{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/zc7rn31k5v/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Eisenberg, Manfred"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2005-09-19 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Eisenberg, Manfred (Interviewee)","John Kent (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Atlanta Children of Holocaust Survivors"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eManfred Eisenberg was interviewed by John Kent on September 19, 2005, in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eManfred Eisenberg was born in November of 1918 to Rose and Eugen Eisenberg in Bonn Germany. Eisenberg grew up in Berlin Germany where he went to school, was a member of a rowing club, and apprenticed. In 1939 Eisenberg moved to London, England but soon after became an internee of the British when the war broke out. As an internee, Eisenberg was sent to internment camps in Canada and on the Isle of Man. He spent two and a half years in Canada before returning to the Isle of Man in 1943 and eventually being released as an internee. After being released Eisenberg joined the British Army where he served as a Staff Sergeant. When it was time to be repatriated back to Germany, Eisenberg moved to Glasgow with a friend he met while in the internment camp. He met his wife in Scotland and later moved to Rochester, New York where he worked as a tailor and had his first son. In 1958 Eisenberg got a job as a salesman and moved to Albany Georgia where his daughter was born, eventually settling in Atlanta.  \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThe interview begins with Manfred explaining where he was born and how his family ended up in Berlin. He continues sharing his family history, who and where his parents were from, and what it was like being raised in Berlin. Manfred talks about his Jewish history, he was an only child who had a bar mitzvah but not much Jewish education. Manfred recalls not noticing any antisemitism before Hitler's rise to power, his realization of what was happening to Jews being gradual. He talks about the changes that were made to his lifestyle because of Hitler, his rowing club being disbanded, not being able to use public transportation, and previous friends starting to avoid him. Manfred also recalls that Hitler's new laws brought him closer to his religion. He details the economic struggle it brought his family, his dad losing his job at Hermann Tietz, and having to move across town to designated Jewish housing. The continuing limitations put upon the Jews in Germany. Manfred explains that it came to a point where other countries weren’t allowing Jewish people in but that he was able to leave because of an aunt that sponsored him from England. Manfred remembers waving to his family from the train for the last time.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eManfred recalls the letters he received from his mother while in England, one particular letter telling him of his father's death in the hospital. Soon after his father’s death, his mother was sent to a concentration camp which he learned from the Red Cross later on. Manfred remembers Hitler targeting people of influence, and how his uncle was killed by the Nazis because he was a factory owner. Manfred had to get his uncle's car from the police station, his aunt received a letter in the mail telling her about the death of her husband without explanation. Manfred talks about his teenage years, always having a suitcase packed just in case the Nazis came to the door. The constant fear he felt and the inability to do normal teenage activities. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe interview shifts to Manfred talking about his life in England, and how he left Germany from Bremerhaven on a boat. He takes out his former German passport showing the “J” mark identifying him as Jewish and how he left Germany in 1939 before Jews were forced to wear a yellow star. Manfred remembers living in London with a host family until the British arrested him, sending him to the Isle of Man. Manfred spent time as an internee on the Isle of Man and in Canada, recalling that his life as an internee in Canada was a good one. Upon his arrival in Canada, he was greeted warmly because the French Canadians thought they were German war prisoners and not Jewish refugees being interned by the British. Manfred continues talking about the hierarchy of being a Jewish refugee interned by the British. They were considered lower than German prisoners of war, forced to sleep in the bowels of the ship, their food was manipulated so that many got dysentery. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eManfred recalls being in Canada for 2 and a half years and was sent back to the Isle of Man only to be released from internment and join the British Army. While in the army he served as a Staff Sergeant. Manfred goes into depth about the ins and outs of being in the British army as a German, how the British interacted with the Americans, and so on. He then talks about being discharged later on because he was German, taking out and showing the discharge letter. Manfred recalls being in Glasgow, Scotland when the war ended, moving there because he had no family left and a friend from his internment days in Canada invited him. Manfred lived and worked in Glasgow for a while until he met his wife. Manfred explains how he and his wife were married twice, once in Scotland and then again with a Rabbi. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe interview switches to Manfred talking about his thoughts on returning to Germany later in life. Manfred reflects that at first he never wanted to go back but later went back twice, to Bonn and to Berlin on sponsored trips. Manfred returned to Germany for the first time after the war in 1983. He remembers having a good time and feeling welcomed. He talks about meeting the Vice-President of Germany in Bonn and seeing his old neighborhood. Manfred goes on to talk about his life in the United States, and how he moved to Rochester, New York, and worked in a  factory. He applied for a job as a salesman and eventually moved to Albany, Georgia with his wife in 1958 and later on to Atlanta. Manfred recalls his wife being apprehensive of the south due to segregation and groups like the KKK. He describes how he felt about segregation and what the Jewish community was like in Albany at the time. There was no antisemitism that he came across in his time there. Manfred recalls not having any survivor friends in Albany but made a few when moving to Atlanta. Manfred begins talking about his kids, where they were born, and how interested they are in his past as a survivor. Manfreds son was born in Rochester and his daughter in Albany.  He talks about how his daughter is more interested in learning about his history than his son. Manfred goes into detail about what his wife did, working at a Hebrew school and volunteering for Hadassah and the City of Hope. Manfred recalls not being home often due to work and regretting not being more involved with his kids. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eManfred talks about antisemitism and German culture. He doesn’t know how people could change from being a “concert conductor to a killer.” Manfred mentions antisemitism movements in the U.S and Britain, saying that what happened in Germany could happen anywhere. He talks about getting closer to his Jewish roots in the U.S and supporting Jewish organizations which he was unable to do in Germany. Manfred describes feeling like less of a survivor because he was able to leave the country before he was sent to a concentration camp or ghetto. Manfred hopes this interview will generate curiosity in his children about what happened to him and other Jews. The interview ends with Manfred wishing he knew more about how his mother.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28926"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Eisenberg, Manfred (personal name)","Eisenberg, Eugen (personal name)","Laufer, Rose (personal name)","Hitler, Adolf (personal name)","Mosley, Oswald (personal name)","Kuhn, Fritz (personal name)","Hermann Tietz (corporate name)","Red Cross (corporate name)","Bloomsbury House (corporate name)","Hadassah (corporate name)","Klu Klux Klan (meeting name)","City of Hope (corporate name)","Bonn, Germany (geographic term)","Berlin, Germany (geographic term)","Frankfurt am Main, Germany (geographic term)","Frankfurt an Der Oder, Germany (geographic term)","Raciborz, Poland (geographic term)","Bremerhaven, Germany (geographic term)","Isle of Man, UK (geographic term)","Cherbourg, Canada (geographic term)","Montreal, Canada (geographic term)","Toronto, Canada (geographic term)","Glasgow, Scotland (geographic term)","Rochester, NY (geographic term)","Albany, GA (geographic term)","Atlanta, GA (geographic term)","Alpharetta, GA (geographic term)","Asheville, NC (geographic term)","Jacksonville, FL (geographic term)","Bar Mitzvah (local term)","WWI (named event)","Kibbutz (local term)","Segregation (local term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eManfred Eisenberg was interviewed by John Kent on September 19, 2005, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eManfred Eisenberg was born in November of 1918 to Rose and Eugen Eisenberg in Bonn Germany. Eisenberg grew up in Berlin Germany where he went to school, was a member of a rowing club, and apprenticed. In 1939 Eisenberg moved to London, England but soon after became an internee of the British when the war broke out. As an internee, Eisenberg was sent to internment camps in Canada and on the Isle of Man. He spent two and a half years in Canada before returning to the Isle of Man in 1943 and eventually being released as an internee. After being released Eisenberg joined the British Army where he served as a Staff Sergeant. When it was time to be repatriated back to Germany, Eisenberg moved to Glasgow with a friend he met while in the internment camp. He met his wife in Scotland and later moved to Rochester, New York where he worked as a tailor and had his first son. In 1958 Eisenberg got a job as a salesman and moved to Albany Georgia where his daughter was born, eventually settling in Atlanta. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview begins with Manfred explaining where he was born and how his family ended up in Berlin. He continues sharing his family history, who and where his parents were from, and what it was like being raised in Berlin. Manfred talks about his Jewish history, he was an only child who had a bar mitzvah but not much Jewish education. Manfred recalls not noticing any antisemitism before Hitler's rise to power, his realization of what was happening to Jews being gradual. He talks about the changes that were made to his lifestyle because of Hitler, his rowing club being disbanded, not being able to use public transportation, and previous friends starting to avoid him. Manfred also recalls that Hitler's new laws brought him closer to his religion. He details the economic struggle it brought his family, his dad losing his job at Hermann Tietz, and having to move across town to designated Jewish housing. The continuing limitations put upon the Jews in Germany. Manfred explains that it came to a point where other countries weren\u0026rsquo;t allowing Jewish people in but that he was able to leave because of an aunt that sponsored him from England. Manfred remembers waving to his family from the train for the last time.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eManfred recalls the letters he received from his mother while in England, one particular letter telling him of his father's death in the hospital. Soon after his father\u0026rsquo;s death, his mother was sent to a concentration camp which he learned from the Red Cross later on. Manfred remembers Hitler targeting people of influence, and how his uncle was killed by the Nazis because he was a factory owner. Manfred had to get his uncle's car from the police station, his aunt received a letter in the mail telling her about the death of her husband without explanation. Manfred talks about his teenage years, always having a suitcase packed just in case the Nazis came to the door. The constant fear he felt and the inability to do normal teenage activities.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe interview shifts to Manfred talking about his life in England, and how he left Germany from Bremerhaven on a boat. He takes out his former German passport showing the \u0026ldquo;J\u0026rdquo; mark identifying him as Jewish and how he left Germany in 1939 before Jews were forced to wear a yellow star. Manfred remembers living in London with a host family until the British arrested him, sending him to the Isle of Man. Manfred spent time as an internee on the Isle of Man and in Canada, recalling that his life as an internee in Canada was a good one. Upon his arrival in Canada, he was greeted warmly because the French Canadians thought they were German war prisoners and not Jewish refugees being interned by the British. Manfred continues talking about the hierarchy of being a Jewish refugee interned by the British. They were considered lower than German prisoners of war, forced to sleep in the bowels of the ship, their food was manipulated so that many got dysentery.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eManfred recalls being in Canada for 2 and a half years and was sent back to the Isle of Man only to be released from internment and join the British Army. While in the army he served as a Staff Sergeant. Manfred goes into depth about the ins and outs of being in the British army as a German, how the British interacted with the Americans, and so on. He then talks about being discharged later on because he was German, taking out and showing the discharge letter. Manfred recalls being in Glasgow, Scotland when the war ended, moving there because he had no family left and a friend from his internment days in Canada invited him. Manfred lived and worked in Glasgow for a while until he met his wife. Manfred explains how he and his wife were married twice, once in Scotland and then again with a Rabbi.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe interview switches to Manfred talking about his thoughts on returning to Germany later in life. Manfred reflects that at first he never wanted to go back but later went back twice, to Bonn and to Berlin on sponsored trips. Manfred returned to Germany for the first time after the war in 1983. He remembers having a good time and feeling welcomed. He talks about meeting the Vice-President of Germany in Bonn and seeing his old neighborhood. Manfred goes on to talk about his life in the United States, and how he moved to Rochester, New York, and worked in a \u0026nbsp;factory. He applied for a job as a salesman and eventually moved to Albany, Georgia with his wife in 1958 and later on to Atlanta. Manfred recalls his wife being apprehensive of the south due to segregation and groups like the KKK. He describes how he felt about segregation and what the Jewish community was like in Albany at the time. There was no antisemitism that he came across in his time there. Manfred recalls not having any survivor friends in Albany but made a few when moving to Atlanta. Manfred begins talking about his kids, where they were born, and how interested they are in his past as a survivor. Manfreds son was born in Rochester and his daughter in Albany. \u0026nbsp;He talks about how his daughter is more interested in learning about his history than his son. Manfred goes into detail about what his wife did, working at a Hebrew school and volunteering for Hadassah and the City of Hope. Manfred recalls not being home often due to work and regretting not being more involved with his kids.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eManfred talks about antisemitism and German culture. He doesn\u0026rsquo;t know how people could change from being a \u0026ldquo;concert conductor to a killer.\u0026rdquo; Manfred mentions antisemitism movements in the U.S and Britain, saying that what happened in Germany could happen anywhere. He talks about getting closer to his Jewish roots in the U.S and supporting Jewish organizations which he was unable to do in Germany. Manfred describes feeling like less of a survivor because he was able to leave the country before he was sent to a concentration camp or ghetto. Manfred hopes this interview will generate curiosity in his children about what happened to him and other Jews. The interview ends with Manfred wishing he knew more about how his mother.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/167/044/small/Eisenberg_Fred%281%29.m4v_1663265031.jpg?1663265032","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Eisenberg_Fred_(1).m4v"]},"duration":4465.771,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/167/044/small/Eisenberg_Fred%281%29.m4v_1663265031.jpg?1663265032","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/167/044/original/Eisenberg_Fred_%281%29.m4v?1663265027","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4465.771,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Eisenberg, Manfred [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Let's just start at the beginning. What your name was when you were born and when and where?\n\nEISENBERG: I was born in Bonn, Germany, which until a few years ago was the capital of Germany before Berlin became the capital again. Well, I was born in Bonn--\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nKENT: What year?\n\nEISENBERG: 1918, November.\n\nKENT: What was your name?\n\nEISENBERG: My name was Manfred--Manfred Eisenberg.\n\nKENT: Tell us about what your early family situation was, who the people were in your family?\n\nEISENBERG: My dad was the buyer for Hermann Tietz which was a very large department store, and he was a buyer for......and they contract his father\nthrough in the ladies' department.\n\nKENT: His name?\n\nEISENBERG: His name was Eugen Eisenberg, and my son is named Gen without the \"e\" at the end, Eugene. We moved to a number of different towns. We wound up eventually in Berlin and I went to school in Berlin. I grew up in Berlin.\n\nKENT: What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was your mom's name?\n\nEISENBERG: My mother's name was Laufer, Rose Laufer. She came from Frankfurt an der Oder [river] not the big Frankfurt am Main but there's another Frankfurt and she came from there. My dad was born in Raciborz [German: Ratibor] which is now part of Poland......he must have been very young when he moved to Bonn. During the First World War, he was in the German army. I have pictures of him in his uniform and I think my wife must be coming home.\n\nKENT: Can you describe your parents, what their personality, what their nature was like?\n\nEISENBERG: They were very easygoing. I really didn't have much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a Jewish education. I mean, I was bar mitzvahed in in Berlin. We went to the synagogue but not on a regular basis. I went to school in Berlin and took out an apprenticeship in Berlin......It's my Alzheimer's coming back I'm losing my\ntouch, but anyway I grew up in Berlin. I was sports minded. I was a member of a rowing club. I did a lot of rowing. I've got a number of trophies, which I can show you.\n\nKENT: Were there any brothers or sisters?\n\nEISENBERG: No, I'm an only child. The time when most young persons have their, when they're 15, 16 years old....in their youth, that's the time that Hitler\ncame into power.