{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/xs5j961m1j/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Gross, Alex (1983)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1983-08-07 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Alex Gross (Interviewee)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAlex describes the village he grew up in and introduces his family. He talks about the changes that occurred when Hungary took over his area of Czechoslovakia. Alex remembers the antisemitism he encountered and fighting with members of the Hitler Youth. He remembers being sent to the Munkacs ghetto and the SS torturing Jews for sport. Alex explains why they believed deportation would be a relief. He discusses the deaths and births that occurred in the ghetto. Alex details the experience of being packed into railroad cars headed toward Auschwitz-Birkenau. He recounts his shock when his parents implored him to stay alive no matter what. Alex describes the selection process and being separated from his family. He remembers a brief glimpse of his mother and sister in the camp. Alex describes being sent to Buna, where hunger and brutal working conditions became his daily routine. He remembers the torture and killings he witnessed. Alex reminisces about reuniting with one brother in camp. He details the brutality prisoners endured amid bombings by Allies. Alex talks about the lack of medical care, poor living conditions, and his own illness. He recounts the experiences of friends who endured medical experiments. Alex details the death march he was sent on to Gleiwitz and almost giving up. He recalls riding in an open railcar to Buchenwald, where he fought thirst and freezing conditions. He talks about being sent into private homes to work. Alex discounts the denial of the camps from German citizens after the war. Alex recounts getting to meet one of his liberators years later. He talks about reuniting with his siblings after the war and the search for parents. He traces their challenging route as they escaped the Soviets for the American zone. Alex remembers his own difficult road to recovery. He struggles to explain why he is compelled to share his story now after not talking about if for decades. Alex shares his own pride about being an American and having served in the Korean War. He considers whether a Holocaust could happen again. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eAlex Gross was born in the Carpathian Mountains of Czechoslovakia in 1928. Alex was one of seven children born to a tailor and housewife. He was the youngest of six sons and had a younger sister. After the Hungarians occupied the area, Alex and his family endured antisemitic violence and forced labor. In 1944, the family was sent to the Munkacs ghetto along with all of the area’s Jews. A few weeks later, they were sent in crowded rail cars to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Alex was soon separated from his family. He never saw his parents again. Alex was then sent to work in Buna’s factories. He spent the next year digging ditches and hauling steel and rocks. As the Allies approached, Alex endured a death march from Auschwitz to Gleiwitz and a transport to Buchenwald, where he was liberated by the Americans. He made his way home where he was reunited with his siblings. When the British Welfare Agency arranged to fly orphans to the British Isles, Alex and his sister and one brother were flown to Scotland. There, Alex went to school, learned a trade, danced, played soccer, and trained to be a boxer. In 1949, he immigrated to the United States. In 1951, he joined the American Army. One by one, all his siblings came to the United States. In 1958, he married, had four children, and built a very successful business. Despite his successes and triumphs, Alex also suffered the tragic death of his only son in a construction accident and the murder of his first wife. Alex was a founding member of  Eternal Life-Hemshech and actively shares his experiences at schools.  In 1996, Alex remarried. After retirement, he moved to Florida.  \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eAlex Gross was interviewed by an unidentified male on August 7, 1983 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28949"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Alex Gross (personal name)","Holocaust (named event)","Gross, Rosalind (personal name)","Gross, Bill (personal name)","Gross, Sam (personal name)","Gross, Bernie (personal name)","Gross, Phillip (personal name)","Gross, Ben (personal name)","Crawford, Fred (personal name)","Carpathian Mountains, Czechoslovakia (geographic term)","Polank, Czechoslovakia (geographic term)","Budapest, Hungary (geographic term)","London, England (geographic term)","Prague, Czech Republic (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Youngstown, Ohio (geographic term)","Mukachevo, Ukraine (geographic term)","Munkacs Ghetto (geographic term)","Gleiwitz (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (geographic term)","Bunawerke (geographic term)","Buchenwald (geographic term)","Bergen-Belsen (geographic term)","Jewish Federation (corporate name)","Emory University (corporate name)","United Way (corporate name)","Hitler Youth (corporate name)","Korean War (named event)","Passover (named event)","IG Farben (corporate name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAlex describes the village he grew up in and introduces his family. He talks about the changes that occurred when Hungary took over his area of Czechoslovakia. Alex remembers the antisemitism he encountered and fighting with members of the Hitler Youth. He remembers being sent to the Munkacs ghetto and the SS torturing Jews for sport. Alex explains why they believed deportation would be a relief. He discusses the deaths and births that occurred in the ghetto. Alex details the experience of being packed into railroad cars headed toward Auschwitz-Birkenau. He recounts his shock when his parents implored him to stay alive no matter what. Alex describes the selection process and being separated from his family. He remembers a brief glimpse of his mother and sister in the camp. Alex describes being sent to Buna, where hunger and brutal working conditions became his daily routine. He remembers the torture and killings he witnessed. Alex reminisces about reuniting with one brother in camp. He details the brutality prisoners endured amid bombings by Allies. Alex talks about the lack of medical care, poor living conditions, and his own illness. He recounts the experiences of friends who endured medical experiments. Alex details the death march he was sent on to Gleiwitz and almost giving up. He recalls riding in an open railcar to Buchenwald, where he fought thirst and freezing conditions. He talks about being sent into private homes to work. Alex discounts the denial of the camps from German citizens after the war. Alex recounts getting to meet one of his liberators years later. He talks about reuniting with his siblings after the war and the search for parents. He traces their challenging route as they escaped the Soviets for the American zone. Alex remembers his own difficult road to recovery. He struggles to explain why he is compelled to share his story now after not talking about if for decades. Alex shares his own pride about being an American and having served in the Korean War. He considers whether a Holocaust could happen again.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlex Gross was born in the Carpathian Mountains of Czechoslovakia in 1928. Alex was one of seven children born to a tailor and housewife. He was the youngest of six sons and had a younger sister. After the Hungarians occupied the area, Alex and his family endured antisemitic violence and forced labor. In 1944, the family was sent to the Munkacs ghetto along with all of the area\u0026rsquo;s Jews. A few weeks later, they were sent in crowded rail cars to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Alex was soon separated from his family. He never saw his parents again. Alex was then sent to work in Buna\u0026rsquo;s factories. He spent the next year digging ditches and hauling steel and rocks. As the Allies approached, Alex endured a death march from Auschwitz to Gleiwitz and a transport to Buchenwald, where he was liberated by the Americans. He made his way home where he was reunited with his siblings. When the British Welfare Agency arranged to fly orphans to the British Isles, Alex and his sister and one brother were flown to Scotland. There, Alex went to school, learned a trade, danced, played soccer, and trained to be a boxer. In 1949, he immigrated to the United States. In 1951, he joined the American Army. One by one, all his siblings came to the United States. In 1958, he married, had four children, and built a very successful business. Despite his successes and triumphs, Alex also suffered the tragic death of his only son in a construction accident and the murder of his first wife. Alex was a founding member of \u0026nbsp;Eternal Life-Hemshech and actively shares his experiences at schools. \u0026nbsp;In 1996, Alex remarried. After retirement, he moved to Florida. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlex Gross was interviewed by an unidentified male on August 7, 1983 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/175/203/small/Gross_Alex.m4v_1677197053.jpg?1677197054","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Gross_Alex.m4v"]},"duration":7760.253,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/175/203/small/Gross_Alex.m4v_1677197053.jpg?1677197054","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/175/203/original/Gross_Alex.m4v?1677197043","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7760.253,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Alex Gross [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alex: Give me your full name and then your address.\n\nAlex: It is Alex Gross. I live at 3120 Boxwood Drive, Atlanta, Georgia, 30345.\n\nInterviewer: What was the day of your birth?\n\nAlex: September 18, 1928.\n\nInterviewer: When you were liberated, how old were you?\n\nAlex: I was about 15 and a half.\n\nInterviewer: How old were you when the war started?\n\nAlex: When the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war started, I was about eleven years old.\n\nInterviewer: [What is] your present occupation?\n\nAlex: I am a builder.\n\nInterviewer: In Atlanta?\n\nAlex: In Atlanta.\n\nInterviewer: Where were you born?\n\nAlex: I was born in a little village of Polank, Czechoslovakia in the Carpathian Mountains.\n\nInterviewer: Did you grow up in that area?\n\nAlex: Yes, I did.\n\nInterviewer: Was this a rural area?\n\nAlex: Very much a rural ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"area, like, we did not have any paved streets.\n\nInterviewer: Tell me about your family.\n\nAlex: We had a typical family in Europe. My father was a tailor. We had lots of\nchildren--six brothers and a sister--and we had other people living with\nus--lots of cousins, lots of aunts and uncles. We were blessed with a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice,\nlarge family.\n\nInterviewer: Your entire family lived in that same community?\n\nAlex: For the most part. One section--my mother's section--lived in that part.\nMy father's section was not too far from there, but on the other side of the\nmain city.\n\nInterviewer: Where are you all practicing Jews?\n\nAlex: Very much so, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes.\n\nInterviewer: Did you have extensive contacts with non-Jews in the community\nprior to the war?\n\nAlex: Yes, we were very much part of the village, part of the communal life. As\nfar as contacts, we went to school with them, we played sports together. In\nfact, I had some very close non-Jewish friends, as well as Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends.\n\nInterviewer: Do you remember experiencing any antisemitism before the war?\n\nAlex: Yes, very much so. Our village happened to have been a Schwabisch village,\nwhich is original German descent. The villages surrounding us were mostly\nRussian speaking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Poles]. The main city was a mixture of a lot of Jewish people,\nand Slovaks, and gypsies, and Czech. Yes, we used to be attacked as kids by them\nas 'Christ killers,' so to speak. It was antisemitism as was practiced\nthroughout most of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe.\n\nInterviewer: Was it very difficult to be a Jew in that part of Europe at that time?\n\nAlex: Not before the war. In fact, even after the Hungarians partitioned and\ntook -- When Czechoslovakia was carved up, the portion that I was born [in] was\ngiven to Hungary. Even at that time, the antisemitism flourished, but at the\nsame ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, we gave back to the commerce. We lived our communal life. We had our\nfamily life. Our whole life centered around the synagogue. There was not that\nmuch assimilation in our part of the villages as there was in the city. For the\nmost part, they resented it terribly.\n\nInterviewer: What were your first memories of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war?\n\nAlex: The first memories of true anti-Jewish outbreaks were they had a\nHitlerjugend, a Nazi youth movement, in like, the back of our yard. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were\nattacked many times, but normally in small skirmishes, except when the Nazis\n[and] the SS took over our territory. My brother and I were going around. We\nwere on our way to the field to pick up the straw. He had a pitchfork, I had a\nrake, and we were attacked by about 30 or 40 of them. We ran as far as we could.\nWe made our stand at a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"narrow bridge. We left quite a few of them bleeding. By\nthat time, it got dark and we managed to stay long enough, stay them off till it\nwas very dark. Then, we managed to go around the bastion through a couple\nvillages to finally get back to our home a couple of days later probably.\n\nInterviewer: How old were you when the war started?\n\nAlex: About eleven years old.\n\nInterviewer: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the beginning of the war, where there are many changes that you\nexperienced, like the Nuremberg type laws?\n\nAlex: Not in our part of the world, because Czechoslovakia was a very democratic\ncountry. There was very little official so-called tolerance. They did not\ntolerate any antisemitism. Even though the local ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans, or Schwabisch, used to\nattack us. They were openly antisemitic, where the Czech regime itself was not\nuntil the Hungarians actually occupied it. Even then, for a while, we did not\neven know that there was such a thing as extermination of the Jews.