{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/zg6g15vk3b/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Friedman, Henry (1995)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1995-01-17 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Friedman, Henry (Interviewee)","Lefco, Stan (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther \u0026amp; Herbert Taylor Jewish Oral History Collection","Children of Holocaust Survivors Project (CHS)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHenry Friedman was interviewed by Stan Lefco on January 17, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eHenry Friedman was born in 1923 in Transylvania, an area between Romania and Hungary whose borders frequently changed. He was the youngest of three children born to an assimilated Jewish family who enjoyed a relatively comfortable lifestyle. Before World War II, Henry had studied to become an engineer in the textile industry.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1940, the area he lived in was annexed by Hungary, a Nazi ally. Henry and his family’s lives became more and more restrictive. Henry’s brother and brother-in-law were sent to forced labor camps. His brother never returned. After the Germans occupied Hungary in 1944, Henry and his father were also sent to forced labor camps. His father soon returned home in poor health and was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau with Henry’s mother, sister, and grandmother. They all perished.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHenry was sent to work in a factory in Budapest, where he was beaten regularly. After a brief hospital stay and surviving numerous bombing raids, he was given a special pass from legendary Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, which saved him from a forced march in the dead of winter and temporarily allowed him to stay in a protected safe house in Budapest.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAs the Russian army surrounded Budapest, Henry was forced into a ghetto. He was then forced to supply troops on the German front in sub-zero temperatures. When he was injured, he was lined up in front of a firing squad, which he miraculously survived. He spent the last few weeks of the war in hiding. When the Russian army entered the city, Henry again narrowly escaped a forced march.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, Henry briefly returned home to look for surviving family. After encountering more antisemitism, he fled to Italy. Five years later, he immigrated to the United States, settling in Atlanta, Georgia. Henry married, Sherry Wolf in 1956 and they had one son, Stephen. He enjoyed a successful career in food sales and distribution. He continues to actively share his experiences and reflections with school groups and the community.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eHenry introduces his family and life in his hometown before World War II. He talks about how life changed when Germany occupied Hungary in 1944. Henry explains how he was conscripted into the Hungarian Army and sent to perform forced labor.  He reflects on antisemitism he experienced before World War II before discussing the restrictions places on Jews by the Germans. He mentions the establishment of ghettos in Transylvania and the beginning of deportations. He speaks about the way the Jewish community reacted and the false hope many held onto even as he witnessed abuse and violence. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHenry describes what his siblings were like. He relates how his father was sent to forced labor and returned home before the entire family was deported. Henry describes the deaths of his mother and sister witnessed by a surviving family member. He reflects upon a blessing placed on him at his grandmother’s behest before leaving for forced labor. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHenry details his experiences and the abuse he suffered during forced labor in Budapest.  He explains how he received a protection pass from Raoul Wallenberg and was saved from a forced march. He talks about his experiences on the German-Russian front line, getting injured, and surviving a firing squad. Henry details how he survived in hiding until the end of the war and returned home to recuperate and search for family. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe mentions his years Italy before immigrating to the US, marrying, and having a son. Henry discusses the social clubs of Atlanta in the 1950’s. He reflects upon the blessing he received and what religion means to him today. Henry shares details about a trip to Israel, his feeling about Germans today, and pictures of his family.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29009"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Friedman, Henry (b. 1923) (personal name)","Friedman, Sherry Wolf (1936-2016) (personal name)","Friedman, Alexander (1893-unknown) (personal name)","Friedman, Ester Zuckerman (1899-1944) (personal name)","Friedman, Stephen (1920-unknown) (personal name)","Gruenfeld, Clara Friedman (1918-1944) (personal name)","Gruenfeld, Laurence (personal name)","Krauss, Fannie (personal name)","Horthy, Miklos (Nicolas) (1868-1957) (personal name)","Hitler, Adolf (1899-1945) (personal name)","Joszashely, Magdalene (1881-1959) (personal name)","Manfred, Weiss (1857–1922) (personal name)","Crawford, Fred (1924-1982) (personal name)","Wallenberg, Raoul (1912-disappeared January 17, 1945) (personal name)","Szenes, Hannah (1921-1944) (personal name)","Krinsky, Miriam “Mickie” Greenberg Eisenberg (1925-2018) (personal name)","Butler, Julia Goldberg (1910-2003) (personal name)","Alterman, Louis (personal name)","Kovacs, Elsa Friedman (personal name)","Arafat, Yasser (1929-2004) (personal name)","Budapest, Hungary (geographic term)","Oradea, Romania (geographic term)","Szatmar, Hungary (geographic term)","Maghvarad (Nagyvarad), Hungary (geographic term)","Gyor, Hungary (geographic term)","Debrecen, Hungary (geographic term)","Taterzel, Hungary (geographic term)","Siberia, Russia (geographic term)","Arad, Romania (geographic term)","Hamburg, Germany (geographic term)","Boston, Massachusetts (geographic term)","Pittsburg, Pennsylvania (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Macon, Georgia (geographic term)","Acre, Israel (geographic term)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic term)","Danube River (geographic term)","Romania (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","Hungary (geographic term)","Transylvania (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Czechoslovakia (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Austria (geographic term)","Sweden (geographic term)","Spain (geographic term)","United States (geographic term)","Bessarabia (geographic term)","Congregation Beth Jacob (corporate name)","BBC/British Broadcasting Corporation (corporate name)","Emory University (corporate name)","Greenwood Cemetery (corporate name)","Vatican (corporate name)","Jewish Federation (corporate name)","Jewish Progressive Club (corporate name)","Alterman Foods, Inc. (corporate name)","CFS Continental, Inc. (corporate name)","Sysco Corporation (corporate name)","World War II (named event)","Holocaust (named event)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (other)","Ghetto (other)","Concentration Camps (other)","Gendarmes (other)","Nazis (other)","SS/Schutzstaffel (other)","Allied Forces (other)","Red Army (other)","Brichah (other)","Antisemitic (other)","Orthodox Jewish (other)","Skinheads (other)","Pograms (other)","Schutzpass (other)","Yiddish (other)","Kosher (other)","Sabbath (other)","Synagogue (other)","Shabbos (other)","Matzoh (other)","Star of David (other)","Passover (other)","Goy (other)","Malaria (other)","Typhus (other)","Friedman, Steven (b. ~1959) (personal name)","Jerusalem, Israel (geographic term)","Galilee, Israel (geographic term)","Carpathian Mountains (geographic term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHenry Friedman was interviewed by Stan Lefco on January 17, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry Friedman was born in 1923 in Transylvania, an area between Romania and Hungary whose borders frequently changed. He was the youngest of three children born to an assimilated Jewish family who enjoyed a relatively comfortable lifestyle. Before World War II, Henry had studied to become an engineer in the textile industry.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1940, the area he lived in was annexed by Hungary, a Nazi ally. Henry and his family\u0026rsquo;s lives became more and more restrictive. Henry\u0026rsquo;s brother and brother-in-law were sent to forced labor camps. His brother never returned. After the Germans occupied Hungary in 1944, Henry and his father were also sent to forced labor camps. His father soon returned home in poor health and was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau with Henry\u0026rsquo;s mother, sister, and grandmother. They all perished.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHenry was sent to work in a factory in Budapest, where he was beaten regularly. After a brief hospital stay and surviving numerous bombing raids, he was given a special pass from legendary Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, which saved him from a forced march in the dead of winter and temporarily allowed him to stay in a protected safe house in Budapest.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAs the Russian army surrounded Budapest, Henry was forced into a ghetto. He was then forced to supply troops on the German front in sub-zero temperatures. When he was injured, he was lined up in front of a firing squad, which he miraculously survived. He spent the last few weeks of the war in hiding. When the Russian army entered the city, Henry again narrowly escaped a forced march.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, Henry briefly returned home to look for surviving family. After encountering more antisemitism, he fled to Italy. Five years later, he immigrated to the United States, settling in Atlanta, Georgia. Henry married, Sherry Wolf in 1956 and they had one son, Stephen. He enjoyed a successful career in food sales and distribution. He continues to actively share his experiences and reflections with school groups and the community.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry introduces his family and life in his hometown before World War II. He talks about how life changed when Germany occupied Hungary in 1944. Henry explains how he was conscripted into the Hungarian Army and sent to perform forced labor. \u0026nbsp;He reflects on antisemitism he experienced before World War II before discussing the restrictions places on Jews by the Germans. He mentions the establishment of ghettos in Transylvania and the beginning of deportations. He speaks about the way the Jewish community reacted and the false hope many held onto even as he witnessed abuse and violence.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHenry describes what his siblings were like. He relates how his father was sent to forced labor and returned home before the entire family was deported. Henry describes the deaths of his mother and sister witnessed by a surviving family member. He reflects upon a blessing placed on him at his grandmother\u0026rsquo;s behest before leaving for forced labor.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHenry details his experiences and the abuse he suffered during forced labor in Budapest. \u0026nbsp;He explains how he received a protection pass from Raoul Wallenberg and was saved from a forced march. He talks about his experiences on the German-Russian front line, getting injured, and surviving a firing squad. Henry details how he survived in hiding until the end of the war and returned home to recuperate and search for family.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe mentions his years Italy before immigrating to the US, marrying, and having a son. Henry discusses the social clubs of Atlanta in the 1950\u0026rsquo;s. He reflects upon the blessing he received and what religion means to him today. Henry shares details about a trip to Israel, his feeling about Germans today, and pictures of his family.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/172/484/small/Friedman_Henry.mp4_1670793621.jpg?1670793622","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Friedman_Henry.mp4"]},"duration":8492.149,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/172/484/small/Friedman_Henry.mp4_1670793621.jpg?1670793622","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/172/484/original/Friedman_Henry.mp4?1670793617","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":8492.149,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Henry Friedman [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: It is January 17, 1995. This is a continuation of the videotaping\nproject of second-generation children of Holocaust survivors in Atlanta,\nGeorgia. Tonight we are taping Henry Friedman. Asking the questions is Stan\nLefco and handling the tape recording is Sarah Silverman. Mr. Friedman, would\nyou give us your full name please?\n\nFRIEDMAN: The full name is Henry Emerch ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Friedman.\n\nLEFCO: Could you spell that?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Henry. H-E-N-R-Y. Emerch. E-M-E-R-C-H. Friedman. F-R-I-E-D-M-A-N.\n\nLEFCO: Was your name different?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It was different because of the translation and everything else. I had\nto repeat my name several times so I figured a short name like Henry would be appropriate.\n\nLEFCO: Would you give us your address please?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: It is 1152 Rogeretta Drive. R-O-G-E-R-E-T-T-A Drive, Atlanta,\n[Georgia] 30339.\n\nLEFCO: Mr. Friedman, would you tell us where you are from?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It's a little difficult because today it's Romania. Between the wars,\nit was Hungary.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: Where in Hungary are you from?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Called Maghvarad. M-A-G-H-V-A-R-A-D.\n\nLEFCO: Can you tell us what part of Hungary that was in?\n\nFRIEDMAN: That was actually in Transylvania. That is a border city between\nHungary and Romania, in eastern Hungary [between] the rest of Romania, in the\nCarpathian Mountains.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: When were you born?\n\nFRIEDMAN: [I was] born May 19, 1923.\n\nLEFCO: Did you grow up in Hungary?\n\nFRIEDMAN: That's right. All my family--my parents, grandparents--they were all\nborn in the same city.\n\nLEFCO: Would you tell us the name of your parents?\n\nFRIEDMAN: My father's name was Alexander Friedman. My mother's name was Ester\nFriedman. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had two siblings--Stephen Friedman and Klara Friedman.\n\nLEFCO: Do you recall your mother's maiden name?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Zuckerman Z-U-C-K-E-R-M-A-N.\n\nLEFCO: Were your parents from Hungary as well?\n\nFRIEDMAN: That's right. From generation to generation in the same city.\n\nLEFCO: Do you recall the dates of birth of your parents?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I forgot the month and day. My father was born in . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1893. My\nmother [was born in] 1898.\n\nLEFCO: Do you recall the dates of birth of your brother and sister?\n\nFRIEDMAN: The brother is 1920 and 1918 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the sister.\n\nLEFCO: What was your father's occupation?\n\nFRIEDMAN: He was an insurance broker.\n\nLEFCO: Can you tell us what he did as an insurance broker?\n\nFRIEDMAN: As an insurance broker, it was life different over there at that time.\nIt was quite easy as I can remember. His daily routine was he stayed at home\nuntil about 8:30 or 9 o'clock. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then he went to the barbershop. [He would] get a\nshave everyday in a barbershop. After the barbershop, he got a breakfast\noutside. Then he went to his office. He was there until about one or 1:30. He\ncame home. The whole family had lunch together. He laid down for an hour or so.\n[Then] he went to a coffeehouse everyday. He played or he kibbitzed [Yiddish:\nchat idly]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's why he made his living because to be around people and that's\nhow he was writing the insurance policies.\n\nLEFCO: What type of insurance policies?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Life mostly.\n\nLEFCO: Do you remember how much in that time would be the amounts of those\ninsurance policies?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I have no idea. I wouldn't even try to guess but we had a comfortable\nliving from it. We had maids. We had a governess ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for us. I think we lived as\nhigh-middle class.\n\nLEFCO: Did your mother work?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No. At that time . . . the wife stayed at home.\n\nLEFCO: Can you tell us more about your family life?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It was a very close family. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have to admit we was quite assimilated.\nI remember growing up in Romania, I went to a Romanian school. Everything\nnaturally was [in] the Romanian language. My father refused to learn Romanian\nbecause. . . He was in Austro-Hungarian army and he was a very, very proud\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian. Going to movies or on different occasions, the Romanian national\nanthem was playing. Everybody naturally had to get up. Several times it happened\nthat he just refused to get up because he's Hungarian. Actually, we was quite\nassimilated. We observed all the High Holidays. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My grandmother from my mother's\nside lived with us. She was very [strictly Orthodox]. Her head was shaven . . .\nShe was wearing a wig. We were kosher at home because of respect for her. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\nwere not kosher outside, but at home we were strictly kosher.\n\nLEFCO: What did you mean when you said your family was assimilated?\n\nFRIEDMAN: In that direction . . . In that city, there was quite a few\nultra-Orthodox synagogues. Just like you see around Beth Jacob [in Atlanta] on\nsome Saturday, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the men was wearing caftans with the white socks and the\nshtreimel. We never had nothing like that. I consider that, being assimilated,\nwe never had that much Jewish social life.\n\nLEFCO: Did you regularly go to Sabbath or Shabbos services?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: No, not regular, even though the high school I went . . . I went four\nyears to a Jewish high school, gymnasium. But keeping kosher . . . We kept all\nthe High Holy Days but we didn't go every Saturday to synagogue.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: Do you recall your grandmother's name?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes. Fannie Krauss. She remarried.\n\nLEFCO: Could you spell that last name please?\n\nFRIEDMAN: K-R-A-U-S-S.\n\nLEFCO: You mentioned a few moments ago that when Hungary became Romania . . .\n\nFRIEDMAN: It was Romania when I was born.\n\nLEFCO: At that time it was Romania?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: It was Romania until the Russians got together with the Germans and\ndivided Europe. Like Russia got half of Poland. Romania was kind of chopped up.\nBessarabia went to the Russians and Transylvania--my part--went to Hungary,\nwhich was in 1940. From 1940 on, during the war, it was Hungary. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then after the\nwar, it was Romania again. Like I said, today it is Romania.\n\nLEFCO: But you . . .\n\nFRIEDMAN: When I was born, it was Romania. When the tragedy happened, it was Hungary.\n\nLEFCO: Do you recall anything else about growing up?\n\nFRIEDMAN: What I remember . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As a very young child, I remember pogroms. It\nwas pogroms in that area. Antisemitism, of course, was quite wide spread all the\ntime. I don't believe that we ever were citizens of Hungary or Romania. We just\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were more or less allowed to live in that country, but not officially. That's\nwhat I remember. It was just allowed that you just stayed. I don't remember any\nJew owning land. I don't remember anybody was a landowner.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: How many Jews were in your city?\n\nFRIEDMAN: In that particular city, I would say it was maybe 20-30,000.\n\nLEFCO: What was the total population?\n\nFRIEDMAN: About 150,000, so it was a pretty high percentage [of Jews].\n\nLEFCO: Could you tell us what city life was like?\n\nFRIEDMAN: The city life . . . Actually it was more commerce, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no farming. For\nthat time, it was a big city with everything that a big city offers--many\nrestaurants, many theatres, and movie houses, and nice parks. It was just like I\nremember maybe of Atlanta in 1950.\n\nLEFCO: Could you tell us what your house was like, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what you lived in?\n\nFRIEDMAN: What we lived in was . . . for a while, we had our own home. We had\nservants all the time as far as I remember. We lived quite comfortably. It was a\nbig family, a close family.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: How many servants did you have?\n\nFRIEDMAN: We had just one servant. It was . . . kind of reminds me of young\ngirls coming [to the United States] from Mexico and just lives there and does\nalmost everything--keeps the house and helps with cooking. We had a governess--a\nGerman lady who came in.\n\nLEFCO: What did she do?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Mostly with the children . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taking for a walk, or played with us,\nor teaching with the schoolwork. It was mostly in German.\n\nLEFCO: Do you recall when the Germans first came or the first time any of your\nrights were restricted?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I don't know if you will remember . . . I cannot recall actually at\nthe time, but the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Governor of Hungary [was] Nicolas Horthy. It was some rumors\nthat someone from his wife's family was Jewish. He wasn't against the Jews--not\nopenly. [Adolf] Hitler commanded him to visit him in Poland. Hitler at that time was on\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a field trip to visit the troops in Poland. It was in early 1944--maybe it was\nin February or March. In his absence being out from the country, the German\nparatroopers occupied Hungary.