\n\nKENT: What general things can you say about Germany before Hitler?\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nEISENBERG: Before Hitler the German Jews, actually felt more German than Jewish.Most of them are Germans first and Jews second. That's how we grew up. I mean my dad was very proud to be a German, never thought anything else but. Of course, when Hitler came into power, everybody thought that it was a passing period. Nobody believed that it would be as crucial as it became later on.\n\nKENT: Were you aware of any more subtle strains of anti-Jewish sentiment before Hitler?\n\nEISENBERG: Before Hitler? No, not before, but when he did come into power in 1933. I was born in 1918, so I was about 15 years old. I lost some of my friends--.\n\nKENT: They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"turned away from you?\n\nEISENBERG: They kept their distance in school. I had to be separated from the rest of the class.\n\nKENT: What did you make of that? That all of a sudden Jewishness, was this\ndangerous? You know [Unintelligible: 0:5:22] kind of a thing?\n\nEISENBERG: I really don't think that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I realized in the beginning what was\nhappening, because everything was very subtle. I mean, I had no physical harm come to me but gradually we lost.... we had to give up privileges.... we didn't consider them privileges, we considered them rights. The rowing club had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be disbanded. Little things you had to get, for instance, if you wanted to go camping, you had to have a tent certificate you couldn't get. I mean, little\nthings that you couldn't get and gradually it increased.... for instance, we\nwent to visit relatives in a different part of town. We had to go by streetcar\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and while we were there, an announcement came over the radio that as of today Jews are not permitted to use public transportation. There we were miles away from home and no way of figuring out how to get home. I mean, little things--.\n\nKENT: How did people know you were Jewish back in those days?\n\nEISENBERG: Some did, and some didn't. I mean, I didn't particularly look Jewish. Most of the people that I knew that I had contact with knew that I was Jewish, and I had no problem until Hitler came into power.\n\nKENT: But you wouldn't have wanted to risk riding the subway or something like that?\n\nEISENBERG: No, I didn't. I mean, once the law was established that you couldn't do certain things, you didn't do them.\n\nKENT: What did your parents make of it? Did they talk about it. Was it an issue?\n\nEISENBERG: It was an issue, but I mean, you're going back sixty years now. I was just a young... Innocent little boy.\n\nKENT: Did it affect how much you wanted to be Jewish more or less? Did it affect what your attitude was about Jewishness?\n\nEISENBERG: I felt Jewish--.it became more and more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"obvious when you're being pointed out as some something that you are. You become more interested in pursuing it, that you are proud to be Jewish.\n\nKENT: When you went to synagogue or Hebrew school or something, did the more serious Jewish people, did they talk about it, the ones who are more heavily invested in it?\n\nEISENBERG: About the Nazism?\n\nKENT: Yes, about the changes and what was happening slowly. The rabbis and the Hebrew teachers did they...?\n\nEISENBERG: The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbis wouldn't have dared to talk about it because.... when it came to election time, for instance, a family in one window you might have a Nazi flag in the next window you have a Communist flag. The kids were, I mean, parents didn't talk to each other. They might talk ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to each other, but not in the presence of the children, because the children are the ones that would be blackmailed....\n\nKENT: How did your friends deal with it? Did you get into any conflicts with\nyour own peers?\n\nEISENBERG: My Jewish peers?\n\nKENT: The non-Jewish ones.\n\nEISENBERG: It came to a point where there weren't any because after a few years they saw me coming down the street, they looked the other way. Not necessarily that they wanted to but.... they became members of the Hitler Youth or the girls Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM). I mean, people don't realize it now, but for a gentile not to be a part of the Hitler Youth, he had no future. Whether he believed in it or not, he just had to become a member of it. Plus, the Germans...they follow sheep. The Germans love uniforms and anything, the Hitler uniform appealed to most of the gentiles.\n\nKENT: How did the situation affect your own family more specifically, economically?\n\nEISENBERG: Sure, it affected us economically. My dad, for instance, he\nrepresented a number of factories, and he called on buying offices in Berlin. So even though he didn't do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any traveling, any distance traveling, he had customers all over because of the buying offices. One day the Nazi officials went to the factory owners, and they said to the owners, \" You've got this Jew\n\nEisenberg working for you. Now, either you let him go or we close your factory.\" They didn't harm my father physically but what's the factory owner going to do? He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to let my father go right? It's little things like that. I mean, one time he was involved in a little fender bender, and it wasn't his fault. He was in the middle of the intersection already when the other car came from the side street and hit him. It was very obvious that the other guy was at fault but my father's license was confiscated. So that took care, he wasn't able to work. It was a difficult time. Then we had to move in with other Jewish families. They were like designated Jew houses. Certain families had to move in together and share an apartment. We had to move. We moved to another section of town and moved in with another family. We were very limited in space and no activities. You couldn't have a radio; you couldn't have a telephone. I mean, you were living......you were just existing. You were allowed to go shopping at certain times and in stores that are designated for Jewish customers. My doctor lost his license, he couldn't practice. All these things developed over a period of time and while there was no physical harm done to us...... the accumulation of limitations that they placed on us expanded.\n\nKENT: What was your understanding at the time of why this was all happening, when you were listening to Hitler's speeches or listening to people discussing it? What did you think was going on? What did you make of it all?\n\nEISENBERG: It became a way of life. You existed; you stayed in your place. You couldn't discuss anything with anybody because walls have ears.\n\nKENT: At what point did you and your family think that....\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nEISENBERG: That it was time to leave?\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nKENT: We can't just keep this going forever.\n\nEISENBERG: We realized that maybe four or five years, about four years after in 1937, 1938, we realized that there was no future for us. Then we came to a point where no country wanted to take us. You couldn't just go to the consulate, get a visa and goodbye. Finally, I had an aunt in England that sponsored. She didn't have enough to sponsor the whole family, but she sponsored...she had enough for one or two persons. My parents felt that since I had my life ahead of myself, I was the one to go. So I went, my parents stayed behind. I knew when I left that I wouldn't see them again.\n\nKENT: What gave you that opinion?\n\nEISENBERG: You just knew that was the end of the family.\n\nKENT: That's very sad.\n\nEISENBERG: It was because you see your parents at the railway station, and they get smaller and smaller, and the train makes a curve and that's the end of your family.\n\nKENT: Do you think that they had that same opinion?\n\nEISENBERG: I'm sure they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did. Of course, they did. I have letters from my\nmother. Especially when my dad died it was a hard time for her. He died in the\nhospital. My mother was deported, one of the last transports from Berlin.\n\nKENT: You know what happened to her? Where did she go?\n\nEISENBERG: She was taken to a concentration camp, I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know which one, but I knew that she was taken to a concentration camp because during the war, the Red Cross had some postcards and letters with.... you could check off the answers closest to what happened. I was informed that she was taken with the last transport. I remember another thing. An uncle of mine.... had a wholesale business and when the Nazis began arresting people, they went after the intelligentsia: professors, doctors, lawyers. Then they went to the top of the economic ladder, people that had influence, factory owners. My uncle owned a factory; he was asked to come to the police station to report so he drove to the police station, and he was arrested on the spot and sent to a concentration camp. My aunt, his wife called me and told me that the police had called her, that his car was in front of the police station. Nobody in her family was able to drive and would I go to the police station and pick up the car and take it back to her house? I went to the police station. I took the car back to her house and two weeks later, she received a letter from the National Socialist Organization, that her husband had died. If she wanted the urn, would she please and the transportation charge, the shipping charges, and they would return the urn. It was a business letter; send us the money and we'll send you the urn.