\n\nInterviewer: Did you ever live in a ghetto, have a ghetto experience?\n\nAlex: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes. As a matter of fact, I had several scrapes. I had to leave home\nbecause of my fights with the Hitler Youth. First, I went to a village called\nBary [in eastern Slovakia today], where one of my aunts lived. I had to come\nhome from there. Then, I went to another village where another uncle and aunt lived. See,\nall the boys ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at age eleven had to report for paramilitary training. They\nsubjected us to a lot of humiliation and all because we had to wear the star of\nDavid. The Christian boys were given wooden guns to train with, and taught how\nto march, and how to shoot, and how to be so-called soldiers. In our case,\ninstead of guns, we were given shovels to dig ditches. That in itself, was no\nproblem. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problem was that the Christian kids were taught to march past us,\nto kick us, spit at us, call us names, and generally humiliate us. Then finally,\nafter I went to the capital of Hungary and when they started rounding up the\nJews over there, I came back home just before ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pesach. By that time, the SS\nsurrounded our village and started herding all the Jews from all of our villages\ninto the ghetto in Munkacs. They used a converted brick factory, because there\nwere no lodging facilities there. We had to so-called exist inside the brick\noven, former office. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very cold. It was just around Pesach. It was a\nterrible thing to find yourself suddenly commemorating the Passover in the ghetto.\n\nInterviewer: Where was Munkacs?\n\nAlex: Munkacs was in the Carpathian Mountains, the area where I came from.\n\nInterviewer: You were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never in the ghetto in Budapest [Hungary]?\n\nAlex: No, I escaped entrapment about three or four times. I was singing in the\nfamous Jewish Boys Choir in Budapest. The reason I was anxious to sing there\n[was]--I was a soloist--because, number one, I spoke fluent Yiddish, the only\nreally tongue I that I spoke at home. Secondly, I used to sing in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"choir back\nhome--they used to give free cookies and milk. That is how I somehow survived in\nBudapest. In those days, an apprentice did not make any money.\n\nInterviewer: When you were taken to Munkacs, who were you taken with? Who went\nwith you?\n\nAlex: First, they took away our father. Then, they took away our oldest brother,\nPhillip, then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ben. Then, they took my brother, Bernie. They took them to forced\nlabor camps. Finally, they let my father come home. Just when he got home, they\nrounded up, and took my father, my mother, my sister, my brother, Bill, and my\nbrother, Sam, and me to the ghetto, along with the rest of our uncles and aunts\nand cousins in the area.\n\nInterviewer: Whet ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year was that?\n\nAlex: That was just before Pesach in 1944.\n\nInterviewer: What was your daily routine like in the ghetto?\n\nAlex: They made us -- First, us as part of the SS fun, they made us so-called\n'unload' bricks or 'clear' the breaks. Really, what they made us do is throw at\neach other the break, so they would [amuse] themselves with it. Sometimes, they\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made us try to just pick up mud that was designed for bricks to be made out, so\nwe could throw it at each other, stuff like that. Just, anything they could find\nto humiliate you, because, really, what was there to do? We were only there on a\nstation to the road to death, because not too much later, they pulled the cattle\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cars in and they just jammed us in like sardines.\n\nInterviewer: How long were you in the ghetto?\n\nAlex: In the ghetto, we were only maybe three weeks, four weeks.\n\nInterviewer: Was there any opportunity to establish a community life in the ghetto?\n\nAlex: No, none whatsoever, because there was no there was no bathroom\nfacilities; there was no sanitary ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"facilities; there was no kitchen for us; there\nwas no place to live. There was really no shelter there. We managed because we\nwere one of the first ones. We cleaned out the brick oven where they used to\nbake and make the bricks. We stayed in there, but it was extremely cold. The\nweather over there in the mountains was very cold.\n\nInterviewer: Did you stay with your family the whole time while you were in the ghetto?\n\nAlex: Yes. It was not a happy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occasion to have to sleep in the icy, muddy water.\n\nInterviewer: In the oven?\n\nAlex: Yes.\n\nInterviewer: Was there any resistance in the ghetto?\n\nAlex: Yes and no. There were some attempts at escape. They tried to show\nexamples of what would happen if somebody would try to leave and talk back to an\nSS man. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They used to shoot a few people just for practice and they used to flog\nsome people for practice, just to show other people what would happen, just in\ncase they get some ideas. From that standpoint, we were too much bewildered. We\ndid not know what was happening. Actually, in order to understand the kind of\nframe of mind we were in, they dished out so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much punishment, so much hate prior\nto the ghetto -- For instance, the Jews were not given food ration coupons.\nEverything was rationed. As a result of that, the only time a Jew was allowed to\nbuy food is if you stood in line. You had to sometimes stand in line for hours.\nThe young people used to beat up -- so a lot of times the elderly ladies or\nyoung ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids used to stand in line just in case there was some food left that the\nChristians would sell to us at an enormous price. Invariably, some of the\nHitlerjugend would come up and attack these elderly ladies. Being the religious\nladies, they used to have sheitels, wigs. They tore the wigs down, threw it in\nthe mud, threw the lady down, kicked her, stamped on her. Suddenly, the SS man\nappeared as though he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to be a savior. [They would] tell us, \"Look,\nwe're going to get you out of here. We're going to take you away from these Jew\nhating antisemites. We're going to relocate you to the north and you're going to\nlive with your family. We have factories really waiting for you. You are skilled\npeople. We need you very badly,\" and, \"Don't worry, we're going to take care of\nyou.\" It was almost as though we wanted to believe it in order to get away from\nthe tremendous antisemitic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outbursts that we had to endure. The ghetto was\nalways a relief. We did not see that particular kind of fascist attacks constantly.\n\nInterviewer: You said there were attempted escapes from the ghetto?\n\nAlex: Yes.\n\nInterviewer: Tell me more about that.\n\nAlex: From the ghetto, in our particular case, several did manage to escape.\nThere was some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shooting. I do not know whether they were hit or not, but to set\nan example, they used to take their revenge out on the people in the ghetto. But\nI was not there that long, to see all that went on in the ghetto. But it showed\nus enough how ruthless they can be; not to dare try anything.\n\nInterviewer: You mentioned that people were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taken out of the ghetto in cattle\ncars, squeezed together. Did the Jews in the ghetto know of the death camps?\nWere they aware?\n\nAlex: If they did, they certainly did not want to know it. They were afraid to\nknow it, as though -- Did they have a choice? What choice did they really have?\nHere, we were promised to be taken away and saved from the local ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemites,\nfrom the local fascists, so it was almost like a relief. After all, we thought\nthe Germans were civilized people and they were going to keep their promise that\nthey need factory workers. Why should they harm young people? After all, if they\nneed good workers, we were healthy, strong people.\n\nInterviewer: What was the food like in the ghetto?\n\nAlex: The only food that was there was what we brought with us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They did not\nbring in any food at all.\n\nInterviewer: For four weeks, there was no food brought in?\n\nAlex: No, none whatsoever.\n\nInterviewer: Do you remember any young children there or were babies born in the ghetto?\n\nAlex: Only, I believe, one occasion a baby was born. I really do not know what\nhappened to the baby, if the baby survived or not. The mother was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sleeping in\nthe mud. There was no protection. There was no roof overhead. I am sure there\nwere a lot of elderly ladies who helped her with the baby. I was busy. I had to\nwork, so I did not see actually what happened. Once we were separated and put\ninto the cattle cars, there was no way of knowing what went on.\n\nInterviewer: Was there much sickness?\n\nAlex: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, sickness started to break out because there was no water, and\ncertainly not clean water, and a lot of people did not have their\nmedication--elderly people, so there was a certain amount of sickness, but not\nas much as later on. It was more evident later on, in the cattle cars.\n\nInterviewer: Do you remember people dying in the ghetto?\n\nAlex: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, there were one or two that died within a day or two after arrival\nthere. I do not remember exactly what happened. It was such a traumatic\nexperience that everybody was just hushing it up, not talking about it, because\nthe authorities would not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"permit to have a Jewish funeral, so it was a kind of a\nmakeshift funeral. It was a horrible event. We could not go there and cook for\nthem or anything like that. It was really traumatic.\n\nInterviewer: Were they buried in the ghetto?\n\nAlex: I believe so. I am not too sure. I believe they were buried right in the ghetto.\n\nInterviewer: In that four weeks that you were in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto, do you remember any\nreligious ceremonies?\n\nAlex: Every time the SS men were not around, we were praying. We had -- In the\narea where I came from, all of us attended every morning minyan and every night\nminyan, except, somebody had to look out to make sure that no guard was arriving\nor close ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by. But we had a minyan every morning and every night. Whilst it was\nforbidden, we did that.\n\nInterviewer: The Germans would not permit you to pray?\n\nAlex: Absolutely. They would probably have massacred us, shot us down.\n\nInterviewer: Did they ever tell you why?\n\nAlex: For many reasons, which they were not secret about it. The German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people,\nin fact, replaced G-d with Hitler and religion with fascism. They were not going\nto let anything stand in the way that could possibly question their supremacy.\nDeutschland uber alles. They used to have their famous song, [which meant]\n'Germany over everything.' They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just did not think anybody or anything was\ngreater than Hitler or fascism.\n\nInterviewer: When you were in the ghetto, did you have any contact with non-Jews\nwho were not part of the guard community or SS people?\n\nAlex: I did not, no.\n\nInterviewer: Do you know any such contact while you were there?\n\nAlex: I understand there was some contact, but I did not see it.\n\nInterviewer: Were the Christians helping the Jews in the ghetto?\n\nAlex: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No.\n\nInterviewer: You mentioned that from the ghetto, you were taking a railcar.\nDescribe what happened. You were in the ghetto. What happened next?\n\nAlex: Suddenly, one bright morning, there was a railroad spur and the cars\npulled up--a whole bunch of them. They just started herding everybody into the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cattle cars--as many as they could; some of them [held] 80; some of them 100;\nsome of them 120. I do not know exactly how many were on the cattle cars, but I\nknow we were jammed in like sardines. Whether you were a baby, or an elderly, a\ncrippled, or a what[ever], it did not make any difference. We were just jammed\nin, period.\n\nInterviewer: You were in the cattle car with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men and women?\n\nAlex: Men, women, children, elderly, sick people -- The first few hours, it was\njust getting to a point where it was almost impossible. Whilst it was cold\noutside, it was still -- because you were jammed in, it was almost hot.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everybody was perspiring. What happens when a baby cries? It is upsetting. But\nwhen a little baby wants mummy to feed him -- In those days, they did not have\nbottle milk, so mama had to breastfeed the baby and naturally, being religious\npeople like they were, most of the mothers did not want to breastfeed in front\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other people. There was really very little room. You could not go to one\ncorner or the other one. It just got from bad to worse because mothers started\nscreaming, but babies have to be fed. What happens after a couple of hours?\nLittle baby has to wee wee [urinate]. [One] cannot go to the corner. There [are]\nno toilets, so you [urinate] on the next person to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you. Between the stench, and\nthe shoving, and the pushing, the crippled people, the elderly just fell down.\nThey start being trampled over. It was a horrible scene. By that time, we had\nvery little food left. Whatever we had left, we were sharing amongst each other.