\nyour sleeve. They had to be sewn in the front and in the back. You could not go\nfrom one community to the other. We had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already live in two streets for such\na small community. But my maternal grandfather still had his bakery open and\nthey used to bake rolls and bread that were given out for coupons. I went back\nto this community and I was so overtaken by this freedom I did not wear my Star\nof David. I took it off. I told my girlfriend, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Let's take a walk down the main\nstreet.\" As we were walking, a young German fellow . . . he was a Volksdeutsche,\nhe was born in Poland, but he was German. He knew us well. He said, \"What are\nyou all doing here?\" in Polish. I said, \"Oh, my aunt is very sick and I'm going\nstraight home.\" We started running because we were sure he was going to go to\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"police and tell them that two Jewish girls--I was about 13 at this\npoint--are walking on the streets. Sure enough, we didn't run fast enough. After\nabout ten minutes we heard the siren of the police car and they escorted us both\nin to the police station. They looked like giants out of Mars somewhere with\ntheir ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high hats and their uniforms. But nevertheless, we had no choice and went\nin. They put her . . . first they took us . . . they separated us. They put her\nin one room and they put me in another and every half hour they would come and\ncheck. The only question he had for me is, \"Are you Jewish? Bist du ein Jude?\" I\nwould say, \"Yes, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"am.\" I didn't know what he did to her but she told me also\nthey didn't hurt her. After about three or four hours . . . maybe more, it\nseemed like a long time . . . they took us both in one room and they recited\nwhat crimes were committed. We came without a star. That's against the law. We\nwalked on the street. We are supposed to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"walk on the gutter. We came, we walked\non hours that was not allowed. We came from another community. That is against\nthe law. He says, \"For crimes like this you really can be punished.\" But they\nsaid, \"Machst du los zu Hause. Go quick home because next time we won't be so\nlenient.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It didn't take long. About a year later, my aunt's cousin was hung for\nthat same reason. He came from the little village to this town and they needed a\nhanging for another reason. He was hung at the age of 21 and 11 others. There\nwere 12 I think altogether that were hung. After ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we were sent back to\nOzorkow to work. My father and my family really--my mother, my sisters--since we\nwere the first ones to leave because we were the last ones to move in in this\nsmall community. They needed workers so they sent us out. They put us in a\nstreet where Jewish people lived. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They already had them segregated from the\ncommunity of Ozorkow. We lived with another family. Now, when they had this\nhanging planned, we didn't know. They told us to leave our apartments or houses\nopened, to take nothing with us and they marched us out to the \"Pig ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Square\" . .\n. they called it in German. When we came out there, we saw a hanging ready.\nThere were the hooks there for 12 people to be hung. The Germans were having a\npicnic. They were drinking beer, having food and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"having a jolly time watching\nthe Jews being hanged. They made us stand there for hours. While this was going\non, one young man pleaded for his life. He was such a wonderful orator because\nwe were all crying with him, how he pleaded for his life. \"Please, I am\ninnocent. Please let me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live. I don't want to die.\" He kept on and on. To show\ntheir good gesture, they released him and he was the one that was not hung.\nAfter they hung the people, they didn't let us go. Buses came by. We heard\nbecause we were very much interested, all our families, my grandmother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paternal,\nand my grandfather, my five aunts and little cousins, were there on this bus and\nthere were the parents of that young man, my aunt's brother, Israel Fuks, also\nwas hung. They brought these people in to see this hanging and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then they took\nthem to the public school. We, too, were marched to the public school. At the\npublic school was our first encounter with medical doctors. They kept insisting\nwe should stay in family groups. This is the first time my father saw my sister\nand me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"undress naked with my brother and my mother together. This is how we went\nbefore the doctors who decided who shall live and who should die. We really\ndidn't know but they were stamping on the body 'A' or 'B.' We noticed that the\nchildren got 'B' and the people that could work . . . the children and older\npeople had 'B', and the others received ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'A.' Then they marched all these people\nwith the 'B's separately. I had an aunt who had a six-year-old child. Her\nhusband was already arrested before from this small town. She pleaded with the\nNazi there, \"Please, let me go with my child.\" She fell down on his feet and she\nkissed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him and begged him, \"Please, I want to go with my parents and my child.\"\nThey wouldn't let her. They pulled her by the hair back and wouldn't let her go\nwith her parents. The last time I saw my grandmother holding that child, with my\ngrandfather . . . I guess they were in their sixties. They were really not old\npeople. They were waving to us, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aunts and my cousins. I had about seven or\neight little cousins. My father was the oldest brother. He had four others, so\nthe other children were younger. There was one that was six years old. There\nwere two boys from my Uncle Leo, one was five and one was seven with his mother.\nHe tried to be a big boy. He told his mother, \"Don't cry. You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only die once.\"\nLike he knew what he was talking about. There was my Aunt Zysl and her little\ninfant, and my Aunt Esther, and my Aunt Ceil. They were all there together. My\ngrandmother in particular waving, \"Don't forget us! Don't forget us!\" We have\nnever seen them again. We did hear that they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put on trucks where they\nexperimented in the early parts of 1941 with gas and they were gassed on the way\nto Chelmno. Today there is a monument claiming that they too were gassed and\nkilled with the people of Ozorkow. We stayed in Ozorkow until the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"last Jew was\nevacuated back to Lodz. I missed my city from before the war. I had my friends,\nmy school and my library. My reading was a very important part of my life. Going\nback, I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"excited that I would meet my girlfriends from before the war. Here\nin this city we worked in factories where fur jackets were made for the Nazis.\nMy father did some custom uniforms for the Nazis. I was supposed to be his\nhelper so I learned a little how to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sew. Before the war, he worked in a German\ntextile factory in Lodz. Even though he was a very fine custom-made tailor and\nhad people working for him, he liked working in the industry. He was a pattern\ndesigner . . . where they used machines to cut out these different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patterns for\nworkers. Tailors that picked it up and they made these clothes to be shipped out\nto the colonies. They were superior clothes. They were not custom-made clothes.\nHe was in charge of that. He made a very comfortable living. Here he went back\nto his old trade and he was very good at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. I think in 1941 or 1942, I don't\nremember exactly, when they liquidated the last Jewish people from Ozorkow, my\nfamily and I were put on a train to Lodz. Now, we were told by our relatives\nthat we had in Lodz that this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is already much better in Lodz. That they had\ngreat hunger before where people just staving and dying and they were weeded out\nso many times. That is not even the right word. They were picked over for old,\nfor sick, for children, who could work and who couldn't work. When we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came, they\nstarted giving a little bread because they needed us to work for them in their\ntextile factories. We really couldn't live well. We were always hungry, but at\nleast we were together. Life in the ghetto went on. But when you are 16 or 15,\nyou don't want to do the same things adults do. My first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job was in a factory\nwith older woman sewing and how I remember that that week I told my father, I\nprobably will die out of hunger, not because I am not eating because just\nlistening to them. They were baking and cooking all day long. I said, \"I can't\ntake it!