\n\nLEFCO: Do you recall the approximate time or day?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: I don't . . . I think it was very, very early in the morning. Shortly\nafter, we see for the first time German tanks.\n\nLEFCO: Do you recall the year?\n\nFRIEDMAN: 1944 . . . Actually it happened like lightening in one year. Even\nprior to that, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Jews were never much liked. I think it was when I was 18, we\nhave to go for paramilitary service. It was everyone, but the Jews . . . it was\nmostly, we were digging or building something in the fields. What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I recall is\nthat we built a tremendous, big pyramid. It was very tall--like a three story\nbuilding. It was used for target shooting. It was a big earth . . . like a\npyramid that the military or Gentiles was using as target practice, [shooting]\ninto that earth. That took us almost a year or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"longer to build. That's one of\nthe main things what I remember.\n\nLEFCO: Was this in 1944?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No . . . In 1944, I was 21 years old. At the age of 18, already we\nwould start paramilitary, like marching. At that time, the Jewish fellows who\nwere the age of 21 . . . the military service was mandatory. They all were in\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"service, in the Hungarian army. They was dressed up in uniform, and guns,\nand everything, whatever any draftee has here or anywhere else. That was under\nHungarian . . . 1940 took over. It was the same thing continued. If I recall, it\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stopped around 1942. The Jews of that age was not dressed in uniforms, no\nguns . . . the only thing what we had was an army cap. That was the only thing\nto show they was paramilitary. It was about 2 or 3 times a week we had to go for\nthat training.\n\nLEFCO: You mentioned pogroms. Did you, or your family, or friends experience any pogroms?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: From what I can recall, we were told to close the gate of the homes.\nIt was a heavy door outside--not like here where you walk from the street to\nyour living room. We had heavy gates in front. It was window broken. If they\nfind someone, they pulled their beards. Some bloodshed, but it wasn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too many.\nIt was for a couple days outside. If I recall, it was mostly around Easter time.\nI don't know if you've heard the story that the Jews were killing young\nChristian girls and using their blood to make matzoh. It was quite widespread.\nIt was not the truth ever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but stories like that were spread mostly among the\nhigh school and college students. They were the one who did the things. The\npolice just looked the other way.\n\nLEFCO: The authorities did not do anything?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No.\n\nLEFCO: Did the Jewish population do anything?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: No.\n\nLEFCO: Do you recall any other acts of antisemitism?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Not . . . I mean, it was always happened. The Jews had that the names\nlike \"zsido\" [Hungarian: Jew], or \"dirty Jew,\" or \"stinking Jew.\" It was quite\ncommon to be addressed like that.\n\nLEFCO: Who would address you like that?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: Not the high intelligencia. It was mostly someone who thinks they so\nhigh in office or a police, but it was very widespread. You felt it all the\ntime. Mostly it was the Gendarmes. They was worse than anyone else. Gendarmes\nwas like a military police. Mostly they were in the countryside.\n\nLEFCO: What would they do?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: Actually I never leaved that area to hear but you don't want to be\ncaught by the Gendarmes because they punish you. They beat you up and then ask questions.\n\nLEFCO: Were you ever personally called any names?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes.\n\nLEFCO: What were you called?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Dirty Jew. Stinking Jew.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: This happened in your hometown?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Right.\n\nLEFCO: Do you know who these people were or person was who called you that?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No. Not particularly. Naturally, the area where I was going and my\nsocial life wasn't where I came in contact with regions like that. It was\nlivable. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nothing compared to what followed after that. Always they let you know\nthat you are not a citizen. You couldn't vote. There wasn't such thing as\nvoting. We had to go to the police station, to different officers, to renew our\nstay that we could stay in that place.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: These people who would call you names or participate in these antisemitic\nacts, would you compare them to the skinheads in America today?\n\nFRIEDMAN: More or less. I don't . . . Jealousy is . . . We had Jewish doctors,\nwe had Jewish lawyers, we had newspaper people who are Jewish. Actually, it was\nflourishing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They didn't make it impossible for the life to be restricted for Jews.\n\nLEFCO: Were Jews allowed to serve in the government?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I don't think so. Wasn't in government, but in private life, yes. Not\nin government.\n\nLEFCO: I think you said earlier the German paratroopers came in 1944?\n\nFRIEDMAN: In the spring of 1944.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: What happened when the paratroopers arrived? How did life change?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It changed like overnight. I don't know if it was the first week or\nthe second week already every Jew had to wear the yellow star. Restrictions of\nhow late a Jew can stay outside. The restrictions came very, very fast. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My\nfather, for instance, he was told in his office by his secretary and he had a\nfellow who was like the head of the office that, \"We don't want to see you in\nthe office anymore. Stay away from it.\" He was home ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all choked up. That was the\nend of it for him to be in business. The whole thing started very, very fast. I\ndon't know how, but we never know in 1944, we didn't know what was going on in\nthe rest of the world. We didn't know. We heard about ghettos ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Poland, but\nconcentration camps and all that was unheard of. What was spread around the Jews\nto have a better control, they would bring all the Jews out from the small\ncommunities and they put in a concentrated area close to a larger city. The Jews\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be relocated. Actually it was the Passover of 1944 when I had to go to the\nservice. I got an order that I have to present myself. I became 21 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that year. I\nwas ordered . . . My father was called in for forced labor also.\n\nLEFCO: Let me stop you for a minute and let's go back for a minute. You were\ntalking about when the Germans came things changed overnight and you started\ntalking about some of the restrictions such as the curfew. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you recall any\nother restrictions other than the curfew and wearing the Star of David that were\nplaced upon the Jews of your community?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I cannot remember exactly, but I don't believe that I remember there\nwas any kind of star or anything put on businesses or buildings to be\ndistinguished. I don't remember that. Maybe it happened ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I do not recall it\nat all. People stayed more at home even at daytime already. They saw what's\ncoming on. I don't remember that we was forced out of the businesses. It\nhappened very, very fast. The whole thing took maybe two months, if that much.\n\nLEFCO: At that time, was the Jewish community scared or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was your family scared\nof what else the Germans might do?\n\nFRIEDMAN: All along. They tried to encourage each other that nothing bad can\nhappen. [They told themselves,] \"We are talking about civilized people. Nothing\nbad can happen.\" That will also pass. You was hoping for the best. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was\ninitially like lightening the whole thing. I recall one instance: I had already\nmy notice that I would have to go. We didn't live very far from a railroad\nstation. Someone was running that have baskets ready because there was a\ntransport of Jews at a railway station. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They will need some food. Everybody was\nrunning to take the basket to the station. We couldn't get near it because it\nwas Germans . . . SS was all around. I don't know if anyone was able to give\nthem the basket of food. That was the first time when we find out that already\nthe relocation started. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was at a concentration camp. It wasn't such a thing .\n. . We couldn't even imagine that such a thing can happen. That was the first\nvery sad thing what happened--that a transport of Jews was at the station and\nthey were taking them someplace. Nobody knew where or what. No one was able to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk to them [about] the harm they been in on the train, no details whatsoever.\n\nLEFCO: You don't know where these Jews were coming from or where they were going?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It was Hungarians. The first thing that happened in a small\nlocation--maybe like 10 families in a location, small cities, or small places\nfrom the country--they were beginning . . . the whole idea was to bring them in\na larger city ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so they would be more concentrated. What would be the future,\nnothing was explained. Nobody knew anything about it. We had no idea what was\ngoing on in the world. We listened to the radio but we had no imagine of what\nwas going on outside of Hungary.\n\nLEFCO: Did you ever see any acts of brutality ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or violence from the German soldiers?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes. Beating us on the street.\n\nLEFCO: Could you describe that for us, please?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It was lots of religious Jews. Naturally, when you see a man with a\nbeard and with the long payess, you don't think that maybe he is a Gentile. You\nknow right away. Those were the first ones who were attacked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because [the\nGermans] could recognize they are Jews. Those are the first ones. That was the\nbrutality what I seen.\n\nLEFCO: What was done to them?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Beating. [The Germans] left them bleeding.\n\nLEFCO: Did anyone come to their assistance?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No. I don't think so. I don't remember. No.\n\nLEFCO: Did you see any other acts of violence or brutality other than the beatings?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: I cannot recall that was any kind of serious restriction right away.\nIt was more like closing shops. The only thing that I remember is that no one\nwas allowed to be out after 9 o'clock or 10 in the evening--that kind of\nrestriction--and everybody had to wear the yellow star.\n\nLEFCO: Did you wear a yellow star?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: Yes.\n\nLEFCO: You said you listened to the radio. What was being said or being\nbroadcast on the radio?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Only what we heard that the Allieds [were] approaching and a new front\nis opening in France, but no one ever mentioned that was going on with the Jews.\nThat part wasn't mentioned at all. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whoever was listened to the BBC and a short\nwave radio in Hungarian, but it wasn't mentioned anything what's going on. The\nonly thing that [they talked] about [was] the German casualties and Allied\nvictories. We were hoping that pretty soon, like coming almost to the end of\n1944, that maybe we will be saved.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: When the Germans arrived in 1944, did they simply just take over the\ngovernment in your town?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Right. Naturally, the ground was pretty good for them. They found lots\nof sympathizers--Hungarians who jumped on the bandwagon. They tried to be . . .\nThey hate Jews even worse than the Germans. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pretty soon they got involved\nheavily also.\n\nLEFCO: You are saying that the Hungarian population was fairly antisemitic?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes. As a matter of fact, I hate to jump to the end of my story, but\nwhen I went back at the end of the year, I was told by several people, \"What you\ncomplain about? More Jews coming back than Hitler took away.\" That kind of\natmosphere was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before, during, and after.\n\nLEFCO: You stated that your father was fired from his job.\n\nFRIEDMAN: Actually, that was his business. The man who was in charge more or\nless to run it in his absence, told him that, \"We don't want you here in the\noffice. You are a Jew and we don't want you here to step foot in the office anymore.\"\n\nLEFCO: He was kicked out of his own office?\n\nFRIEDMAN: [He was] kicked out of his own office.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: How did your family find the means to provide for itself if your father\nwas no longer working?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Whatever we had. From the time the Germans arrived to [when] I left, I\ndon't think it was more than about 2 months, if that much. We just . . .\nwhatever money we had, whatever food we had . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Over there, that part of the\nlife is kind of different because you were planning ahead. For instance, in the\nfall you were buying firewood for the stoves, you buying potatoes and putting up\nin a cool basement. In the fall, you killed I don't know how many geese ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you\nhad the smoked meat. That happened only in the fall, from one season to the\nother one. No. Because knowing what would happen to prepare for the Germans.\nThat was the life in that particular area. We had firewood prepared already from\nthe fall and we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meat--smoked meat stays for a long time. We had shortening,\nand beans, and we had lots of staple items . . . prepared. We had [supplies] on hand.\n\nLEFCO: Did your family, your parents, or you have any non-Jewish Hungarian friends?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes, but I don't remember . . . It so happened that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the city where I\nam describing to you, my parents moved about a year before. In 1943, they moved.\n[My father's insurance company] took over another territory, so they moved over there.\n\nLEFCO: Moved to where?\n\nFRIEDMAN: My parents moved to a different city. [From] Maghvarad, they moved to\nSzatmar [Hungary].\n\nLEFCO: Would you spell that please?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Szatmar in Hungarian is S-Z-A-T-M-A-R, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Szatmar.\n\nLEFCO: This was also in what country?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It's Hungary. They're all Hungary. It was maybe 100 miles from Maghvarad.\n\nLEFCO: Why did your parents move?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It was other territory from the office from the principle insurance\ncompany of my father's . . . The offer came from that territory.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: Do you remember the name of that insurance company?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No.\n\nLEFCO: You moved to Szatmar. Was life different in Szatmar?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I stayed in Oradea. I didn't move until maybe six months prior to\nwhatever happened. I was there until the fall of 1941--in Maghvarad.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: You described your father's routine everyday. What about for yourself,\nand your brother, and sister, and your mother?\n\nFRIEDMAN: My brother, he was in service at that time already for over a year. At\nfirst ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was military service, then it turned over to . . . Being Jewish, they\ntook away the uniform and he was in forced labor. At that time, it wasn't called\nforced labor. Actually, when I went in the service, he was in Czechoslovakia,\nand he was moving with the front towards Russia with the Germans.\n\nLEFCO: With the Germans?\n\nFRIEDMAN: With the Germans, that's right. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was [with] an attachment of\nHungarian sergeants and officers. He was digging tank traps, or whatever had to\nbe done, whatever support that they gave to the Germans.\n\nLEFCO: He was helping the Germans?\n\nFRIEDMAN: [He was] helping the Germans [but he was] forced to help the Germans.\nHe wasn't a volunteer.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: You were going to tell us about daily life or activities.\n\nFRIEDMAN: My brother, prior to joining, he was a druggist. Just like here, a\ndruggist is selling, making different things like cosmetic items or cheap\nperfumes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and selling different toiletries. That was his job more or less. My\nsister, she was a cosmetician. Cosmetician was different over there than here.\nShe was strictly . . . prepared the skin . . . facials. She was making different\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ointments, different creams she manufactured herself, and was selling it with a\ntreatment--different not very complicated skin diseases. A cosmetician over\nthere was doing something like that. She got married and her husband was also\ncalled in to the forced labor camp.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: Are you talking about prior to 1944?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes. Prior. In spring 1944, my brother was in already about a year and\na half in service. I hadn't seen him in maybe about a year. I seen him . . . He\ncame in maybe once or twice but he was in service by that time already. My\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother-in-law--my sister's husband--was in for about a year already prior to\nspring 1944.\n\nLEFCO: What about your mother? What did she do?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Taking care of the house, some of the cooking, sewing . . . At that\ntime already, in 1944, we didn't have no help. Whenever they moved to Szatmar,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[there] was no help at all. It was only her and my grandmother. Then after my\nsister's husband went to the labor camp, she moved in with my parents.\n\nLEFCO: You said that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your father was not able to go to work anymore because they\ndidn't allow him to return. What was life like in your family after that?\n\nFRIEDMAN: He was depressed. At that time, everybody already was hoping that\nsomething--a miracle--would happen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[We thought] nothing can get any worse. [We\nthought] the Germans were still civilized, and nothing would happen, this was\nonly a temporary case. We were hoping that's true.\n\nLEFCO: This happened to him after 1944?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Right. I mean, prior to let's say April, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything was normal--like\nnothing happened with the exception of some of the youngsters like my brother\nand brother-in-law had to go into forced labor. There was nothing very, very bad\nover there even at the forced labor. It was fairly humane.\n\nLEFCO: What were you doing at this time?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I wanted to become a mechanical engineer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my schooling was supposed\nto be as such, but I had to wait to have any quotas. I was very much interested.\nI was working in a mechanical shop, manufacturing textile machinery. [I was]\ninvolved [in that] because I wanted to stay in that field. I stayed over there\nin Oradea ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Romania], working in a tool shop until I was able to go back to school\nwhenever any such opening would happen. My \"in\" was to be in a textile making place.\n\nLEFCO: Did you go back to school?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No. Thanks got worse and worse. In the fall of 1941, I went over there\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"temporarily to Szatmar, the new place where my family moved--my father, mother,\ngrandmother, and my sister. I was working over there in a factory.\n\nLEFCO: Doing what?\n\nFRIEDMAN: My father had a little, some interest in the factory because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he had a\nwonderful gap and he was able to help people. When he got someone--one of his\nassistants from insurance--he helped them. It was a small factory manufacturing\nscales and kitchen utensils. He got loan for that factory and tried to build it\nup. He was quite successful in things like that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He helped small industry to get\nback on their feet. He a part interest in that. I was working over there also.\n\nLEFCO: What were you doing in the factory?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I was . . . We want to get . . . My father had ideas for me to go into\ntool manufacturing and I would be able to make some tools and we were working\nfrom that angle because that's what I liked.