\nNevertheless, it was a terrible scene. Even worse than ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, you see your loved\nones in a condition like that and you cannot do anything about it. You see your\naunts and uncles. You see your parents. You want to cry out. You want to do\nsomething. You cannot do it. You feel--after all, you are 14 and a half years\nold; you are a strong young man--you would like to do something, but what can\nyou do? There is nothing you can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do. Meanwhile, my father, who was a very strict\nman -- I do not think my father ever begged me for anything, never asked me for\nanything twice. My father only had to say one time, \"Do something,\" and we did\nit. Suddenly, he turned around and started begging us boys, \"Yankele, no matter\nwhat, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stay alive.\" It was kind of a sickening, and very frightening, bewildering\nfeeling because I did not know what was happening. After all, my father was such\na strong man, never begged for anything, never had to ask twice. Suddenly, he\nwas begging us to stay alive for us. Cockily, we said, \"Of course, Tata\n[Italian: Father]. What a silly thing to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ask.\" Mother, on the other hand, was\nthe kind of woman that I have yet to meet anybody nearing her human kindness. In\nfact, I do not remember not only any Shabbos, but any day that we did not have\ntotal strangers at our home. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beggars going through our village and stuff like\nthat, they always wound up in our home because my mother always had enough food\nfor them. Mother never had to ask us for anything, because we were always just\nhappy to do it without asking. Suddenly, she was crying, \"Yankele, listen to\nFather.\" I said, \"Of course! When did not I listen to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Father?\" As though they\nwere pleading with us that something horrible was coming up, that what the\nGermans and all the SS told us was nothing but a lie, they said, \"Stay strong\nand stay alive, no matter what.\" This went on for about seven days and seven\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nights. By the last couple of days, all hell broke loose. Suddenly, the strong\npeople were laughing, being hilarious. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crying, embracing. It was a\nvery difficult feeling. The babies suddenly stopped crying because they still\nhad tears anymore. Suddenly, the mean and strong people were not so mean and\nstrong. They were weak. Most of them were just about collapsing because of the\njerking of the cars ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not knowing what to expect. Finally, when we arrived at\nthe destination, the door was opened up by the SS. That scream of, \"Juden!\nRaus!\" [German: Jew! Out!] was something that I can never even let out of my\nmind. As the door opened up, most people just fell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. A lot of people just\nfell off. They had no strength at all. I will give you an example of how\ntraumatic an experience was that. I used to think of myself as a strong, young,\nhealthy man. After all, I traveled to the capital of Hungary and I traveled to\nother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cities. I was able to make a living. I thought I was a mensch. Suddenly, I\nlooked out and I saw these very skinny, scrawny people with a striped uniform,\nmore dead than alive, dragging their feet. I just -- My eyes were popping\nlooking at them, forgetting everything else. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of them whispered to me in\nYiddish, \"Ihr zent akhsten jahr alt.\" [Yiddish: You are 18 years old.] I said,\n\"That's meshuggeneh [Yiddish: crazy]. You're crazy. Eighteen? I'm fourteen and a\nhalf years old. What are you talking about?\" Suddenly, I looked around. I did\nnot find anybody in my family with me. I was all alone. I was standing in line\nuntil I found myself in front of the SS man that was in charge of the\nselections. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe to this day, it was Dr. Mengele, who had the power of G-d\nin his finger because [of] whichever way his finger pointed. A strong young man\nto the left meant to go to work. The ones, the young people, the children, the\nbabies, the elderly, the cripples went straight. They went straight to the\ncrematorium. The young women went to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right. I think I saw someone in the\ndistance, my father. I did not see any of my brothers, or my cousins, or anybody\nelse. I did not see my mother or my sister. Suddenly, I found myself where I\ncould not just walk. Everything had to be, \"Raus loss! Raus loss!\" [German: Get\nout!] That means 'fast.' It was not even a question whether you wanted to go or\nnot, because you were beaten with a rifle butt, or you were kicked, or you were\nbeaten ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a cudgel. You had to run. Suddenly, you found yourself in a line\nwhere they told you to strip. It was cold and you had to strip. When they said,\n\"Strip,\" they meant strip everything: your shorts, your underwear, your\n[unintelligible; 32:26], your shoes, your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"socks. As you dropped everything, they\nchecked you over very good to make sure you are not hiding anything. Then, they\nforced us to run to another section, one place where--in those days, they did\nnot have electric shears--they had these hand shears. With three good whips, he\npulled out my beautiful long blond hair, which was -- If he would have cut off\nmy right arm, it would not have hurt so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bad. My father, whilst being religious,\nwas the more modern type. He permitted us to have hair. I took so much care of\nit. Suddenly, I find myself without it. When I felt my head, it was blood,\nbecause they literally tore my hair out. In the next line, they just had you\nstick your arm and they burned a tattoo into it. In the next line, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they threw\nyou a pair of thin, striped slacks, like a pajama like slacks. Another place,\nthey threw you a similar shirt, which was the jacket. The next place, they threw\nme a pair of wooden clogs. Finally, we arrived at the destination where they\ngave you the most important of all and the only possession that you had. That\nwas a little tin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can and a spoon. That was your most important possession\nthroughout the camp. You lost that, you were not alive another day. They gave us\na string, which we tied our -- because my pants were so much bigger for me. From\nthere on, after a couple of days of so-called delousing and processing, they\nstarted marching us out of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birkenau towards Auschwitz. As they marched me out of\nBirkenau, suddenly I heard a cry, a voice calling to me. I looked over to the\nwoman section. I saw two bodies there. I did not recognize them. But when they\nstarted crying again, it turned out it was my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother and my sister. This time,\nthey did not have hair. Just a couple of days before that, my sister had hair\nalmost down to her knees. It was a very painful scene. Yet, at the same time, it\nis the most precious sight I remember, because it is the last time I saw my\nmother. As I was being marched further out, I saw on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another section my brother,\nSam. I tried to hook up with him. By that time, I got a rifle butt to the back\nof my head, to get back in the line. I found myself, after a few kilometers, in\nthe main camp of Auschwitz. From there, they sent us to another camp. They put\nus on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trucks. It was a short ride, maybe a couple of hours at the most. We\narrived at this camp called Buna Werke, or Buna. Typically, like all the other\ncamps, it had the same sign out \"Arbeit Macht Frei.\" They brought in, on an\naverage, between 1,000 to 2,000 people every single day into our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp. On the\nsame trucks that brought in the 1,000 [to] 2,000 healthy, young, strong people\ntook out between 1,000 and 2,000 nothing but skin and bone bodies. Camp is\nsomething that is very difficult to describe because we were assigned to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work at\nprobably the largest IG Farben industry in the world, which was adjoining the\ncamp. They had no less than 100,000 people working in that camp, of which, about\n40,000 were from our camp. There were about 5,000 prisoners of war: mostly\nBritish, and French soldiers, and Russian soldiers. There were probably about\n40,000 [or] 50,000 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yugoslavs, Polish, and Hungarian civilians working there.\nThey called them 'labor gangs.' [There were also] about four or 5,000 Germans:\nforemen, plus the guards, of course. The typical daily waking up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was always\nbefore dawn, always around 3:00 to 4:00 in the morning. Even though they did not\nmarch us to work till it started getting a little light, they made us stand\noutside on the appellplatz [German: roll call square] for hours, standing up\nwith our tattoo sticking out, so they could take roll call, so to speak. Many\ntimes, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called out your number and you had to say you are here. Even though\nthere were so many dead every day, there was not a day that one or two people\nnext to you in the bunk were not found dead. They went through a very careful\naccounting to make sure that the person that did not report was dead. After,\nthey went back, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"checked around the piles, and made sure that, yes, the\nperson that did not report there is dead. They came back and counted again. They\ndid this sometimes three or four times every day. By that time, we were ready to\nbe marched off to work. The workload was the worst possible kind ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because all the\neasy stuff, prisoners of war did, the Germans, or the laborers that they brought\nin from other countries. They gave us mostly the dangerous work, like digging\nditches, making railroad cars, carrying heavy blocks, or after a raid, to clean\nto clean out the debris, or dig up light bombs, or stuff like that. This was\ntypical. A ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"normal day consisted of about 12 to 16 hours, depending on the\ndaylight period. When you came back, if they were in a good mood, then you got\nyour ration of soup. That is why the canteen was the most important possession\nyou had. If you lost that, you have had it. At first, they used to give us every\nday ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bread, which was about maybe three or four slices thick the way in American\nbread is made, but it was mostly made out of sawdust. It was dark bread. We got\nwise real quick. Those that ate the bread right away never made it to the second\nday because the stomach swelled up, stuff like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. The best way, and the way\nthat veterans survived, is by breaking off a little piece of bread, and put it\nin your mouth, and let it dissolve slowly, and chew it. As the war progressed\nand the Germans started losing, their only gave us every second or third day\nbread, so it was so much more important that you do not eat it right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away. One\nof the most difficult things that none of us have been able to describe to this\nday and I do not think we ever will be, is the fact that it was not so much the\nhunger. It was not so much the work. It was more the humiliation and the fact\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there was no way that the worst kind of rodent could be treated that way. To\nsee -- To force a son to watch how his father was being tortured, or to force a\nfather to watch how a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"son is being tortured, or a brother to watch how a brother\nis being tortured is very difficult to describe. It is just horrible. Very\ntypically, the Germans had their games. The SS, the Wehrmacht [German Army], the\nEinsatzgruppen, the Jew killing units -- A lot of times, new, fresh people used\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come into our camp. One group, as an example, used to come in with their\nGerman shepherds. Their favorite entertainment was the shepherds were attacking\nthe man's vitals and tearing them out. That was their way of amusing themselves.\nAnother group--they were there off and on for a long time--they used to come in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and select the especially boys that would look a certain way--maybe boys with\ndark hair a particular day--mostly younger boys and heard them towards\nelectrified fences just to see them blown up. When 17,000 watts hits you, you\nblow up. That is the way they enjoyed themselves. Other SS man got their kicks\nout of maybe picking up a boy, and making bets among themselves, and throwing up\nthe boy, and betting he was going to shoot the left or right eye ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. Many days,\nthey had hangings out there just for any ridiculous reason. That was probably,\nbeyond a shadow of a doubt, the worst ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"form of torture that we had to endure.\nEven if we could have endured the hunger, and the beating, the hard work -- If I\nwould have to classify it, I would say that the work, if anything, saved us. It\nsaved our sanity because it kept us busy. But once work was finished, it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was\nunfortunate. We knew that they would find some new way, some more horrifying way\nthan the day before to just torturous us, just humiliate us.\n\nInterviewer: After work?\n\nAlex: That was after work, yes.\n\nInterviewer: Was there any resistance or any attempts to escape from these camps?\n\nAlex: There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always attempts. Nobody ever succeeded, unfortunately, from our\ncamp. In fact, there was only one time. Two brothers managed to escape. They\nwere captured and promptly brought back to the camp. As a result of that, they\nhanged these boys. In fact, we had a commemorating ceremony when we were at the\nworld gathering in Jerusalem [Israel]. We had the commemoration of Tel Aviv\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University. It just so happened, one of the brothers survived all these ordeals.