\" I had different ideas. I wanted to read. I wanted to be with my\nfriends to discuss books, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do other things. I just couldn't take it. This went on\nuntil about 1944. They always had one reason or another to cut off streets, to\ncheck the people and pick out the sick, the older ones. If there were some\nchildren hidden, they would ship them off. Rumkowski, who was the head of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nLodz Ghetto, tried to keep us busy. As long as we were working, he felt he could\nsave our lives. From all the small communities around Lodz, people were being\nsent to Lodz as an ingathering place. This is how we stayed on until ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1944, the\nearly part. My father came home and said Biebow, the German commandant of Lodz,\nwas walking around the streets of the ghetto talking to people in Jewish because\nhe was a Volksdeutsche and he knew well ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish, too . . . that they would\nliquidate the ghetto because the war is coming to an end. They will send us\n\"south to the border, to the mountains where older people will take care of the\nyounger.\" We need our things, to \"please make sure, tie up your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bedding, even\npot and pans, and all your belongings and tag them. Put your names on them. Of\ncourse, your personal belongings you take with you.\" Every family in Europe had\nsome sort of jewelry. This was their safeguard against hunger or if you had to\ngo in a hurry ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a currency that is not usable any more . . . They felt this\nwas their security blanket. My mother put on a chain, whatever she had, a chain\nor two around my neck and one for my sister. I don't remember what else we had,\nmaybe something else. We were packed on the train. You had to go because they\nwould cut down your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bread, so you could simply starve in the ghetto or you go.\nWe were all packed in from wall-to-wall, like we say, in these wagons. We did go\nsouth. I remember we arrived . . . I don't know how long it took us, a number of\ndays . . . there were no sanitary facilities. We arrived at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dusk. When the doors\nfrom the train opened, I could see a sign, \"Arbeit Macht Frei!\" We came in . . .\nWhen the doors were opened up--forced open by the inmates from the camp--there\nwere Nazis with dogs and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uniforms waiting for us, screaming, \"Raus! Raus! Raus!\nOut! Out! Out!\" They were screaming, \"Men and women separate.\" This is the last\ntime I saw my uncle, my brother and my father. My mother, and I, and my sister\nand an aunt went . . . we were really marching. We didn't know where to go. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\nwent straight. Then we saw people going left, people going right. We really had\nno idea where we are and what they are going to do. But we had hand luggage with\nus. I was trying to go more to the right. A Nazi stopped me and he asked me in\nGerman, \"How old are you? Wie alt bist du?\" I was really 16 at this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"point, but I\nstretched myself as tall as I could and I told him, \"I am 17 years old.\" He\npointed to his right on my left. I went over there and I turned back to see if\nmy mother was following and my sister. We were all together. My aunt came too.\nWe were marched to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birkenau, to a bathhouse . . . no, we were still in\nAuschwitz. We were marched to a bathhouse. We were told to leave our luggage on\nthe floor, but to make sure we mark it so we will know where to find it, and to\nundress and take our shoes with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. We were told to march forward. There were\nsitting some inmates waiting for us with big baskets. That much I remember. I\nremember they were full of gold, of jewelry, of rings, of watches. We were told\nto, \"Please throw all your jewelry in these baskets.\" Then they had a hole in\nthe floor. They told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us to dump our shoes, to make sure that we didn't hide\nanything in there. Then they took the shoes away. We were checked. Our ears were\nchecked, our nose and then our hair were clipped. I had long blonde hair then\ntoo. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes I think I still feel it. We were marched to the bathroom, to the\nshowers. On our way out we were given civilian clothes from a big pile. I\nreceived a dress and something else that I held in my hand. On the way out there\nwas a girl with a bucket of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paint. I was told sometimes it was red, sometimes it\nwas white. At this point, it was white. She painted a cross on my back and I\ncame out in the sunlight. I was looking for my mother or my sister and I\ncouldn't find either of them. Then I spotted my sister. One of her breasts was\nuncovered. She only received half a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blouse, so I threw her my blouse. When I saw\nmy mother, I became hysterical with laughter. She looked like my grandfather. I\nbegan laughing hysterically and my mother . . . I thought we were in a crazy\nhouse. My mother came over and she really slapped me hard. She says, \"They are\ngoing to kill us all. Stop that silly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laughter.\" We were marched to Birkenau\nbarefoot, no hair, no possessions and were put in sheds . . . I don't know . . .\nbig houses that had beds in them for two inmates. We didn't have one each. We\nsqueezed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in in these barracks and every few hours we had roll calls. Then they\nhad mealtime. A big pot of soup was placed in front of each room and we were\nasked to take a swallow and pass ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it to the next one. I think I didn't eat the\nfirst few days because I never eaten from anybody else. I wasn't ready for it.\nBut I think on the second or third day I was so hungry when this pot came my\nway, I swallowed. I made sure I had a big swallow. We stayed in this way with\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"roll calls, going nowhere. I guess waiting because at this point, we didn't\nknow that there were crematoriums. For about six weeks this went on: abuses,\nscreaming, yelling, picking out the sick. Then an order came that they needed\nworkers in Germany. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Since we were the last ones . . . There were 500 women from\nLodz ghetto. We had no numbers because they didn't see any need to give us a\nnumber. We simply were there. If they don't have enough people for the\ncrematoriums, they would use us, but since this order came in, they decided to\nsend us to Germany. Again, we were marched to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bathhouse. But this time we\nwere given shoes. Of course, they didn't fit. They were two sizes too large for\nme. But I received underwear and a big-striped uniform, a dress for women. They\ngave us a piece of bread and they marched us to the rail station of Auschwitz.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While waiting for the train to arrive, we smelled something burning and we saw\nchimneys. We asked the older inmates--there were some from Czechoslovakia--\"What\nis going on here? What are they doing?\" They told us that, \"This is where they\nburned your families.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We couldn't believe it. We had Tisha B'av, a day of\nmourning. My girlfriend, her mother went over there and then we realized that\nall those that were led away they were killed. This is how we arrived to\nGermany. The man that stopped me to ask me how old I am, that was Mengele\nhimself, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the death of angel. At that time I didn't know who he was. He also\nstopped my brother. He told me after the war and he pointed to the crematoriums\nand he asked him it if knows what it is. He said, \"No,\" he didn't. He probably\ndidn't know either, so he let him go. We arrived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Ravensbruck. It was a\nconcentration camp for women only. The first three nights we spent outside. It\nwas Fall. It was cold . . . September. We huddled together because we had no\ncoats, nothing, to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"warm from our bodies. Then we were led into a gypsy block.\nThere were gypsies there that had German husbands and they received packages\nfrom outside. I don't understand what happened there. But every time we tried to\ngo for our daily soup, they would attack us and some were really beaten up. We\nstayed away from it altogether. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After five days or so they led us again to the\ntrain and we were again going in toward Germany. We didn't know exactly where.\nAt one point, we passed another train going the other way. They also wore\nuniforms like we did. I asked the man, \"Who are they?