\n\nLEFCO: How old were you at that time?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: Twenty.\n\nLEFCO: How long did you do this? How long did you work in that factory?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Where? In that factory? Until April 1942.\n\nLEFCO: Then what happened?\n\nFRIEDMAN: The Germans came in and everything come to a screeching halt. Shortly\nafter, I got my orders to go in the service.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: Did the Germans come in 1942 or in 1944?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I'm sorry. 1944. I was there until 1943 in Oradea. In the fall of\n1943, I went to Szatmar and I was there until about April 1944.\n\nLEFCO: During that time, you worked in this factory in which your father had an interest?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Right.\n\nLEFCO: Then the German paratroopers came into Szatmar?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: Right. They occupied the whole country.\n\nLEFCO: How long was it before you or your father went into forced labor?\n\nFRIEDMAN: My father was called in while I was still at home, about a week prior\nto that.\n\nLEFCO: A week prior to what?\n\nFRIEDMAN: From me leaving the house. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was called in. He'd never worked\nphysically in his life or I don't think so. He was complaining about his kidney\neven prior to that. I understand because I got a letter from my parents that he\ncame back shortly after that. They let him go back because he wasn't able to\nmove. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He got some kidney infection. It was very painful. They let him come back\nto the family.\n\nLEFCO: Where were you at this time?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I went to the basic training for the service. That was in Nagybanya\n[Hungary]. That was a big recruiting place.\n\nLEFCO: Can you spell that please?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: N-A-G-Y-B-A-N-Y-A, Nagybanya. It means a large mine.\n\nLEFCO: Where was this please?\n\nFRIEDMAN: That was about 60 miles from Szatmar.\n\nLEFCO: You were there when your father was called to do forced labor?\n\nFRIEDMAN: My father wasn't at home at that time already. He was maybe a week\nprior, leaving, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he came back after I left.\n\nLEFCO: Can you describe the events of exactly how he was called? Did they come\nto your home? How was he notified?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I would imagine that he got . . . I don't even remember how old he was\nin 1944. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He got notification through the mail.\n\nLEFCO: This was from the German authorities?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No, Hungarians.\n\nLEFCO: They told him to come to where?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I don't know where he went. He didn't went to the same place I went.\n\nLEFCO: It was the same place?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No. He did not went to the same place where I was--Nagybanya. He was\ncalled in someplace else. I don't remember where it was. I don't remember right\nnow. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It wasn't the same place. [There was] some kind of physical works for him\nto do. I don't know what it was.\n\nLEFCO: He stayed there for how long?\n\nFRIEDMAN: He was there maybe for about two or three weeks.\n\nLEFCO: Then he returned to your house? What condition was he in?\n\nFRIEDMAN: He returned to the home.\n\nLEFCO: What was his condition?\n\nFRIEDMAN: He wasn't able to move. He was very much in pain.\n\nLEFCO: Do you know what he did during those two weeks?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: Were you still home at this time?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No.\n\nLEFCO: Where were you?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I was in Nagybanya.\n\nLEFCO: What happened after your father returned?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I don't know. I received letter where I was. They wrote me that he was\nback. I don't recall . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only thing is that things didn't get any better.\nThere was censorship going on already. My mail was opened. [They wrote that]\nsome of the people who they know--our neighbors--were taken away. Just about all\nthe able-bodied men ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was taken away.\n\nLEFCO: Do you know where they were taken?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No.\n\nLEFCO: What happened to your mother and father?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Eventually, they wound up in Auschwitz.\n\nLEFCO: Do you know when that happened?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I think it was around July 1944.\n\nLEFCO: [That is when] they were taken to Auschwitz?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: No, when they died in Auschwitz.\n\nLEFCO: Do you know when they were taken to Auschwitz?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I imagine they was taken to Auschwitz straight from there.\n\nLEFCO: From where?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Szatmar. They was taken from Szatmar probably direct to\nAuschwitz because I was in that basic training area ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for about a month\n[or a] month and a half. When I came back from there, I stopped in. Like I\nmentioned, I wasn't living very far from the railway station. I left the railway\nstation. I went home. The whole area was cleaned [out] already. There was nobody\nthere anymore in a month [or a] month and a half.\n\nLEFCO: How did you find out your parents were taken to Auschwitz?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: Through people who know what happened, where it happened, and how it\nhappened. For instance, my brother-in-law's cousin . . . It was inspection in\nAuschwitz. They was able . . . My sister and my mother were together.\nMy father and grandmother: I don't know what happened. I don't even know if they\nmade that trip or not.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: You are not sure that your father and grandmother ever made it Auschwitz?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I don't think so. I doubt it, especially with my father's condition\nwith his kidney. I don't believe he made it.\n\nLEFCO: How far was Szatmar from Auschwitz? Do you think your father and\nyour grandmother may have perished before they ever arrived in Auschwitz?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Right. I think that they perished in the train.\n\nLEFCO: Were you ever able to confirm their deaths?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: You were saying that your mother and your sister . . .\n\nFRIEDMAN: Died around July [1944] in Auschwitz.\n\nLEFCO: How did you . . .\n\nFRIEDMAN: How I know it [is that] a cousin of my former brother-in-law, when she\ncame back from Auschwitz [after the war], she was telling my\nbrother-in-law that it was one day when an inspection was in a barracks. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\nbarracks survived that inspection because they both were very run down. People\ntold them to prick their finger to get some blood out and put some rouge on\ntheir face.\n\nLEFCO: Do you know if they did that?\n\nFRIEDMAN: They did it. The next day, they was told that the inspection ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was going\nto be at the same barrack. The cousin was in another area not very far from\nthere. They went to her and said they would like to hide in her place because\nthey understand that the inspection will be where they stayed. She said that the\ninspection came where she was and they was hiding. They find them and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they was\ntaken away. The inspectors take them away. That was around in July.\n\nLEFCO: They were never heard from again?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No.\n\nLEFCO: How old was your mother at that time?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I cannot think . . . She was born in 1898, so in 1944 . . . she was 46.\n\nLEFCO: Your sister was how old?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: She was born in 1918. How about you do that math?\n\nLEFCO: About 26 years old?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Something like that.\n\nLEFCO: You said she was married. Did she have any children?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No.\n\nLEFCO: Do you know what happened to her husband?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes, he came back.\n\nLEFCO: He came back when?\n\nFRIEDMAN: When I came back, he was already there. I went to that place . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: When you say he was already there . . .\n\nFRIEDMAN: I arrived to Szatmar I think in May in 1945, I arrived in Szatmar. I\nwrote to different . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had an aunt who was married to a Christian, a\nRomanian man. He was very well to do. When the Hungarians came in, they\ndiscriminate against him. They took everything from him. They put him on a\ntrain, and they pushed the whole thing over to the Romanian side of the border.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When they Romanians got ahold of him, they took away from well-to-do Hungarians\nin Romania and they put him in . . . He was well to do all along.\n\nLEFCO: Are you talking about . . .\n\nFRIEDMAN: I'm talking about my father's sister and her husband. She survived.\nAfter, when I came back, I wrote to her. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We picked up a correspondence. She told\nme that my brother-in-law got in touch with her. She had an address, so we got together.\n\nLEFCO: What was his name?\n\nFRIEDMAN:Laurence Gruenfeld.\n\nLEFCO: Do you know what happened to him?\n\nFRIEDMAN: After he came back?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: He came back to Szatmar?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No, he came back to Oradea. The whole family was from Oradea. I came\nback to Szatmar and I wrote to my aunt in Oradea. She lived in Oradea, my\naunt. She told me my brother-in-law came back. I was corresponding with him.\nSince I am not that familiar with Szatmar--I didn't live there very long-- I\nfigured I am more at home ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where I was born and I had a big family and all that.\nI went back to Maghvarad.\n\nLEFCO: Maghvarad? That's the town you spelled earlier?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Right. I went back over there after I was released from the hospital\nin Szatmar.\n\nLEFCO: You do not know whatever happened to your brother-in-law?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes.\n\nLEFCO: Is he alive today?\n\nFRIEDMAN: He's alive today.\n\nLEFCO: Where is he?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: He's in Germany. He remarried. He had I think two or three girls. In\nabout 1953 or 1954, he went to Germany. He lives in Germany today. I hope he is\nstill alive. [There are] too many open wounds for me to stay in touch and\nsomehow, I just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't want to be reminded.\n\nLEFCO: When was the last time you saw your mother, and father, and sister?\n\nFRIEDMAN: The last time, it was in 1944 around or before Easter.\n\nLEFCO: What about your brother, Stephen?\n\nFRIEDMAN: He was killed some place in Poland.\n\nLEFCO: How was he killed?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: The story that came back to me . . . Someone said he died from typhus.\nSomebody else said that he was in the bottom of a tank trap, and it was very,\nvery cold, and was young Hungarian guards was watching over them, and [had a\ncontest of] who could shoot a Jew in one shot, and that's how he died. That was\nmy brother.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: This was a story that you heard?\n\nFRIEDMAN: That was story in Szatmar when I came back. I was wounded and I was\nfor a while in hospital in Szatmar.\n\nLEFCO: Do you recall what year your brother was killed?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It had to be in 1944, the end of 1944. In a publication, I saw the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"names of [the survivors who were] coming back. I seen my brother's name.\n\nLEFCO: What publication are you talking about?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It was a Jewish hospital. I don't know from what organization but\nevery day we got a list [that would say], \"So and so is on route to come back or\nsurvived . . .\" I don't know what organization it was but we had access to--that\nwas in 1945 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already--who's coming back, who survived. I saw his name on the list.\n\nLEFCO: Was he married?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No.\n\nLEFCO: He never married?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No. I saw his name. I was quite excited about it. Some people got me\nand said, \"Don't get up your hope. It's not him because he died.\" Actually, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they\nwasn't with him when he died, but they know. Two different individuals told me.\nThe one told the one story and the other told me [the other story]. I don't know\nactually how he died.\n\nLEFCO: Did you ever ask them how they knew the story of your brother's death?\n\nFRIEDMAN: They were in the same area. They were also in the same area with the\nsame group.\n\nLEFCO: Have you ever attempted to verify or find out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about your brother's death\nafter the war?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No. There wasn't that many people coming back from there.\n\nLEFCO: Tell us again: Where were you when your parents were taken away?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I was already in Nagybanya, in that basic training area where we was\nsupposed to get our basic training, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we would be sent, and what we would be doing.\n\nLEFCO: Where were you sent? Where did you go from there?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Let me tell you a little story. In a way, it was like a miracle. I had\nmy backpack ready to go and it was my grandmother, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my mother, and my sister. I\ntold them goodbye. My grandmother said, \"Wait just one second. I want you to\nmeet someone.\" From where and how . . . It was like a duplex.\n\nLEFCO: This was in Szatmar?\n\nFRIEDMAN: In Szatmar. The duplex, it was taken over by German officers or whatever. My grandmother take me out. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"We'll get in some trouble [with]\nthe Germans.\" She said, \"I want you to stop here for a second.\" It was an old\nJewish man with a long white beard. He took a tallis [prayer shawl] out. It was\non his shoulders. He took the tallis [and] put it over my head. He bentshn\n[Yiddish: blessing] me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then I left. I wasn't very religious before, but I do\nbelieve whatever I done after that, whatever happened, that was a shield over me.\n\nLEFCO: Do you remember his name?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No. I had never seen him in my life. I don't know who he was, where he\ncame from, or how he got into the house. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was already packed. I was ready to\ngo. Then, [after] about an hour or hour and a half train ride, we arrived over there.\n\nLEFCO: Where?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Arrived over there to that basic training camp. It was 7,000 Jews over\nthere and run by Hungarian sergeants, and privates, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"officers and all that.\nWe had the experience . . .\n\nFRIEDMAN: When I arrived to Nagybanya in that army center, it was several\nthousand Jews already over there. Everybody was running back and forth, back and\nforth, giving you ideas what you should do, what not to do, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not to volunteer,\nand so on. I remember that in the first week we was ordered to go out to like a\nmarket place--It was open air stands set up--and to clean the place.\n\nLEFCO: Do you recall where this was?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It was in Nagybanya, maybe a couple blocks away from the [city]\ncenter. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went--a detachment of maybe about 50 of us--cleaning up and sweeping\nthe place. We were told a group of Jews just left that place. They came like\n[to] get them together and they was over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there about a week. Whatever they left\nbehind we had to dispose, throw away, clean up that area. They were over\nthere--I don't know for how long--in the open air, Jews waiting for transport.\nThey was brought in by the gendarmes, by the Hungarian police. It was a\nliquidation. I don't know if they went to Auschwitz ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or where they were\ntaken. It was that one group. Then we had to clean up several Jewish homes.\nHungarian officers moved in where Jews lived prior to that.An order came that an\nindividual who has mechanical backgrounds [should] volunteer because those who\nqualify ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be sent to Hungarian factories to take over and release the Gentile\nworkers in factories and you will be running the place. I figured that even\nthough it is not so good to volunteer, I took a chance and was signed up to that\none. After about a month, we with everything came down. We had a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"number--2023--that was the brigade number. We were maybe 300. We was sent to\nBudapest [Hungary], to the capital.\n\nLEFCO: Can you give us a date?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It was April maybe . . . April 1944. I had been there maybe one month\nover there in Nagybanya. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very shortly . . . While we was in Budapest, also I\nremember we went to Csepel, C-[S]-[E]-P-E-L. That's an island in Budapest kind\nof on the outskirts, close to . . . on the Danube [River]. It was a tremendous\nbig factory. They was manufacturing from sewing machine to airplane to\nbicycle--whatever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can imagine was manufactured over there. It was owned by\nJewish family--Weiss Manfred. My first assignment was that we were sent to fix\nMesserschmitt [German fighter aircraft] airplane wings. It was nothing\ncomplicated. It was torn up, you had to patch it up, mostly riveting. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was over\nthere working. The treatment was decent. We had our basic camp where we went\nhome at night.\n\nLEFCO: Would you describe the camp?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It was like a barrack--metal--and two or three bunk beds. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had the\nArmy cooks over there. They was Jews. The food wasn't too bad. We went early in\nthe morning and was there . . . It was acceptable--all that. The treatment was\nright, the hours was right, everything was right. The only exception was that we\nwasn't allowed to go in the bunkers. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had two or three times bombardments\nevery single day. We just had to lay outside and watch the planes or watch the\nbombs falling. That was one thing. Otherwise, the treatment [and] everything was\nhumane. I was there about a month or so. Then . . . I don't know why. [I don't\nknow] if the factory ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was bombed or hit or something. We was sent to a different\nfactory in the same complex. At that time, I would say that at least 200,000 or\n300,000 people was living in that place. The condition was still pretty good.\nThe living quarters were acceptable. We had breakfast in the camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The breakfast\nwas always a very loose soup with a slice of bread. Lunchtime was a horse-driven\nwagon that came with lunch. Everybody had to line up to have the lunch. There\nwas one occasion . . . I forgot to tell you. We had the yellow star. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beside the\nstar, we had to have a yellow armband. That was \"paramilitary\"--the yellow\narmband. One occasion, I was lined up to get lunch. A Hungarian officer stopped\nand told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the sergeant who was in charge of us, pointing at me, [said], \"The Jew\nstar . . .\" According to him, one or two or three points was loose from being\nsewn down, from being perfect. [He ordered,] \"I want you to bring him to my\noffice.\" Then he turned back and said, \"I changed my mind. You follow me.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This\ncaptain was in charge of that factory. That captain was in charge of 200,000 or\n300,000 people and that was the most important thing to him [for me] to follow\nhim to his office. Into his office [went] the sergeant, myself, and the captain.\nHe closed the door. Without any kind of expression on his face, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[the captain]\njumped at me and beat me almost to a pulp. [He] kicked me, beat me, busted my\neardrums . . . I tried to run away from him [by] running around his desk. Then I\nbusted open the door and run away.\n\nLEFCO: You have no idea why he did this?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I don't know what goes in somebody's mind. Like that man--he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in\ncharge of all that factory and that was important to him? He found out where I\nwas working. At that time, I was working in the foundry.\n\nLEFCO: How did you take care of your wounds?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Just lived with it. When I hold my nose, air came out to my ears. It\nwas very, very painful.\n\nLEFCO: Were you bleeding?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes, I had some blood and internal pain. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He kicked me in my groin. I\nthink I saw a smirk on his face. I was working in the foundry . . .\n\nLEFCO: Let me ask you this. Did he say anything when he was beating you?