{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/zk55d8p69b/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Besser, Abe"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1996-02-11 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAbraham \"Abe\" Besser interviewed by Jane Leavy on February 11, 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eAbe Besser was born in Krzepice, Poland. He had three brothers and four sisters and was the youngest of the seven children. His father, Wolf Hersh Besser, owned a sheet metal shop and the family enjoyed a comfortable life. When the Germans invaded Poland in September 1939, they fled in the chaos during the aerial bombing. As the Germans soon occupied the entire area, they returned to the town.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJews were soon pressed into forced labor. When Abe's sister was selected for forced labor, he volunteered to go in her place. He was sent to Niederkirchen, where he worked on the German autobahn (highway) system. In 1943, he was sent to a sub-camp of Gross-Rosen called Markstadt. From Markstadt he was sent to another sub-camp called Funfteichen. In both camps, he worked constructing buildings for the armaments industry for Kruppe Werke. In late 1944, Abe was evacuated from Funfteichen and sent to Gross-Rosen. There, Abe witnessed thousands of prisoners dying every day from starvation and disease.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter a few weeks, the Germans sent the prisoners of Gross-Rosen on a death march deep into Bavaria (southern Germany). After a few months, the German guards fled ahead of the American Army. After liberation, Abe spent six months recuperating before settling in Weiden, Germany. There he discovered that his four sisters and one aunt were still alive, although no one else in his family had survived. Abe stayed in Weiden until 1949 when he left for the United States on the USS General Samuel Sturgess. Three of Abe’s sisters also immigrated to the United States. Abe settled in Atlanta, Georgia, where he worked for Rosenthal Metal Company. He started his own construction business in 1953 and became an American citizen in 1955.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eAbe introduces his family and the town he grew up in. He describes the impact of the German invasion on his family. He recounts how he volunteered for forced labor and the four camps he was sent to. Abe details the atrocities he witnessed. He relays the loss of his brothers, father, and extended family. Abe outlines his evacuation on a death march, liberation, and recuperation. He explains how he reunited with his sisters. Abee reflects on his arrival in the United States and becoming a citizen. Finally, he shares what he hopes will be the legacy of his story. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/27985"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Poland (geographic term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Concentration Camp (topical term)","Slave Labor (topical term)","Death March (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAbraham \"Abe\" Besser interviewed by Jane Leavy on February 11, 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAbe Besser was born in Krzepice, Poland. He had three brothers and four sisters and was the youngest of the seven children. His father, Wolf Hersh Besser, owned a sheet metal shop and the family enjoyed a comfortable life. When the Germans invaded Poland in September 1939, they fled in the chaos during the aerial bombing. As the Germans soon occupied the entire area, they returned to the town.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJews were soon pressed into forced labor. When Abe's sister was selected for forced labor, he volunteered to go in her place. He was sent to Niederkirchen, where he worked on the German autobahn (highway) system. In 1943, he was sent to a sub-camp of Gross-Rosen called Markstadt. From Markstadt he was sent to another sub-camp called Funfteichen. In both camps, he worked constructing buildings for the armaments industry for Kruppe Werke. In late 1944, Abe was evacuated from Funfteichen and sent to Gross-Rosen. There, Abe witnessed thousands of prisoners dying every day from starvation and disease.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter a few weeks, the Germans sent the prisoners of Gross-Rosen on a death march deep into Bavaria (southern Germany). After a few months, the German guards fled ahead of the American Army. After liberation, Abe spent six months recuperating before settling in Weiden, Germany. There he discovered that his four sisters and one aunt were still alive, although no one else in his family had survived. Abe stayed in Weiden until 1949 when he left for the United States on the USS General Samuel Sturgess. Three of Abe’s sisters also immigrated to the United States. Abe settled in Atlanta, Georgia, where he worked for Rosenthal Metal Company. He started his own construction business in 1953 and became an American citizen in 1955.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAbe introduces his family and the town he grew up in. He describes the impact of the German invasion on his family. He recounts how he volunteered for forced labor and the four camps he was sent to. Abe details the atrocities he witnessed. He relays the loss of his brothers, father, and extended family. Abe outlines his evacuation on a death march, liberation, and recuperation. He explains how he reunited with his sisters. Abee reflects on his arrival in the United States and becoming a citizen. Finally, he shares what he hopes will be the legacy of his story. \u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/098/355/small/Besser_Abe.mp4_1602126240.jpg?1602111840","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Besser_Abe.mp4"]},"duration":1720.8,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/098/355/small/Besser_Abe.mp4_1602126240.jpg?1602111840","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/098/355/original/Besser_Abe.mp4?1602111839","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1720.8,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Abe