\n\nKENT: How did all this affect you personally inside that this was going on? How did you take it personally? Was it fear, was it depression?\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nEISENBERG: Of course, there was depression. I had a suitcase packed by my side in case I get caught. I was ready because if they came for you, they didn't give you time to do anything, to pack anything. They just took you the way you were. If I went out and I told my mother, I'd be home at 5:00 and I wasn't home ten minutes after five, she was climbing the walls because I could have been arrested on the street. You didn't know what was happening.\n\nKENT: Can you describe yourself? What were you like as a teenager? What was your personality like?\n\nEISENBERG: How does a teenager describe himself? I had my sports, I had my friends, my Jewish friends and that's as far as.... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I couldn't do anything else. I was tied to the house or the immediate surroundings. I couldn't use\ntransportation, I couldn't go anywhere, movies were forbidden. We had the Jewish Kulturbund [German: Jewish Cultural Association], which was an organization that came into being so that Jewish....there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were some Jewish activities, but that was on the other side of town. I lived on one side of town, and you couldn't get to the other side. It was difficult.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nKENT: How did you feel when you actually left Germany? Were you on a ship or an airplane?\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EISENBERG: No, I just went to England. It was a very short trip. I went from\nBremerhaven, I took the boat to England, and I started working in England for a little while.\n\nKENT: Did you expect to ever go back to Germany?\n\nEISENBERG: No. When I was invited, I had no desire to go back either, to begin with. When Germany, started offering compensation, restitution money, I didn't want to take it. I wanted nothing to do with Germany, but I changed my mind I took it because I might as well go ahead and take it. I'd like to show you a couple of things. We're talking about the \"J\" on the passport, for instance, this is my German passport. There's the \"J\" on it. Everybody had to have an identity card, gentile, or Jew it didn't make any difference, but the Jewish identity card was also marked. I don't know whether you can see the \"J\" it's dark brown, but I don't know whether it comes out in the picture. This is\nsomething that everybody had to carry, Jew or non-Jew. Except we had the J in it and actually the \"J\" became prominent because Switzerland....I don't know whether you knew about this, but a lot of Jews went to Switzerland in the beginning and Switzerland couldn't handle the intake of so many people. They requested the German government to stamp the passports with the \"J\" so that they.... could hold them back, send them back to Germany.\n\nKENT: Did they have the yellow stars in those days?\n\nEISENBERG: No, that was after I left. I didn't have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a yellow star.\n\nKENT: When exactly did you leave?\n\nEISENBERG: I left in 1939. In August of 1939, I went to England, and I worked for.... I was twenty-one.\n\nKENT: Did you speak any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English at all?\n\nEISENBERG: I had my school English, which helped in the beginning. But then of course, I....then I started working until the war was declared and then I became an internee by the British. First the Germans arrested me and then the British arrested me. They sent me to the Isle of Man and then to Canada.\n\nKENT: You were arrested?\n\nEISENBERG: Because I'm a German. I have a German passport. I was a German national.\n\nKENT: You were under suspicion?\n\nEISENBERG: Like everybody else, yes. The Fifth ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Column. Quislings.\n\nKENT: How long did you live with that aunt?\n\nEISENBERG: I didn't live with her she just sponsored me, but I stayed with her. There's an organization in England, the Bloomsbury House? Well, it's the\nBloomsbury House and it's an organization that takes care of the Jewish\nimmigrants, places them in homes and looks for employment. They matched me up with a Jewish family that I stayed with in London. I stayed with them until I was interned.\n\nKENT: When were you interned?\n\nEISENBERG: I was interned as soon as the war started in 1941. I mean in 1939, I left Germany in 1939. I was in Toronto about three or four months after Britain entered the war and I went to Canada.\n\nKENT: You went to Canada in 1939 or 1940?\n\nEISENBERG: No, I went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Isle of Man for a little while. There was an\ninternment camp and then we were sent to Canada near Cherbourg which is near Montreal. I was trying.... I applied for an immigration number in Berlin before all of this happened but so many people applied in Berlin or in Germany for the application that it would have taken years until......There were only so many immigrants allowed per year to fill the quota. My quota would have taken me two or three years to materialize, and I realized I couldn't wait that long in Germany. That's why I went to England.\n\nKENT: What information did you get from your parents during those early...\n\nEISENBERG: I had letters telling me what was happening.\n\nKENT: What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was happening with your parents in 1939, 1940, 1941?\n\nEISENBERG: Letters were censored. Nobody wrote what they really meant to write. You are living in a fascist state. I have letters from what they were doing\nthey're doing, \"today we did this.\" Little things just to keep in touch with\neach other. Then eventually I got the letter, my father died but he died a\nnatural death in the hospital.\n\nKENT: What year was that?\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nEISENBERG: It was in 1943, I believe....1942, 1943. Somewhere around there.\n\nKENT: Do you have any understanding of how your parents managed to not be taken away?\n\nEISENBERG: My mother was taken away.\n\nKENT: That was after 1943?\n\nEISENBERG: I don't know. I didn't bring the letter with me. I've got it in the\nsafe deposit box. Must have been a little earlier than that.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nKENT: Continuing with your part of the story: what was life like in Canada?\n\nEISENBERG: In Canada, actually it was a very healthy life. There was one thing about the Canadians. When.......we left the ship to board buses to go to the camp the Canadians thought we were German war prisoners. They waved to us; they greeted us. This was French Canada, the French Canada, like the French and the British, didn't have too much of a rapport between them. The French thought they were German prisoners, and they were welcoming us. I mean, not knowing that they would have acted very much the opposite if they had known we were Jewish refugees. As a matter of fact, on the ship when we came over, there were German prisoners. The German prisoners had the top decks. The Jewish prisoners were in the bowels of the ship and the German prisoners, were cooking our meals, but they were poisoning us. Not that anybody died, but they were manipulating the\nfood that we were eating, and we had a lot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of dysentery.\n\nKENT: Even on that ship, you were considered lower than German prisoners?\n\nEISENBERG: Yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we had no protection, nobody protected us. The Geneva Convention protected the German prisoners. The British wanted their prisoners to be treated well so that they had to treat them better than us. That's the way it was. Later on, the British after a few years when they sent us back to the Isle of Man and to Britain and they told us that, \"if you join the British army, we let you out of internment.\" I said, \"Well, that's not for me.\" I said, \"You let me out first and then I'll join the Army. I don't want you to come back to me and tell me you only joined so that you could get out of internment.\" I was released and a few months later I joined the British Army.\n\nKENT: How long were you in Canada?\n\nEISENBERG: I was there about two and a half years, somewhere around there and actually it was a very healthy life. The food was good, we were working out during the winter months. We were working out in the country. We had snow up to our knees, but we had no shirts, and we were working, cutting trees. It was it was a healthy life; the sun was out and so we didn't really do any suffering in the Canadian camps.\n\nKENT: What knowledge did you have of what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the war was like? What was happening in Europe? Was there much knowledge at that time?\n\nEISENBERG: We had radios. We knew about the invasions of Sicily and North Africa. Yeah, we had knowledge of how the war was going.\n\nKENT: Then so you went back to the Isle of Man in what? 1943, 1942?\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nEISENBERG: It must have been in 1943 to go back. I started working for a little while, but then I decided to join the army. I treated the prisoners well, as a matter of fact, that's why I went downstairs. I want you to look at this first\nbefore you get it on your records.. This is written in German, but these were\nthe people that were working in my office, in my administrative offices. What it\nsays is, \"We wish our Staff Sergeant Fred Eisenberg a very Merry Christmas.