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Not a word.\n\nLEFCO: Did you get any medical assistance from a doctor or somebody who knew\nabout medicine?\n\nFRIEDMAN: [No.] Like I mentioned, at that time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was working in a foundry. He\nfound out where I am working. How, I don't know. I don't know what you know\nabout a foundry. I don't know what you know about pouring molten steel in a\nmold. The mold is made from clay. In a normal situation, you bake the clay to\nget all the moisture out, not to be any kind of moisture because try to imagine\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you pour something hot steel into something wet. [There would be] sparks all\nover. I'm in the back. We've got three of us. There is a rod with two individual\nholes. There's a hook what goes over that rod. There's a bucket with the molten\nsteel. I'm in the back with a fork ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I am supposed to turn the pot to [pour\nthe molten steel] into the opening of that form. We've got a whole bucket of\nmolten steel. It weighs maybe 100 or 150 pounds. When I'm turning to put the\n[molten steel] in [the mold], I got a beating. That captain with a steel rod or\nsomething hits me wherever he reaches me.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: He hit you where?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Wherever he reaches me--the back, the side, the stomach, all over. I\nwas thinking logically that I cannot turn [the pot] loose because everybody\nwould be burned up from the steel. That goes on for about two weeks. He waits\nuntil I have the steel [ready to pour from the pot into the mold] and then he\nbeats me.\n\nLEFCO: Did he say anything? Were you surprised every time? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you know he was coming?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I was already expecting it. I had no . . . Close to the end of the\nweek, I was full of sores. Magnesium and different alloys are in that steel. The\nsparks burn through the pants, burn through leather, burn through everything,\nand infected me. All over my front, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was covered with scabs.\n\nLEFCO: How old was this captain?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I would say he was only mid-40's.\n\nLEFCO: When he was beating you, did he say anything or indicate why he was doing it?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Nothing. Not a word to anybody. When he felt like I got my punishment,\nhe just took off the way he came. He just took off the way. After about ten days\nor two weeks . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: He beat you every day for that long?\n\nFRIEDMAN: [Yes.] After, when I was in very bad shape with sores and\neverything--we didn't have doctors--I went to someone who was in charge of first\naid. I told him, \"I think I got syphilis.\" [He said,] \"Why?\" [I said,] \"Because\nI got sores all over my body. I would like to go some place for it to be checked\nout because I don't want to infect everybody around me.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I never said why or\nwhat [happened]. They allowed me to go with a guard in a hospital in Budapest.\nWhile waiting my turn, again there is the sirens [and] sounds [from a]\nbombardment. That particular hospital was close ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a radio station. We had\nsaturated bombing. A very heavy bombing.\n\nLEFCO: Saturated?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Right. Almost every couple of yards almost [got hit]. Bombs were all\nover, spread out. The place was bombed out and in very, very bad shape. I was\nover there in the afternoon. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I cannot recall the name of the gentleman from\nEmory University. He was a professor. He was a prisoner in Hungary . . . He came\nseveral times to Greenwood Cemetery.\n\nLEFCO: Fred Crawford.\n\nFRIEDMAN: Fred Crawford. I told him I remember. I was in the hospital. I told\nhim, \"It was you who was brought in a tiger cage.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[He was carried in] in a\ntiger cage on people's shoulders. They was throwing tomatoes and everything at\nhim. He was in a leather jacket. Probably his plane was bombed. Everybody was\nsaying that this was a mercenary, that this was an American who was bombing and\nkilling people for money. In the evening, we were surrounded ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and everyone who\nhad survived was taken to a school.\n\nLEFCO: Surrounded by whom?\n\nFRIEDMAN: The Hungarians to take everybody. I don't know if there was anyone\nmuch older than myself. Everybody that was over there for any reason for the\nhospital was taken to a school that was made into a temporary hospital.\n\nLEFCO: What was your condition at that time?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Full of sores.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: Did you get any treatment at the hospital before the air raid?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No. I was waiting for my turn. After the siren and the bombs came,\neverybody was running outside. There was a bunker over there, where to go. I\nwent to the school. I got some treatment. I was over there maybe for one week.\nThen I was taken to Gyor, G-Y-O-R. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was west from Budapest, close to the\nAustrian border.\n\nLEFCO: What kind of treatment did you get?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I got fantastic treatment. It was very interesting when I parted from\nthem. As a matter of fact, I got a picture right here from over there, from that\nplace. [shuffles through pictures off camera and hands one to interviewer] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am\nthe second one from the right, peeling potatoes.\n\nFRIEDMAN: From the temporary hospital in Budapest, we were transported to Gyor,\nwhich is not very far from the Austrian border.\n\nLEFCO: Would you spell that?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: G-Y-O-R.\n\nLEFCO: What was that?\n\nFRIEDMAN: That was a Hungarian army hospital. I got treatment. Very shortly,\nwith the treatment [and] with the ointments, my sores cleared up and I was\nnormal. The treatment was very nice. I think I was the only Jew in that\nhospital. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[They were] all Hungarian army people, the rest of them. They went to\na movie, they took me along. It was not a very big city. Bombardment was\nseldom--maybe once or twice a week only. The interesting thing about the whole\nthing, we was told that they need space ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because Hungarian and mostly German\nwounded were coming back in baskets--no arms, no legs. [They were arriving] in\nlaundry baskets. I was called . . . I think he was a general. He was a doctor in\ncharge of that hospital. He put his hand over my shoulder [and said], \"I know\nwhy you're here, but I have orders. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We need the space. I have to send you back.\"\nI think that was more than nice, than anyone . . . to keep me, to treat me over\nthere for about a month in the hospital when I didn't have to be over there by\nthat time already because everything was healed up pretty good. With a Hungarian\nguard, I was taken back over there where I was. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I asked around. I was told that\nthe captain, when I left he came up looking for me for quite some time and then\nhe gave up.\n\nLEFCO: Did you ever find out why this captain was looking for you?\n\nFRIEDMAN: The captain was . . . Like I said, I noticed a smirk on his face. The\nonly thing I can say is [he was probably] antisemitic--there was no love lost\nfor him for Jews--and sadistic. He just enjoyed it. He enjoyed what he was doing\nto a Jew.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: You do not think you were picked out for any particular reason other than\nbeing Jewish?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I was picked out because he had to have a reason and the points of my\nyellow star was not sewed on solidly. According to him, it was loose.\n\nLEFCO: Do you remember his name?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No, I cannot recall his name.\n\nLEFCO: Do you know what happened to him?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I hope he died. I hope he was killed or hanged. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I came back, it\nwas shortly after that a new provisional Hungarian government [had] been formed\nin Debrecen.\n\nLEFCO: Would you spell that?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Debrecen, D-E-B-R-E-C-E-N [Hungary]. [We heard] that the war is over\nand we can pack pretty ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soon and go home. We was watching and getting ready to go home.\n\nLEFCO: Where were you?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Still in Chapel over there working for the big factory. [We] listened\nto the radio and someone said ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe it was not so wise, \"Let us go back. Let's\nsee what's happening.\" It was several gates until you went into the main place.\n\nLEFCO: The main place of where?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Main place of the factory. It was different gates, security, and\ndifferent things to go through. When we was inside in the factory--went through\nall those gates--from nowhere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a bunch of Hungarian officers with pipes and\neverything jumped on us. [They were yelling,] \"You Jews, you thought that the\nwar is over and you can go home?\" We got a very bad beating--the whole group.\nThere was maybe about 150 of us. Maybe there was that many officers also that\nwas waiting for us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Probably somebody told them that we were coming in. We got a\ngood beating.\n\nLEFCO: Tell us what happened to you.\n\nFRIEDMAN: It wasn't as bad as before, but I failed to mention something what I\nnever heard from any survivor [or] from anybody. Before going to the hospital--I\nthink it was June or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"July--I received a postcard from my sister, postmarked\nAuschwitz. I went to the map and looking all over, I couldn't find it. [It\nsaid,] \"We're doing fine. Mother and I, we're doing fine.\" [It was] signed by\nher, with her handwriting. No one ever said . . . nothing like that ever\nhappened. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Being so happy about it . . . There's no telephone. I knew for sure my\nbrother-in-law's address because, at that time, he was still in Hungary. I\nmailed it to him. I wish I had kept it. I mailed it to him. Today, if I would\nhave just write him and tell what happened, probably he wouldn't believed me. I\nnever heard anything like that--a postcard. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know [why or how] that\nhappened. I tried to analyze it. Maybe that was a time when they was taken to be\ngassed, they handed out cards to send to someone who you know. That was around\nin July. The way I figured, they died in July. Going back to the factory, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's\nalready getting to be fall . . .\n\nLEFCO: You're talking about after or before the beating?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No, I came back already from hospital. The provisional government had\nalready been formed. We decided not to go home. Someone said, \"Just to be safe,\nlet's go to the factory and see what's going on.\" After when we entered to the\nfactory gates, those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian officers were waiting for us with pipes and\nwhatever . . .\n\nLEFCO: Were you hit with a pipe?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Sure, everybody was hit.\n\nLEFCO: Where were you hit?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Probably my shoulder.\n\nLEFCO: What was the reason?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Everybody I knew [was hit]. What happened was everyone was running in\nevery direction so as not to get it all. We runned all over and that was the end\nof that one. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The provisional government didn't help us at all because Budapest\nand the Hungarian Nazi Party didn't recognize it and didn't want to give up, so\neverything was going on as before. At that time already, our orders was to\ndisassemble the plant.\n\nLEFCO: Orders from whom?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Our supervisors. It wasn't a foundry anymore. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weren't pouring anything.\n\nLEFCO: Was the war over now?\n\nFRIEDMAN: The Russians were fairly close already. Debrecen is close to\nTransylvania. Some high-ranking Hungarian officers signed peace treaty with the\nRussians, but actually Budapest and [everywhere] west didn't recognize the\nsituation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian army over there laid down their arms and it was over for\nthem. We were in a limbo. It surfaced that maybe the way to save our neck, this\nSwedish diplomat is in town. His name is Raoul Wallenberg. He's handing out\nschutzpasses [German: protection right]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's like a temporary passport. I was\nfortunate and I got one also.\n\nLEFCO: Personally from him?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Not personally from him. Through the Swedish Consulate.\n\nLEFCO: Did you go to the Swedish Consulate?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes. It said that this individual--my name--is under the Swedish\nprotectorate, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he is in the process to immigrate to Sweden and asking all the\nauthorities to honor the schutzpass [German: protection pass].\n\nLEFCO: Could you spell that?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Schutzpass? It's a German word. I think it's S-[C]-H-U-T-Z-P-A-S-S,\nschutzpass. It's a pass--schutzpass. If it's true or not, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I found out that he\nwas authorized by the Germans as a goodwill [gesture] to take 5,000 Jews to go\nto Sweden, but in fact issued over 50,000.\n\nLEFCO: You're talking about Wallenberg?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Wallenberg, that's right. When the Germans found out that actually\nit's not as valuable ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or honorable for them to respect it, I was in a group over\nthere where we were supposed to be protected by the Swedes. It was a big home.\nWe were surrounded by the Germans. [They said] that they need us on the front\nline. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were marched. We didn't know where, or what, and how.\n\nLEFCO: How many people are you talking about?\n\nFRIEDMAN: At least 75 or 100. It was a wagon also with bread or whatever it is.\nIt got cold already. By that time, it was snowing. No shoes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and marching and\nmarching. I remember . . .\n\nLEFCO: You had no shoes?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It had no sole on it, wrapped with rags and papers. That should have\nabsorbed moisture, but the moisture was warm from the . . . It was better then\njust to be barefoot in the snow. The average [temperature] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would say around\nthat time was maybe zero or ten below zero.\n\nLEFCO: What were you wearing?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Some rags, jacket, no top coat, several layers over jacket, or pants,\nor whatever it was. I remember one occasion, that a buddy of mine--we were\ntogether through the whole ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing--he said he feels very, very bad. I felt his\nforehead. He was burning up from fever.\n\nLEFCO: Do you remember his name?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No. I don't remember nobody's name. I took him to the first aid. They\nstick a thermometer in his mouth and they said, \"Are you sick also?\" Before I\ncould answer, they stick a thermometer in my mouth also. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[My temperature] was\nmuch higher than his. As a youngster when I was in school, I remember I have\nmalaria. The malaria is coming back either every third year or when, but it's\ncoming back with a very high fever. I didn't complain because I was miserable\nall the time. I didn't feel any worse or better. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was very much close to die\nbecause I had such a high, high fever. They kind of ignored him. We were in a farm.\n\nLEFCO: You were where?\n\nFRIEDMAN: In a Hungarian farm over there where we stopped for the night.\n\nLEFCO: You're talking about the 75 to 100 people?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Right. [We also were] with German guards. I remember that everybody\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was so nice--from the 75--that I got the best place. I had to sleep on top of\nthe oven. The farmers have clay ovens. They are like big furniture. They preheat\nit inside and when it's very hot inside, they put the dough in and that's how\nthey bake the bread. But the hole is warm from it and the top of the oven. They\ngave me the best place because they felt sorry for me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even the Germans was very\ndecent. I was a heavy smoker. Whenever I find in a dry place a cigarette butt, I\npicked up cigarettes, and take it apart, and smoke it. As a matter of fact,\nsometimes when I had rations, I [traded it] for cigarettes. It was a German\nguard who knew me personally from being with him all that time, he told me\nthat--he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gave me his own cigarette--that if he gets an order to shoot me, he\nwill not hesitate. He will kill me on the spot if he gets an order. We was\nmarching . . .\n\nLEFCO: Why did he tell you that?\n\nFRIEDMAN: He wanted to let me know that we are not so chummy. He was decent to\ngive me a cigarette but if he would get an order, he's not so attached to me. We\nwas marching ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the fever came and gone, and came and gone. When it was a high\nfever, they allowed me to go on top of a horse driven wagon. I felt fortunate in\nthat misery. When we were fairly close to Austria, we got an order to go back to\nBudapest. We went back to Budapest.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: How far did you march before you turned around to go back to Budapest?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I don't know. We was marching for at least a week or ten days. Some\npeople fell out from frostbite or they wasn't able to endure it anymore.\n\nLEFCO: What happened to them?\n\nFRIEDMAN: They left them on the side.\n\nLEFCO: They just left them?\n\nFRIEDMAN: They left them on the side in the snow. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went back to Budapest. We\narrived over there and we was taken to Taterzel.\n\nLEFCO: Could you spell that please?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Taterzel, T-A-T-E-R-Z-E-L . . . Turning around, we was taken back to\nBudapest ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we were taken through Tartezel, which was a famous stable. Horses\nwas taken out from the stable where there was a really big area. There were\nseveral hundred Jews already over there. I understand that was again Raoul\nWallenberg's doing. They respected him again ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they allowed the Jews coming\nback not to be taken. I don't know what he paid for it or what he had to do for\nit, but he made arrangements that that particular group was all --we had the\nshutzpass--to be brought back to Budapest. We were over there and we there for\ntwo or three weeks, maybe less than that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Swedish uniform came every night\nwith big milk buckets with food and they dished out food. We ate and we stayed\nin a stable. In the stable, was heavy bombardment all the time.\n\nLEFCO: How many people were in the stable?\n\nFRIEDMAN: [There were] several stables. Certainly, there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were 100 or 200 on each\nstable. I remember passing the time. We was in the manure and straw and\neverything. [We were] in the dark. We had no electricity. Professors was giving\nlectures in the dark. They were discussing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"genes, and the human body, and the\ndevelopment. I found it very, very interesting. [It was] something unusual,\nsomething in a stable. We was offered passport from Spain. It came some\npassports from the Vatican. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some governments tried to save the Jews. There was\nquite a few Polish Jews also in Budapest who was able to leave Poland and they\ncame through Czechoslovakia and Romania and was able to come to Budapest.\nBudapest is the only city . . . [The Jews in the areas] surrounding Budapest\n[were taken away], but in Budapest itself the Jews was not taken away. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was\nbecause by that time already Budapest was surrounded by the Russians. It was\nsurrounded completely. From the Tartezel, we were taken with all the papers to\nthe Budapest ghetto. The mikveh [ritual bath] in the ghetto was full of water,\nso we had water. I don't how many hundreds of thousands of people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were there.\nFood was very, very scarce. We had to hunt to find food. One time, I was caught\nby the Germans who was guarding the ghetto. They need some help in Buda.\nBudapest is two cities. It's divided by the Danube [River]. Pest is flat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and at\nthat time was modern. Buda [is] hilly and taken all the castles and lots of\nhistory. The Germans came, they got me out from the ghetto [because] they needed\nsome people in Buda. That was the last bridge that they was able to get me\nthrough. [We] wind up in a German place. It was a kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German field hospital,\nwhere the wounded people were. Our job from that time on was to assemble around\n3 o'clock, and go up in the mountains, and distribute food to the foxholes on\nthe top of the mountain. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we finished with that, to bring back the wounded\nGermans. I was there in the mountain. At that time already, it was 20 below\nzero. [We were] working at night, [with] hardly any sleep. The Germans--the way\nthey think . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was plenty food but everyday we ate stew made from horse.\nThere was plenty of killed horses. The horses was dead all over. We had horse to\neat every day. If we want to have seconds or thirds, [we could have] as much\nfood as we want. What was leftover they gave to the German wounded, because we\nwere operational and we was able to help. Those German [wounded] were just\nlaying in a cot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and doing nothing. That's the German mentality. We were over\nthere taking the food and bringing the wounded back from the base in the\nmountains. [We were] slipping and sliding . . . behind and all your food. They\nknew already at base, first day's base, who I am already because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there wasn't\nthat many.\n\nLEFCO: How many of you were there doing this?\n\nFRIEDMAN: About 20 or 25. It was also interesting [that] about midnight the\nRussian radio start to blast propaganda. It was music first. Then in Hungarian\nand German, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"You are surrounded. Lay down your weapons. Why are you wasting your\nlife,\" and all that. That was maybe for about half an hour that that started.\nThey was advancing. I heard several times--I was hidden someplace--Russian\nlanguage passing by me and running ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I was just afraid to come forward. One\noccasion bringing down a wounded one, a shrapnel hits me and tore up my leg.\nWhen I slide down to the base, I said, \"Can I get some gauze or something?\" The\nblood was pouring out. [They asked,] \"You a Jew?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But not only that. We were\ntold if you are wounded, you are not allowed to come back to there to the base.\n[You were] not allowed. You had to stay out. I was wounded. It was maybe about a\nfive-inch open wound. Instead, I lay down. I knew there is a Hungarian hospital\nnot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very far from it. I went in and they take the shrapnel out. They bandaged\nme. [The doctor] said, \"We cannot keep you here because we all will be shot.\nWhen they see that you are wounded, they will tolerate you.\"\n\nLEFCO: They will do what?\n\nFRIEDMAN: They will tolerate me. I mean, he had to get rid of me one way or\nanother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he didn't want to keep me over there. Around 3 o'clock approached\nand everybody had to line up. I was too weak from the wound. I was not able to\nget up. The guard said, \"What's wrong with you?\" The wide bandage was showing\nthrough my pants, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soaked with blood. I said, \"I'm okay. I want to go out.\" He\nsaid, \"No, we'll take you to the German hospital.\" I knew at that time, [whoever\nwent] to the German hospital never came back. You never heard nothing from them.\nUntil about 5 o'clock, I just was laying over there, hating myself. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They put us\non a wagon. It was three other individuals-- three other Jews--and myself. It\nwas the German cook's wagon. They took us to the cemetery, lined up point blank,\naimed and shot. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know because I was exhausted that I would have collapsed\nanyway or what, but when the shot came I was just barely bruised by my shoulder.\nThe other fellas was holding me over because they was wounded other places. I\ncollapsed. They fell over me. Three bodies fell over me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I woke up early the\nnext morning. It was still dark out. I couldn't stay. If they wouldn't have\nfallen over me, I would have froze to death. I crawled back to the hospital. I\nwas able to find the coal cellar--where they kept the coal. The whole hospital\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in a cellar. Was nothing above [it]. It was bombed out. At night, I went out\nand scavenged whatever I was able to find. I became allergic prior to the war to\npoultry and chicken. I mentioned earlier my grandmother was very religious and\nwe kept kosher. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took the live poultry to be killed. I was a smart young man. I\nwant to know where the gizzard is, the liver, and all that. The body heat from\nthe poultry, even after it was cooked, it made me sick. I developed a very bad\nallergy. I could eat no chicken. I found not far from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coal cellar, a plate. It\nwas chicken covered with [mold]. It was green, cold. I scraped off the [mold]\nand I ate it. It didn't bother me. The shots came very, very close as the\nRussians closed in. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Big noise all over. I looked through the crack. I see the\nheavy sandbags removing from the windows. Was a big window way up in the\nbasement. The sandbags is removing. A German soldiers [were] diving inside,\ngoing into an empty bed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or pushing out the sick ones--mostly Hungarian\nsoldiers--and they're laying on the cot, pulling the blanket over their\nshoulders. Very shortly--a few seconds after--Russian soldiers came through the\nsame hole. I don't have to tell you, if you can realize: when you are outside,\nin the freezing cold for hours and hours, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your face looks the same--pale--as\nsomeone sick who's laying on the cots. They didn't have to ask questions. Anyone\nwho had that face, without any questions, the Russians with the machine guns\n[sprayed bullets into all of them]. Then when I came out from the cellar, I made\nmyself known. Then I got medication. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My leg was infected. I got medical\nattention. Everything was okay. The bone was hurting very bad and the wound was\nstill open. I found myself some crutches. I think it was end of January [1945]\nwhen this happened.The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians wanted to take us to Siberia. They don't care\nwho, what, and why. I tried to tell them that I'm a Jew, I was forcibly taken\nhere, I'm not German, I'm not Hungarian. [I'm] a Jew. [They said,] \"We need the\nnumbers.\" I'm lined up to march. [I'm] in crutches, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"marching. Somehow, a girl\nwho would be about 17 or 18 years old . . . It would be about five of us in a\nrow. The majority were Germans. I am a Jew in between the Germans. The girl over\nthere motioned to me to come over.\n\nLEFCO: Was it a Hungarian girl?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It was a Hungarian girl. The civilians were lined up and just watching\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what was going on. The war was already, as far as that area was concerned, over.\nThe Russians were there. It was over. She motioned to me to come over. Without\nthinking even thinking about what I'm doing or how, like I'm hypnotized, I'm\ngoing towards her. She [asked me], \"What are you doing there? They will kill you\nwith the crutches. Disappear.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what I did. I went to line on the other\nside and just disappeared. No one paid any attention. That was in Budapest. I\nspent a couple nights over there.\n\nLEFCO: Where?\n\nFRIEDMAN: In Budapest I spent a couple nights.\n\nLEFCO: Where'd you find a place to stay?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I was marching and walking, I didn't know where I'm going. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wanted to\ngo some place in the train station. Someone [asked] me, \"Do you have a place to\nstay?\" I said, \"No.\" [They said,] \"I will take you home.\" We a little\nconversation, [told our] stories. He came up with the idea that if I would have\nthe Romanian colors--red, yellow, and blue--and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Romanians was fighting\nbeside the Russians, maybe I would be better treated. The Russians were the\nMongols over there who occupied Hungary and Budapest. They was like animals. It\nwas true enough. I was able to get an armband, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get to a train. In a couple\ndays, I was back to Szatmar. I went to hospital. I was there for maybe about a\nmonth or so. Then I got a letter [and was in] correspondence from my aunt and my\nbrother-in-law. He wanted me to go over there until the family comes back. Later\non, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got some bad vibes with the stories coming back. I made up my mind I\ncannot stay in Europe. I don't know where I'm going [and] I don't know what I\nwill do, but I cannot stay.\n\nLEFCO: By this time, did you know about your family?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No. The only thing I knew [was] about my brother. He was the only one.\nMy brother-in-law was there. He came back already. I stayed with him.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: How did they learn about you or how did you learn about them in order to correspond?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Like I mentioned earlier, my aunt who was married to a Romanian\nChristian individual. I knew that address because she didn't go through the\nhorror. She didn't go through the torture. They were quite prominent in Arad,\nA-R-A-D [Romania]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remembered that address. I wrote to her. Right away she\ntold me because I asked her if she'd heard from anybody. She wrote me back right\naway that she'd heard from my brother-in-law and to write to them and he will be\nanxious to hear from me. That correspondence started. I was there until maybe\nabout August when I decided ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I cannot stand it any longer.\n\nLEFCO: This was 1945?\n\nFRIEDMAN: 1945. I could not stand it any longer, so through some organizations .\n. . At first, that we are repatriating to . . . I don't remember if we [were\nsupposed to pretend to be] French or . . . I don't know what nationality. We\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weren't allowed to speak Hungarian that time when we left. At that time, when we\npassed someplace, we were somebody. It was the Brichah who organized the whole thing.\n\nLEFCO: Who?\n\nFRIEDMAN: The Brichah, the Israeli underground.\n\nLEFCO: Can you spell that?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I think it's B-R-I-[C]-H-A-[H], the Israeli underground.\n\nLEFCO: What did they do?\n\nFRIEDMAN: They fixed you with papers. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They was originally Hungarians who lived\nin Palestine at that time. They came and . . . I don't know if you remember the\nstory of Hannah Szenes? Have you heard that name?\n\nLEFCO: Yes.\n\nFRIEDMAN: Okay. She was also Hungarian. She came back to try to salvage . . . I\nwound up in Italy. I was there for five years.\n\nLEFCO: What did you do in Italy?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: I did a little commerce, painting portraits. I was cutting Hebrew\nstamps. I learned Yiddish in Italy. It was right after the war. We didn't speak\nno Yiddish [at home] prior to that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As a matter of fact, I remember that when I\nleft Magvarad, where I was born and all that, the only place where I was able to\nbuy some dollars because I didn't want to take Romanian money with me was behind\nthe synagogue. I did not look Jewish. I didn't look so pitiful so they didn't\nwant to sell to me. I had to bring somebody who was able to speak Yiddish for\nme. Later, I learned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish. For five years, I was in Italy. That's where I\nfound out from my brother-in-law that when [his] cousin came back from\nAuschwitz about my mother and sister. The life wasn't too bad.\n\nLEFCO: Where in Italy did you live?\n\nFRIEDMAN: All over.\n\nLEFCO: Where did you go from Italy?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FRIEDMAN: From Italy, I got my papers and, temporarily for transit, we went to\nHamburg [Germany]. From Hamburg, we went to Boston [Massachusetts]. I was\nsupposed to have a job waiting for me in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania since I'm\nmechanically inclined. When I arrived in Boston, they handed me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"papers that I go\nto Atlanta [Georgia]. That's when I came to Atlanta, Georgia.\n\nLEFCO: When did you marry?\n\nFRIEDMAN: 1956.\n\nLEFCO: Where were you living?\n\nFRIEDMAN: In Atlanta, here.\n\nLEFCO: You met your wife here?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I met my wife here.\n\nLEFCO: Is she a Holocaust survivor?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No, she is not. She is from Macon [Georgia].\n\nLEFCO: Do you have any children?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Just one son, Stephen.\n\nLEFCO: How old is Stephen?\n\nFRIEDMAN: He's 36.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: What does Stephen do?\n\nFRIEDMAN: He's an attorney, thank God. He's quite successful.\n\nLEFCO: What kind of business did you go into when you came to Atlanta?\n\nFRIEDMAN: When I came to Atlanta, the first lady I met was Mickie Eisenberg. She\ntook me to a prearranged place. It was Mrs. [Julia] Butler. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I stayed with Mrs.\nButler. Naturally, from the first day, I was adopted just like she adopted I\ndon't know how many hundreds. She was very nice to me. Since the [Jewish]\nFederation was my sponsor, [when they asked] \"What were you doing in Italy,\" I\ncouldn't tell them I was doing black market selling olive oil. I said I was\ndoing painting. They found me a job. I was a house painter for about a year, painting.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: Then what did you do?\n\nFRIEDMAN: From there, I went to the Progressive Club. I worked in the\nProgressive Club, doing buying and menu planning.\n\nLEFCO: Menu planning?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes. In Italy for a while, also I was connected with a kitchen because\nI figured if you're close to a kitchen, you always have something good to eat.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From the Progressive Club, I went to Alterman Brothers. They had the institution\nend of it . . . Doing buying for the institution end of it. Malcolm Alterman,\nwho was the owner of that institution division, he used to sell to me. He knew\nme, knew what I could do. I was working for Alterman Brothers. Then Alterman\nBrothers was sold out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CFS Continental is an 800 million dollar business. [They ]\nbought out that business. Then Sysco, who is doing 10 billion dollar business,\nbought out CFS. [Sysco] decided most likely they were satisfied with my work, so\nI stayed with them for twenty-some years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the age of 71, I\ndecided--especially because my son was after me that I don't need it and he\ncould use my help--to retire. I retired about a year ago.\n\nLEFCO: How old are you now?\n\nFRIEDMAN: [I am] 72.\n\nLEFCO: What was your wife's maiden name?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Wolf.\n\nLEFCO: What was her first name?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Sherry Wolf.\n\nLEFCO: Do you have any grandchildren?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I don't, no. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I keep telling my son I would like to have grandchildren,\nbut I am old fashioned. I would like for him to get married first.\n\nLEFCO: Your son is not married?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Correct.\n\nLEFCO: Has this experience changed your feelings about being Jewish or about\nbelieving in God?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Very much so. I'm choked up always remembering that man. I am much,\nmuch more religious today than I was ever before.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: You said remembering that men . . .\n\nFRIEDMAN: The man who bentshn me, who gave me . . . was a priestly prayer, what\nthe Goyim give you over . . . I know that was the one . . . regardless what the\nGermans or anyone would do to me, I had a shield over me and that protect me\nregardless what.\n\nLEFCO: You are more religious today?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Right.\n\nLEFCO: You are more observant?\n\nFRIEDMAN: More observant. Not 100 percent. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm still a Goy in my neighborhood,\nbut I'm more observant than I was before because I know that for me to be alive\nand go through whatever I went through, it was a miracle. I think I had it made\nbecause I hear some other stories that were much, much worse than mine, but\nstill it was pretty brutal, whatever it was.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: Did any other members of your family survive?\n\nFRIEDMAN: A first cousin.\n\nLEFCO: Can you tell us his or her name?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Today, I think it's Kovacs. It was Elsa Friedman. She married someone\nnamed Kovacs.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: Where does she live?\n\nFRIEDMAN: They moved to Israel. They live in Acre [Israel].\n\nLEFCO: Have you ever been to Israel?\n\nFRIEDMAN: This past June.\n\nLEFCO: How was that?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Unorganized. I went for the 50th anniversary for the Hungarian\nHolocaust. I was imagining it to be organized. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was under the idea that . . . I\nhave about two or three second cousins. I know they live in Israel. They all\nmarried. [They are] all girls. I never got their married names. Somehow I\nfigured that I would go to Israel, and I would be able to find them, that all\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Hungarians would be in one place. It was very ill organized. It was a\nbeautiful affair in a conference center over there next to the hotel I stayed in\nin Jerusalem. It was about 3,000 or 4,000 Jews in one room, serving cookies, and\ntea, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and coffee. I told them I didn't care for cookies and tea. I want to see if\nI can get some information, can find someone, some blood [relatives]. That\ndidn't pan out. For me, it was very nice because a Rabanim came. After the\nreception, we moved into a big theatre. A Rabanim came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Israeli Army band\nwas over there with lots of speakers. The next day, we were all taken to the\nKnesset. We sit in the Knesset and people . . . We were treated very, very nice,\nbut this was not what I was expecting since I was . . . In the brochure what I\nget from the Hungarian organization from Israel, that it would be tours and\nsightseeing and city front. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[They didn't get] enough interest, so all that fell\nthrough. It was maybe about a dozen Hungarians who came from a different\nlocation than Israel. A couple came from Australia, some came from Austria, and\nmaybe one or two from Canada, but I was the only one from the United States.\nThere wasn't any need or reason for having ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a tour because the Israelis were not\ninterested. I went. I was in Israel for about 15 days. It wasn't very organized\nbecause almost every night we came back to the hotel in Jerusalem and one or two\ndays, maybe three days to go up to Galilee. I wasn't much impressed. The day\nwhen I was ready to leave, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Yassar] Arafat was supposed to come to Jerusalem to\nworship. It was a very, very big to do [with] demonstrations, tires burning, the\nstreets blocked. If you've got ten Jews in one room, you've got eleven opinions.\nYou've got a whole country of nothing but Jews. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Each one has their different\nopinion. You've got Rabanim with the Arafat headgear on posters on the street.\nIt was all peaceful. It was lots of unhappy people.\n\nLEFCO: Mr. Friedman, as we conclude this interview, is there anything else you'd\nlike to say?\n\nFRIEDMAN: The only thing what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I [want to] say [is] when you first called me, I\ntold you . . . You asked me if I wanted to do the interview. I don't know if you\nremember. I told you that it is my obligation because the first generation [of\nHolocaust survivors is] getting old. We're dying out [or] Alzheimer's takes\nover, and they don't remember, and you don't have anyone to talk for them. It is\nmy obligation. If I weren't here, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if I don't tell you, I feel like I'd be\nbetraying my family because lots of individuals and organizations want to say\nthe Holocaust never happened. Just like when I went back to Hungary, they said,\n\"More Jews are coming back than Hitler took away.\" I feel like this is my\nobligation even as little as it is. [It is] my obligation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to pay back, to not be\nforgotten. If you could, I've have a couple pictures here . . . to show some of\nmy family. [Memoirist reaches for an envelope]\n\nLEFCO: Tell us who that's a picture of.\n\nFRIEDMAN: This is a picture of my sister in her wedding gown. [Memoirist picture\nis held up to camera]\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEFCO: Tell us her name again.\n\nFRIEDMAN: Her name is Clara. This is a picture. In the back, it says, \"To my\ndear parents. With love, Clara.\" That's what she sent to her in-laws. Also in\nthe back, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've got a note what my brother-in-law wrote, \"Take care of this\npicture because this is all that I have.\"\n\nLEFCO: Is that the only picture you have of your sister?