Besser [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ABE: My name is Abe Besser . . . B-E-S-S-E-R. I was born in Poland in a city\nnamed Krzepice. We had in our family seven siblings: four sisters, three\nbrothers. I was the youngest. We had a pretty comfortable home [with] about ten\nrooms ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plus a sukkah, which was a separate room . . . yearly Sukkoth, used for\nthat purpose only. We had a pretty comfortable life. My father [Wolf Hersh] had\na shop, which was a sheet metal shop and other sorts of construction. We lived\npretty comfortable. My father made a good living. We went to school. All the\nchildren were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"educated. Then the war started in September of 1939. The Germans\ninvaded us [Krzepice] about six o'clock in the morning. The first thing they did\nwas bombing the city. The synagogue was the first one they hit and several of\nthe homes as well. People started leaving town. Everything was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disarray and\neverybody was running. We left town--the whole family did--and we scattered all\nover. We lost each other during the ordeal. After two days, the Germans were\njust about everywhere. There was nowhere to run because they just invaded the\nwhole country. We returned home. Our house was already occupied by the Germans,\nso we had no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place to go. One of our neighbors across the street made room [for\nus]. They only had three rooms for their total family. We were all living in one\nroom temporarily. After six or seven months, finally the Germans gave us three\nrooms. We went back to our house. We were in that house until about 1940. In\n1940, they evicted us again from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"total house. We moved down about two blocks\nfrom the house to a bakery, which was an operating bakery, but at the time we\nmoved in, the bakery was already closed. We lived there until the end of it. In\n1941 . . . actually they started in 1940 to round up the Jews from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"town for\ndifferent menial jobs--young and old, regardless sick or whatever--to shovel\nsnow, clean the streets, and also work for the Germans . . . keep wherever they\noccupied the houses . . . keep those clean. My father was actually well ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"known in\ntown. We were working most of the time that I can recall on churches, which was\nCatholic churches mostly. We were getting a lot of help from the churches at\nthat time with food and so forth. In 1942, they rounded up about 300 people in\nthat town. My youngest sister--which is older than I am [but] she was the\nyoungest of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sisters--they got her in that round up. In order to release her,\nI had to volunteer to get her released. I was the youngest. At that time, in\n1942, I was about almost 17 years old. I volunteered, they released her, and\nthey shipped me off to camp. The camp was called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Niederkirchen. We worked mostly\nthere on the autobahn. We built the autobahn until 1943. In 1943, they shipped\nus off to a camp that was called Markstadt. In Markstadt we were start\nconstructing Kruppe-Werke, which was manufacturing ammunition, and also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"light\nmachine guns, and so forth for. We stayed at Markstadt until 1943. In 1943, we\nbuilt another camp that was called Funfteichen. We worked at the same\nconstruction site, which was Kruppe-Werke. At that time, we transferred ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from\ncivilian clothes to striped suits. That was the first time I'd seen the striped\nsuit. They took our civilian clothes. We went through a complete checkup.\nEverything we had, we had to drop behind us. They gave us striped suits. There\nwe worked until late 1944. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1944, the Russians as well as the Americans\nstarted bombing Funfteichen all around us. Of course, at first we didn't know\nwho was doing the bombing. Afterwards, we found out it was mostly the American\nAir Force that was doing most of the bombing. They started transporting us from\nthere to a camp that was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called Gross-Rosen. We got to Gross-Rosen and that was\nthe worst atrocity I've ever seen in my life. There were mountains and mountains\nfull of bodies, just piled up. That was the first time I'd ever seen that. [It\nwas] the first time I'd ever seen the crematoriums, and the smoke, and the\nsmell. It was absolutely ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"awful. We stayed there [in Gross-Rosen] for about three\nweeks. After three weeks, they kept transporting us further on out.\n\nABE: What I want to emphasize: at the occupation . . . when it first started in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1939, before we were rounded up and there were also the Germans, my father lost\nan eye. My father and myself . . . went to the mikveh, which is a tradition in\nPoland to go--which is a ritual bath--every Friday evening before the Sabbath.\nAs we left that ritual bath, the Germans got ahold of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father and hit him with\na sword on the side of his face. He severed his eye nerves and he lost his eye's\nvision. The eye had to be removed. He had to leave town to get an operation. [He\nwent to] a town by the name of Krakow. They inserted a glass eye. He never had\nthe vision on that one eye. It was an atrocity that happened in that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"town, if\nthey caught somebody with a beard, they caught him and cut the beard off with a\nsword--just mutilated as much as they could. The beating went on constantly even\nwhen we were working. At work, if an elderly person could not shovel as much as\na young one, G-d knows how many beating he would get. They would take a shovel,\nturn the shovel upside down, hit him over the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"head until blood would just gush\nout of his brain, until finally they turned him loose . . . It's an atrocity\nthat's almost unbelievable. That that could happen by a country that is cultured\nand civilized . . . it was just unbelievable. Going back to that camp: Gross\nRosen. We left that camp ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after a certain time and we kept marching. We marched\nin snow and rain. It was absolutely cold. While we were marching, we were bombed\nand striped all over the place. We lost thousands and thousands of people on the\nroad. People could not walk any longer. As soon as they'd sit down on the side\n[of the road], they [the Germans] would shoot them immediately on the site.