\" You see the little diagrams of the British soldiers watching the girls go by,\ncooking, playing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tennis. This was done by the four people in my office.\n\nKENT: What made you decide to join the military?\n\nEISENBERG: I felt I wanted to join the Army, because if it hadn't been for the\nBritish Army, you probably would have been speaking German right now to. They saved our......I felt the same about the Americans. I would of, if I had come to America, I would have joined the American Army because they are the ones that saved us from extinction.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nKENT: Do you have any war stories?\n\nEISENBERG: No, not really because I really wasn't that much in the war. I never left the British Isles. I did this work. I did some interrogations, and we had some prisoners that were part of a U-boat group. We had some Americans......in the British Army, the officers, the men keep their distance from the officers. They don't talk to the officers until they are spoken to. In the American Army, you've got a great communication. They don't call each other by first name, but they're very close. One time I was called into the commandant's office. He told me that there was an American colonel there and he wanted to interview a couple of prisoners, members of the U-boat crew. They wanted to follow the route that the U-boat took, where it was. When this American colonel came in, he was smoking a big cigar, he was slapping me on the back and said, \"Hey, Sarge!\" That was a communication that I wasn't accustomed to, not in the British Army. So that was unusual, but I really didn't have any war stories to tell.\n\nKENT: How did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people regard you since you were German and probably had a thick accent still in those days? Did the people have any reaction to you?\n\nEISENBERG: Let me show you something, I think I have this. This is a letter from the commandant of the camp, and I was discharged. I think this is......This is really too long to get on the thing, but you can it's in English you can read it. He was aware of the fact that I was a German national. I don't know whether you can read this.\n\nKENT: You did a lot of translations--.\n\nEISENBERG: Oh wait a minute. I'm sorry I showed you the wrong letter. I'm\nsorry--. this is the letter here that I meant to show you.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nKENT: Looks like a letter of recommendation.\n\nEISENBERG: Yes. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"says here he's still a German citizen. Just to show you that the staff knew that I was German. I don't think.... the prisoners might have had an idea, I'm sure they did. The ones in my office.... came from America and they were categorized before they were shipped back into England. They were the Nazis, then the middle-grade and then the ones that just conscripted to serve in the army, no matter what their political views were. Those were the prisoners that we had. We didn't even have a barbed wire on the camp. We had just trip wires and the prisoners went out to work in the fields. It was like a business organization. The farmers had to pay the going rate because if they had gotten the prisoners cheaper, then they wouldn't have hired any English people. They paid the going rate that the English workers would have but the money that was paid to the prisoners was used for the administration of the camp. Plus, the prisoners got their camp money but.... a good amount of that money was used for administration purposes.\n\nKENT: How did you feel about being German? Germans were the bad guys in the war. How did you deal with that as an identification? Your attitude about being German?\n\nEISENBERG: I didn't feel.\n\nKENT: Any conflict of which one am I?\n\nEISENBERG: No. I felt I was in Britain, I was British. My communications with\nthe prisoners that I worked with that were in my office, we had no problems at\nany time. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just a regular, like you and I, talking.\n\nKENT: How much of a Jewish component was there to your life during the war? Was there any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more or less or different?\n\nEISENBERG: There wasn't much of a Jewish component because I had--no Jewish contacts with. There were a few like there was some other Jewish refugees in other camps. Sometimes we would visit each other. Not on a personal basis, but business wise for comparison. That was really the only contact I had with Jewish other persons.\n\nKENT: When you were hearing news about the camps and ghettos and deportations, what did that do to you to know that it could have been you?\n\nEISENBERG: I know it could have been me. Many times, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wondered why it was me that got away and not the others. Sure.\n\nKENT: What are some of your other memories of the last couple of years of the war, when you think back?\n\nEISENBERG: You mean while I was in the service?\n\nKENT: Yeah, 1943, 1944, early 1945. What other memories do you have?\n\nEISENBERG: I really don't have.... nothing that would be recalling. Just a\ngeneral life.... there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was nothing out of the ordinary.\n\nKENT: Where were you when the war was ending, in what the spring of 1945?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EISENBERG: I was in Scotland--. Glasgow, Scotland.\n\nKENT: What was it like when you heard that finally this was over?\n\nEISENBERG: It was a great elation. I don't know how to express it.\n\nKENT: Maybe a significant thing is when you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learn that your mom had been taken away and your father was dead.\n\nEISENBERG: Yes, of course.\n\nKENT: You were the only one left in your whole family. What was that like for\nyou to realize?\n\nEISENBERG: I'm the only one that carries the name. I know. I realize that. Sure.\n\nKENT: Were there any other close relatives anywhere? No cousins or any aunts or uncles?\n\nEISENBERG: Cousins, yes. It was my cousin that got me into the United States.That was another story in itself. He was a physician, and he went to Morocco, and he became very friendly with the American Consulate in Morocco. The [consulate] took ill and my cousin was treating him and getting him well. As a thank you, he got my cousin permission to get me over to the States. That's how we came to the States. We were married in Scotland. My wife is Scottish, but she's Jewish.\n\nKENT: Talk about how you met her and what the early days were like.\n\nEISENBERG: When I went back to Scotland....when I was interned in Canada....I became friendly with another inmate who was from Glasgow. When it was time for us to be repatriated to Scotland, he says, \"Manfred, you have no relatives, you have no ties to any particular town. Why don't you come to Glasgow and stay with us?\" I went back to Glasgow, stayed with them and his sister was working for the.... German-Jewish Committee in Glasgow. My wife was working in the same office and his sister introduced my wife to me. That's how we became acquainted.\n\nKENT: What was your impression of her when you first met her?\n\nEISENBERG: You want me to call her? [mimics calling his wife over].\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nKENT: Say something nice.\n\nEISENBERG: Oh, that's great....it was great. We hit it off really good. We were married twice, as a matter of fact. Once, legally because we had to get legal documents to come to the states and the second time was a couple of months later by the rabbi to have the Jewish wedding. Her father never knew we had the first marriage, but we had to have it so my cousin could get the papers ready to the affidavits.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nKENT: Was there any thought about going back to Germany after the war?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/transcript/40274/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EISENBERG: To live? No, never. As a matter of fact, I didn't even want to go and visit Germany, but I changed my mind, and I went back twice. I went back to Bonn where I was born, and I went back to Berlin. Both cities sponsored our trips. We had a lot of interaction between German government officials and the Jewish group that went to Berlin and to Bonn. I have lots of pictures of it. They treated us very well.\n\nKENT: You went back your old apartment? Did it still exist?\n\nEISENBERG: It didn't, in Bonn. The one in Bonn didn't exist but in Berlin I went back to the location, but it was an office building now so a change.\n\nKENT: What was it like to be back in Germany the first time after the war?\n\nEISENBERG: I was very apprehensive to go first but after the first day, after\nthe second day, the people, a lot of people that we had contact with weren't\neven born when the war finished. They were all younger people.\n\nKENT: What year was it that you went back?\n\nEISENBERG: It was then in 1983, I believe.\n\nKENT: Oh! Almost forty years.\n\nEISENBERG: Then three years later we went back to Berlin. We were treated well, really. We....went to the.......Bundesrat that was in Bonn, and we met the\nVice-President of Germany. We were invited to his villa. They tried everything\nto make up for what they did to us forty years earlier.\n\nKENT: How sincere?\n\nEISENBERG: I think they were I think most of them were sincere. I really do\nbelieve that.\n\nKENT: You regard the whole thing as just a bit of insanity that came and went?