\" He said, \"They were men.\"\nI told them we are women. They says, \"Oh, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my.\" We didn't look like we were\nwoman. We arrived at the railway station. I don't know if it was Leipzig or\nanother one, but the German Commandant from the camp came to pick us up. He\nalmost didn't know us. He said we don't look like woman. We look like monkeys. I\nturned around and I really agreed with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. We really were not the same people.\nWhen we went into Auschwitz, the way we look now . . . you couldn't tell us\napart. He had no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"choice because the German people were serving in the army and\nthey needed us very badly to work in their ammunition factories. We came to\nMuhlhausen. This is where I stayed until February of 1945. The conditions were a\nlittle bit better. We slept in the buildings where the workers used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sleep. We\nhad all these women that you see the pictures of. They really came to Muhlhausen\nand they escorted us daily to work and from work. Early in February one day, the\nCommandant gathered us together and he told us, \"The war is coming to an end. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\nmust evacuate this camp.\" We are being shipped out again. We were all very\nfearful not knowing what is going to happen. At least here we knew already what\nwe had. We wind up on the train again. My mother had pneumonia. We arrived in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen. I think I have never seen anything like it. It was the worse camp\nthat we could have come into. There was space for 10,000 and there was maybe\n50,000. There was no room even to sleep but even to sit. Half a night I held my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother in my arms, half a night my sister . . . she was burning up with\ntemperature. At daytime we used to stretch her out on the floor and go to work.\nWe were carrying rocks. I really don't know for what purpose, but there were\nheaps of bodies all over the camp, rotting. Other survivors would try to pull\nthem ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by ropes tied around the wrist from one place to another. The whole camp\nstunk. If there was a transport that came in from the men's camp because I used\nto work there, I could see four weeks later there was a heap of them. Nobody is\nalive. There was dysentery, all kinds of sickness. We were told they ground\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"glass to feed us so we would all get sick. We were always hungry. I stayed in\nthat camp until April 1. We saw white flags on the towers of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen. We\nknew something is happening. All the Nazis disappeared and I think after a week\nthey all came back. They left the Ukrainian soldiers, put on white armbands on\nthem, and they were watching the camp. Evidently the Nazis didn't have anywhere\nto run, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so they decided to come back and wait for liberation with the camp. They\nwere no crematoriums in Bergen-Belsen. There were 500 people dying daily. My\nmother . . . I took her to a hospital. I met a lady that knew us from before the\nwar. She said she would have space for her so I took her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. She was not\nalone. There were three other ladies with her. My sister and I, we found one\nGerman-Jewish lady that let us both sleep under her bed. I put my shoes under my\nhead, but one morning I got up and my shoes were gone. Without my shoes I\ncouldn't go to work. I went to my mother and she said, \"You know, take ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my\nshoes.\" I guess she had a size eight and I wear a size six, but I was glad to\nhave the shoes so I could go to work. Every day I would go by to talk to the\nnurse because she was falling into a coma. Not only did she have pneumonia, but\nshe had typhoid, too. There were no drugs. Sanitary conditions were unreal. You\nhad to go over dead bodies ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to relieve yourself in the woods. Everybody was sick.\nShe was in a coma. I did see the white flags. When you are young you wanted to\nbelieve you are going to live, you are going to make it. On ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"April 14 the nurse\ncame running to us when we came back from work telling me I shouldn't bother\ncoming because my mother passed away. I went there daily because if I found a\npotato or something, I used to give it to her so she would treat her well. I was\nunmoved. I went in and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I made my sister eat and my aunt our daily soup. In the\nmorning, we went to work. Then I saw some trucks circling the camp and I\ncouldn't make out who they really were. Were they Americans? Were they English?\nI was trying to study, to figure out who they were. The German shouted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down to\nme from the tower in German, \"You dirty Jew, why are you watching there? Go back\nto work.\" I decided if this really would be liberation, he wouldn't have the\nnerve to scream at me. I was afraid he may shoot. I went back to work. To my\namazement a few hours later, I saw the gates of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen open. In front of\nme on the other side was the men's camp. I was on the women's side. A tank moved\nin. Kramer, the Commandant from Auschwitz, was on the right side of the tank\nwith bullhorns. They announced the news. He was guiding them through the camp.\nThey announced in all languages because there was English military people there.\nThere were Russians. There were all kinds of people, but mostly they were Jewish\nthe last year or so. They screamed, \"People you are free! You are free!\" in\nPolish, in German, in Jewish, in Greek. You name ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it--all the languages, they\npronounced the news. I could see some men with their last breath run to the\nwires . . . to the fence with their \"Hoorah!\" That is how they remained. But the\nnews spread. I was standing there with a rock. I remember that I always dreamed\nof this day. I was really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crying. This is how I saw Bergen-Belsen liberated. The\nEnglish right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away announced, \"We cannot come in. As you know, you are all sick.\nYou must take orders from the Germans. We took away their guns but until we\ndisinfect and quarantine all the sick people out, we cannot come in.\" This went\non for a few days. Dead bodies all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over. They put up a field kitchen. I was\nfeeling not sick at this point, so I walked around and I saw they were cooking\nmeats, and vegetables and potatoes. They start passing this out. All those that\nate became sick. We were not used to it. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"death rate went up. Instead of 500\nthere were 800 daily . . . dying people every day. But they immediately\ncorrected that. They closed the kitchen and they started using trucks to pass\ncrackers and milk out. We were told not to eat -- to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boil a potato or whatever\nelse. There were still some men that felt good and they went to the English\nmilitary people. They told them that we cannot feel free and listen to the\nGermans, that this has to be changed. They should all put to clean up the camp.\nSure enough, there were 200 of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. There are many pictures that you see in\nevery museum where they are pulling the ropes and pulling the dead bodies into\nmass graves. Today when you go there, there are mass graves. It simply says\n5,000 victims, 2,000, 3,000. In 1986, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finally went back myself to take a look.\nThis camp was burned down and today there is a park. Anne Frank, by the way,\ndied in Bergen-Belsen. There were Jewish people from Holland in the same block.\nWe couldn't talk to them. I remember her sister Margo. They were talking Flemish\nor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hollandish. We didn't speak that. But she too died of typhoid. There were\nmany thousands that died of typhoid after the war. If they suggested that,\n\"Today, we are going to go by blocks. Today, we are going to clean up block\nnumber one.\" This was the block that I stayed. From a whole block of maybe 200\nor 300 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"woman, there were maybe four or three or five that were well enough to\nremain. The others were moved out. I saw the English soldiers with the Red Cross\non them come with gas masks . . . carrying these people out into their little\ntrucks to be taken to a hospital. I could see the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tears rolling down their eyes.\nThis went on for a number of weeks. We were the last ones to leave\nBergen-Belsen. My sister was very sick with typhoid. She was only 17. I was 18.\nShe was so scared to go to a hospital that she made me promise I wouldn't put\nher there. I met an English ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doctor and he said he would take her. I said I would\nvolunteer to go with her because I thought we were the only ones that survived.