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was no relief whatsoever. The food . . . there was no food on the roads,\nno meals, no hot water, no cold water, no nothing. For days and days, we were\nmarching absolutely in snow. In the camps where we were working, everybody\nreceived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about four to five ounces of bread a day. In the evening, when we\nreturned to the camp, it was just a bowl of soup with nothing but just water and\nmaybe a little spinach in it. [There was] nothing to keep you healthy or [that\nhad] any calories in it whatsoever. Meat--there was no such thing as meat. We\nhadn't seen any meat in the total time I was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp. During the construction\nsite, the only time that you had an occasion to get something that would nourish\nyou is either from a civilian that worked there on the site or a German that\nhappened to like you and he would give you sometimes a sandwich or a piece of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meat or whatever. Whoever was lucky that you did have somebody that you could\norganize something like that, you could survive. Otherwise, there wasn't a way\nto survive. People were just losing weight. Most of them [were] just skin and\nbones. I was about the youngest in my company. We had about nine people in the\ncompany working. I was the youngest one. For some reason or another, I was the\nmost likeable. I don't know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why. I guess because I was producing more than\nanybody else. I was given quite a bit of food by Germans that I worked with.\nThat's one reason that I survived and I was in good shape when I did survive the\ncamp. The atrocity was so hideous that it's almost ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"indescribable how anybody\ncould be that hideous to a human being. It's indescribable what went on--the\nbeatings, the killings. We worked every day from eight to ten hours a day. There\nwas no way out except work, work, work with no end. We were losing people just\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the thousands. Everyday, people were just starving to death. In the camp,\nonce we retuned to the camp, it was the same thing again in the camp. Unless you\nknew anybody in the camp to take a bath, otherwise there was no way to take a\nbath. It was so extreme that people were actually almost eating each other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up.\nIt's hard to describe. It's hard for me to describe because those memories--when\nyou talk about them--it's just unbelievable. We had in our family, for instance,\nfour sisters, three brothers. I survived. My four sisters survived. I lost two\nbrothers [Meir and Arie] and my mother [Rivka] and father, nephews, nieces,\nbrother-in-laws, sister-in-laws, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uncles, aunts . . . We had a large family. I\nwould say in our family, if we had a party or a wedding, three or four hundred\npeople were just in the family. It's all it took, just for our family. In all\nthat was going [on], my brother, he was hiding out in a bunker. When he left\nthat bunker to go out and get some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food or water or whatever, somebody squealed.\nIt had to be a Polack that squealed on him. The Germans followed him. They\ncaught them all. They took every one of them out [of the bunker]. My brother had\ntwin girls. They were all shot on the site. Every one of them that was down in\nthe bunker--my brother, my two nieces, my sister-in-law, and G-d knows . . . I\ndon't know who else was there. That was in a different city. Every one of them\nwas shot on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"site. For what reason? I don't know any other reason except that we\nhad a different religion. Why? We didn't do anything wrong to get that kind of\ntreatment. For no reason whatsoever, they were just killing us all, just from\nleft to right. My father, when he died I was told--I was not there in that camp,\nbut I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"told--he was in fairly good shape. An older brother of mine: he was a\ngenius and he was a giant. He was strong as an ox. They tell me that he was\nkilled in a cave with bayonets and with the end of a rifle. They just kicked him\nand beat on him until he finally dropped ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dead in that cave. To that, I have a\nwitness that they have seen what happened for no reason whatsoever. Those things\nwent on and on and on. I don't know if I could describe more in details the\natrocities. I'm sure that a lot of people had different experiences than I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have.\nThere was such thing as Gross-Rosen. I was there just a short period of time.\nPeople were just dying in the thousands. It's unbelievable. It's unbelievable\nwhat I've seen in that camp. While we were marching, people were just dying like\nflies all over the road. I don't know what happened to them. I guess they just\ntook them back in at the crematorium and burned them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afterwards. We were\nmarching for months and months. Finally, we got into a village called Stamswede,\nvery deep in Bavaria. They took us into a nearby woods and they lined us all up,\nfour abroad. We thought that they were going to shoot us all to death. About ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ten\nminutes later, the American Air Force flew over and dropped leaflets saying,\n\"This is the American Army. We will march in within ten minutes. Nobody move.