\n\nEISENBERG: If I had been in the concentration camp, I'm sure I would have felt different because the friends that I have who have been in concentration camps, who have the numbers on their arm. They feel different but I never had any physical injury done to me. What can I tell you--\n\nKENT: Talk about when you and your wife came to America, what were the early days like? Where did you settle?\n\nEISENBERG: We settled in New York for a little while because we had friends that we stayed with. I had my father's brother by a different marriage. They were like stepbrothers, I stayed with them for a while. While I was in England, I worked in the tailoring business. When I went to America people told me, \"Why don't you go to Rochester, New York?\" because Rochester is a big tailoring center and it'll be easier for you to get a job there. I went to Rochester, New York. I worked for a little while, but I wanted to get out in the open. I hated to be confined to a factory and I applied for a job at a firm in Rochester as a salesman. Eventually, I got the job. I was given the southeastern territory, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. We settled in Albany, Georgia and then a little bit later, we moved to Atlanta. We've been here since 1958.\n\nKENT: What was it like being in the South in those earlier days? Albany was a\nsmaller town.\n\nEISENBERG: Yes, but it was a pretty town. When you go south it's the first town that has wide boulevards and palm trees. When my boss told me that they were going to send us to Georgia, my wife got scared about the KKK and what she's read about it. The colored [Unintelligible: 52:35] fountains for whites only and the benches. That's what it was. The people said, \"how can you go to Georgia?\" People don't even wear shoes there. We found the first few years we had to get used to the segregation but once that stopped--.\n\nKENT: What did that mean to you, the segregation considering where you came from?\n\nEISENBERG: We felt like they must have felt like we felt in Germany being\nsegregated and it was rough....\n\nKENT: Whatever interaction you had with blacks in those days--\n\nEISENBERG: I had no problems. If anything, the blacks might have had some\nproblems talking to me because I was white, but I didn't have that distinction\nwith them.\n\nKENT: It must have been interesting being on the other side of the power thing where you were on the bottom end before and now you were the white guy.\n\nEISENBERG: Yes, to a degree that is true.\n\nKENT: What were the attitudes about Jewish people in the south in those days?\n\nEISENBERG: Their attitude to us generally?\n\nKENT: Yeah.\n\nEISENBERG: A lot of them said, \"Don't rock the boat.\" Let's go out and advocate\nsupport for this or for that. They kept quiet because to a certain degree, they\nwere a minority, too. They wanted to be left alone. On my travels though--. it's\nchanged now, but forty years ago, most of the department or little department\nstores were all Jewish. Not only were they Jewish, but they were all\ninterrelated to each other. So, the traveling salesman became like a newspaper to them to find out what was happening in different towns. That was nice, keep up the contact between, but that's all gone now. Now it's all Walmart.\n\nKENT: When locals knew that you were Jewish, if they ever knew. Were you aware of any particular attitude about it?\n\nEISENBERG: They were all very friendly. I had no problem. Not any of that\n\"Yankee, go home\" business. The gentiles treated me just as nice as everybody else. Maybe nicer even than some of the Jews.\n\nKENT: How much of a Jewish community was there in Albany?\n\nEISENBERG: Albany was....my wife taught Hebrew school there at the temple. The rabbi--. was a retired Navy man. There were a lot of Jewish stores, department stores, shoe stores, dress shops. There was no problem between the Jews and the gentiles. We didn't come across any antisemitism.\n\nKENT: Did you have any survivor friends in those days?\n\nEISENBERG: Did I know any? Not in Albany. I don't know whether there were really any. There's quite a few in Atlanta. The organization that I go to I met and meet a lot of Jewish survivors but in the small towns, no. They speak Yiddish with a Southern accent.\n\nKENT: When were your children born?\n\nEISENBERG: My son was born in 1950 in Rochester, New York. My daughter was born in Albany, \"Albeney\" as they call it. She lives in Asheville; North Carolina and my son lives in Alpharetta, which is a town.\n\nKENT: Over the years, what have they asked of you and your wife about the \nold days? What kind of a legacy--.\n\n\nEISENBERG: My son doesn't ask me anything. My daughter is the one that wants to know--she wants to know everything. Here, for instance, see she made these little notes, [hands a paper with a yellow sticky note to interviewer] what the translations mean so that she knows when she gets all of these papers and documents whatever they are.\n\nKENT: What are some of the other things that she's asked about? What are your kids, your daughter curious about that maybe you haven't explained?\n\nEISENBERG: I really haven't explained anything because I haven't......well, I\nexplained a few little things, but I've been, I don't know, I never really\ntalked about it. She wants to know everything. She's got the pictures of my\nparents, certain things like these little notes that she attaches to documents,\nshe's really interested in it. My son, nothing and I hear that a lot. In other\nfamilies that the parents don't talk to their children about what happened sixty\nyears ago.\n\nKENT: What would you want your kids to carry on?\n\nEISENBERG: Second on the left.\n\nKENT: In the front or back?\n\nEISENBERG: The front, up here. This is a police report. Every citizen has to\nhave from Berlin.\n\nKENT: What does it say?\n\nEISENBERG: It gives you......it really doesn't say anything. It tells you that I\nhave reported to the police. Everybody, when you move in Germany from one\nlocation to another, you have to report to the police. So, this is one of these\nreports and on the back, it just says, \"Are there any police charges or\nanything\" and it says \"Nothing.\" Every citizen has to have a police certificate\nand there's your swastika on the back. It's on all this stuff.\n\nKENT: I wonder when you did go back to Germany in the 1980's and you saw some of the older people walking around, what did you think about them?\n\nEISENBERG: The older people, nobody was a Nazi. It's always the other guy that was the Nazi. They all played a part. A lot of them.... the new pope [Benedict] was part of the Hitler Youth, and I really can't hold that against him because that's what you had to do to live in Germany. Whether you were a Nazi or not. You had to be part of the group to make a living.\n\nKENT: Apart from those people who were the people like him, who went along with it, a big question: What's your understanding of all those Germans who really meant it? That weren't just along for the ride?\n\nEISENBERG: There were plenty of them, sure because otherwise it couldn't have happened.\nKENT: Maybe talk about that whole theme of \"how could that have happened.\" What does it say about German culture, religion, the whole thing?\n\nEISENBERG: The German culture--Germany was a very cultured country as you know,\nmusic, everything but I don't know. I just don't know how people can change from being a concert conductor to a killer and that's what happened.\n\nKENT: You had said that you weren't aware of any antisemitism before Hitler--\n\nEISENBERG: I wasn't but it must have been there, but I really didn't experience any.\n\nKENT: Do you have any other thoughts of that whole period of how it happened,\nwhy it happened, what it means, even if you were from a distance, kind of\nlooking at it? Or if you watch any old newsreels, documentaries--\n\nEISENBERG: I watch them all the time.\n\nKENT: What goes on in you when you're watching these old black and white films?\n\nEISENBERG: That's part of the past. I drew a line under it.\n\nKENT: You think anything's been learned or was it just like a bad dream that\nended, and nobody was a Nazi? It was all somebody else. Has anything actually been learned from all that?\n\nEISENBERG: It's rearing its head again, you know? It could have happened here, too. You had Mosley in England, you had Kuhn in this country. It's difficult. Hitler was a very.... people heard him talk and express himself and he really caught Germany. After the First World War, during the late twenties, 1929, when inflation hit people were down and out and Hitler promised them the sky and they just followed.\n\nKENT: How did that whole war experience affect your value about being Jewish? Did you become any more or less?\n\nEISENBERG: No, I became more Jewish. Yes.\n\nKENT: In what way? How does that show up?\n\nEISENBERG: Well, like in supporting Israel for instance right now. Her brother\nhas been living in Israel since the 1950s. He's got eleven grandchildren;\nthey're all in the service or have been in the service. He built the kibbutz\nblade by blade when they put down the seedlings. He really was one of the\npioneers. We support the Jewish Museum's. We support a lot of organizations\nwhich in Germany, I never did, even though they were available. I knew in Berlin where the ort [German: location] was but it was because a lot of people went to ort to learn the trade for when they emigrated.\n\nKENT: Were you aware of raising your kids with any particular values or\nattitudes considering the history?\n\nEISENBERG: My problem was that I spent too much time away from home. I was always traveling. It was left to my wife. She had the two kids, and I was gone. That was one of the heartaches, the bad parts in our life that I didn't spend enough time with my children. I was gone but there's nothing I could do. That's just the way it was.