\nThere was just no way [to escape or resist] for many reasons. Number one, you\nwere too weak, too sick. We were afflicted with every imaginable disease from\ntyphoid, diphtheria. We were totally rundown and we were all marked, tattooed.\nEven if they wanted to hide ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us, they would be afraid. The chance of escaping and\nbeing successful at it was almost nil.\n\nInterviewer: Did you personally experience any of these tortures?\n\nAlex: All of us did. There was not one of us that did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not endure and experience\nit. Just about three years ago, I had to have an operation on my ankle because\nthe swelling did not go away. In fact, it was hard and, the more the doctor\npulled at the puss, it did not go away. Finally, when he operated on me, there\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were just scars upon scars of dead tissues in there from years and years ago\n[when] I was in the camps. In England, I experienced a terrible pain in my left\nfoot. When I went to check it in the hospital, on the X-ray, they asked me, when\ndid I have my leg broken, I did not remember, except the only thing I could\nremember, is I had broken it in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp. All of us had to endure it. But I was\nvery fortunate. Every time I was ready to give up, what I kept on reminding\nmyself of my commitment and promise to my parents. I was very lucky because I\nsuddenly heard a voice one Sunday afternoon, late in the evening when we came\nback from the plant. When they dismissed us from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appellplatz, I heard a\nvoice. I was just startled. I looked over there. I hardly recognized him. It was\nmy brother, Sam, again. He was all this time in the camp. It just made me so\nhappy that somebody from my family was alive, because I did not think anybody\nelse was alive. Even though we were not able to help each other, to communicate,\nand be together, we were able to provide each other a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tremendous amount of\ncourage and strength. It was what kept us going.\n\nInterviewer: Your father's charge for you to remain alive, you feel that was\ninstrumental in your survival?\n\nAlex: There's no doubt about that, yes, very much so. I think, maybe as a kid I\nwas cocky, but the fact that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mother--may she rest in peace--with her angelic\neyes, just turned to me and she says, \"Yankele, please listen to Father.\" Though\nI would have tried to disobey as a cocky kid, I would have never dared.\n\nInterviewer: Do you think this made the difference between surviving and not?\n\nAlex: No doubt about that.\n\nInterviewer: Did you see people help each ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other in the camp?\n\nAlex: Yes. It was that was the kind of help that is impossible to describe.\nWithout that help, I do not think even a minor percentage would have survived\nwithout the unselfish devotion and help one to another. Many times, we had to\ntry and talk somebody out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of committing suicide or giving up hope, maybe help\ndrag him for another smile, another foot, maybe sharing a little bit of bread,\nmaybe a little water. A lot of people just did not want to wake up in the\nmorning. We had to almost force them, drag them out of the bunks. Yes, there was\nno doubt about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. The kind of help that I do not think has ever been known\nthroughout the history is there were people trying to help each other. We sort\nof depended on each other's living.\n\nInterviewer: People formed into cohesive groups to help each other?\n\nAlex: I do not know whether you would say forming into cohesive groups, because\nwe were actually afraid to become too friendly with each other, because,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"invariably, the minute you became too fond of that person, that person was dead\nthe next morning. Whilst we tried very hard to help each other, it was the kind\nof help like a father would extend to a son or vice versa with brothers. As a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rule, each of our lives depended on the other lives.\n\nInterviewer: Where some people stand off alone? Where was everybody involved in\nthis effort?\n\nAlex: For the most part, I would say so, yes. There were some loners. The\nproblem was some of the assimilated people. A lot of them came, and whether they\nwere French or Germans, used to say, \"Ich bin ein Deutsche,' [German: I am a German]\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or, \"I'm French.\" I have got some horrible memories of that, what the SS men did\nto these people who tried to tell them that, [from] generations back, they were\nGermans. The Germans just wanted to kill them and spread their deaths throughout\nthe camp just to show what happens to somebody who dirties the pure Aryan blood. The\nGermans were absolutely more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"furious at those people than anybody else. A Jews\nwas, to them, a nothing, but somebody that tried to assimilate was somebody that\nthey really were determined to kill. They had to kill.\n\nInterviewer: They did kill them, very ruthlessness?\n\nAlex: Yes.\n\nInterviewer: Were there any constraints on what these people, these guards could\ndo to you?\n\nAlex: Constraints? No, not at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all. The more brutal they were, the more they were\nrespected by their fellow SS officers.\n\nInterviewer: What kind of work did you do personally?\n\nAlex: I had everything from digging ditches, railroad, laying blocks, carrying\nblocks, carrying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cement. The most memorable of the work details, I guess, was we\nwere working in this warehouse. We were storing the equipment that went into\nanti-aircraft guns: the meters, the gauges. As part of our revenge, as part of\nour ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"helping the war efforts, we broke out the little quicksilver that was in\nthere, which made the anti-aircraft guns useless because they could not shoot\ndown the Allied planes. They caught us with -- It was quite a big load of quicksilver.\n\nInterviewer: Mercury?\n\nAlex: Mercury. When they caught us, they promptly executed a whole ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bunch of our\nboys. One Sunday morning, we had an air raid, where the British came freely\nbombing the warehouse. It went on fire. Right after the fire, we were sent in to\nclear out the debris. I was picking away at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"debris. It was very hard and I\ncould not -- As we cleared it out, it turned out it was one of those live bombs\nset, timed to go off later. The SS told us what to do. They were watching from a\ndistance. We put ropes around the bomb and pulled it until, just as we lowered\nit in one of the bomb craters, the bomb went off. Had it gone off a minute or so\nearlier, it would have been the end of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. On one occasion, I remember very\ndistinctly it happened to have fallen on the high holy days. They were bombing\nthe factory. The Germans and the guards scurried for the shelters. We\nassembled and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started reciting the High Holy Day prayers. They bombed the camp\nlong enough, a great part of the services were performed. We were on top of the\nbunkers and on top of the ditches. We were praying and crying to G-d that the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bombs should hit us. We were not praying that G-d should save us; rather that\nG-d should stop and not punish us anymore. Enough was enough. Please take us out\nof our misery.\n\nInterviewer: Death was welcomed?\n\nAlex: Yes. We envied those who were hit by the bombs. These are just some of the\nthings that I remember very distinctly about the labor.\n\nInterviewer: Did you try to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conserve your strength, or did you just have to work?\n\nAlex: Yes. You try to conserve the strength, but there was very little chance\nfor it. I do not think you had a chance because, G-d forbid, if the guard would\nhave seen that you were slacking off even for a moment, it would have been the\ndeath of you. He would have used you as an example. You would have got a shot to\nthe back of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"head.\n\nInterviewer: Did you have much contact with the guards?\n\nAlex: None whatsoever. Yes, the only contact was through the cudgel, the rifle\nbutts and the boots.\n\nInterviewer: Any contact with the other prisoners, the non-Jewish prisoners?\n\nAlex: None whatsoever. The only ones they had in our camp, as they had in other\ncamps, they had capos. A lot of these capos were former murderers. They were\nsentenced to death and they were put in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"charge over us. They were very proud\nbecause they wore their triangle, as they are so much above a Jew. They are\nmurders. They are just an esteemed and privileged people. They were very mean to\nus. They had a lot of guards later on--Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Polish--that\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just as mean, if not meaner, than the SS.\n\nInterviewer: Were there any doctors and nurses in the camp?\n\nAlex: Yes, there were a lot of doctors and nurses, but not in the profession of\ndoctors and nurses. They might have been previously doctors or nurses. They were\nin the camps just like anybody else, just like I was.\n\nInterviewer: Was there any medical care available to you?\n\nAlex: None whatsoever. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unfortunately, I know of only one doctor that survived.\n\nInterviewer: Besides the times that you described during the bombing raids, were\nthere opportunities for other religious practices?\n\nAlex: None whatsoever. We had to be so careful in the barracks because the\nlights had to be out and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had to be perfectly quiet. Because of that, if a\nguard would have heard even as much as whisper, he would have probably come in\nand just sprayed the place with his machine gun.\n\nInterviewer: Were the lights on at night?\n\nAlex: No.\n\nInterviewer: If you got sick, what would happen to you?\n\nAlex: You would have died.\n\nInterviewer: There was no medical care?\n\nAlex: None whatsoever. I would dare say ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of us -- I do not think any one of\nus escaped typhoid, yellow fever, jaundice, diphtheria, or any of those\ndiseases. You have got to understand that [in] the camp of 40,000 people, there\nwere no bathroom facilities, except there were some outhouses. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outhouses\nwere quite a distance away from the barracks. They gave you a total of five\nminutes. By the time you got there--and you had diarrhea anyway--it would have\nmade no difference. Once you got in there, you just did not want to leave,\nbecause you could not stop. What was the worst part about it, the rats in there\nwere so big. You did not have the strength to fight them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off. One of the main\nreasons at night that you could not sleep -- See, our bunks were just plain\nwooden bunks. We did not have any straw, no mattress, no blankets. What happened\nat night was you were afraid to fall asleep, for several reasons. Number one,\nyou were afraid you were going to die, as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well as somebody might have stolen your\nbread maybe at night, and the lice were all over you. It was not a question of\ntaking a lice here or there. You used to just go over your head and grab a\nhandful, just squish them over the over the wood. The biggest fear was that the\nrats would start nibbling at your toe, because so many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people were dead, and\nthey just came, and started nibbling. There was just an awful lot of rats. They\nwere big. Some of them were as big as cats.\n\nInterviewer: Do you remember people being searched for gold in their teeth?\n\nAlex: This happened several times. The most important search was when we arrived\nin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birkenau, and again in Auschwitz, and again when you arrived in Buna. Every\nso often, they searched again. Some of the guards used to go around the dead\npeople. They used to go look again just in case they found a gold tooth in it.\nThey would knock the tooth out so they can have the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gold.\n\nInterviewer: Did they do it with non-dead people as well?\n\nAlex: Yes. They did it with live people, too.\n\nInterviewer: What happened to their golden teeth?\n\nAlex: Just, that was the end of you. He just took you in the back, and either\nhit you over the head or shot you through the head, and had one of the inmates\njust pull your tooth out.\n\nInterviewer: What happened to pregnant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women?\n\nAlex: They were eliminated when we arrived. Remember, I did not see a woman in\nall the time in Buna; only when we arrived. That was the last time I saw Rudi,\nexcept from a distance. Except, I saw some SS women. This one woman who was\nknown as the 'Bitch of Auschwitz' used to come to our camp. She used to make us\nstand with our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"numbers sticking out for hours. She used to select particular\ncolors of skin to make lampshades out of. For some reason, I guess I never fell\ninto the right category. Many times, she used to pick a boy maybe in front of\nme, on a side of me, on the back of me, or maybe all around me. For some reason,\nI was not picked. Whoever was picked, automatically their arm was cut off, so\nshe can make lampshades ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the skin of their arms with a particular tattoo.\n\nInterviewer: When the arm was cut off, were they killed first?\n\nAlex: No, just cut off, and that was the end of it.\n\nInterviewer: What happened after your arm was cut off?\n\nAlex: Just threw you on the pile.\n\nInterviewer: Would you bleed to death?\n\nAlex: [Yes.]\n\nInterviewer: Tell me about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"change of your physical condition between the\ntime you came to the camps first and at the end of the war.