\nEverybody stays in place.\" We thought that was the end of it then, that they\n[the Germans] were gonna sure enough kill us. Luckily, they did not. They\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immediately--after they picked up those leaflets, which was in German--changed\ntheir uniforms into civilian clothing. They threw their uniforms away. Of\ncourse, the armaments they kept. [They] told us, \"You go to the left and we go\nto the right.\" So we marched into the village. I don't know where they marched\nbecause I wasn't interested to follow them. We went into the village. By the\ntime we got into the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"village, the American Army was arriving at the same time.\nThe first tanks drove in. We just grabbed them and kissed them. There were some\nthat spoke German and some spoke Yiddish. We didn't speak English at all. We\nstarted conversing and they found out who we were. From then on, the Red Cross\ncame in afterwards. They set up quarters. There were people who were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very, very\nsick. They could hardly walk. We had to physically drag them into the village.\nThey made quarters for those real sick ones. [The Red Cross] set up field\nhospitals and they were treated immediately. The ones that could walk, they were\nassigned to certain homes and the Germans had to take care of us until they\nnursed everybody back to a certain ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health. After that, I think we stayed about\nsix months. There were three of us staying at the one place. After three months,\nwe all left the village and went to a city that was called Weiden--also in\nBavaria. There, I set up quarters in Weiden with a friend of mine that I was in\ncamp together [with]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were in Weiden for about a couple of months. A girl\ncame into Weiden from the Russian zone. It just so happened that she was in a\ncamp with my sisters. She told me where my sisters were. The next day, the three\nof us packed up and we went to the Russian zone because they had family there\ntoo. I went and got all my sisters--which was four sisters--and brought them to\nthe American ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"zone. My father didn't survive, and my mother didn't, and the rest\nof the family didn't. I had also an aunt that we found there in the Russian\nzone. We brought her back. I brought with me ten people including myself. We\nbrought them over. We set up home in Weiden until we got the visa to leave\nGermany ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the United States. I had an opportunity to get several visas. One\nwas Israel, Canada as well, and Australia. I had four different places to leave.\n\nABE: After we settled in Weiden, we waited for visas. I was in business while I\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Germany--several different businesses. We were sitting, waiting to get\nthe visa to the United States. My youngest sister left first. She went to New\nYork. My older sister got a visa to Philadelphia [Pennsylvania]. Myself and the\noldest sister left to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta [Georgia]. My oldest sister is still in Germany at\nthis time. I left Germany in early December 1949 and arrived in the United\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States December 24 or 25 by ship. The ship was named General Samuel Sturgis. We\narrived in Atlanta. We were just the luckiest people you've ever seen in your\nlife. We actually kissed the ground when we arrived in New Orleans [Louisiana],\nwhere we landed. We made home in Atlanta, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia. I've been here in Atlanta\nsince 1949. I have no regrets. I worked for the company that guaranteed my visa,\nname of Rosenthal Metal Company. I worked three years with that company. After\nthree years, I started in business for myself. I went into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"construction\nbusiness. I started in 1953 and I've been at it ever since. After I formed that\ncompany, I've had a lot of people also wanted to join with me, which I did have\nsome with me. Up to date, I'm still in construction business. I really want to\nthank the United States. I never will forget the opportunity that was given ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us.\nI have no regrets. I became a citizen in 1955. I became an American citizen. A\ngentleman by the name of Sam Rosenthal, he was the guarantor of my visa. He was\none of the witnesses. Dr. [Irving] Greenberg's father was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other witness when\nI received my citizenship papers. That was a moment that I'll never forget. We\nwere in tears and we were laughing . . . It was unbelievable what went on at\nthat time at the federal courthouse. This is about the story of me.\n\nJANE: Abe, you are a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"businessman. Talk a little bit about German industry\nemploying slave labor . . .\n\nABE: We were slaves with no pay whatsoever. It's not just that we were not paid\nfor it. We were not fed properly or clothed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"properly. In the wintertime, all you\nhad is a thin jacket, underwear, and a coat. In Germany or Europe, it is very,\nvery cold in the winter. That's all you were given. Shoes . . . unless you were\nwalking barefooted, otherwise they would not give you a pair of shoes. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"built\nthe industry practically. The Germans were not able to work there because they\nwere out on the fronts. Most of the people that were employed were slave labors.