\nBut the way she carried on, I just couldn't do it. We were sent over to the new\nBergen-Belsen, which was a military camp for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Army. This is where the\nBergen-Belsen camp . . . the survivors, wind up in. Now, there were daily lists\nthat were brought to the camp. Right away there was a committee that helped\norganize life in the DP camp. It was called the 'displaced persons camp.' We all\ncongregated there. Daily, as a ritual, we would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to the committee building to\nsee who arrived from where . . . to see the different lists. It happened one\nday. I couldn't believe it. I was planning to take my sister to Sweden. I met a\ncousin and he promised he would take us both to Sweden to recuperate. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We stayed\nin this camp in trying to figure out what to do with our lives. My sister was\njust recovering from typhoid. I had no ties, nobody. I even went to the kitchen\nto peel potatoes because after she was feeling better, she was hungry and I had\nno way to get extra food. But the biggest excitement happened . . . I think it\nmust have been about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"June, about two or three months after liberation. A\ngirlfriend of mine came running in and she says, \"Lola, I saw three Borkowskis\non a list!\" Somebody arrived from the American zone. We were in the English\nzone. He brought the list of the people that are there that were liberated by\nthe American army. I flew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over to the committee building to see and I couldn't\nbelieve it. There was my father, my brother and one uncle. I was so excited! I\nwent to my cousin that I found and I told him the news. He knew my father well.\nHe was the same age as my father. I told him that I am taking my sister and we\nare going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"München. He saw I was very serious about it. He tried to talk to\nme, \"You don't know what is going on. The trains are full of soldiers and you\ncannot buy a ticket. People travel sitting on top of the roof.\" He really\npersuaded me. I saw he is making sense. He asked for two weeks delay. I was\nthinking, \"Once he is here, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will meet him,\" that I will wait. He wanted to\nescort us to München and then come back to Bergen-Belsen because his only\ndaughter that survived was there and she was sick, too. I told him, \"I will wait\ntwo weeks.\" We didn't have much to pack to go. The days were very slow. One day,\nI was in the room and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"girls from the building were trying to give us a\nlittle go-away party. The door was a little bit open. I thought I saw a man that\nhad a back sack that looked like my father. Then I said, \"Oh, no. Oh, no. It\ncouldn't be. I am dreaming.\" I opened the door, and I looked out in the hallway\nand there, behold, was my father! ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think this was the biggest excitement of my\nlife. We rested up and we went back to München. We were living in a displaced\nperson camp in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feldafing, where I received an ID card that I was a political\nprisoner. September 1, 1945, I and other survivors participated in the first\npolitical rally demanding a country of our own . . . demanding immigration to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/transcript/20225/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine. Unfortunately, at that time we didn't have Palestine, but I did\narrive June 24, 1946--a year after the war--in the New York Harbor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3330.0,3360.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz [Polish: Łódź] was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles from Warsaw. Lodz was approximately 230 kilometers (143 miles) east of the German border. Jews were an integral part of the textile industry of Lodz, which was known as the “Manchester of Poland.” (The city of Manchester had been the center of Great Britain’s textile industry since the Industrial Revolution.) Jews owned many plants and factories in Lodz, including one of the largest in Europe, which was owned by Izrael Kalmanowicz Poznanski. On the eve of World War II, Lodz had a population of 665,000, of whom 34 percent (223,000) were Jews. Lodz also had a sizable German population, amounting to 10 percent of the total. The vast majority of Jews living in Lodz before World War II spoke Yiddish, but increasingly used Polish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrior to World War I, Poland did not exist as an independent state. Its geographical territories were divided among the empires of Germany, Russia and Austro-Hungary. The start of World War I reignited Polish dreams of self-determination. The defeat of Germany and Austro-Hungary, and the collapse of imperial Russia, ended the main barriers to Poland’s independence. In the turmoil of the First World War, Poles managed to gain independence and expand its territories, but the independent Polish state was plagued by a series of territorial disputes fought between 1918 and 1921. Poland was involved in armed conflicts with Russia, Lithuania, and Czechoslovakia. Uprisings against German rule in other areas also broke out.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland from the north, south, and west. With more than 2,000 tanks and over 1,000 planes, German units quickly broke through Polish defenses along the Poland-German border and advanced on Warsaw in a massive encirclement attack. Under heavy shelling and bombing, Warsaw soon surrendered. As the Wehrmacht advanced, Polish forces withdrew to more established lines of defense to the east and then the southeast, where they awaited support from their allies, France and the United Kingdom. Little support came. When Soviet forces invaded Poland from the east on September 17, 1939, the Polish plan of defense was rendered obsolete. The outnumbered and overwhelmed Polish army was defeated within weeks of the invasion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePazeczew had first achieved the status of a town in 1421. The town’s Jewish population reached its zenith in the 17th century. At that time, a wooden synagogue, which was said to have been one of the finest in Poland, was built. The synagogue was burned down soon after German occupation in September 1939.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews. Before the Holocaust, Jews were the largest minority in Poland. In Poland’s major cities, Jews and Poles spoke each other’s languages and interacted in markets and on the streets. Even smaller towns and villages in Poland were, to some extent, mixed communities. That did not mean that antisemitism did not impact the lives of Polish Jews, however. The antisemitic atmosphere increased in Poland during the 1930s. After World War I, Poland had become a democratic independent state and increasing Polish nationalism made Poland a hostile place for many Jews. A series of pogroms and discriminatory laws were signs of growing antisemitism, while fewer and fewer opportunities to emigrate were available. An economic boycott of Jewish businesses was in full force by 1937.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eImmediately after the Germans occupied Lodz on September 8, 1939, anti-Jewish violence broke out in the city. The Germans began seizing Jews for forced labor, confiscating Jewish property, and executing or deporting to concentration camps hundreds of the city’s elite.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOzorkow [Poland: Ozorków] was a textile manufacturing community in central Poland, 26 kilometers (16 miles north of Lodz). Before World War II, Ozorkow was less than 150 kilometers (less than 95 miles) east of the German border. At the outbreak of World War II, the town had about 15,000 inhabitants, including just over 5,000 Jews and the rest being about equal parts German and Polish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eParzeczew [Polish: Parzęczew] is a village in central Poland. It approximately 6 kilometers (4 miles) west of Ozorkow and 26 kilometers (16 miles) northwest of Lodz. In 1900 the Jewish population was 519, most of whom earned their living as craftsmen (tailors, furriers, bakers, and smiths) or in agriculture. When Germany invaded Poland, most Jews fled the village and, according to one source, only about 30 remained. The synagogue was burned down soon after German occupation in September 1939.