\n\nAlex: I know this is almost sounding far-fetched, but when I first went into the\ncamp, I was a straight and tall boy, about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five [feet] ten [inches or] five\n[feet] and ten and a half [inches tall]. By the time I was liberated, I weighed\nall of about maybe 60 or 65 pounds and my height shrunk down to about five\n[feet] six [inches or] five [feet] seven [inches tall].\n\nInterviewer: Is that how tall are you now?\n\nAlex: Yes, I am about five [feet] seven [inches tall]. After I recovered, I\ngained maybe an inch and a half of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"height back after the camp, in England.\nBut then, various diseases started attacking my body and I started losing my\nheight again.\n\nInterviewer: Have you had health problems since then because of your experiences?\n\nAlex: Yes.\n\nInterviewer: Do you still have health problems?\n\nAlex: Yes, I do.\n\nInterviewer: Do you remember any medical ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experiments being carried out in the camps?\n\nAlex: There were constantly medical experiments. There were constantly people\ntaked out for medical experiments. I was very fortunate I myself was not used\nfor any experiments, even though I was among the two or three groups that was\nfed particular kind of foods as part of an experiment. But I do not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know very\nmuch about it. I do not remember very much about it.\n\nInterviewer: Did any of those people come back into your part of the population\nafter these experiments?\n\nAlex: Very few.\n\nInterviewer: Do you have any memories of these people?\n\nAlex: Yes, I do, very much so, and they are not pleasant because I never saw them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afterwards.\n\nInterviewer: Do you want to say anything more about that?\n\nAlex: It is very difficult to talk about, because you knew they were taken away\nfor medical experiments, maybe because they were twins, or for a certain string\nof family, or something like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. I have not seen one of them. My very dearest\nfriends at present time--two of them reside in California. One, who was with us\nin Washington, his wife is dying of cancer, because she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had her flesh cut open\nand glass was poured into her breast. Unfortunately, I do not think she has -- I\nam expecting any moment to hear from him that she passed away. My other very\nclose friend, he was part of the experiments. He is dying of kidney cancer. His\nwife is dying of throat cancer. [They are] beautiful people, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gorgeous people.\nAnother one, Julich Silberberg--whom I was very much looking forward to seeing;\nhe was also in an orphanage home with me in England--when he arrived in\nWashington, suddenly, he had to be rushed to the hospital. He's been under\ntreatment ever since that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. It is -- You cannot describe it.\n\nInterviewer: Where you a subject of any of these games that these guards played?\n\nAlex: I myself was never -- played their game, no, even though I did\noccasionally have to sort of work ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under like a form, like a welcoming committee\nof SS men swinging their batons or their cudgels. If you were not low enough,\nyour head got chopped off. There were a lot of these things. Of course, I was\nnever part of a group that was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"herded towards an electrified fence, because none\nof them survived, or the hangings, or tearing of a man's vitals out, because not\none of them survived.\n\nInterviewer: Did you stay in the camp till the end of the war?\n\nAlex: No, that camp was being liquidated when the Russians were approaching and\nall of us were marched ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. If I have ever known pain, and frostbite, and cold,\nand torture, that was on that trip. By the time we arrived in Gleiwitz, out of\nthe 40,000, only 8,000 of us remained alive. I probably would have never made it\non this trip ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either, because they were forcing us to march very fast. We did not\nhave the strength. The snow was four or five feet deep. We had no clothing. We\nhad no fat on us. I had wooden clogs. Anybody that slowed down automatically was\nshot [and] thrown on the trucks until they had enough people. They just dug a\nditch with a bulldozer back there, threw some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gasoline, and, lit them on fire.\nOne time, I was ready to give up. I just could not go any longer. One of the\nboys came up to me and he says, \"Yankele, please tell my parents, and tell my\nbrothers, tell my cousins that I've tried my best. I cannot go any longer. I\nwish I could. I do not have any more strength.\" He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"says, \"As G-d is my witness,\nthat I've tried.\" I said, \"Oh, no, you're not going to give up.\" I just went\ndown on my hands and knees. I said, \"You get on top of me and you peddle with\nyour feet. We're going to go.\" We just kept on going. We did this almost all\nnight. Ice was falling around my clogs. I just could not drag him anymore. There\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blood around my knees and hands. We looked at each other and we said, \"Well,\nwe certainly can never be accused that we did not try and keep our promise that\nwe going to do everything possible to survive.\" Just at that time, there were --\nWe had Hungarian guys assigned to us. One of the Hungarian guards said to the\nother guards, \"It is ridiculous for me to have to suffer, go all night like\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this. You know, we'll probably lose the war anyway.\" He put his gun to his mouth\nand killed himself. That sort of shook us back into a desire that maybe there is\nsome decent human people left in this world, maybe this is a message to it. [We\nsaid,] \"Well, let's give it a try.\" We continued ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on till we finally arrived in\nGleiwitz. In Gleiwitz, I said, \"No, I'm not going any further. That's it.\" I\nfound my brother Sam again. They would not let him let them stay with me. A\ncouple of days later, they put us on coal carrying cars. In order to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understand\nthe terrible cold we had to endure, you have got to imagine that the temperature\nwas about 15 below zero, along with a wind of maybe 15, 20 miles an hour. The\ncar was going about 15, 20 miles an hour. You were facing somewhere around 25,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"30 below zero. Some of the bodies were frozen, just standing up, some of them\njust standing up next to the steel cars. I have learned something that probably\nwill be standing in front of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eyes and memory as the worst possible pain that\nany human can endure--that is thirst. The thirst pain was probably many times\nworse than any other pain in the world. I have actually seen people tear their\nown guts out in their hands. They used to knock their heads against the steel\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"car to take themselves out of their misery. People were biting their lips to get\nsome blood, some wetness on their lips. When ice formed on the steel car, some\nof the people went over there, wanting to bite it, just to have their lips\nfrozen against the ice so when they wanted to pull their heads away, their lips\ncame off. It was an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"impossible, painful, horror filled experience. Of all the\ntimes we were wishing the railroad lanes would not be bombed, they were bombed.\nSometimes we had to be there for a day or two. The only time we got fed is one\ntime, as we were traveling through Czechoslovakia, under a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bridge, the people\nthrew some bread [because] the railroad passed slowly. That provided some\nnourishment for us. Fortunately, it started snow. I was able to grab some snow.\nThat kept me alive at my first pain somehow quieted down. There were only eight\nof us that were alive by the time we arrived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buchenwald in our car. It was a\nhorrible experience. This is why I do not think the hand of pain is pain at all.\n\nInterviewer: How many of you started in that railroad car?\n\nAlex: The average was between 80 and 120, but I would say the average was really\nsomewhere around 100. I do not know the exact ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"amount--at least 80, probably 100\nor 120 people.\n\nInterviewer: How long did that trip last?\n\nAlex: Only G-d knows. It seemed like an eternity, but probably it only lasted\nabout seven days or eight days. To us, it was many centuries, many lifetimes.\n\nInterviewer: How long were you in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buchenwald?\n\nAlex: In Buchenwald, probably about two and a half, three months.\n\nInterviewer: What was your life like in Buchenwald?\n\nAlex: In Buchenwald, amazingly, the camp was probably one of the least of the\nhorrible murder camps. It certainly was not designed originally as an\nextermination camp like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz, and Buchenwald, and Birkenau, and Buna. It\nwas originally designed as a political prisoner camp, so it did not start off to\nbe as bad as the other camps. They fed us when we got there. After a while, they\nstarted taking us out to work in some stone quarries, which, incidentally, was\nfilmed as part of the \"Holocaust\" TV ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program. Some of us were taken to private\nhomes. I had been taking out several times to work in private homes and in the\nvillages, towns around Buchenwald. But it started getting from bad to worse. The\nGermans were losing the war and they wanted to eliminate any and all evidence of\ntheir ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bestiality. They tried to eliminate any evidence that could link him to\nthe crimes. They tried to eliminate us. One of the guys who was working with us,\nhe was in the orphanage home. He was in Buchenwald just a few weeks before\nliberation. He was taken out of the camp to another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp. Those that could\nnot march fast enough, they were automatically shot. I had to work on this\nprivate home one time. It was quite an experience because I had to wash the\npigs, and repair the fences, dig the ditches, and carry potatoes, and stuff like\nthat--a lot of hard, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"manual work. Their son, who was about twelve years old, was\nstanding over us with a whip, just whipping the living daylights out of us, as\nmeanly as he possibly could. Yet, the mother was not satisfied. She went in the\nkitchen, and brought out a pot of boiling water, and poured it over us to show\nher son how to treat a Jew. After ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberation, I was in a coma. What woke me out\nof the coma was when the American Army went into the villages and towns and\nbrought the Germans. As he took him through the camp, each one of these Germans\nwas crying out at the top of their voice they did not believe whatever had\nhappened. They could not believe it. It is not true. How could it have happened?\nTurned out, I recognized the voice of that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"woman, who was crying that she never\nknew a camp existed. It turned out -- I told the American Red Cross guy who\nthese people are they brought in. They denied it actually. They knew--the\nAmerican Army--that I did not move from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bunk from the day of liberation. I\ndescribed their home, described their friends, described their piglets,\ndescribed everything about how to get there. When they went back shortly, they\nfound that I could not have dreamed that anything with that accuracy. Naturally,\nlike most of us, I was not so much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concerned with any revenge or any persecution\nof our murders. I was more concerned with trying to find my family. I do not\nknow what happened to these people. I am sure they were free. Most of them are\njudges, running Germany. But they all knew. I do not know how they denied it,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they saw us constantly take it to the towns and around the towns. They\nwould they were our taskmaster, for the most part; not only the soldiers, but I\nam talking about the civilians.\n\nInterviewer: You were liberated actually in that camp?\n\nAlex: Yes, I was liberated in Buchenwald.\n\nInterviewer: Did you have any forenotice? Did you have any knowledge the war was\ncoming to an end?\n\nAlex: Yes.\n\nInterviewer: Tell us about that.\n\nAlex: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The bombing, and the guns going off night and day, the sirens. You saw\nfinally the German army being disintegrated. They were panicking. We saw some\nAmerican planes come and stuff, throwing bombs. They threw some food into our\ncamp and messages to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. I am going to go forward and then step back a little\nfor you to understand what happened there, because about five or six years ago,\nthe late Dr. Fred Crawford from Emory University asked me to appear with him on\none of the TV programs. I said, \"Certainly. Anything you want, I would have been\nhappy to do.\" Then, he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"described to me just as I entered the studio, he says,\n\"Look, I want you to know that you're going to meet a guy who helped liberate\nBuchenwald.\" I will never forget it. As I stepped into the studio, I suddenly\nlooked at the man sitting at the bench. It was a black gentleman sitting there.\nI did not see a black gentleman sitting there. I saw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exactly the scene that I\nsaw at the time of liberation, when the American army arrived, and the tank blew\na hole into the electrified fences. They got through. Suddenly, I did not see\nany more guards in the towers or SS dogs. Just to visit the tank came to a stop,\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"turret opened up and I saw a helmet sticking out. I did not see a helmet\nreally. I saw an angel with wings. It is the exact scene that I saw that studio.