\nWe had some civilians and we had some Germans overseeing it, but most of all\nslave labor. I think that was very, very wrong for a country even to invade\nanother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country. What business did they have to invade another country? Country\nafter country . . .\n\nJANE: There are going to be a lot of people coming to see this exhibition and to\nsee these videotapes. If you could give a message to people who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are learning\nabout the Holocaust, being introduced to it, what would that be in terms of\ntoday's society?\n\nABE: Meaning what went on?\n\nJANE: What would you want them to learn?\n\nABE: What I want them to learn, to see [is] what had happened in a civilized\ncountry, what a civilized country did to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"human beings. Therefore, I want them to\nsee that this education is being brought forward, and taught, and taught, and\ntaught [so] that an atrocity like that would never happen again to human beings.\nThis is the only thing I'd like to see. That it will not occur again, regardless\nof what religion a person believes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in. What right does any country got to\nirradiate a nation because of their religion? Here in the United States, it's a\n\nfree country and everybody believes whatever they want to believe and that's the\nway it ought to be. I'd like to see more and more education, more and more\npeople to see the Holocaust and the atrocities that had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/transcript/19310/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened [so] that it\nwill not occur again. This is my only wish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1710.0,1740.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrzepice is a city in southern Poland. It lies 32 kilometers [20 miles] northwest of Czestochowa, and 240 kilometers [149 miles] southwest of Warsaw, on the Liswarta River. In the 1930’s, the Jewish population of Krzepice comprised more than 40 percent of the town's inhabitants. Krzepice had 2 synagogues and 4 houses of prayer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e is a seven day long Harvest Festival that celebrates G-d’s protection and bounty in nature. During \u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e, Jews transfer their living quarters to a \u003cem\u003esukkah\u003c/em\u003e, which is a makeshift booth whose roof is of branches or vegetation thin enough to let the rain in. The \u003cem\u003esukkah\u003c/em\u003e is meant to remind Jews of the fragile booths in which their ancestors dwelt when they wandered in the wilderness during the Exodus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Krzepice was captured in the first days of the war. About 200 Jews were expelled to Czestochowa, Poland leaving 1,500 in Krzepice and neighboring Koznicka. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans did not set up a ghetto although they did force the Jews into hard labor beginning in the spring of 1940. In 1941 and in the beginning of 1942, selections of skilled laborers were deported to the ghetto in Częstochowa. In June and July 1942, most of the remaining Jews in Krzepice were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Others were deported to the ghetto in Sosnowiec and later also sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNiederkirchen – unclear if this reference is to the town in Germany (which makes sense as he was working on the autobahn) or if he means the Niederkirchen forced labor camp in Poland. In searching for more info, I found other sources where other survivors from Krzepice mention a camp in Poland called that, but I can find little info on it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eAutobahn\u003c/em\u003e is a federal controlled-access highway system in Germany. Construction of the \u003cem\u003eAutobahn\u003c/em\u003e was begun before Hitler came to power, but the Nazis appropriated the project and the \u003cem\u003eAutobahn\u003c/em\u003e became one of the Nazi regime’s showpieces. Conscripted labor had been used to construct more than 3,000 kilometers (1,900 miles) of roadway between 1933 and 1938. As the war progressed, available labor became more limited and the focus shifted to other war-related projects. By 1942, forced laborers, including Jews, were being used for construction.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarkstadt [German: Märkstadt] was a labor camp for the Kruppe-Werke. It was later renamed ‘Laskowice Olawskie.’ Prisoners from Markstadt helped to build Funfteichen labor camp. Markstadt appears to have been liquidated in March 1944. Those who could still work were sent to other camps in the area and the rest sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau to be murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Krupps were a major industrialist family in Germany. Krupp became famous for their steel production and for their manufacture of ammunition and armaments. During World War II, they were enthusiastic supporters of the Nazis and were the largest supplies of tanks, U-boats, guns, and armaments of every type in Germany.  They were based in the Essen region of Germany, a heavily industrialized area that was essentially a Krupp system of factories and towns devoted to the Krupp empire. However, a ‘\u003cem\u003eKrupp-Werke\u003c/em\u003e’ was any factory around the country that was part of their far-flung armaments industry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFunfteichen [German: Fünfteichen] was the site of an armaments plant run by Kruppe-Werke. It was built in early 1942 and production started in early 1943. It was the largest sub-camp in the Gross-Rosen system. The first transport of about 600 Polish Jews prisoners arrived in late September or early October 1943. There were about 6,000 to 7,000 prisoners in the camp towards the end of the war. Sick prisoners were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau to be murdered and others were transferred to Gorlitz labor camp. Most of the prisoners worked in the Krupp factory manufacturing cannons and torpedo launchers. The prisoners walked from the camp to the plant every day, escorted by SS men and dogs. The conditions were terrible and the beatings and executions regular.  