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis considered Poles to be racially inferior and intended to replace the Polish nation and culture with a German one. A campaign of terror was launched soon after the German invasion and occupation of Poland in September 1939. German SS, police and limitary units shot thousands of Polish civilians, including many members of the Polish nobility, clergy, and intelligentsia. In the spring of 1940, the German authorities launched AB-Aktion, a plan to systematically eliminate Poles considered to be members of the “leadership class.” The aim was to remove those Poles considered most capable of organizing resistance to German rule and reduce the Poles to a leaderless population of peasants and workers laboring for German masters. Thousands of teachers, priests and other intellectuals were shot in mass killings. Thousands more were sent to concentration camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans occupied Ozorkow in 1939, Israel Frydman and his nephew, Tobias Drajhorn, hid their synagogue’s Torah in the attic of a small prayer house. Frydman did not survive the Holocaust, but Drajhorn returned to Ozorkow after the war and retrieved the Torah, which had survived. In 1975, Lola and her husband, Rubin (also a survivor, who is from Ozorkow), learned about the Torah and made arrangements for it to be brought to the United States. In August 1977, the Torah was dedicated at the Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Torah scroll [Hebrew: Sefer Torah] is the holiest book within Judaism, made up of the five books of Moses. It is hand-written by a pious scribe in the original Hebrew and must meet extremely strict standards of production. Torah scrolls are routinely read aloud in all synagogues and are a core representation of Judaism itself. When not in use in services, it is stored in the holiest spot in a synagogue, the Aron Kodesh (Holy Ark), which is usually an ornate curtained-off cabinet or section of the synagogue built along the wall that most closely faced Jerusalem, the direction Jews face when praying.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe desecration of Torah scrolls and other holy artifacts was one method of humiliation and abuse employed by the Nazis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrdinary citizens, the police, the military, and SS officers and soldiers commonly carried out incidences of public humiliation in Germany and Nazi-occupied countries. Jews were often singled out in degrading episodes. Men, women and children were all targets for day-to-day humiliation. The humiliation was intended to punish and embarrass individuals as well as serve as warnings that reinforced Nazi racial ideology and power. It was a way to visibly degrade victims in order to create critical distance between the Nazis and their victims. Common forms of humiliation included making Jews scrub the streets on their hands and knees or shaving the beards of Jewish men.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs German forces entered Poland, the Jews they encountered were immediately singled out for abuse or massacre. Anti-Jewish persecutions were introduced that impoverished and separated Jews from their Polish neighbors. After the German occupation of Poland, restrictions were immediately placed on Jewish communities that were meant to economically and socially isolate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn November 1939, all Jews in German-occupied Poland were forced to wear an armband or yellow star on their clothing to identify them as Jews. Jews in the Warthegau (the German-annexed territory of western Poland) were required to wear a badge on their chests, which was a yellow Star of David on a black field with the word \"Jew\" inscribed inside the star. In the General Government, that part of Poland directly occupied by Germany, Governor General Hans Frank ordered on November 23, 1939, that all Jews over the age of ten wear a \"Jewish Star\": a white armband affixed with a blue six-sided star, worn over the right upper sleeve of one's outer garments. There were heavy penalties for those caught not wearing it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVolksdeutsche\u003c/em\u003e is a term the German government used beginning in the twentieth century to describe Germans living or born outside of Germany, regardless of citizenship. The term was also applied to Poles with German ancestry or relatives. After Hitler came to power, the Nazis pursued an initiative to convince all \u003cem\u003eVolksdeutsche\u003c/em\u003e who were living outside of Germany to return home.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 25, 1942, the Germans ordered that 8 or 10 Jews be publicly hanged on the market square, forcing the Jewish Police to participate in the executions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn open ghetto was established in Ozorkow in the summer of 1941. About half of the Jews in Ozorkow lived in the ghetto while the rest were able to continue living elsewhere in town until the end of 1941. The ghetto was in the Wiatraki suburb of Ozorkow along what are now as Partyzantow, Polna and Krasicki and Streets. Meanwhile, Jews from the surrounding areas, including the towns of Piatk and Parczew, were being resettled and concentrated in Ozorkow. By early 1942, there were around 5,000 Jews living there.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLola is referring to the market square where pigs were sold.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 25, 1942, the same day as the public hanging, armed Gendarmes and SS men sorted the Jews in the Orzokow ghetto into two groups. About half of the ghetto population—mostly young children and adolescents—were sent on trucks to the Chelmno extermination camp. Between May 21 and 23, 1942, about 2,000 more Jews were deported to the Chelmno death camp and murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUntil gas chambers were developed as a more efficient method for killing large numbers of people, gassing vans were employed. Gassing vans were vehicles reequipped as a mobile gas chamber. Inhaling exhaust fumes that were pumped into an airtight compartment when the engine was running killed victims. Jews from the Lodz area of Poland and Roma were killed in Chelmno in mobile gas vans in 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn May 21-22, 1942, 1,387 Jews were sent from Ozorkow to Lodz as laborers. A final selection took place in August 1942, when 1,800 Jews were sent to the Lodz ghetto to work and all the others were killed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe living conditions in the Lodz ghetto, including food rations, were very poor because the ghetto was hermetically sealed. The mortality rate was very high. In the Lodz ghetto, a system of food cards was introduced. They were used to divide food supplied to the ghetto by the German authorities. Ghetto inhabitants stood in line for hours on end to receive their meager food rations. Distribution of different foods took place in different locations throughout the ghetto. Bread and other food were distributed only once every few days and families were forced to make do with what was distributed until the next food distribution. This policy required careful rationing among families. Conditions in the Lodz ghetto declined rapidly. In the first months of the ghetto’s existence, daily food rations equaled about 1,800 calories per person. By mid-1942, they had decreased to 600 calories. Most Jews subsisted on a daily bowl of watery cabbage or potato soup, a piece of bread, and a small evening snack of radish greens of potato peels. Paltry heating rations meant most residents did not have heating or hot water for bathing and laundry. The poor conditions contributed to outbreaks of typhus and dysentery. In 1942, the annual death toll in the ghetto peaked at 18,000. Overall, 45,327 people died in the ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first major deportation from Lodz took place from December 21, 1941 through May 15, 1942. A total of 57,064 people were sent to Chelmno. A major deportation Aktion took place on September 1-2 and 5-12, 1942. 15,682 children, elderly and infirm Jews were sent to their deaths at Chelmno. Between January 1, 1943 and March 31, 1943, German SS and police authorities deported approximately 105,000 Jews from Lodz to Auschwitz-Birkenau. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter a major Aktion in September 1942, the Lodz ghetto was turned into a work camp. Authorities had begun to develop workshops in the ghetto as early as 1940. By July 1942, there were 74 ghetto workshops. By August 1942, there were almost 100 factories within the ghetto. The major factories produced textiles. Some 90 percent of all production was for the Wehrmacht [German army]. German department stores placed most of the remaining orders. Workers labored 10 to 14 hours a day in poorly ventilated, overcrowded workshops and received only meager food rations from their employers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMordechai Chaim Rumkowski (1877-1944) was a Polish Jew, engineer and wartime businessman appointed by Nazi Germany as the head of the Judenrat in the Lodz Ghetto during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. Rumkowski is a controversial figure: some see him as a savior and others call him a willing German collaborator. Rumkowski voluntarily surrendered tens of thousands of Jews to certain death on the German’s demand, including women and children, based on his belief that if the Jews cooperated with the Germans and if Jewish labor became indispensable, at least some of them would be saved. When the Lodz ghetto was liquidated, Rumkowski and his family were not spared. They were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau on August 30, 1944 and murdered there.