\nTo this day, every time I see this black gentleman, I look at him as an angel.\nBecause I actually saw an angel that plucked us out of definite ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"death, because I\nknew I could not have made it another day.\n\nInterviewer: What was your physical condition when you were liberated? You say\nyou were ill?\n\nAlex: I was totally in no condition whatsoever. I was more dead than alive.\nSomething very interesting that happened [was that] I started getting very sick\nagain in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Buchenwald. I have to go back to when I arrived there. Since it was not\nas strict as the other camp, you were able to walk from one section to the other\nsection. Lo and behold, I found my brother Sam in the children's section there.\nThat just was so much encouragement to me. That was so much of a lift, like a\nnew lease on life. I said, \"Oh, my G-d, if he has made ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it through all that,\nmaybe somebody else in our family.\" I started searching. Every time a new\ntransport arrived in Buchenwald, I went and started inquiring. Anybody from our\narea? Anybody from our village or from our town? Anybody knows my family? I am\ntalking to this guy for about 25 minutes and suddenly he screams out, \"Yankele!\"\nIt was my brother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Billy. The next morning -- He dug himself that night under his\nsection of the wire, came and pick me up, and we went and picked up Sam. We just\nmade up our mind, if they were going to kill us, they were going to have to kill all\nthree of us. There was no way we were going to let them separate us again. I had got\nsome shrapnel, and a few bullets marks, but we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not going to let them\nseparate us. We just stood together on the appellplatz, laid down, and no matter\nwhat they did, we refused to be separated. We refused to leave the camp anymore.\nWe said, \"If we're going to die, we'll die here. We won't suffer anymore.\" Two\ndays later, the Americans arrived.\n\nInterviewer: You mentioned that after the after you were liberated, you started\nlooking for the rest of your family. Tell me about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that.\n\nAlex: As I told you, as soon as I had enough strength in me, we got on a\ntruck--Sam, Bill and myself--that was heading to Czechoslovakia, to start\nsearching for the rest of our family. At that time, it was total bedlam, total\nconfusion. Everybody was looking for everybody. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was -- Everybody was looking\nfor a mother, and a father, and a brother, and a sister. We were not the only\nones. We were running from country to country trying to get papers. Ironically,\na couple of days after we arrived in Prague, Czechoslovakia, promptly, the\nRussians arrested us because they said that we come from an area that is part of\nRussia now and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were going to take us there. Somehow, after a lot of pull\nfrom a Czech Blockalteste from Buchenwald and my brother finding out about it,\nsomehow, we managed to bring the gate open and all of us got out. We wound up\ngoing to the refugee ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"areas. Most of the refugees were hanging out on the road.\nLo and behold, we found our brother Ben, who was working for the American\n[Jewish] Joint Distribution Committee. Being the fact that he was a privileged\ncharacter, so to speak -- He was captured and liberated by the Russians and\nsomehow, he managed to get to the Americans. I do not know how, but he got out\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Russia, and came to Prague, and worked under the [American Jewish Joint\nDistribution Committee]. He managed to get an apartment and he put us up over\nthere. We started our efforts in trying to locate the rest of the family. Ben\nsays, \"You know, I heard that our brother Bernie is alive, that he was liberated\nin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia.\" Then rumor became a reality because somebody that saw him a couple\nof days before that, they said, \"Yes, Bernie is going to be arriving here with\nhis bride to be.\" A couple of days later, he arrived. The whole apartment that\nmy brother had in Czechoslovakia was about the size of this room here, and there\nwere no less than ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 14, 15 people sleeping there. After he arrived, he\nsays,\" Hey, I know for a fact my brother fishes a lot. In fact, he sent word to\nus he was going to get married and we got to come home.\" I said, \"Well, we got\nto try and find our parents. We got to find our sister.\" We started the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"game\nlooking from one center to other center. Finally, somebody says, \"Did you say\nyour sister's name was Rosa, Rosalind?\" [We said,] \"Yeah.\" He said, \"Well, I\nthink there is a girl by that name that was liberated in Bergen-Belsen.\" Two or\nthree of us will getting ready to go down and look for her there. About that\ntime, a truck ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrived. Lo and behold, a little girl named Rosalind got off,\nalive and safe. We were reunited. We went back to our brother's wedding, which\nwas still Czechoslovak at that time. But somehow, we got a feeling all was not\nwell. The day of the wedding, I recognized the kind of people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Communists and\nthe Russians are. I was not allowed to stay there too long. My brother, Bill,\nand I, we were attached to the Russian army as so-called interpreters. I did not\nspeak Russian really, but I was going to be a helper, and polish shoes, and\nstuff like that. We went through Hungary ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Vienna, Austria, and from Vienna,\nAustria to Prague. Then Bill came, and Sammy came, and Bernie came. But all of\nus had to ride basically under cars and hide until we got out of there. Then,\nthey started taking kids to the orphanage homes in England. The British ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish\npeople got together and they felt that because most of them are very sick -- As\na matter of fact, I was very sick in Prague. My whole blood was changing again\nand turned into gangrene. I had boils just popping up all over my body. My\nbrother Bill was taken to a sanatorium. He had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tuberculosis [a bacterial\ninfection in the lungs]. When I was taken to the hospital, they were going to\ntransfer me back to Russia. Also, I was suspended. My little legs were suspended\nand my hands were suspended, because I could not lay down. They were draining it\nby the buckets full. That night, right after they washed out my wounds, I tore\nthe sheets apart, lowered myself ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the third floor, and got the hell out of\nthere. I came back to the apartment. Luckily, a short while later, I was\nselected to go with a children's group to England.\n\nInterviewer: You were 15 then?\n\nAlex: I was already 16.\n\nInterviewer: How long were you in the camps altogether?\n\nAlex: A little over a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year.\n\nInterviewer: What was your emotional condition when you were liberated?\n\nAlex: There was no such thing as emotional condition. You were out of condition.\nThe pain was something that you just love. You could not believe that you had\nactually food to eat, although food was still rationed and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficult to get. To\nbe able to get a decent piece of bread was unheard of. It was just almost a\nmiracle by itself and to be able to sleep in a bed -- I got a job as an\napprentice in Prague before they took me to England. I'll never forget the Czech\ngentleman. His name was [unintelligible; 1:37:26]. He was very kind to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. I\nhelped out in the monastery there. Through the work, I met a fellow worker\nthere, who was a very nice young man. He took me to his home. His parents, I\nguess, liked me very much. They asked me to move in with them. Whilst I did not\nwant to leave my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brothers, to be able to sleep in a bed by yourself and have a\ndecent meal -- It was a very kind hearted thing to do. I did go and I became\nalmost like a part of the family until finally, the opportunity came to leave\nfor England. I just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left.\n\nInterviewer: Do you have any particular feelings about the war today?\n\nAlex: In what way? The way I feel?\n\nInterviewer: Is there any dominant feeling that you now have as we talk about it?\n\nAlex: It is very difficult to relive over again the pains and horrors that you\nhave. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of the real difficult experiences, we try to bury. We try not to\nthink about it. The first 25 years, I could not talk about it at all. I refused\nto talk about. It was very deep within me. It is only because of necessity that\nI have to go and talk about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. I somehow managed to pull out enough strength to\nbe able to do it without suffering any more pain than is absolutely necessary.\n\nInterviewer: You have to talk about it. Can you explain that to me?\n\nAlex: It all started one time in Youngstown, Ohio. A very dear friend of mine,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bishop [James] Malone, who recently passed away from cancer, he and the\ncongressman were very dear friends of mine. He just said, \"Alex, you must come\nand talk to my school about it. It is something that young people ought to know\nabout.\" As much as I tried to avoid it, he just picked me up one day from work.\nHe said, \"You are going to come speak to my school.\" The next thing I knew, I\nwas in his car and I was speaking in front of his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. When my son--may he\nrest in peace--found out about it, he insisted that I came and speak to his\nschool about it. Since I am here, since I lost my one and only son in a farming\naccident, somehow I find myself more and more called upon that I have to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go\nspeak about it.\n\nInterviewer: How do you feel about being Jewish after all your experiences?\n\nAlex: I am very proud. I am very proud that, in spite of everything, our people\nwere able to endure. No matter how vicious and inhumane people are, we have\nstill remained human. I do not know of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anybody that really is a fellow survivor,\nthat that does not have the human compassion and love for people that we have\nbeen endowed with. I am very proud of that.\n\nInterviewer: Do you fear another Holocaust is possible? Could it happen again?\n\nAlex: Let me rephrase that. I do not think any Holocaust is going to ever happen\nif we do not want it to happen. If the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decent people do not want it to happen,\nit will not happen, especially in a democracy like ours. I am more concerned\nwith the apathetic majority than I am concerned about the few Nazis, or the [Ku\nKlux Klan], or those kind of people, because [Adolf] Hitler would have never\ngotten into power if it was not for the apathetic majority. I see more and more\nencouraging signs of people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanting to get involved in the democracy. I\nhappen to be a very proud American and a very proud Jew. One could be both. When\nthe Korean War broke out, I volunteered. I spent two years in the U.S. Army in\nthe Korean War. I am very proud of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact that I was given the opportunity to\nserve this country. I will do it anytime. But I would not hesitate giving my\nlife for the state of Israel and for the Jewish people. I am a very proud Jew\nand I am a very proud American.\n\nInterviewer: Is there anything else that you would like to share with us?\n\nAlex: The only thing that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always try to bring out in schools, and I think it\nis important for all of us to remember, [is] that while have a country that is\nbeyond a shadow of doubt, the best country in the world--we have freedom [and]\neverything under the sun, plenty of everything, great opportunities--we should\nnot squander those opportunities. We should get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved and get involved in\nhelping neighbors, and helping friends, and helping, for instance, the United\nWay or the Jewish Federation, help fellow man, help crippled children, help\nyoung people be directed to a proper direction rather than get involved in drug\nscenes, or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drinking scenes, or rowdiness. If we work with people, if we help\nthem, and direct their energies, this country will be, beyond a shadow of doubt,\nthe greatest place in the world. And it deserves it so, because we have a\nconglomeration of people who have been persecuted one way or another throughout\nthe world. They have come to these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shores for the ability to be able to worship,\nand work, and get ahead in this world. As long as the people get involved and\nthey are not apathetic, I do not think another Holocaust can ever happen to this\ncountry or for the rest of the world, because I think we are strong enough to\nmake sure. We must make sure. We must be vigilant to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the fact that, if we do not\nwant it to happen, it will never happen anywhere.\n\nInterviewer: Alex, thank you. This has been a summary of your experiences, which\nis being videotaped under the auspices of the Atlanta chapter of the [Second\nGeneration-Children of The Holocaust Survivors, Inc.] for the purposes of\npreserving your experiences and the experiences of other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/transcript/41903/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivors like yourself\nin order for me to create a historical record for those who may follow us. I\nwant to thank you for spending the last two hours with us.\n\nAlex: I cannot say I enjoy doing it, but I am delighted that I am able to do it.\nI think it is a very important cause.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6360.0,6390.