Many prisoners committed suicide by “\u003cem\u003egoing to the post\u003c/em\u003e,” that is, getting so near the fence that a guard would shoot them. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFunfteichen was evacuated starting on January 21, 1945 when about 6,000 prisoners were marched out of the camp. The temperature was 20 degrees below zero. The prisoners were marched on foot to Gross-Rosen. The journey took four days. Most were moved on again by train deeper into Germany ending up to Buchenwald, Flossenburg, Dachau, Dora-Mittelbau and Mauthausen. There were only about 300 prisoners left in the camp when the Americans liberated it on January 23, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGross-Rosen was opened in May 1940. It was situated in a quarry near the village of Gross-Rosen. It eventually grew to control a whole network of sub-camps, which included Markstadt and Funfteichen. By 1944 there were about 110,000 prisoners in the system. The living and working conditions were brutal. The rations were a slice of bread and watery soup each day. The prisoners slept on straw sacks that teemed with lice. It was classified as a Category III camp, or the most severe treatment classification. As the war neared its end, conditions grew even worse as evacuation transports arrived from the east swelling the camp to near bursting. The death rate skyrocketed and bodies were piled up outside the barracks. In January 1945 the camp population was evacuated ahead of the Russians. Some of the prisoners were packed tightly into open freight cars. Others were marched out on foot. Over half of the prisoners died on the death marches in the final days of the war. The Russians liberated gross-Rosen on February 13, 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003emikveh\u003c/em\u003e is a pool of water gathered from rain or a spring, used for ritual purification and ablutions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow [Polish: \u003cem\u003eKraków\u003c/em\u003e; sometimes also ‘\u003cem\u003eCracow\u003c/em\u003e’] is the second largest city in Poland, situated on the Vistula River. It is about 150 kilometers [93 miles] southeast of Krzepice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePolack is a derogatory reference to a person of Polish descent.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross (“Red Cross”) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland. After liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. The Red Cross worked to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected by the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWeiden is a city in Bavaria, Germany. It is located 100 kilometers [62 miles] east of Nuremberg and 35 kilometers [22 miles] west of the Czech border.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 1949, Germany was occupied by the Allied forces and divided into four administrative zones by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. The American occupied zone was in the southern portion of Germany and included the city of Weiden. The Soviet Union occupied the northeastern portion of Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the war the \u003cem\u003eUSS General S.D. Sturgis\u003c/em\u003e was a troop transport, but after was put to use as general transportation often bringing displaced persons to the United States from Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosenthal Metal Company, Inc. was a sheet metal company in Atlanta, Georgia owned by Samuel “Sam” Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, opportunities for legal immigration to the United States remained limited. Although restrictions were loosened to allow more displaced persons to obtain visas, it was still necessary to have a guarantor—someone who would be responsible for ensuring an immigrant didn’t become a public charge. Various welfare organizations worked to connect visa applicants who did not have any family or relations in the United States already with guarantors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/annotation_set/187/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Irving Greenberg (1911-2006) was born in Poland and came to Atlanta with his family in 1913. He was active in Atlanta’s Jewish community and worked as a general surgeon. It is unclear what his father’s name was.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1440.0,1470.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Abe Besser [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Start Of The War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=0.0,268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abe describes his life growing up in Krzepice up until the start of the war. He describes how his family was forced to leave their house and the eventual roundup of Polish Jews.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=0.0,268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was born in Poland in a city named Krzepice.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=0.0,268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wolf Hersh","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=0.0,268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Childhood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Evictions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krzepice","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=0.0,268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Niederkirchen, Markstadt, Funfteichen, and Gross-Rosen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=268.0,432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abe talks about his time working in various concentration camps.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=268.0,432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The camp was called Niederkirchen. We worked mostly there on the autobahn.