{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/xs5j961j0p/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Kagan, Irving and Mildred"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Kagan, Irving (Interviewee)","Kagan, Mildred (Interviewee)","Ghitis, Sara (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther \u0026amp; Herbert Taylor Jewish Oral History Collection","World War II/Jewish Veterans Oral History Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eIrving and Mildred Kagan were interviewd by Sara Ghitis on June 29, 2009 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003e           Dr. Irving George Kagan was born in the Bronx, New York on June 1, 1919. He was the only son of Henry and Miriam Kagan. His father immigrated from Poland and his mother immigrated from Kyiv, Ukraine. Irv’s father passed away when he was two years old and while his mother was pregnant with Irv’s sister Rosalyn. His mother worked as a dressmaker to support Irv and his sister. Irv’s sister, Rosalyn passed away from pneumonia at the age of 12.        \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e          During the Great Depression, Irv’s mother insisted that he attend college so he could become a professional. He attended Brooklyn College and developed an interest in parasitology. During college, he met his wife, Mildred Reese (Millie) and they married in June 1940. After graduating from college, Irv took a job for the Census Bureau and later worked as an Inspector of Powder and Explosives. He decided to join the Army Air Force after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Throughout the war, Irv was a B-29 airplane navigator and flew 38 missions over Japan in the Pacific. During one mission, the plane had to be abandoned and because of his navigation skills, his crew was rescued. He was awarded a Purple Heart, Distinguished Flying Cross, and the Air Medal with Five Oak Clusters.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e           After returning from the war, Irv earned a Ph.D. at the University of Michigan and did post-doctoral work at the University of Chicago. He taught at the University of Pennsylvania before taking a position as the Director of the Parasitology Division at the Center for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia in 1957. He worked for the next 26 years at the CDC, becoming a world-renowned immunologist. His research and that of his team were responsible for developing numerous parasitic tests. Irv traveled the world for the CDC and the World Health Organization (WHO). In 1979, President Jimmy Carter appointed him to the Senior Executive Service. After his retirement in 1982, Irv started his own laboratory and continued to work until 2017.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e           Irv and Mille had two daughter’s Mila and Jule. He was very politically and socially justice minded throughout his life. He and Mille were married for 74 years until her death in 2014. Irving passed away at the age of 100 in April 2020. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e           Mildred Reese Kagan was born on October 19, 1920, the only child of Julius and Marsha Reese. Her family lived for a time in California before moving to New York. She attended Hunter College in New York City. Millie later earned her Masters of Social Work from Columbia University.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Millie met her husband Irving Kagan at the library at Fordham University in early 1940. They later saw each other again at a dance organized by the American Students League and began dating. They married in June 1940. Shortly after they married, Irv and Millie moved to Washington D.C. where Irv worked for the Census Bureau and later as an Inspector of Powder and Explosives. Millie worked on a fellowship for the Connecticut Children’s Aid Society in New Haven, Connecticut, while Irv was fighting in the Pacific during World War II. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e           After Irv returned from war, they moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan where Irv worked on his Ph.D. Millie began her professional career working with children in foster care. She later worked in social services in Philadelphia and Atlanta. Millie eventually became one of the first social workers to establish a private psychotherapy practice in Georgia, working with adults and couples. She continued her practice until she semi-retired in her late eighties.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e          Millie and Irv had two daughters, Mila and Jule. Millie was very passionate about racial equality and social justice. She also loved dance and was a dance counselor in her youth. Millie and Irv were married for 74 years. Millie passed away on September 26, 2014.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003e          The interview initially focuses on Irving and Millie joins him towards the end of the interview. Irv recalls what he knows about his heritage and why his parents came to the United States from Poland and Ukraine. He reflects that his family was not very religious but held to the Yiddish culture. Irving shares how his mother lost her whole family except for a niece and brother-in-law during World War II. He recounts how his mother cared for him and his sister after their father died when he was two. He recalls how his sister died at 12 years old. He also talks about his uncle Irving, who was a surrogate father for him.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e          Irv details how he went to college during the Great Depression and how his mother was determined that he would earn a degree. He recalls how he became interested in parasitology in college. He recounts getting his first job after college and getting married to Millie after he got the job. Irv discusses his childhood, where he was born, and what kind of student he was. He reflects on early socialist beliefs and how those changed over time due to things going on in the Soviet Union and the United States. He describes what parasitology is about and how it impacts the world and how his political belief likely influenced his career choice. He recounts his career working for the Center for Disease Control, being appointed to the Senior Executive Service, and where his work has taken him. Irv shares the contributions that his and his team’s research made in the field of parasitic diseases. He reflects on retiring from the CDC in 1982 and opening his laboratory the following week. He also shares what type of work his laboratory does.