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWaves of Jews from the surrounding area and Western Europe were pushed into the Lodz ghetto making the total number of Jews who passed through it at over 200,000. Of the over 41,000 Jews who were also consolidated in the Lodz ghetto from the fall of 1941: 2,900 came from the Kujawy region; 18,000 to 18,500 came from localities near Lodz; and 19,954 arrived from Prague, Vienna, Luxembourg, Berlin, Dusseldorf, Emden, Frankfurt, Hamburg and Cologne.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy August 1944 the Lodz ghetto had been completely liquidated.  Some Jews were sent to a temporarily re-opened Chelmno and murdered.  Most were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHans Biebow (1902-1947) was not a Volksdeutsche. He was born in Bremen, Germany, where he lived and worked until he became the head of the Nazi administration of the Lodz Ghetto. He was a cruel man who starved the Jewish population in the ghetto and assisted the Gestapo in deporting many Jews to be executed at Chelmno and Auschwitz-Birkenau. Biebow personally profited from the slave labor implemented in the ghetto and from seized Jewish property. After the German surrender in 1945, Biebow fled and went into hiding in Germany but was recognized by a ghetto survivor and extradited by the Allies from Bremen back to Lodz. After his trial in April 1947, Biebow was found guilty and executed by hanging.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Arbeit Macht Frei’ is a German phrase meaning “work makes [you] free.” The slogan is known for having been placed over the entrances to a number of Nazi concentration camps, including most infamously Auschwitz I, where it was made by prisoners with metalwork skills and erected by order of the Nazis in June 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn initial selection process took place upon arrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Selection (German: Selektion) is the term the Nazi regime used to describe the process of choosing victims for the gas chambers in the extermination camps by separating them from those considered fit to work. In Auschwitz-Birkenau, the selection of mass Jewish transports took place on three railroad unloading platforms, or ramps. SS doctors made most of the decisions about who was qualified for labor, and who was killed immediately. The selection procedure carried out on the ramps was as follows: families were divided after leaving the train cars and all the people were lined up in two columns. The men and older boys were in one column, and the women and children of both sexes in the other. Next, the people were led to the camp doctors and other camp functionaries conducting selection. They judged the people standing before them on sight and, sometimes eliciting a brief declaration as to their age and occupation, decided whether they would live or die. Age was one of the principal criteria for selection. As a rule, all children below 16 years of age (from 1944, below 14) and the elderly were sent to die. As a statistical average, about 20% of the people in transports were chosen for labor. They were led into the camp and registered as prisoners. The remainder was killed in the gas chambers.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrisoners received three meals per day. In the morning, they received only half a liter of “coffee,” or rather boiled water with a grain-based coffee substitute added, or “tea”—an herbal brew. These beverages were usually unsweetened. The noon meal consisted of about a liter of soup, the main ingredients of which were potatoes, rutabaga, and small amounts of oats, rye flour, and Avo food extract. The soup was unappetizing, and newly arrived prisoners were often unable to eat it, or could do so only in disgust. Supper consisted of about 300 grams of black bread, served with about 25 grams of sausage, or margarine, or a tablespoon of marmalade or cheese. The bread served in the evening was supposed to cover the needs of the following morning as well, although the famished prisoners usually consumed the whole portion at once. The low nutritional value of these meals should be noted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz is the German name for Osweicim [Polish: Oświęcim; Yiddish: Oshpitzin], a town in southern Poland. The three main camps of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex were located on the outskirts of the town.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTisha B’Av [Hebrew: the ninth of Av] is a Jewish holiday commemorating the destruction of the First and Second temples in 586 BCE and 76 CE and subsequent exile of Jews from the Land of Israel.  Tisha B’Av is seen as the saddest holiday and most tragic day on the Jewish calendar, and it is a day for remembering calamities that have befallen the Jewish people since the destruction of the Temples.  Observers of the holiday fast and abstain from any pleasurable activities.  The month of Av on the Jewish calendar falls in July or August on the Western calendar.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Mengele was an SS physician who earned the nickname the ‘Angel of Death’ in Auschwitz-Birkenau. He was notorious for being one of the physicians who sorted newly arrived prisoners on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, picking out those he wanted for his medical experiments—especially twins. Many survivors recall being selected by Mengele, but caution should be used as a number of German physicians were present in the camp and took turns performing the selections at the arrival ramp. Various medical staff was also involved in the routine selections of prisoners during roll call. Those prisoners regarded as unfit for labor because of terminal exhaustion or sickness would be sent to the gas chambers or otherwise murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRavensbruck [German: Ravensbrück] was established in 1939 and approximately 120,000 women of 40 nationalities passed through it. The women were put to work in the textile and armaments industry. In 1943 the population of the camp tripled and the conditions deteriorated drastically. When the number of women exceeded the barracks capacity they were put in tents and slept on the bare ground. They died in droves every day.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmong the groups the Nazi regime singled out for persecution on so-called racial grounds were the Roma, Sinti and Lalleri (Gypsies), whose fate was parallel to that of the Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeipzig is a city in eastern Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMuhlhausen was under the command of SS-Sturmführer Otto Baus. In early September 1944, 300 Hungarian Jews from the Lodz ghetto arrived in Muhlhausen. On October 30, 1944, another 200 young Hungarian and Polish women who had been sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau from different ghettos arrived at Muhlhausen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMuhlhausen [German: Mühlhausen] was part of the Buchenwald group of sub-camps.  The prisoners worked in the Geratbau GmbH, a subsidiary of the clock-making firm Thiel, Ruhla, which manufactured timers and precision instruments, and the Junkers aircraft company, which produced detonators and precision instruments. The camp was located in northwest Germany about 120 kilometers (75 miles) west of Leipzig, near the town of Muhlhausen. The factory had originally utilized Polish forced laborers. As the war drug on, Polish workers became scarcer. Following a private discussion between a representative of Geratbau and the commandant of the Buchenwald concentration camp, the establishment of a sub-camp for 500 female employees was agreed upon. The camp opened at the beginning of September 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOnly a few of the female prisoners remained in the camp to work: the camp elder, Sara Feldman; 17 women in charge of the food, kitchen and storeroom; 8 women in charge of cleaning the barracks; and 3 nurses who assisted an SS medical orderly in the infirmary. The remainder of the women worked in 12-hour shifts and had to march to the factory from the so-called Camp B, where the barracks were. Camp B was about 2.5 kilometers (1.6 miles) away from the factory, on the edge of the Muhlhausen city forest. In addition to long hours at work and catastrophic hygiene conditions, the women had to endure the daily walk to and from the factory in freezing cold weather in completely inadequate clothing. Even the camp leader, Baus, complained to Buchenwald that the women could not work efficiently without shoes and underwear.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTwenty-three women were selected from Geratbau’s staff as guards and trained at Ravensbruck concentration camp in August and September 1944.  An advance detachment of guards from Buchenwald arrived in Muhlhausen in August along with 12 guards recruited from the SS and Wehrmacht. The first 8 female guards arrived in early September and were soon followed by the remainder from Ravensbruck. The female overseer (Oberaufseherin) was a transport leader named Bassler.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn February 1945 the women were evacuated to Celle, Germany and driven on foot the 15 kilometers to Bergen-Belsen. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was a concentration camp near Hanover in northwest Germany, located between the villages of Bergen and Belsen. It was established in 1935 as a prison camp for political prisoners, criminals, Communists, “asocials” etc. from the area.  