\n\nFRIEDMAN: That's what he said. He sent that to me in 1947. Probably he figured\nthat he had to put an end to that chapter of his life. [Memoirist holds up a\ndifferent photograph in front of camera] This ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is my mother, father, sister, and\nmy grandmother. It's very hard to tell but if you [look] very close, you see\nthat it's blacked out. The yellow star on the coats is blacked out. They had to\nwear a yellow star. There's a yellow star on their coats. I don't know if you\ncan notice it but this picture was sent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to my brother-in-law. They was told that\nput it through the mail with the yellow star. They're not supposed to know\nyellow star have to be worn by some individuals, so it was blacked out.\n\n[Memoirist holds different photograph held in front of camera]\n\nFRIEDMAN: It is for my aunt who lived in Arad and my cousin who came back from\nAuschwitz concentration camp. After her return, she joined my aunt in\nArad. Later on, she got married and today she lives in Acre.\n\n[Memoirist holds different photograph held in front of camera]\n\nFRIEDMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is my parent's wedding picture. It was taken I think around\neither 1916 or 1917.\n\nLEFCO: Mr. Friedman, do you think this could happen again?\n\nFRIEDMAN: For some reason, history repeats itself. There's nothing new under the\nsun. It is up to us, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up to the individuals, if you can somehow show through the\natrocities what can happen. It could happen to another one. I cannot recall the\nwriting in Yad Vashem that said . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something happened to a Catholic. It says,\n\"I'm not a [Jew]. I just ignore it. Then something happened to someone else. I'm\nnot that.\" There is no reason to wait until it comes to you. I think we have to\nhave our guard up all the time. Being a Jew, I don't know if we inherited the\nblessing and the curse. History ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shows that ever since . . . the Temple was\ndestroyed, we never found peace. We always are running, and running, and\nrunning. I just wonder in America . . . I don't know how temporary, how long\nlasting it is. We have to have our guards up all the time.\n\nLEFCO: You feel children of Holocaust survivors have a responsibility as well?\n\nFRIEDMAN: My responsibility . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember reading someplace that a milk can\nwas found in Warsaw [Poland]. Someone was burying it. They didn't know if\nanybody ever would find it, but it was found. It tell the stories. Everyone has\nthe obligation to tell the story, whatever it is--big or small, tell the story.\nMaybe if you tell the story, people understand what happened, have some idea\nabout it, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"convince the majority--you cannot convince everybody--the Holocaust\ndid happen. On a personal note, I am quite happy going and I just don't want to\nthink what happened. If I would think, I would be crazy. I will not buy a German\nproduct. I don't want to say ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hate all Germans. I'm sure there was some good\nindividuals, but to be able to block it out from my mind, I just don't want to\nthink about it. As far as the Germans are concerned, I don't want to have\nnothing to do with Germans. I don't know is right, is wrong . . . I don't know.\nIf I find someone who [has] my parent's blood on their hands . . . For that\nreason, I want to ignore all Germans like they were not existing for me.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Personally, I just try to block everything out, but I blank out my inner\nfeelings, but I have an obligation for history, to future, what happened to me.\n\nLEFCO: Mr. Freidman, we want to thank you very much for giving us this interview.\n\nFRIEDMAN: I'm glad and I'm happy that I was able to be of service to you, to be\nable to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/transcript/40866/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interviewed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8490.0,8520.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe area of Hungary Henry grew up in is an area of northwest Romania known as Transylvania, near the border with Hungary. It was part of Hungary until World War I. Afterward it became part of Romania. In 1940, the area was returned to Hungary after arbitration in Vienna by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy as a reward for Hungary’s alliance with Germany. It remained a part of Hungary until 1944, when Germany occupied the country. After the end of World War II, the area was returned to Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Henry refers throughout the interview as Maghvarad, in Hungarian the city is known as Nagyvarad, a city in northwest Romania. In Hungarian, the city is known as Nagyvarad, or colloquially as Varad. It is also referred to as Oradea Mare (or Oradia for short), its name in present-day Romania. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e        Oradea [Hungarian: Nagyvarad; Romanian: Oradea Mare; Yiddish: Goysvardeyn] is a city in present-day Romania. In Hungarian it is known as Nagyvarad or Varad. Oradea is in the area of northwest Romania known as Transylvania, a few miles from the border with Hungary. Oradea was part of Hungary until World War I and again between 1940 and 1944. By the 1940s, of the city's 90,000 people, about 30,000 were Jewish. Though a process of linguistic change took place very quickly in Nagyvarad (97.4% of local Jews declared Hungarian to be their mother tongue in 1910), the city’s Jews varied in their levels of assimilation and followed diverse cultural patterns within the Jewish community. Men between 18 and 54 years of age were taken for slave labor in the Hungarian Labor Service where many of them died. When the Germans occupied Nagyvarad on March 19, 1944 they immediately set up a ghetto near the city’s center. From May 20 to June 3 the Jews of Nagyvarad were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Seven transports carried the city’s 30,000 Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. The roughly 1,500 km (932 mi) long arc stretches through the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, Romania, and Serbia. The region is dense with forested hills and fast-flowing rivers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn many traditional Orthodox Jewish communities, women wear head coverings such as hats, scarves and wigs after marriage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/Kashrut refers to Jewish laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is the largest Orthodox congregation in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA shtreimel is a fur hat worn by many married Orthodox Jewish men, particularly (although not exclusively) members of Hasidic groups, on Shabbat and Jewish holidays and other festive occasions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThough a process of linguistic change took place very quickly in Nagyvarad (97.4% of local Jews declared Hungarian to be their mother tongue in 1910), the city’s Jews varied in their levels of assimilation and followed diverse cultural patterns within the Jewish community. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two High Holy Days are Rosh Ha-Shanah (Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTransylvania is a historical region that has been dominated by several different peoples and countries throughout its history. Until World War I, the area had been part of Hungary and then, until 1940, it was part of Romania. When Nazi Germany began to redraw national boundaries in Europe in 1940, Hungary was able to regain territory that included Transylvania. By November 1940, Hungary (and Romania) had formally allied with the Axis powers, bringing the area fully under the influence of Nazi Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (also known as the Hitler-Stalin Pact and German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact) was a non-aggression pact between Germany and Russia signed August 23, 1939. The public pact was accompanied by a secret protocol, reached on the same day, which divided Eastern Europe (Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Romania) into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Parts of Romania (such as the historical region of Bessarabia, which is today part of Ukraine) were annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 while other parts (such as the historical region of Transylvania) were given to the increasingly fascist Hungarian government, which had allied with Nazi Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term pogrom [Russian: to wreak havoc] refers to violent attacks against Jews in the Russian Empire carried out by non-Jews during the 1800’s. The term has been applied to all violent episodes against Jews throughout the world and world history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEven before Transylvania fell into the orbit of Nazi Germany, Romanian authorities pursued a policy of harsh, persecutory antisemitism—particularly against Jews living in eastern borderlands, who were falsely associated with Soviet communism, and those living in Transylvania, who were identified with past Hungarian rule. Right-wing social revolutionary movements, like the fascist Iron Guard, found significant popular support and some official sympathy for their anti-Jewish demands. Violent antisemitic manifestations occurred in the interwar period and culminated in brutality between 1940 and 1944. Jews were gradually excluded from public life and became subject to a series of race laws Hungary passed between 1938 and 1941. The Hungarian racial laws were modeled on Germany's Nuremberg Laws. They reversed the equal citizenship status granted to Jews in Hungary in 1867. Among other provisions, the laws defined \"Jews\" in so-called racial terms, forbade intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews, and excluded Jews from full participation in various professions. The laws also barred employment of Jews in the civil service and restricted their opportunities in economic life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiklós (often rendered in English as \"Nicholas\" or \"Nikolaus\") Horthy de Nagybánya (1868-1957) was a Hungarian admiral and statesman. He served as Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary between World Wars I and II and throughout most of World War II, from March 1920 until October 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMagdalene Joszashely (1881-1959) was the wife of Admiral Miklos Horthy and a descendent of the Wodianer family, an Austrian Jewish family. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003cbr\u003e     Adolf Hitler applied for entrance into the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, Austria twice and was twice rejected, once in 1907 and again in 1908. For the next five years, Hitler struggled to earn money by selling small paintings, mostly images of buildings and other landmarks in Vienna that he copied from postcards. By 1914, Hitler was serving in World War I and would later enter politics. In his autobiographical manifesto, Mein Kampf, Hitler claimed that his antisemitic views formed during his time as a struggling artist in Vienna. His frustrated art career became part of the myth making—by Hitler himself and by his followers—that helped drive his fateful rise to power in Germany.\u003cbr\u003e     Hitler was drafted for Austrian military service at the beginning of World War I but turned down due to lack of fitness. After moving to Germany, he enlisted as a German soldier in the summer of 1914 and was deployed to Belgium in October. Over the next two years, Hitler served first as an infantryman and then as a private. He won two decorations for bravery, including the Iron Cross First Class and was wounded twice. He was recovering from his second injury when the war ended.\u003cbr\u003e     Hitler loved animals in general, but his favorite were dogs and especially German Shepherds. He was known to have had several dogs during his lifetime.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHungarian units suffered tremendous losses during the German defeat at Stalingrad on the eastern front in 1942–1943. After the defeat, Hungarian Admiral Miklos Horthy and Prime Minister Miklos Kallay recognized that Germany would likely lose the war. With Horthy's tacit approval, Kallay tried to negotiate a separate armistice for Hungary with the western Allies. To prevent these efforts, German forces occupied Hungary on March 19, 1944. Horthy was permitted to remain as Regent. Kallay was dismissed and the Germans installed General Dome Sztojay as prime minister. Sztojay had previously served as Hungarian minister to Berlin and was fanatically pro-German. He committed Hungary to continuing the war effort and cooperated with the Germans in their efforts to deport the Hungarian Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1939, the Hungarian government, having forbidden Jews to serve in the armed forces, established a forced-labor service for young men of arms-bearing age. By 1940, the obligation to perform forced labor was extended to all able-bodied male Jews. After Hungary entered the war, the forced laborers, organized in labor battalions under the command of Hungarian military officers, were deployed on war-related construction work, often under brutal conditions. Subjected to extreme cold, without adequate shelter, food, or medical care, at least 27,000 Hungarian Jewish forced laborers died before the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThroughout history, bizarre blood libel accusations have been leveled against Jews—often around the time of Easter and Passover. The accusations typically accused Jews of kidnapping a Christian child who was then murdered and his or her blood used for ritual purposes. The accusations often led to violent attacks against Jewish communities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Gendarmerie (sometimes also “Gendarmes”) is a military body charged with police duties among the civilian population. The term gendarme is derived from the medieval French expression gens d'armes, which translates to \"armed people.” During World War II, German authorities charged local forces of Gendarmerie with carrying out the regime's anti-Jewish policies. The Gendarmerie was charged with putting the Jews in ghettos. As Jews were forbidden from leaving the ghettos, Gendarmerie guarded the perimeters. Gendarmes had a reputation for brutality. Individual gendarmes often tortured Jews and extorted personal valuables from them. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Skinhead” refers to a white male belonging to any of various sometimes violent youth gangs whose members have close-shaven hair and often espouse white-supremacist beliefs. White power skinheads or racist skinheads are members of neo-Nazi and antisemitic offshoot of the skinhead culture. Many of the groups and individuals are affiliated with white nationalist organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuthorities commenced issuing anti-Jewish decrees immediately after the German occupation in March 1944. The Germans isolated the Jewish population from the outside world by restricting their movement and confiscating their telephones and radios. Jewish communities were forced to wear the yellow star on their clothing. Jewish property and businesses were seized, and from mid- to late April the Jews of Hungary were forced into short-lived ghettos. On May 15, 1944, deportations began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “ghetto” originated in sixteenth-century Venice from the Jewish quarter, where authorities compelled the city’s Jews to live. The term’s usage spread across Europe and referred to areas within cities where members of minorities (typically Jews) lived and were often restricted to by the authorities as a way to separate them from the majority Christian population. During World War II, Nazi Germany established ghettos in segregated city districts to further isolate and imprison regional Jewish populations. Starting in 1939, the Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. Jews living in ghettos experienced miserable conditions and overcrowding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “concentration camp” refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy. In Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945, concentration camps (Konzentrationslager; briefly “KL” or “KZ”) were an integral feature of the regime. The Nazis differentiated between concentration camps, which were used to contain slave laborers and prisoners of the Nazi state, and extermination camps, whose primary purpose was the systematic killing of prisoners. Shortly after coming to power in 1933, the Nazis began to set up a series of concentration camps across Germany. Those were mostly local initiatives: facilities that the SA, SS, and police established on an ad hoc basis, where they would detain and abuse real and imagined enemies of the regime. By 1934, there were over 100 of these early camps in operation. When the Nazi regime came to power, they systematically persecuted both Jewish and non-Jewish Germans perceived to be opponents of the regime. Political opponents (Communists, Social Democrats, liberals) were some of the first victims housed in “temporary” detention centers like Lichtenburg. Jews, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jehovah's Witnesses, clergy who opposed the Nazis, and any others whose behavior—real or perceived—could be interpreted as being in opposition to Nazi political and racial ideologies were also persecuted and incarcerated. The Nazi regime refused to tolerate criticism, dissent, or nonconformity from the German people. Non-Jewish German political activists were treated harshly but other political opponents remained potentially valuable members of the German race. The goal behind their internment in and subsequent release from concentration camps was often a kind of reeducation that would see them fall into line with the regime’s political and racial ideologies. Between 1933 and 1939, tens of thousands of Germans were sentenced by the criminal courts. If authorities were confident of a conviction in court, the prisoner was turned over to the justice system for trial. If the outcome of criminal proceedings were unsatisfactory, the acquitted citizen or the citizen who was sentenced to a suspended sentence would still be taken into “protective detention” and incarcerated in a concentration camp. The first concentration camps were established in 1933. Various authorities set up the makeshift “camps” in empty warehouses, factories, and other locations. Camps were established in Oranienburg, north of Berlin; Esterwegen, near Hamburg; Dachau, northwest of Munich; and Lichtenburg, in Saxony. By the end of July 1933, almost 27,000 people were housed in these camps. Most of the prisoners were political opponents of the Nazi regime. By the end of 1934, most of these early camps were disbanded and replaced by a centrally organized concentration camp system under the exclusive jurisdiction of the SS.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April 1944, Hungarian authorities ordered Hungarian Jews living outside Budapest (roughly 500,000) to concentrate in urban ghettos. In mid-May 1944, the Hungarian authorities, in coordination with the German Security Police, began to systematically deport the Hungarian Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. Although enslaved by the Pharaoh, the Israelites continued to survive and even increase in numbers. Dismayed, the Pharaoh declared that all sons born to Hebrew women must be killed, but Hebrew midwives defied the Pharaoh’s decree. One mother, who had given birth to a son, placed him in a basket in the Nile River. The baby was found by none other than the Pharaoh’s daughter, who scooped him up, named him Moses, and raised him as her own. When Moses had grown up, God spoke to Moses saying that he, along with his brother Aaron, would be the one to take the Israelites out of Egypt. Moses challenged the Pharaoh, demanding freedom for the Israelites. When the Pharaoh refused, God sent a series of plagues upon the Pharaoh and Egyptian people. There were 10 plagues in total: blood, frogs, lice, wild beasts, diseases, boils, hail, locusts, darkness, and the most severe of all, the death of every Egyptian first-born son. In order to protect the Israelite children from the Angel of Death, the Israelites marked their doors with lamb’s blood, so that their houses would be passed over (hence the holiday name, “Passover”). Finally, Pharaoh surrendered and ordered the Israelites to leave Egypt. The Israelites were in such a hurry to leave Egypt that their bread had no time to rise. Pharaoh had also soon changed his mind and sent his armies after the Israelites. When the Israelites came to the Red Sea, they were trapped until God miraculously parted the sea. As soon as they passed through, the sea closed up, saving them from the Egyptians and beginning the Israelites’ epic journey to the Promised Land.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis subjected millions of people (both Jews and other victim groups) to forced, or slave labor, both inside and outside concentration camps, often under brutal conditions. Forced labor was often pointless and humiliating, and imposed without proper equipment, clothing, nourishment, or rest. Within the German Reich, prisoners of the early concentration camps were recruited for forced labor as early as 1933. From the end of 1938 on, Jews in Germany and Austria were deployed as forced laborers at a variety of municipal projects, in agriculture, mining, and industry, as well as to enlarge military infrastructure. Forced labor was part of the systematic persecution of Jews but also served as a method for economic gain and to meet the increasingly desperate labor shortages necessary for the war effort.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePayess [Hebrew: sidelocks or sidecurls] are worn by some men and boys in the Orthodox Jewish community based on a Biblical injunction against shaving the “corners” of one’s head.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Allied Forces of World War II was an international military coalition formed to oppose the Axis powers, that included Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. While membership in the Allied forced varied during the war, the principal members were the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the world’s oldest and largest broadcasting organization with radio, TV, and online services. It is headquartered in London, United Kingdom.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSatu Mare [Hungarian: Szatmárnémeti or Szatmar; Yiddish: Szatmar] is the Romanian name of a small town in present-day northwestern Romanian. Satu Mare is 130 kilometers (80 miles) northeast of Henry’s hometown of Oradea or Nagyvarad/Maghvarad.