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlex was born in the village of Palanok, which is today a part of the metropolitan area of Mukachevo, in western Ukraine. It is about 2 miles (3 km) west-southwest of the city center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Carpathian Mountains are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. The roughly 1,500 kilometers (932 miles) long arc stretches through the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, Romania, and Serbia. The region is dense with forested hills and fast-flowing rivers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSchwäbisch [German] or Swabian is both a German dialect and a historic region in Southwestern Germany.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzechoslovakia is the common reference for the Czechoslovak Republic, a state that was established by the Versailles Treaty in 1918 from several provinces after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian state at the end of World War I. After the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, Germany demanded the “return” of the Sudetenland—a border area of Czechoslovakia where 3 million ethnic Germans lived, which had been taken away from Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I. In late summer 1938, Hitler threatened war unless the area was ceded to Germany. At the same time, Hungary annexed territory in southern Slovakia and Poland annexed part of Silesia. In an effort to ensure peace, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, French Premier Edouard Daladier, and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact on September 30, 1938, which gave the Sudetenland to Hitler. In the wake of the Munich Pact, the leaders of the democratic government in Czechoslovakia resigned. The state restructured itself into an authoritarian regime and was renamed Czecho-Slovakia. External demands on its territory continued to plague the state, however. Encouraged by Germany, Hungary annexed territory in southern Slovakia in the autumn of 1938 and Poland annexed the Tešin District of Czech Silesia. Then on March 15, 1939, Germany invaded and occupied the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia. The Germans split what remained of Czechoslovakia into Slovakia (an independent state with a fascist, authoritarian regime that allied with Germany) and the rest was merged into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the Greater German Reich. Two months later, in May, Hungary seized and annexed Subcarpathian Rus. In just two decades, Czechoslovakia had disappeared from the map.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hitler Youth [German: Hitlerjugend] was a youth organization of the Nazi Party in Germany. It existed from 1922 to 1945. It was modeled after its adult counterpart, the Sturmabteilung (SA), and was paramilitary in organization. It was for males 14 to 18 years of age. There was another section for young boys called Deutsches Jungvolk and a girls’ section called Bund Deutscher Madel [German: Association of German Girls]. The Hitler Youth were viewed as future “Aryan supermen” and were indoctrinated as such. The Hitler Youth put emphasis on physical and military training. The organization emphasized sports as a means of preparing boys for service as soldiers in the armed forces or, later, in the SS. They had uniforms like the SA with similar ranks and insignia. It also served to indoctrinate students with the National Socialist worldview.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Palanok Castle or Mukachevo Castle is a historic castle in the city of Mukacheve, in western Ukrainian. It is located at the top of a 224 foot (68 meters) former volcanic hill. The hill has been used as a fortress since at least the Bronze Age and the exact date of the castle’s construction is unknown. Various buildings were constructed and improved over centuries. After World War I, the castle was used by the Czechoslovakian army. Following the breakup of Czechoslovakia in 1938, the Royal Hungarian Army used it. After World War II, it was used as a barracks of the Soviet Army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis’ racial laws were a set of policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the “Aryan race,” and based on a specific racist doctrine, which claimed scientific legitimacy. These policies targeted Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, handicapped people, and others who were labeled as inferior in a racial hierarchy to the “master race” of Germans. In Germany, the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were passed on November 15, 1935. They formed the cornerstone of the German Nazi Party’s racial policy and heralded in a new wave of antisemitic legislation that brought about immediate and concrete segregation. They included the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, prohibiting marriages and sexual relations between Jews and Germans, and the Reich Citizenship Law, which stripped Jews of their German citizenship. Allies of the Nazis emulated these laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHungary introduced conscription on a national level in 1939 for all males age 18 to 60. A pre-military training scheme known as the Levente was also enacted for all boys over the age of 12 and membership was compulsory.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Magen David (Hebrew: Shield of David), or as it is more commonly known, the Star of David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunkacs [Hungarian:  Munkács; Ukrianian: Mukachevo] changed hands many times over the years and has many alternate spellings.  Today it is in the Ukraine and is called ‘Mukachevo.’  At the start of World War II, Munkacs and the surrounding area was in Czechoslovakia. After the war started, this part of Czechoslovakia was ceded to Hungary where it remained until after the war when it was given to Ukraine. After the Germans took over Hungary in March 1944, Jews were concentrated in short-lived ghettos.  Immediately after Passover, on April 18, 1944, flyers announced that the Jews of Munkacs and the surrounding villages must move into an improvised ghetto. They were allowed to take only a few items into the ghetto. Over the course of two days, over 11,000 Jews were concentrated into a section of the city centered on an old brick-making factory and its yard, where they stayed for a few weeks. Railroad tracks passed close by it so it was a useful and easy place to guard. Other Jews from the area were also pushed into the brick-making factory’s yard. In the ghetto, Jews lived in terrible conditions of poverty, and suffered from cruelty, daily abuse and forced labor in the town.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach\u003cbr\u003e [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1939, the Hungarian government, having forbidden Jews to serve in the armed forces, established a forced-labor service for young men of arms-bearing age. By 1940, the obligation to perform forced labor was extended to all able-bodied male Jews. After Hungary entered the war, the forced laborers, organized in labor battalions under the command of Hungarian military officers, were deployed on war-related construction work, often under brutal conditions. They worked clearing trees, laying railroad track and fixing broken track, digging defensive ditches and anti-tank trenches, clearing minefields, and the like. The Jews worked in these battalions both within Hungary and beyond her borders, on the Ukrainian and Serbian fronts, until the Germans conquered Hungary in March 1944. Initially, the Labor Service System was not set up to be an instrument of torture and murder. During the first two years of its operation, the Jewish recruits of military age, though subjected to many discriminatory measures, fared relatively well. After Hungary’s involvement in the war against Yugoslavia in April 1941, however, the system acquired a punitive character. Shortly after Hungary joined the Third Reich in the war against the Soviet Union (June 27, 1941), the labor service system was also used as a means to “solve” the Jewish question. Rampant antisemitism among non-Jewish Hungarian guards combined with brutal conditions made forced labor for Jews lethal for the great majority. Subjected to extreme cold, without adequate shelter, food, or medical care, an estimated 80 percent of Hungarian Jewish forced laborers died. Scores of forced laborers at the Eastern Front were also taken as prisoners of war by the Soviets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA sheitel is the Yiddish word for a wig worn by some Orthodox Jewish married women in order to conform with the requirement of Jewish Law to cover their hair. In many traditional Orthodox Jewish communities, women wear head coverings such as hats, scarves, and wigs after marriage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDeutschlandlied\u003cbr\u003e [German: Song of Germany] was the official anthem of Germany from 1922 to 1945, of West Germany from 1950 to 1990, and reunified Germany from 1990. Written in 1797 by Joseph Hayden, it begins with “Deutschland, Deutschland uber alles, uber alles in der Welt,“ which translates to Germany, Germany, over everything, over everything in the world.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Munkacs ghetto lasted about a month until mid-May 1944, when the Jews were forced into cattle cars and transported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp, where most were murdered. By the end of May 1944, Munkacs was declared Judenrein [German: free of Jews].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat\u003cbr\u003e (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Mensch” (plural: menschen) is a Yiddish word meaning \"a person of integrity and honor.” The term is used as a high compliment, expressing the rarity and value of that individual's qualities. The word has migrated into American English, where a mensch is a particularly good person, similar to a “stand-up guy,” a person with the qualities one would hope for in a friend or trusted colleague.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Mengele (1911-1979) was a German SS officer and physician during World War II. He was notorious for being one of the physicians who sorted newly arrived prisoners on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, picking out those he wanted for his medical experiments—especially twins—thus earning him the nickname the “Angel of Death.” Many survivors recall being selected by Mengele, but caution should be used because Mengele only arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau on May 24, 1943. He fled the camp before the Russians arrived and turned up in Gross-Rosen for a while and a few others camps until he assumed the guise of a Wehrmacht soldier and tried to flee west undetected. However, the Americans, who did not know who he was or what he had done, captured and then released him under the name “Fritz Hollman.” From July 1945 until May 1949 he worked on a farm in Bavaria and then fled to Argentina. He moved through several countries in South America, always being pursued to be brought to justice. He died in Brazil in 1979.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos only at one location: the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex. Tattooing was introduced at Auschwitz in the autumn of 1941 for Soviet prisoners of war. In March 1942, tattoos were used to identify prisoners at Auschwitz II (Birkenau). By the spring of 1943, the SS authorities throughout the entire Auschwitz complex adopted the practice of tattooing almost all previously registered and newly arrived prisoners, including female prisoners. Prisoners were given tattoos on their forearms of their camp serial number, which was also sewn onto their uniforms. Only prisoners selected for work were registered and given serial numbers; those that were sent directly to the gas chambers were not registered or given tattoos. The biggest group of those deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau was Jews from more than 20 European countries. Until 1944, both Jewish men and women were ascribed with numbers from general series. In May 1944, the camp authorities decided to distinguish all Jewish prisoners with a separate system of numbered series. An assumption was to start the Jewish women and men series with subsequent letters of the alphabet. In such a system, from May 1944 until the end of the camp's functioning, there were: 20,000 numbers with a letter \"A\" issued to male Jewish prisoners; 15,000 numbers with a letter \"B\" issued to male Jewish prisoners; 30,000 numbers with a letter \"A\" issued to female Jewish prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was about 2-1/2 miles away from the main camp. It had the largest total prisoner population. This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp and where the four gas chambers and crematoria came to be located. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Arbeit Macht Frei” is a German phrase meaning “work makes [you] free.” The slogan is known for having been placed over the entrances to a number of Nazi concentration camps, including most infamously Auschwitz I, where it was made by prisoners with metalwork skills and erected by order of the Nazis in June 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Monowitz camp was about 4 miles east of the Auschwitz Main Camp. The German chemical firm IG Farben built a huge complex called Buna Werke [German: Rubber Works] for the production of synthetic fuels and rubber in April 1941. The availability of thousands of slave laborers in the Auschwitz camps, rail lines and nearby natural resources for fuel was the reason the camp was built there. In April 1941 prisoners began working in the Buna-Aussenkommando building the factory. The prisoners had to march every day from the Main Camp to the worksite until October 1941 when IG Farben proposed that they be housed on the site itself. They built barracks and housed 4,000 to 5,000 laborers on site. IG Farben paid the SS a small daily fee for the prisoner. The prisoners were not paid. Some prisoners built underground bunkers, laid cable, carried tree trunks and dug up unexploded bombs or worked on various commandos (work units). Skilled prisoners were also needed: mechanics, mason, carpenters, painter, electricians or welders. Primo Levi partly survived Auschwitz because he was put to work as a chemist at an indoor job at Buna. Between 23,000 and 40,000 prisoners may have died in the camp of malnutrition, overwork, disease and work accidents. Those who could no longer work were selected for the gas chambers in Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInteressengemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG, commonly known as IG Farben, was a German chemical and pharmaceutical conglomerate formed in 1925 in Frankfurt, Germany. During World War II, the company operated numerous plants in or near concentration camps. Almost half of its workforce of 330,000 men and women consisted of slave laborers, including 30,000 Auschwitz-Birkenau prisoners. IG Farben staff were involved in medical experiments in some camps and a subsidiary produced the pesticide, Zyklon B, used to kill millions of concentration camps prisoners. After the war, some of the company’s directors were tried for war crimes and given brief prison sentences. IG Farben ceased operations in 1952 and was eventually liquidated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis subjected millions of people (both Jews and other victim groups) to forced, or slave labor, both inside and outside concentration camps, often under brutal conditions. Forced labor was often pointless and humiliating, and imposed without proper equipment, clothing, nourishment, or rest. Within the German Reich, prisoners of the early concentration camps were recruited for forced labor as early as 1933. From the end of 1938 on, Jews in Germany and Austria were deployed as forced laborers at a variety of municipal projects, in agriculture, mining, and industry, as well as to enlarge military infrastructure. Forced labor was part of the systematic persecution of Jews but also served as a method for economic gain and to meet the increasingly desperate labor shortages necessary for the war effort.