\n\nKENT: What are some of the more significant memories you have of your early days in America, raising a family? Were there any particular family memories that are important to you?\n\nEISENBERG: No, not really. We visited [Unintelligible: 1:07:21] when he lived in Jacksonville. We went down there a lot of times, but we didn't have a big\nfamily. We had no family, nothing to reunite my wife, myself and our two\nchildren. There were no aunts or uncles, we were on our own. Many a time, my wife says, \"I wish we had stayed in Great Britain where we have got relatives.\"\n\nKENT: Talk about your wife a little. What's she like?\n\nEISENBERG: You want to talk to her?\n\nKENT: Maybe talk about her a little bit? What kind of a person is she?\n\nEISENBERG: She's very particular. She belongs to her Hadassah and\ndifferent--City of Hope. She was active in the City of Hope. She was treasurer\nat the Hadassah. She goes to the meetings, although she doesn't always believe in what's happening at the meetings. Are you there? I thought I heard her.\n\nKENT: When you go to these survivor meetings. What makes you go to them?\n\nEISENBERG: Actually, I don't. I feel like I really don't belong there because\npeople tell me what happened to them in concentration camps. They tell me that they went to Russia, and they went to the army, went to China and Shanghai, the Russian army, they fought there. I didn't do any of that. That's why sometimes......I lived through the Holocaust period but I'm not a survivor as such, you know?\n\nKENT: Do you have any conviction as to how come you were one of the very\nfortunate ones?\n\nEISENBERG: It's a case of luck, that's all it is. I never heard the knock on the\ndoor which so many did. I was lucky. That's all I can say. I was ready to go if\nthey had come.\n\nKENT: Can you think of anything else that your kids might be interested in, or\ngrandkids might be interested in? Any other memories or images?\n\nEISENBERG: My daughter would be, but I don't think my son, or my grandson would. It's unfortunate.\n\nKENT: Would you want your son to be more curious?\n\nEISENBERG: I would love for him to be, but he isn't. He just--well, I don't open up to him either, it's a mutual thing but my daughter's interested.\n\nKENT: Maybe if he watches this it might generate some curiosity. As far as\nleaving this to history, that it'll be in a museum. Can you think of any other\nmessages you'd want to pass on? What you want anybody to learn from your life? You're a part of history anyway.\n\nEISENBERG: You have to be careful in just a little fun, something happens that is antisemitic. Don't let it go by the wayside because it grows, and it\ngrows......the German Jews ignored a lot of the stuff that happened. They said, \"Ah it's going to go away\" and it's not going to go away.\n\nKENT: There have been documentaries called \"It's a Warning from History\" or\nsomething like that, even apart from the Jewish part of it, in the bigger\npicture, what should people learn about? What lessons should be learned about what happened there beyond, the German Jewish conflict, but about society and about that people think?\n\nEISENBERG: People should be more tolerant of each other. You have to have people that aren't maybe in the position to help themselves. Be open, be tolerant and just try to make it a better world if you can.\n\nKENT: Can you give any other angle? No. Okay.\n\nEISENBERG: I'm sorry I couldn't be more helpful. It's one of these things that\nif I had been a real survivor of a concentration camp, things that happened, all\nthe things that happened, I could have been more assertive, maybe.\n\nKENT: I mean, the tragic thing is to think of where your mother ended up and how she died.\n\nEISENBERG: I wish I had that letter that she wrote me of my father's death. I\nwas crying for days after I got that letter.\n\nKENT: Did you ever try to research as to which transports went where at that time?\n\nEISENBERG: No.\n\nKENT: Try to get a sense maybe of where she went.\n\n'EISENBERG: No, no, I didn't. I think my daughter was looking it up in Yad Vashem when she was there, but she couldn't find anything there.\n\nKENT: Thank you for sharing your story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1440.0,1470.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations  [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBonn is a city in western Germany situated on the Rhine River. Bonn was the capital of West Germany from 1949 until 1990 with the reunification of Germany following the fall of the Berlin Wall. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHermann Tietz (1837-1907) was a Jewish German merchant who founded a chain of department stores called Hermann Tietz. The first Hermann Tietz was opened in 1882 in Berlin, it was also the second-largest department store in Berlin at the time. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Frankfurt an der Oder is a city on the border of Germany and Poland that lies on the banks of the Oder River. It is often confused with the western German city of Frankfurt am Main. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1933, more than 26,000 Jews lived in Frankfurt, making the city the second-largest Jewish community in Germany. As soon as the Nazis rose to power in January 1933, the Jews of Frankfurt, like Jews all over Germany, were subjected to discrimination. The city's Jewish mayor was immediately kicked out of the office and many Jewish workers were fired from their jobs. The Nazis in Frankfurt began their anti-Jewish boycott earlier than the rest of the country and continued boycotting Jewish enterprises after the official one-day boycott of April 1, 1933. The Jews of Frankfurt responded to their community's seriously deteriorating economic circumstances by establishing a widespread welfare system. By 1935, almost 20 percent of the Jews in Frankfurt were being assisted by the welfare network. The Jewish community also boosted morale by setting up its own cultural activities, including a symphony, theater groups, and sports programs. During the Kristallnacht pogrom of November 9-10, 1938, many of the city's synagogues were burnt down, Jewish stores were attacked and pillaged, and homes were ransacked. The Frankfurt yeshiva was also destroyed. Soon, thousands of Jews were arrested and over 2,000 were sent to Buchenwald. The grave violence led many Jews to flee the country, and by May 1939, only about 14,000 Jews were left in Frankfurt. Just a few months after World War II broke out in September 1939, the Gestapo began the Aryanization process of confiscating Jewish property. The Frankfurt municipality bought Jewish community property for much less than its true worth, and the Jewish cemeteries were vandalized. In March 1941 Jews were made to do forced labor, and in October, the first Jews were deported to Lodz. On November 11, 1,052 Jews were sent to Minsk, and another 902 were deported to Riga on November 22. In 1942, 2,952 Jews from Frankfurt were sent to Theresienstadt. More Jews were deported eastward in late 1942 and throughout 1943. The last transport of Jews from Frankfurt was transferred to Theresienstadt in January 1944. Altogether, only 600 Jews from Frankfurt survived the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRatibor [Polish: Raciborz] is a Polish city on the upper Oder River near the border of the Czech Republic. Ratibor has been a German and Polish city, previously belonging to Prussia at one point. Today Ratibor belongs to Poland. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: B'nai mitzvah] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure in the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hitler Youth [German: Hitlerjugend] was a youth organization of the Nazi Party in Germany. It existed from 1922 to 1945. It was modeled after its adult counterpart, the Sturmabteilung (SA), and was paramilitary in the organization. It was for males 14 to 18 years of age. There was another section for young boys called Deutsches Jungvolk and a girls’ section called Bund Deutscher Madel [German: Association of German Girls]. The Hitler Youth were viewed as future “Aryan supermen” and were indoctrinated as such. The Hitler Youth put emphasis on physical and military training. The organization emphasized sports as a means of preparing boys for service as soldiers in the armed forces or, later, in the SS. They had uniforms like the SA with similar ranks and insignia. It also served to indoctrinate students with the National Socialist worldview.