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1920, Hungary had enacted a numerus clausus that placed a ceiling of six percent on the amount of Jewish students allowed in institutes of higher education. Numerous clausus [Latin: closed term] is a term that refers to anti-Jewish policies that limited Jews from certain professions, public offices and institutes of higher education by applying fixed quotas. In general, numerus clausus policies were religious or racial quotas used to discriminate against Jews in Eastern Europe. Such policies were not unique to the Holocaust, but gained favor in the inter-war period leading up to the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNagybanya is the Hungarian name of a mining town that is today known as Baia Mare and is in northwest Romania. In 1942–1944, a recruitment center for hard labor detachments was set up in the town.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphus is a disease spread by lice, fleas or mites. During World War II, typhus epidemics killed many individuals in POW camps, ghettos and in concentration camps who were held in unhygienic conditions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the spring of 1944, a ghetto was established in Nagybanya. Jews from the city itself were housed on the vacant lot of the König glass factory, while others from the surrounding area were housed in barns in Valea Borcutului village, some 3 kilometers (1.5 miles) distant from the city center. Some 3,500 residents lived in the city ghetto, with a further 2,000 in Valea Borcutului. Of the latter, only about 200 could fit into the barns, with the rest living outside. 5,917 Jews were deported from the town to Auschwitz-Birkenau on two transports in late May and early June 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBudapest is the capital and the largest city of Hungary. Originally it was ‘Buda’ and ‘Pest,’ which were two separate cities that were separated by the Danube River. They were united in 1873 and became ‘Budapest.’ The city was liberated by the Soviet Army on February 13, 1945 and remained under Soviet control until 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCsepel Island is the largest island on the Danube River in Hungary and lies to the south of Budapest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1892, the Weiss brothers founded the country’s first ammunition factory on the island of Csepel, close to Budapest. The Weiss Manfréd Acél- és Fémművek [Hungarian: Manfred Weiss Steel and Metal Works], known colloquially as Csepel Művek [Hungarian: Csepel Works], was one of the largest machine factories in Hungary, located on Csepel island outside Budapest. Originally founded in 1892, it was owned by Baron Manfred Weiss, a Jewish industrialist, it produced all types of equipment, from airplanes and munitions to automotive engines and cars. When Germany occupied Hungary in 1944, the factory was seized, its Jewish employees imprisoned, and the Weiss family fled to Portugal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSyphilis is a sexually transmitted disease that develops in stages and left untreated can result in death. It is treated with penicillin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGreenwood Cemetery is located in Atlanta, Georgia. It has a large Jewish section and is the home of the Memorial to the Six Million, where Holocaust remembrance services are held every spring.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGreenwood Cemetery is located in Atlanta, Georgia. It has a large Jewish section and is the home of the Memorial to the Six Million, where Holocaust remembrance services are held every spring.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGyor is a city in northwest Hungary, located halfway between Budapest, Hungary and Vienna, Austria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDebrecen is Hungary's second largest city after Budapest and lies in the eastern part of Hungary, near the present-day border with Romania. The Soviet Army occupied Debrecen October 20, 1944, and became the administrative center of the antifascist provisional government. On December 28, 1944, representatives from the four main parties that had opposed Hungary’s alliance with the Axis powers during the Second World War—the Independent Smallholders Party, the Hungarian Social Democratic Party, the Hungarian Communist Party and the National Peasant Party—formed the Provisional National Government (Ideiglenes Nemzeti Kormány). On January 20, 1945, Provisional National Government signed an armistice with the Allies. The area around Budapest where Henry was imprisoned, however, remained under German control until mid-February 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOswiecim [Polish: Oświeçim] is the name of a town in southern Poland. After the German occupation of Poland, it was renamed Auschwitz and became the site of the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp where over 1,000,000 Jews were murdered before the end of 1944. Henry would not have known the German name for the town. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRaoul Wallenberg (1912-unknown) was a Swedish businessman recruited by the US War Refugee Board (WRB) in June 1944 to travel to Hungary. Given status as a diplomat by the Swedish legation, Wallenberg's task was to do what he could to assist and save Hungarian Jews. Wallenberg led one of the most extensive and successful rescue efforts during the Nazi era, saving thousands of Hungarian Jews. With authorization from the Swedish government, Wallenberg began distributing certificates of protection issued by the Swedish legation to Jews in Budapest. Wallenberg was last seen in the company of Soviet officials on January 17, 1945, as the Red Army besieged Budapest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn October 1944, the situation in Budapest took a turn for the worse. Although the Soviet army was already approaching, the fascist \"Arrow Cross\" seized power and established a reign of terror, disregarding the certificates of protection. As Soviet troops had already cut off rail transport routes to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Hungarian authorities forced tens of thousands of Budapest Jews to march west toward the border of Austria. Wallenberg repeatedly—and often personally—intervened to secure the release of those with certificates of protection or forged papers, saving as many people as he could.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWallenberg began to distribute certificates of protection indiscriminately. He used WRB and Swedish funds to establish hospitals, nurseries and a soup kitchen, and to designate more than 30 “safe” houses that together formed the core of the \"international ghetto\" in Budapest, an area reserved for Jews and their families holding certificates of protection from a neutral country. Wallenberg's colleagues in the Swedish legation and diplomats from other neutral countries, such as Spain, also participated in rescue operations. Nearly 50,000 Jews in Budapest were placed under diplomatic protection.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWallenberg and representatives of other neutral countries followed the marchers in their vehicles, and distributed food, clothing and medications.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMalaria is a disease transmitted through the bites of mosquitos that are usually found in the tropical and subtropical areas of South American and Africa. Malaria is a terrible illness and can be fatal. Some of the milder variations of the disease can persist for years and cause relapses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Riding School [Hungarian: Nemzeti Lovarda] was built in 1878 and known colloquially as the “Tattersall,” after the English horse trader, Richard Tatersall. Situated in the center of Budapest, Hungary, it houses indoor riding halls and multiple stables. The complex was badly damaged in World War II, but was eventually rebuilt and continues to operate today (2018). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of November 1944, the remaining Jews in Budapest were ordered to move to a ghetto established in the city’s old Jewish quarter on the Pest side in an area bounded by Dohany, Kertesz, Kiraly, Csanyi, Rumbach, Imre Madach streets and the Karoly ringroad. The ghetto area included two of Budapest’s main synagogues, the Dohany Street Synangoue [Hungarian: Dohány utcai zsinagóga/nagy zsinagóga] and the Orthodox Kazinczy Street Synagogue [Hungarian: Kazinczy utcai zsinagóga], which housed a mikveh, or ritual bath. The ghetto was short lived, but like other ghettos set up in German-occupied Europe, its residents suffered from horrible conditions that included a lack of food and sanitation as well as the constant terror of violence from the Arrow Cross. When the Soviet Army liberated Budapest in February 1945, more than 100,000 Jews remained in the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 26, 1944, the Russian and Romanian armies surrounded the city of Budapest, Hungary. The city was strongly defended by German and Hungarian troops and a siege lasted for two months. During the siege, about 38,000 civilians died through starvation or military action. The city unconditionally surrendered on February 13, 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSiberia is an extensive geographical region in Russia that extends eastward to become what is often referred to as ‘North Asia.’ It is a sparsely populated area with long, cold winters. Siberia has been a part of Russia since the seventeenth century. The majority of Soviet forced labor camps in the 1930’s through 1950’s were in remote areas of northeastern Siberia. The Siberian labor camps were used as a form of political repression and prisoners were often worked to death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArad, a city in western Romania, was in Hungary until 1918. During World War II, Arad was part of the south of Transylvania that remained in Romania after Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy divided the region between Hungary and Romania. The expropriation of Jewish property, hard labor, and the concentration of Jews from surrounding rural areas to Arad culminated in 1942 with apparent preparations for a massive deportation of Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Romanian authorities abandoned this plan, however, thus enabling the community to survive.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Brichah [Hebrew: escape or flight] was an underground effort that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors escape Europe to what was then the British Mandate for Palestine in violation of the White Paper of 1939. Officers of the Jewish Brigade of the British army, along with operative from the Hagana (the Jewish clandestine army in Palestine) helped to smuggled as many displaced Jewish persons as possible into Palestine through Italy. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee funded them. After the Kielce pogrom of 1946, the flight of Jews accelerated and Brichah helped about 250,000 survivors in Eastern Europe (under the Russians) get into Austria, Germany and Italy and then on to Palestine through elaborate smuggling networks. Brichah ended when Israel became independent.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHannah Szenes (1921-1944) was a poet and Zionist born in Budapest to a Jewish family. In 1939, she immigrated to Palestine. In 1943, Szenes volunteered for a newly founded group of parachutists who were to be sent on rescue missions behind enemy lines in occupied Europe. In March 1944, just a week before the Germans occupied Hungary, Szenes parachuted into Yugoslavia. For the next three months, she and other Palestinian parachutists lived with Yugoslav partisans. In early June, Szenes crossed over the border into Hungary. She was caught immediately. The Germans put her in prison, where they tortured her brutally. After five months in prison, Szenes was put on trial, convicted of treason against Hungary, and executed by firing squad.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHamburg is a port city in northern Germany. In 1933, there were 16,885 Jews in the city. By 1937, 5,000 had left Germany. Hamburg was home to two Jewish schools, the Talmud-Tora-Schule [German: Talmud-Torah School] for boys and the Israelitische Töchterschule [German: Israelite Girl’s School] for girls. In April 1939, the two schools were merged together in the girls’ school at Carolinenstrasse 35 [today’s Karolinenstrasse] and stayed open until all Jewish schools in Germany were forcibly closed in June 1942. From 1941-1945, Jews were deported on 17 transports to Lodz, Minsk, Riga, Auschwitz, and Theresienstadt. More than 300 of the city's Jews committed suicide; 80 during the height of the deportations in late 1941. By 1943, there were only 1,800 Jews left in Hamburg, most of whom were married to non-Jews. The Jewish community was officially liquidated in June of that year. In all, about 7,800 Hamburg Jews were murdered in the Holocaust. Die Jüdischen Opfer Des Nationalsozialismus [German: The Jewish Victims of National Socialism] is a memorial book compiled by the State Archive in Hamburg and published in 1965. The book lists the 6,150 known names of 7,812 Hamburg Jews who were victims of Nazi Persecution. It includes all of the names on each transport of Hamburg Jews as well as information on deportations from medical facilities and on persons who committed suicide. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta, Georgia is the capital and largest city in the state of Georgia. During the American Civil War it was a strategically important city for the Confederacy until it was captured in 1864. The city was almost entirely burnt to the ground during General William Sherman’s March to the Sea. After the war, the city rebounded and became a national industrial center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMacon is a city located in the state of Georgia, United States. Macon lies near the geographic center of the state, approximately 85 miles (137 kilometers) south of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiriam \"Mickie\" Greenberg Eisenberg Krinsky (1925-2018) was born in Atlanta, Georgia, where she and her first husband, David Eisenberg, helped build the foundation of Atlanta's vibrant Jewish community. Mickie was a passionate leader for many years at the Hebrew Academy of Atlanta, the Jewish Federation, Hadassah, and Congregation Shearith Israel. After David died, she remarried Joseph Krinsky. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulia Goldberg Butler (1910-2003) and her husband, Jacob, were members of Ahavath Achim Congregation in Atlanta, Georgia and were active in organizational work throughout the Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Jewish Federation (often known as the \"Federation\" or the \"Fed\") is the secular primary Jewish nonprofit organization found within most metropolitan areas (or sometimes states) in North America that host a substantial Jewish community. Their broad purpose is to provide \"human services,\" generally, but not exclusively, to the local Jewish community. All federations at least operate an annual central campaign then allocate the proceeds to affiliated local agencies. There are 148 Jewish Federations. The national umbrella organization for the federations is the Jewish Federations of North America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Progressive Club was a Jewish social organization that was established in 1913 by Russian Jews who felt unwelcome at the Standard Club, where German Jews were predominant. At first the club was located in a rented house until a new club was built that included a swimming pool and a gym. In 1940, the club opened a larger facility with three swimming pools, tennis and softball. In 1976, the club moved north. The property was eventually sold as the club faced financial challenges and the Carl E. Sanders Family YMCA at Buckhead opened in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry is referring to Alterman Foods, Inc., a family retail and wholesale grocery business founded in 1923 by Russian immigrant Louis Alterman and operated by his five sons: David, Isadore, Max, George, and Sam. Alterman Foods opened the first supermarket in Atlanta on Marietta Street. The store was named Big Apple after a popular dance of the time. The company grew quickly and operated a retail division under the names of Big Apple and Food Giant Supermarkets. By the 1970’s, Big Apple had more than 100 supermarkets and 4,500 employees. The company also had a wholesale division, ABC Food Stores, which supplied independent grocery stores throughout the state and enabled the Alterman brothers to indirectly command a far greater share of Georgia's grocery business. Alterman Foods expanded to one-third of all the retail groceries in Georgia. In 1980, the business was sold.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCFS Continental, Inc. was a wholesale food distributor started in 1915 as the Continental Coffee Company. It is now part of Sysco.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSysco Corporation, an acronym for Systems and Services Company, is an American multinational corporation involved in marketing and distributing food products. The company was founded in 1969. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSherry Wolf Friedman (1936-2016) was born in Macon, Georgia. She was President of the Hadassah in the 1970’s and active in both the Atlanta Jewish community and local politics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGoyim is the plural of the Yiddish term Goy, which means “people” or “nation.” In common usage, it designates a non-Jewish or Gentile person. The word \"goyishe\" would be used as an adjective to describe something non-Jewish. The word is sometimes used in a pejorative sense, but can also be neutral.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAkko is the Hebrew name of Acre, Israel. It is located in the northern coastal plain region at the northern extremity of Haifa Bay. Akko (Acre) is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabanim is plural of the Hebrew word rabi, which is the way a student would address a master of Torah. It is derived from the Hebrew word rav, which literally means “great one.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Knesset is the unicameral legislature of Israel. As the legislative branch of the Israeli government, the Knesset passes all laws, elects the President and Prime Minister, approves the cabinet, and supervises the work of the government.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYasser Arafat (1929­2004) was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and then President of the Palestinian National Authority (PND).  He was also the leader of the Fatah political party and paramilitary group which he founded in 1959.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHolocaust denial is the act of denying the genocide of European Jews in the Holocaust during World War II. Holocaust denial and distortion are forms of antisemitism. Holocaust denial and distortion generally claim that the Holocaust was invented or exaggerate by Jews as a means of advancing Jewish interests, including the legitimacy of the State of Israel. Holocaust denial unites a broad rang of radical right-wing hate groups in the United States and elsewhere around the world. Although deniers insist that the idea of the Holocaust as a historical event is a myth, legitimate scholars do not doubt the overwhelming weight of evidence. The debates that deniers put forward are more about antisemitism and hate politics than history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance Authority, was established in 1953 by an act of the Israeli Knesset. Since its inception, Yad Vashem has become a leading center for documentation, research, education, and commemoration of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry is paraphrasing a poem written by German pastor Martin Neimoller (1892-1984), which reads: First they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out—because I was not a socialist. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out—because I was not a trade unionist. Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out—because I was not a Jew. Then they came for me—and there was no one left to speak for me.” Neimoller was an outspoken opponent to the Nazi Party and was imprisoned in German concentration camps from 1938 to 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe destruction of the First and Second Temple in Jerusalem (the First by the Babylonians in 586 BCE and the Second by the Romans in 70 BCE) is a pivotal event in Jewish history and tradition. Both times, Jews were driven from the city in what is known as the Jewish Diaspora, or exile. The dispersion of Jews throughout Africa, Asia and Europe had a profound impact on the Jewish people and brought about a dramatic change in Judaism itself. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/annotation_set/941/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Emmanuel Ringelblum led a secret operation code-named Oneg Shabbat [Hebrew: Sabbath delight] to document life in the Warsaw, Poland ghetto. A group of several dozen writers, teachers, rabbis, and historians wrote diaries and a narrative of deportations from the Warsaw ghetto. They also collected documents, underground newspapers, and posters and public notices of decrees issued by the Judenrat (a council of Jewish elders established on German orders). On the eve of the ghetto's destruction in the spring of 1943, the archive was placed in three milk cans and some metal boxes and buried in the cellars of several Warsaw buildings. The first containers were found in 1946 and another milk can was unearthed in 1950. Despite repeated searches, the rest of the archive, including the third milk can, was never found.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8370.0,8400.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Henry Friedman [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He introduces himself and shares when and where he was born","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=20.0,129.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was actually in Transylvania. That is a border city between Hungary and Romania, in eastern Hungary [between] the rest of Romania, in the Carpathian Mountains.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=20.0,129.