In 1943 it began to serve as a transit camp for Jewish prisoners who were initially excluded from deportation. They were to be held in exchange for Germans interned in western countries. Toward the end of the war, Bergen-Belsen became a dumping place for Jews marched out of camps in the east. There was no housing for them, no medical care, no food, and no water. Ultimately there were about 41,000 prisoners in the camps and the mortality rate was extreme. From late 1944, food rations throughout Bergen-Belsen continued to shrink. By early 1945, prisoners would sometimes go without food for days; fresh water was also in short supply. Sanitation was incredibly inadequate, with few latrines and water faucets for the tens of thousands of prisoners interned in Bergen-Belsen at this time. Overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, and the lack of adequate food, water, and shelter led to an outbreak of diseases such as typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and dysentery, causing an ever-increasing number of deaths. In the first few months of 1945, tens of thousands of prisoners died.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Bergen-Belsen’s hastily constructed barracks, there was often no furniture so prisoners had to lie on the ground.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs Allied troops approached Bergen-Belsen, the SS attempted to remove the thousands of corpses on the grounds of the camp. Between April 11 and 14, 1945, those prisoners still capable of walking were forced to drag some of the corpses to mass graves. Meanwhile, the SS was able to destroy almost all of the files of the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDysentery is most often caused by shigella bacteria (shigellosis) or an amoeba. Dysentery is often spread through contaminated food or water. A key symptom is bloody diarrhea. There may also be abdominal pain, cramps, fever, and malaise.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOther survivors also reported hearing rumors of glass being put in the food but no evidence has survived to prove this.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphoid fever and typhus are different diseases that are caused by different bacteria, although the symptoms are similar.  Typhus is contracted from the bite of a louse, and results in chills, delirium, high fever, headaches and muscle pain and if untreated often results in death.  Typhoid fever means “typhus-like” and is a common bacterial disease caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated by the feces of an infected person or from lice that fed on the feces.   Typhoid results in a high temperature, delirium, and intestinal hemorrhage and if untreated is often fatal.  Both were common in the camps due to hygienic conditions and the constant infestation by lice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFollowing several days of cease-fire negotiations between the Wehrmacht and the British Army, British troops took over the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp without a fight on April 15, 1945. It took them weeks to even be able to start to deal with the horrifying situation.  Many thousands of prisoners died after liberation, being too far gone to recover. By the time Bergen-Belsen was liberated, 80% of the women who had been sent there from Muhlhausen had died.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Kramer (1906-1945) was the Commandant of Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1940 until 1944 when he was transferred to Bergen-Belsen. Kramer was so cruel that he was known as the “Beast of Belsen.” When the British liberated Bergen-Belsen, Kramer took them on a tour the camp. Kramer was then incarcerated and was tried in the Belsen Trial by a British military court. Josef Kramer was sentenced to death on November 17, 1945 and was hanged on December 13, 1945.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the British soldiers took over the camp, they disarmed the remaining SS personnel and placed them under arrest. In the following days, both male and female SS members had to dig mass graves in the grounds of the former camp and bury tens of thousands of bodies. Military photographers and cameramen accompanied the British troops to document the conditions in Bergen-Belsen and the emergency aid measures initiated there. The hundreds of photos, film reels and notes they took from the day of liberation through June 1945 give some indication of the extent of the crimes committed in Bergen-Belsen. Many of these photographs were published around the world, and they have had a lasting impact on the memory of the Nazi concentration camps worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, the British burned the barracks of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp as a health precaution.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnne Frank (1929-1945) was a German-Jewish girl whose family fled to Amsterdam and, after the Germans occupied the Netherlands in World War II, went into hiding with her family and others. The day after Anne’s older sister, Margot (1926-1945), received call-up papers for a labor camp in Germany in July 1942, the Frank family went into hiding in the Secret Annex above Otto Frank’s office which they had prepared. After almost two years, they were discovered and deported to concentration camps. Margot and Anne were sent with the others to Westerbork transit camp and then to Auschwitz-Birkenau. After a month, they were transferred to Bergen-Belsen. Margot died in Bergen-Belsen in March 1945, and Anne died in April. Anne and Margot’s father, Otto Frank, is the only one of the eight people in hiding to survive. After the war, Anne became world famous because of the diary she wrote while in hiding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA former German army camp southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle, Germany became a displaced persons (DP) camp for refugees. While the British tried to name it ‘Hohne,’ survivors insisted on referring to it as ‘Bergen-Belsen.’ It was in operation from the summer of 1945 until September 1950. For a time, Bergen-Belsen was the largest Jewish DP camp in Germany, and the only one in the British occupation zone with an exclusively Jewish population. It was the center of Jewish DP political and social activity in the British zone of occupation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 1949, Germany was occupied by the Allied forces and divided into four administrative zones by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. Much of southern Germany fell within the American zone of occupation and included the German states of Hesse, Bavaria, and much of Baden-Wurttemberg. The American occupied zone was in the southern portion of Germany and included the cities of Munich, Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart, and Nürnberg. Although it was situated in the Soviet zone, the Americans also occupied the southern part of the city of Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunich is the capital of the German state of Bavaria. It is located on the River Isar, north of the Alps. After World War II, the city was occupied by the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFeldafing was the first all-Jewish displaced persons camp, and hosted a large and important community of survivors. It was originally a summer camp for Hitler Youth, and was located 20 miles southwest of Munich, Germany in the American zone of occupation. The camp was originally opened on May 1, 1945 to house 3,000 Hungarian Jews, and it housed many non-Jewish concentration camp survivors until July 1945. At that time, the United States Army moved the remaining Jewish survivors of Dachau into the camp. In autumn 1945, the first all-Jewish hospital in the German DP camps was founded at Feldafing. Educational and religious life flourished there. In addition to secular elementary and high schools, the camp’s religious community founded several schools. It also had a rabbinical council that supported its religious office, and an extensive library. In Feldafing, 450 children and adolescents were housed in a separate block known as the Kindercasion or kinderblock [Kinder is German for ‘Children”]. Many of the youngsters in the kinderblock organized kibbutzim (Zionist communes). Newspapers were published. Theater groups and orchestras entertained camp residents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/annotation_set/218/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs Britain's stance of restricting Jewish immigration to Palestine under the British Mandate was a contentious issue for the DPs. Emigration was a major component of DP camp life and, within the transient camps, polls revealed that about 80 percent saw Palestine as their ultimate destination. Until the British Mandate over Palestine expired in 1948 and the State of Israel declared its independence, DPs at displaced persons camps organized marches in protest against the refusal of the British government to open the gates of Palestine to Jewish immigration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3330.0,3360.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Lansky, Lola [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=39.0,114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the First World War, my father served in the Polish Army for three years, fighting for independence. He fought from 1918 to 1921.