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “concentration camp” refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy. In Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945, concentration camps (Konzentrationslager; briefly “KL” or “KZ”) were an integral feature of the regime. The Nazis differentiated between concentration camps, which were used to contain slave laborers and prisoners of the Nazi state, and extermination camps, whose primary purpose was the systematic killing of prisoners. Shortly after coming to power in 1933, the Nazis began to set up a series of concentration camps across Germany. Those were mostly local initiatives: facilities that the SA, SS, and police established on an ad hoc basis, where they would detain and abuse real and imagined enemies of the regime. By 1934, there were over 100 of these early camps in operation. When the Nazi regime came to power, they systematically persecuted both Jewish and non-Jewish Germans perceived to be opponents of the regime. Political opponents (Communists, Social Democrats, liberals) were some of the first victims housed in “temporary” detention centers like Lichtenburg. Jews, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jehovah's Witnesses, clergy who opposed the Nazis, and any others whose behavior—real or perceived—could be interpreted as being in opposition to Nazi political and racial ideologies were also persecuted and incarcerated. The Nazi regime refused to tolerate criticism, dissent, or nonconformity from the German people. Non-Jewish German political activists were treated harshly but other political opponents remained potentially valuable members of the German race. The goal behind their internment in and subsequent release from concentration camps was often a kind of reeducation that would see them fall into line with the regime’s political and racial ideologies. Between 1933 and 1939, tens of thousands of Germans were sentenced by the criminal courts. If authorities were confident of a conviction in court, the prisoner was turned over to the justice system for trial. If the outcome of criminal proceedings were unsatisfactory, the acquitted citizen or the citizen who was sentenced to a suspended sentence would still be taken into “protective detention” and incarcerated in a concentration camp. The first concentration camps were established in 1933. Various authorities set up makeshift “camps” in empty warehouses, factories, and other locations. Camps were established in Oranienburg, north of Berlin; Esterwegen, near Hamburg; Dachau, northwest of Munich; and Lichtenburg, in Saxony. By the end of July 1933, almost 27,000 people were housed in these camps. Most of the prisoners were political opponents of the Nazi regime. By the end of 1934, most of these early camps were disbanded and replaced by a centrally organized concentration camp system under the exclusive jurisdiction of the SS.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The American Red Cross (ARC) is a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief, and education in the United States. It is the designated United States affiliate of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The ARC was founded in 1881 by Clara Barton.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, the Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJüdischer Kulturebund [German: Jewish Cultural Association] was established in 1933 after the Nazis expelled Jews from German culture. The association consisted of musicians and performing artists giving them a place to continue their art under Nazi supervision. The association disbanded in 1938 soon after Kristallnacht.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBremerhaven is the largest port city on the North Sea in Northern Germany. Bremerhaven has always been an essential port for trade focused on motor import and export, shipbuilding, and food processing. During the war, it was used as a Naval base for the Nazis as well as used for emigration to the rest of Europe. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Fifth Column describes a group of people who undermine another larger group. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eQuisling is a person who collaborates with the enemy of an occupied country. It is a synonym for traitor. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBloomsbury House was the headquarters for most pro-refugee aid organizations by March 1939, the Jewish Refugees Committee being one of them. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e The Isle of Man is a self-governing island in the British Isles in the Irish sea between Ireland and Great Britain. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Geneva Conventions are a series of treaties on the treatment of civilians, prisoners of war (POWs) and soldiers who are unable to fight. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “ghetto” originated in sixteenth-century Venice from the Jewish quarter, where authorities compelled the city’s Jews to live. The term’s usage spread across Europe and referred to areas within cities were members of minorities (typically Jews) lived and were often restricted by the authorities as a way to separate them from the majority Christian population. During World War II, Nazi Germany established ghettos in segregated city districts to further isolate and imprison regional Jewish populations. Starting in 1939, the Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. Jews living in ghettos experienced miserable conditions and overcrowding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBundesrat [German: federal council] is one of the two legislative branches of the German government. Here it is referring to the building that used to hold the Bundesrat in the previous German capital of Bonn.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or “Knights of the Ku Klux Klan” today) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Black secret society, whose methods have included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860s and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past, it members dressed up in white robes and pointed hats designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSir Oswald Mosley (1896-1980) was a British politician who led Britain’s antisemitic fascist movement in the 1930s. He led streetfighters, known as blackshirts, who were violent towards Jews and left-wing opponents. During WWII Mosley was interned as he was considered an enemy sympathizer. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFritz Julius Kuhn (1896-1951) was a German-born Nazi who became an American citizen in 1934. Kuhn was the head of the German American Bund headquartered in Buffalo New York. The German American Bund was a group that supported Hitler’s rule, recruiting thousands of Americans using antisemitic and anticommunist propaganda. Kuhn was eventually jailed for tax embezzlement and later stripped of his American citizenship in 1943. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer service organization founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold. It currently has over 300,000 members and supporters worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA kibbutz (Hebrew: \"gathering,\" \"clustering\"‎) is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. The first kibbutz, established in 1909, was Degania. Today, farming has been partly supplanted by other economic branches, including industrial plants and high-tech enterprises. Kibbutzim began as utopian communities, a combination of socialism and Zionism. In recent decades, some kibbutzim have been privatized and changes have been made in the communal lifestyle. A member of a kibbutz is called a \"kibbutznik.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis: A Warning from History is a 1997 BBC documentary series that follows the rise and fall of the Nazi regime. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/annotation_set/900/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYad Vashem is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=1440.0,1470.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/index/51876","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Eisenberg, Manfred  [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/index/51876/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Manfred's Background and Family History ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=31.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/index/51876/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tell us about what your early family situation was, who the people were in your family?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=31.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/index/51876/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bar Mitzvah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bonn, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First World War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankfurt am Main, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frankfurt an der Oder, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hermann Tietz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=31.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/index/51876/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Changes to Jewish Life when Hitler Came to Power  ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=270.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/index/51876/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Were you aware of any more subtle strains of anti-Jewish sentiment before Hitler?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=270.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/index/51876/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Election","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler Youth","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Law","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=270.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/index/51876/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Economic Struggle ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=660.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/index/51876/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sure, it affected us economically. My dad, for instance, he represented a number of factories, and he called on buying offices in Berlin.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=660.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/index/51876/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044#t=660.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/79104/file/167044/index/51876/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Visa to England and Mother's 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