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carpathian Mountains","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maghvarad, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Transylvania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=20.0,129.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discusses his family, what his parents did, growing up in Romania and being Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=129.0,531.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wouldn't even try to guess but we had a comfortable living from it. We had maids. We had a governess for us. I think we lived as\nhigh-middle class.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=129.0,531.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austro-Hungarian","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Governess","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"High Holidays","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Insurance Broker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maid","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Occupation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Jew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sabbath","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Synagogues","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ultra-Orthodox","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=129.0,531.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shares about his childhood and changes he saw growing up","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=531.0,794.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As a very young child, I remember pogroms. It was pogroms in that area. Antisemitism, of course, was quite wide spread all the\ntime. I don't believe that we ever were citizens of Hungary or Romania. We just were more or less allowed to live in that country, but not officially.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=531.0,794.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitisim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pogroms","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=531.0,794.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Memories of Germans arriving in Hungary and being forced in service","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=794.0,1044.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know if you will remember . . . I cannot recall actually at the time, but the Governor of Hungary [was] Nicolas Horthy. It was some rumors that someone from his wife's family was Jewish. He wasn't against the Jews--not openly. [Adolf] Hitler commanded him to visit him in Poland. Hitler at that time was on a field trip to visit the troops in Poland.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=794.0,1044.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf Hilter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nicolas Horthy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paramilitary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=794.0,1044.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Experiences with pogroms and antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1044.0,1352.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, it was always happened. The Jews had that the names like \"zsido\" [Hungarian: Jew], or \"dirty Jew,\" or \"stinking Jew.\" It was quite common to be addressed like that.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1044.0,1352.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gendarmes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Matzoh","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pogroms","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Skinheads","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1044.0,1352.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How Jewish life changed when the Germans arrived","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1352.0,1864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All along. They tried to encourage each other that nothing bad can happen. [They told themselves,] \"We are talking about civilized people. Nothing bad can happen.\" That will also pass. You was hoping for the best. It was initially like lightening the whole thing. I recall one instance: I had already my notice that I would have to go. We didn't live very far from a railroad\nstation. Someone was running that have baskets ready because there was a transport of Jews at a railway station.  They will need some food. Everybody was running to take the basket to the station. We couldn't get near it because it was Germans . . . SS was all around.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1352.0,1864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forced Labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghettos","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SS Troops","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Star of David","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1352.0,1864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What he recalls hearing on the radio","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1864.0,1923.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whoever was listened to the BBC and a short wave radio in Hungarian, but it wasn't mentioned anything what's going on. The\nonly thing that [they talked] about [was] the German casualties and Allied victories.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1864.0,1923.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allied Forces","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BBC","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Radio","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1864.0,1923.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How his family survived after the Germans initially invaded Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1923.0,2224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whatever we had. From the time the Germans arrived to [when] I left, I don't think it was more than about 2 months, if that much. We just . . . whatever money we had, whatever food we had . . . Over there, that part of the life is kind of different because you were planning ahead.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1923.0,2224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=1923.0,2224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Describes what his family was doing when Germans invaded Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2224.0,2577.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My brother, he was in service at that time already for over a year. At first it was military service, then it turned over to . . . Being Jewish, they took away the uniform and he was in forced labor.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2224.0,2577.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cosemetician","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechosovakia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forced Labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maghvarad, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Military Service","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pharmacist","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Szatmar, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2224.0,2577.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His plans for the future and working for a time in a factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2577.0,2749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wanted to become a mechanical engineer and my schooling was supposed to be as such, but I had to wait to have any quotas. I was very much interested. I was working in a mechanical shop, manufacturing textile machinery. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2577.0,2749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Careeer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Manufacturing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mechanical Engineer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Szatmar, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Textile","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2577.0,2749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His father and him being sent into forced labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2749.0,3070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to the basic training for the service. That was in Nagybanya [Hungary]. That was a big recruiting place.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2749.0,3070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Basic Training","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forced Labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kidney","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nagybanya, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Szatmar, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=2749.0,3070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His parents, grandmother and sister sent to Auschwitz and not returning","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3070.0,3344.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They was taken from Szatmar probably direct to Auschwitz-Birkenau because I was in that basic training area {00:52:00} for about a month [or a] month and a half. When I came back from there, I stopped in. Like I mentioned, I wasn't living very far from the railway station. I left the railway station. I went home. The whole area was cleaned [out] already. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3070.0,3344.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Szatmar, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3070.0,3344.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finding out what happen to the rest of his family after the war ended","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3344.0,3768.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's in Germany. He remarried. He had I think two or three girls. In about 1953 or 1954, he went to Germany. He lives in Germany today. I hope he is still alive. [There are] too many open wounds for me to stay in touch and somehow, I just didn't want to be reminded.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3344.0,3768.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aunt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brother","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brother-in-law","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maghvarad, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orandea, Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Typhus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3344.0,3768.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Blessing before leaving for basic training and arriving at training","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3768.0,3993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was an old Jewish man with a long white beard. He took a tallis [prayer shawl] out. It was on his shoulders. He took the tallis [and] put it over my head. He bentshn [Yiddish: blessing] me.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3768.0,3993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Blessing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nagybanya, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prayer Shawl","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Szatmar, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3768.0,3993.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What he did while in forced labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=3993.0,4348.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went--a detachment of maybe about 50 of us--cleaning up and sweeping the place. We were told a group of Jews just left that place. They came like [to] get them together and they was over {01:07:00} there about a week. 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Into his office [went] the sergeant, myself, and the captain. He closed the door. Without any kind of expression on his face, [the captain] jumped at me and beat me almost to a pulp. [He] kicked me, beat me, busted my eardrums . . . 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While waiting my turn, again there is the sirens [and] sounds [from a] bombardment. That particular hospital was close to a radio station. We had saturated bombing. A very heavy bombing.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4714.0,5158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bombing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Budapest, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gyor, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Syphillis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=4714.0,5158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Describes the Jews being beaten at the factory and receiving postcard from his sister","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5158.0,5535.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we was inside in the factory--went through all those gates--from nowhere a bunch of Hungarian officers with pipes and\neverything jumped on us. [They were yelling,] \"You Jews, you thought that the war is over and you can go home?\" ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5158.0,5535.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Debrecen, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Factory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi 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Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5535.0,6221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It said that this individual--my name--is under the Swedish protectorate, and he is in the process to immigrate to Sweden and asking all the authorities to honor the schutzpass [German: protection pass].","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=5535.0,6221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Budapest Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Budapest, 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placed in force labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6221.0,6431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our job from that time on was to assemble around 3 o'clock, and go up in the mountains, and distribute food to the foxholes on\nthe top of the mountain. When we finished with that, to bring back the wounded Germans.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6221.0,6431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Budapest, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Danube River","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Foxholes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6221.0,6431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Being wounded when the Russians advanced and surviving a firing squad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6431.0,6706.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They put us on a wagon. It was three other individuals-- three other Jews--and myself. It was the German cook's wagon. They took us to the cemetery, lined up point blank, aimed and shot. 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Anyone who had that face, without any questions, the Russians with the machine guns\n[sprayed bullets into all of them]. Then when I came out from the cellar, I made myself known. Then I got medication. My leg was infected. I got medical attention. Everything was okay.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6706.0,6919.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bombardment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coal Cellar","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6706.0,6919.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping a forced march by the Russians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6919.0,7043.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm lined up to march. [I'm] in crutches,  marching. Somehow, a girl who would be about 17 or 18 years old . . . It would be about five of us in a row. The majority were Germans. I am a Jew in between the Germans. The girl over there motioned to me to come over.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6919.0,7043.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Budapest, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siberia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=6919.0,7043.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Returning to Szatmar, Hungary and discovering what had happen to his family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7043.0,7233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to hospital. I was there for maybe about a month or so. Then I got a letter [and was in] correspondence from my aunt and my brother-in-law. He wanted me to go over there until the family comes back. Later on, I got some bad vibes with the stories coming back. I made up my mind I cannot stay in Europe.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7043.0,7233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arad, Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Szatmar, Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7043.0,7233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Deciding to leave Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7233.0,7406.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could not stand it any longer, so through some organizations . . . At first, that we are repatriating to . . . I don't remember if we [were supposed to pretend to be] French or . . . I don't know what nationality. We weren't allowed to speak Hungarian that time when we left.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7233.0,7406.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brichah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hannah Szenes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Italy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Repatriate","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7233.0,7406.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigrating to the United States and his life in the states","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7406.0,7661.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From Hamburg, we went to Boston [Massachusetts]. I was supposed to have a job waiting for me in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania since I'm mechanically inclined. When I arrived in Boston, they handed me papers that I go to Atlanta [Georgia]. That's when I came to Atlanta, Georgia.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7406.0,7661.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boston, Massachusetts","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hamburg, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Federation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pittsburg, Pennsylvania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Progressive Club","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7406.0,7661.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How surviving the Holocaust and World War II made him more religious","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7661.0,7742.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm still a Goy in my neighborhood, but I'm more observant than I was before because I know that for me to be alive\nand go through whatever I went through, it was a miracle. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7661.0,7742.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7661.0,7742.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discusses other family members who survived and going to Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7742.0,8026.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have about two or three second cousins. I know they live in Israel. They all married. [They are] all girls. I never got their married names. Somehow I figured that I would go to Israel, and I would be able to find them, that all the Hungarians would be in one place.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7742.0,8026.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Australia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Canada","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Galilee","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israeli Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jerusalem","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabanim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yassar Arafat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=7742.0,8026.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shares why it was important for him to do the interview and shares photos of his family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8026.0,8266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You asked me if I wanted to do the interview. I don't know if you remember. I told you that it is my obligation because the first generation [of Holocaust survivors is] getting old. We're dying out [or] Alzheimer's takes over, and they don't remember, and you don't have anyone to talk for them. It is my obligation.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8026.0,8266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf Hilter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust Denial","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust Survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Star of David","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8026.0,8266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Belief that something like the Holocaust could happen again and feelings towards Germans today","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8266.0,8492.149"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":" It is up to us, up to the individuals, if you can somehow show through the atrocities what can happen. It could happen to another one. I cannot recall the writing in Yad Vashem that said . . . something happened to a Catholic. It says, \"I'm not a [Jew]. I just ignore it. Then something happened to someone else. I'm not that.\" There is no reason to wait until it comes to you. I think we have to have our guard up all the time.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8266.0,8492.149"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484/index/51948/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust Survivors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/83977/file/172484#t=8266.0,8492.149"}]}]}]}