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=39.0,114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=39.0,114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=114.0,188.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the meantime, our family roots--paternal and {00:02:00} maternal--dated back to a very ancient, old Jewish community.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=114.0,188.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Borkowskis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rotenbergs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=114.0,188.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Living in Parzeczew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=188.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was no antisemitism there before the war, but when the war broke out, after the urging from my grandfather, my mother sent us to this community. In 1939, about three months after the war broke out, my brother, and I, and my sister were sent to this community. It was called Parzeczew.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=188.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hat Maker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozorkow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Parzeczew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sefer Torahs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Star of David","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=188.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in Ozorkow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=630.0,1142.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After that we were sent back to Ozorkow to work. My father and my family really--my mother, my sisters--since we were the first ones to leave because we were the last ones to move in in this small community. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=630.0,1142.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chelmno","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gas Bus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel Fuks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozorkow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pig Square","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Segregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=630.0,1142.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going to the Lodz Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1142.0,1433.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think in 1941 or 1942, I don't remember exactly, when they liquidated the last Jewish people from Ozorkow, my family and I were on a train to Lodz.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1142.0,1433.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Biebow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ozorkow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rumkowski","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1142.0,1433.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moving to Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1433.0,1771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were packed on the train. You had to go because they would cut down your bread, so you could simply starve in the ghetto or you go. We were all packed in from wall-to-wall, like we say, in these wagons.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1433.0,1771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arbeit Macht Frei","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1433.0,1771.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marching to Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1771.0,1885.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were marched to Birkenau barefoot, no hair, no possessions and were put in sheds . . . I don't know . . . big houses that had beds in them for two inmates. We didn't have one each. We squeezed in in these barracks and every few hours we had roll calls.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1771.0,1885.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Barracks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Crematoriums","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1771.0,1885.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leaving Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1885.0,2037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then an order came that they needed workers in Germany. Since we were the last ones . . . There were 500 women from Lodz ghetto. We had no numbers because they didn't see any need to give us a number. We simply were there. If they don't have enough people for the crematoriums, they would use us, but since this order came in, they decided to send us to Germany.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1885.0,2037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Angel of Death","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Crematoriums","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mengele","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tish B'av","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=1885.0,2037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moving to Ravensbruck","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2037.0,2134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We arrived in Ravensbruck. It was a concentration camp for women only. The first three nights we spent outside. It was Fall.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2037.0,2134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ravensbruck","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2037.0,2134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coming to Muhlhausen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2134.0,2255.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We arrived at the railway station. I don't know if it was Leipzig or another one, but the German Commandant from the camp came to pick us up. He almost didn't know us. He said we don't look like woman.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2134.0,2255.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ammunition Factories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Commandant","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leipzig","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Muhlhausen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2134.0,2255.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going to Bergen-Belsen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2255.0,2590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are being shipped out again. We were all very fearful not knowing what is going to happen. At least here we knew already what we had. We wind up on the train again. My mother had pneumonia. We arrived in Bergen-Belsen.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2255.0,2590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pneumonia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Typhoid","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2255.0,2590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation of Bergen-Belsen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2590.0,3045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then I saw some trucks circling the camp and I couldn't make out who they really were. Were they Americans? Were they English? I was trying to study, to figure out who they were.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2590.0,3045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anne Frank","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kramer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Margo Frank","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Red Cross","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=2590.0,3045.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Displaced Persons Camp in Bergen-Belsen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3045.0,3315.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were sent over to the new Bergen-Belsen, which was a military camp for the German Army. This is where the Bergen-Belsen camp . . . the survivors, wind up in. Now, there were daily lists that were brought to the camp. Right away there was a committee that helped organize life in the DP camp. It was called the 'displaced persons camp.' ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3045.0,3315.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munchen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sweden","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3045.0,3315.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DP Camp in Feldafing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3315.0,3390.761"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We rested up and we went back to München. We were living in a displaced person camp in Feldafing, where I received an ID card that I was a political prisoner.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3315.0,3390.761"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288/index/47317/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feldafing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munchen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31183/file/99288#t=3315.0,3390.761"}]}]}]}