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Irv recounts his first memories of World War II and what actions he took after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. He discusses his training and experiences as a B-29 navigator in the Pacific during World War II. He shared a little about how he navigated by stars and the challenges the wind caused in navigating. Irv spoke on his feelings on bombing the enemy and knowing what was happening to the Jews in Europe. He describes what happened when his plane went down over the Pacific due to mechanical issues and how the crew was rescued. He discusses the awards he was awarded for his combat and returning home after the war.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Millie joins Irv for the interview. They reminisce about how they met each other and their first impressions of each other. Mille shares that she was an only child and how she moved from California to New York when she was 14. They discuss the early months of their relationship, being poor, and eventually getting married by the justice of the peace. They share how their parents approved of their marriage. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            They discuss the early months of their marriage and Irv joining the Air Force. Millie shares how work helped her worry less about Irv during the war and how she found out in the local paper about his rescue when his plane went down. They spoke about their first home as a married couple. They detail the arrival of their daughters, Mila and Jule, and how their names were chosen. They share what their daughters were like growing up, the values they instilled, and the focus on social justice issues. They reflected on their daughter’s challenges with bipolar disease and how she has worked to manage it and earn a Doctorate. Finally, they discuss the ways they continue to be interested in political and social justice issues, and how they still have the ambition to learn about places and people.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28948"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Kagan, Irving (1919-2020) (personal name)","Kagan, Mildred Reese (1920-2014) (personal name)","Kagan, Mila (personal name)","Kagan, Jule (personal name)","Kagan, Henry (personal name)","Kagan, Miriam Slatoff (personal name)","Kagan, Rosalyn (personal name)","Reese, Julius (personal name)","Saidu, Elvia (personal name)","Carter, Jimmy (1924-present) (personal name)","Nixon, Richard (1913-1994) (personal name)","Obama, Barrack (1961-present) (personal name)","Rosenberg, Julius (1918-1953) (personal name)","Rosenberg, Ethel (1915-1953) (personal name)","Kaufman, Irving (1910-1992) (personal name)","Robeson, Paul (1898-1976) (personal name)","Bronx, New York City (geographic term)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Kyiv, Ukraine (geographic term)","Ann Arbor, Michigan (geographic term)","Chicago, Illinois (geographic term)","Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (geographic term)","New Haven, Connecticut (geographic term)","New London, Connecticut (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Birmingham, Alabama (geographic term)","Roanoke, Virginia (geographic term)","Tokyo, Japan (geographic term)","Osaka, Japan (geographic term)","Nagasaki, Japan (geographic term)","Le Chambon-sur-Ligon, France (geographic term)","Saipan (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","Soviet Union (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Puerto Rico (geographic term)","Iraq (geographic term)","Finland (geographic term)","Argentina (geographic term)","Brazil (geographic term)","El Salvador (geographic term)","Nicaragua (geographic term)","Mexico (geographic term)","India (geographic term)","Malaysia (geographic term)","China (geographic term)","Azerbaijan (geographic term)","Palestine (geographic term)","Diamond Head Hawaii (geographic term)","Far Rockway, Queens (geographic term)","Marianas (geographic term)","Ansley Park (geographic term)","Auschwitz (geographic term)","Brooklyn College (corporate name)","Hunter College (corporate name)","Fordham College (corporate name)","Columbia University (corporate name)","University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (corporate name)","University of Chicago (corporate name)","University of Pennsylvania (corporate name)","Howard University (corporate name)","Montefiore Hospital (corporate name)","DeWitt Clinton High School (corporate name)","Philadelphia Art Museum (corporate name)","The Center for Disease Control (corporate name)","CDC (corporate name)","World Health Organization (corporate name)","WHO (corporate name)","Great Depression (named event)","Pearl Harbor (named event)","World War II (named event)","Holocaust (named event)","Rosenberg Trial (named event)","Scottsboro Boys (named event)","United States Army Air Force (other)","Health Maintenance Organizations (other)","HMO (other)","B-29 (other)","Parasitologist (other)","Senior Executive Service (other)","Ladies Garment Workers Union (other)","Ku Klux Klan (other)","Socialist (other)","Schistosomiasis (other)","Filariasis (other)","Ascariasis (other)","Malaria (other)","Toxoplasmosis (other)","Chagas disease (other)","Human Immunodeficiency Virus (other)","HIV (other)","Bipolar Disease (other)","Yiddish (other)","Iddish Culture (other)","Bar mitzvah (other)","Kibbutz (other)","Trichinosis (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eIrving and Mildred Kagan were interviewd by Sara Ghitis on June 29, 2009 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Dr. Irving George Kagan was born in the Bronx, New York on June 1, 1919. He was the only son of Henry and Miriam Kagan. His father immigrated from Poland and his mother immigrated from Kyiv, Ukraine. Irv\u0026rsquo;s father passed away when he was two years old and while his mother was pregnant with Irv\u0026rsquo;s sister Rosalyn. His mother worked as a dressmaker to support Irv and his sister. Irv\u0026rsquo;s sister, Rosalyn passed away from pneumonia at the age of 12. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; During the Great Depression, Irv\u0026rsquo;s mother insisted that he attend college so he could become a professional. He attended Brooklyn College and developed an interest in parasitology. During college, he met his wife, Mildred Reese (Millie) and they married in June 1940. After graduating from college, Irv took a job for the Census Bureau and later worked as an Inspector of Powder and Explosives. He decided to join the Army Air Force after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Throughout the war, Irv was a B-29 airplane navigator and flew 38 missions over Japan in the Pacific. During one mission, the plane had to be abandoned and because of his navigation skills, his crew was rescued. He was awarded a Purple Heart, Distinguished Flying Cross, and the Air Medal with Five Oak Clusters.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;After returning from the war, Irv earned a Ph.D. at the University of Michigan and did post-doctoral work at the University of Chicago. He taught at the University of Pennsylvania before taking a position as the Director of the Parasitology Division at the Center for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia in 1957. He worked for the next 26 years at the CDC, becoming a world-renowned immunologist. His research and that of his team were responsible for developing numerous parasitic tests. Irv traveled the world for the CDC and the World Health Organization (WHO). In 1979, President Jimmy Carter appointed him to the Senior Executive Service. After his retirement in 1982, Irv started his own laboratory and continued to work until 2017.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Irv and Mille had two daughter\u0026rsquo;s Mila and Jule. He was very politically and socially justice minded throughout his life. He and Mille were married for 74 years until her death in 2014. Irving passed away at the age of 100 in April 2020.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Mildred Reese Kagan was born on October 19, 1920, the only child of Julius and Marsha Reese. Her family lived for a time in California before moving to New York. She attended Hunter College in New York City. Millie later earned her Masters of Social Work from Columbia University.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Millie met her husband Irving Kagan at the library at Fordham University in early 1940. They later saw each other again at a dance organized by the American Students League and began dating. They married in June 1940. Shortly after they married, Irv and Millie moved to Washington D.C. where Irv worked for the Census Bureau and later as an Inspector of Powder and Explosives. Millie worked on a fellowship for the Connecticut Children\u0026rsquo;s Aid Society in New Haven, Connecticut, while Irv was fighting in the Pacific during World War II.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;After Irv returned from war, they moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan where Irv worked on his Ph.D. Millie began her professional career working with children in foster care. She later worked in social services in Philadelphia and Atlanta. Millie eventually became one of the first social workers to establish a private psychotherapy practice in Georgia, working with adults and couples. She continued her practice until she semi-retired in her late eighties.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Millie and Irv had two daughters, Mila and Jule. Millie was very passionate about racial equality and social justice. She also loved dance and was a dance counselor in her youth. Millie and Irv were married for 74 years. Millie passed away on September 26, 2014.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; The interview initially focuses on Irving and Millie joins him towards the end of the interview. Irv recalls what he knows about his heritage and why his parents came to the United States from Poland and Ukraine. He reflects that his family was not very religious but held to the Yiddish culture. Irving shares how his mother lost her whole family except for a niece and brother-in-law during World War II. He recounts how his mother cared for him and his sister after their father died when he was two. He recalls how his sister died at 12 years old. He also talks about his uncle Irving, who was a surrogate father for him.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Irv details how he went to college during the Great Depression and how his mother was determined that he would earn a degree. He recalls how he became interested in parasitology in college. He recounts getting his first job after college and getting married to Millie after he got the job. Irv discusses his childhood, where he was born, and what kind of student he was. He reflects on early socialist beliefs and how those changed over time due to things going on in the Soviet Union and the United States. He describes what parasitology is about and how it impacts the world and how his political belief likely influenced his career choice. He recounts his career working for the Center for Disease Control, being appointed to the Senior Executive Service, and where his work has taken him. Irv shares the contributions that his and his team\u0026rsquo;s research made in the field of parasitic diseases. He reflects on retiring from the CDC in 1982 and opening his laboratory the following week. He also shares what type of work his laboratory does.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Irv recounts his first memories of World War II and what actions he took after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. He discusses his training and experiences as a B-29 navigator in the Pacific during World War II. He shared a little about how he navigated by stars and the challenges the wind caused in navigating. Irv spoke on his feelings on bombing the enemy and knowing what was happening to the Jews in Europe. He describes what happened when his plane went down over the Pacific due to mechanical issues and how the crew was rescued. He discusses the awards he was awarded for his combat and returning home after the war.