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=268.0,432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Air Force","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Autobahn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Funfteichen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gross-Rosen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kruppe-Werke","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Manufacturing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Markstadt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Niederkirchen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=268.0,432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abe's Father And Violence","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=432.0,563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abe recalls the moment when his father lost his eye after an attack from the Germans. He goes on to describe different forms of violence that Jews suffered during the war.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=432.0,563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I want to emphasize: at the occupation . . . when it first started in 1939, before we were rounded up and there were also the Germans, my father lost an eye.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=432.0,563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Injury","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mikveh","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Violence","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=432.0,563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death March","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=563.0,623.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abe describes a death march from his time at Gross-Rosen.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=563.0,623.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We left that camp after a certain time and we kept marching.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=563.0,623.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death March","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gross-Rosen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=563.0,623.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food In The Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=623.0,823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abe talks about the type of food provided at the camp and the utter lack of meat. He talks about the weight loss the prisoners suffered from and how he managed to get extra food.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=623.0,823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the camps where we were working, everybody received about four to five ounces of bread a day.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=623.0,823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cannibalism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Starvation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=623.0,823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abe's Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=823.0,991.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abe talks about the members of his family that survived the war and the many that did not.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=823.0,991.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had in our family, for instance, four sisters, three brothers.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=823.0,991.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brothers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sisters","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Survival","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=823.0,991.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gross-Rosen And The War's End","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=991.0,1180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abe talks about the tail end of the war and his memory of the American Army meeting the survivors of the camp.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=991.0,1180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was such thing as Gross-Rosen. I was there just a short period of time.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=991.0,1180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Air Force","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gross-Rosen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Red Cross","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stamswede","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=991.0,1180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After The War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1180.0,1390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abe talks about his travels after the war and reuniting with his sisters. He had several visas that could take to different countries, but he settled on the United States.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1180.0,1390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After three months, we all left the village and went to a city that was called Widen- also in Bavaria.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1180.0,1390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American 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Citizenship","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1390.0,1495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abe says that he started working at the Rosenthal Metal Company after his arrival in Atlanta and later went into the construction business.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1390.0,1495.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I worked for the company that guaranteed my visa, name of Rosenthal Metal 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If you could give a message to people are learning about the Holocaust, being introduced to it, what would that be in terms of today's society?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1601.0,1720.8"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355/index/47256/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30372/file/98355#t=1601.0,1720.8"}]}]}]}