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Einsatzgruppen were mobile units that followed the regular German army (Wehrmacht) into the Soviet Union when Germany invaded it in June 1941. The four major groups were identified as “A,” “B,” “C,” and “D,” and were broken up into smaller units (Einsatzkommandos) as they moved into occupied territories. They were responsible for the deaths of a minimum of 1,000,000 Jews in the occupied East as well as anyone they perceived as an enemy of the state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe High Holy Days are the two holiest times of the Jewish calendar: Rosh HaShanah (Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt was common practice in concentration camps for gold teeth and gold fillings to be removed from victims before their bodies were cremated or buried. Along with other gold valuables such as jewelry, the gold would then be melted down and reused by the German Reich. Allied soldiers found piles of teeth and fillings when they liberated many of the camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, a number of German physicians conducted medical experiments on concentration camp prisoners. They performed these studies without the consent of the victims, who suffered indescribable pain, mutilation, permanent disability, or, in many cases, death as a result. The unethical experiments carried out may be divided into three categories. One category consists of experiments aimed at facilitating the survival of Axis military personnel. In the second category, experiments were aimed at developing and testing treatment methods, including pharmaceuticals, for injuries or illnesses encountered in the field by German military personnel. The third category sought to advance the racial and ideological tenets of the Nazi Party’s worldview. Josef Mengele’s experiments at Auschwitz-Birkenau are perhaps the most infamous example of such experiments. The most notorious experiments involved freezing, high altitude, poison, tuberculosis, transplants, sterilization, artificial insemination, seawater, and experiments on twins. Many physicians worked at Auschwitz-Birkenau during its existence. Medical staff routinely performed selections of prisoners at the arrival ramp, determining who would be retained for work, who would be sent to the gas chambers, and sometimes, as in the case of Josef Mengele, who would be used in medical experiments.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGleiwitz [Polish: Gliwice] was a German city in 1939. Today, it is a city in southern Poland. From the spring of 1944 until January 1945, it was the location of four Auschwitz-Birkenau subcamps, where prisoners worked in mining and industrial companies and railroad repair. As the Soviet Army advanced east, all four camps were evacuated beginning around January 18, 1945. Prisoners were sent on death marches toward the interior of the German Reich. The majority of the marches headed towards the Blechhammer concentration camp. From there, prisoners were sent to Gross-Rosen and then on to Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen and other concentration camps in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHolocaust \u003cbr\u003eis an American television miniseries broadcast in four parts in April 1978 on the NBC television network. The miniseries followed a fictional German Jewish family’s experiences during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the Allies liberated the death camps at the end of World War II, American commanders adopted a policy of forcing German civilians to view the atrocities committed in the camps. When U.S. forces liberated Buchenwald in April 1945, German civilians from the nearby town of Weimar, Germany were forced to tour the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross (“Red Cross”) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland. At the end of World War II, the Red Cross worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected by the war and set up a registration and tracing service for missing persons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Fred Roberts Crawford (1924-1982) was a professor of sociology and Director of the Center for Research in Social Change at Emory University in Atlanta, GA. During World War II, Crawford served as a fighter pilot for the U.S. Air Force. In the summer of 1944, he was shot down over Hungary. As a prisoner-of-war, he witnessed the torture and execution of Jewish inmates. After his liberation by the British in April 1945, Crawford joined up with a unit that witnessed the liberation of Dachau concentration camp. In 1978, Crawford was a member of a televised panel discussing the recently released made-for-television movie “The Holocaust,” when a caller denied the existence of the camps. The interaction inspired Crawford to create The Witness to the Holocaust Project, which collected eye witness accounts from the soldiers who liberated the German concentration camps during World War II, from Holocaust survivors, and from other witnesses in order to refute claims that the Holocaust never occurred.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDespite their wartime alliance, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States and Great Britain intensified rapidly as World War II came to a close. After Germany’s surrender in 1945, Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Europe. As Soviet power and influence expanded, a communist dictatorship was established under Josef Stalin, who led the Soviet Union from the mid–1920s until 1953. Several countries in Eastern Europe—Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany—operated as Soviet satellite states. These countries were not officially part of the USSR, but their governments were loyal Stalinists, and therefore looked to and aligned themselves with the Soviet Union politically and militarily via the Warsaw Pact. After liberation, many Eastern European Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In 1946, a surge of Jewish survivors and refugees from the Soviet Union flooded into the western Allies’ zones, hoping to escape the anti-Jewish violence and further persecution from Stalin’s regime. By that time, escalating tensions between the Soviet Union and the western European countries that were allied to the United States had created a political, military, and ideological barrier that divided Europe. In order to curb a concentration of anti-communist political expatriates in the West, the Soviet Union began closing borders.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within concentration or labor camps, German authorities installed a hierarchy of prisoner functionaries under their control. At the head the prisoner hierarchy was the Lagerälteste [German: camp elder], who was responsible to the SS for maintaining order throughout the camp. Under him were the Blockälteste [German: block elders], who controlled the barracks. The Lagerschreiber [German: camp clerks] preformed administrative tasks for the SS and the so-called Kapos guarded the prisoners at work. At first, most of the prisoner functionaries were Germans and Austrians who had been imprisoned as criminals. Later these positions were increasingly filled by political and sometimes non-German prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania. Long: A worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. Before World War II, it sent funds to subsidize medical care, schools, vocational training, welfare programs and emigration efforts to beleaguered Jews in Europe. During the Nazi era they tried to get Jewish refugees out to anywhere that would have them including the United States, Palestine, and Latin America. When war broke out they helped thousands of Jews in Poland with shelters and soup kitchens, hospitals, and educational and cultural programs. When the United States entered the war in 1941, the Joint shifted gears since it was not allowed to operate legally in enemy countries. They used international connections to channel aid to Jews in conquered Europe. Wartime headquarters were set up in Lisbon, Portugal from which the Joint mounted rescue operations for desperate refugees including sponsoring a program to get 15,000 Jews from Europe to Shanghai, China. After the war, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors. More than 227 million pounds of food, medicine, clothing and other supplies were shipped to Europe to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was a Nazi concentration camp in what is today Lower Saxony in northern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle. Originally established as a prisoner of war camp, in 1943, parts of it became a concentration camp. Initially this was an \"exchange camp\", where Jewish hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for German prisoners of war held overseas. The camp was later expanded to accommodate Jews from other concentration camps. After 1945, the name was applied to the displaced persons camp established nearby, but it is most commonly associated with the concentration camp. From 1941 to 1945, almost 20,000 Soviet prisoners of war and a further 50,000 inmates died there. Overcrowding, lack of food and poor sanitary conditions caused outbreaks of typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever and dysentery, leading to the deaths of more than 35,000 people in the first few months of 1945, shortly before and after the liberation. The camp was liberated on April 15, 1945, by the British 11th Armoured Division. The soldiers discovered approximately 60,000 prisoners inside, most of them half-starved and seriously ill, and another 13,000 corpses lying around the camp unburied. The horrors of the camp, documented on film and in pictures, made the name \"Belsen\" emblematic of Nazi crimes in general for public opinion in many countries in the immediate post-1945 period. Today, there is a memorial with an exhibition hall at the site.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames W. \u003cbr\u003eMalone (1920-2000) was a Catholic priest who served as bishop of the Diocese of Youngstown in Ohio from 1968 to 1995.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or “Knights of the Ku Klux Klan” today) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Black secret society, whose methods have included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860s and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past it members dressed up in white robes and a pointed hat designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Korean War was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the support of the United Nations, principally from the United States). The war began on June 25, 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and insurrections in the south. The war ended unofficially on July 27, 1953 in an armistice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnited Way Worldwide is a privately-funded nonprofit, based in the United States. The United Way network is made up of nearly 1,800 autonomous 501c3 organizations, each governed and funded locally. The network spans more than 40 countries and territories and 6 continents. It serves 61 million people across the globe, fueled by 2.9 million volunteers and 8.3 million donors. Its predecessor organization was founded in Denver, Colorado in 1887, and it became known as the United Way in 1963.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/annotation_set/987/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Jewish Federation (often known as the \"Federation\" or the \"Fed\") is the secular primary Jewish nonprofit organization found within most metropolitan areas (or sometimes states) in North America that host a substantial Jewish community. Their broad purpose is to provide \"human services,\" generally, but not exclusively, to the local Jewish community. All federations at least operate an annual central campaign then allocate the proceeds to affiliated local agencies. There are 148 Jewish Federations. The national umbrella organization for the federations is the Jewish Federations of North America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=6240.0,6270.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/index/52659","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Alex Gross [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/index/52659/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family 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Then, they took away our oldest brother, Phillip, then Ben. Then, they took my brother, Bernie. They took them to forced labor camps.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203#t=619.0,1329.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/86924/file/175203/index/52659/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"abuse","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"baby","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ben Gross","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bernie Gross","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bill Gross","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brick 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