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Millie joins Irv for the interview. They reminisce about how they met each other and their first impressions of each other. Mille shares that she was an only child and how she moved from California to New York when she was 14. They discuss the early months of their relationship, being poor, and eventually getting married by the justice of the peace. They share how their parents approved of their marriage.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; They discuss the early months of their marriage and Irv joining the Air Force. Millie shares how work helped her worry less about Irv during the war and how she found out in the local paper about his rescue when his plane went down. They spoke about their first home as a married couple. They detail the arrival of their daughters, Mila and Jule, and how their names were chosen. They share what their daughters were like growing up, the values they instilled, and the focus on social justice issues. They reflected on their daughter\u0026rsquo;s challenges with bipolar disease and how she has worked to manage it and earn a Doctorate. Finally, they discuss the ways they continue to be interested in political and social justice issues, and how they still have the ambition to learn about places and people.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/170/270/small/Kagan_Irving.mp4_1667156651.jpg?1667156652","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Kagan_Irving.mp4"]},"duration":6665.033,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/170/270/small/Kagan_Irving.mp4_1667156651.jpg?1667156652","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/170/270/original/Kagan_Irving.mp4?1667156647","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6665.033,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Kagan, Irving and Mildred [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" \n\nKAGAN, IRVING: My name is Dr. Irving G. is for George Kagan. K-A-G-A-N.\n\nGHITIS: Do you have a Hebrew name?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Itzhak.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know after whom you were named?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: No.\n\nGHITIS: What do you know about your ancestry?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I only know my ancestors on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my father's side because my mother\ncame to this country when she was 16 years old. I know very little about her\nfamily, but I know about my father's family because we lived with them for the\nfirst eight years of my life. We lived one story above them on Washington Street\nin the Bronx [New York]. I asked my grandfather, what did he do for a living in\nthe old country. He said, \"He was a saddle maker.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He worked with leather and he\nmade saddles. Then I asked him, \"What did his father do for a living?\" He said,\n\"His father worked in the forest, but he didn't know exactly what he did. But he\nworked in the forest.\" I asked him, \"What did . . . your grandfather do for a\nliving?\" He said, \"He did not know.\" I know my grandfather on my father's side\nwas a saddle maker. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His father was probably a woodcutter, that's as far as we\nwent back.\n\nGHITIS: When you say the old country.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Russia, the Ukraine, they came from the Ukraine. No, I think my\nmother's family came from the Ukraine. I think my father's family came from Poland.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know the names of the town, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the region, the area?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I lost touch with that information. But I have a . . . my mother\ncame with her girlfriend. Two young women came together at the age of 16 or 17.\nSonya was her friend. Her daughter has all that information, but I do not have\nit. But it's from a small town . . . near Kyiv, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they come from Kyiv.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know what brought them here?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I really don't know why my mother decided to come to the United\nStates at such a young age. Why she came with her friend? Why two girls came? I\nsuspect it may have been something to do with the poverty ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the village. They\nwere coming to the land with gold in the streets.\n\nGHITIS: Now, on your father's side, did you ever hear . . . stories about why\nthey picked up and came here?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: No, but I did have a cousin who did a search of our . . . my\ncousin was the son . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of my uncle. I don't know why they came, but I know\nthat my father was quite educated. He was almost a rabbi. Why they emigrated\nwhen they did . . . which they must have come, probably, I would say 1905, maybe\n1910. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My mother came, I think it was like 1915 or 1916, but we never discussed\nthis. There's no way for me to know this. It's interesting\n\nGHITIS: You say your father was very educated Jewishly.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Yes, he was.\n\nGHITIS: How was that lived in your household? What kind of Jewish life did you lead?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAGAN, IRVING: It's interesting because I am, what I call myself in-desist. I\ncame from a family that believed in the [Yiddish] culture and not in the\nreligion. To the point where I am not, I have not been bar mitzvahed because my\npeople were socialists. They were in the left politically ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and but we were very\nculturally minded. I went to Jewish school. I didn't go to Hebrew school. I\nspoke Yiddish when I was a boy. I read Yiddish books when I was a boy. We were\nvery . . . to this day, I have a very strong affinity to the Jewish culture, but\nnot to the Jewish religion, because I had no training in the Jewish religion. My\ngrandparents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would drag me to the synagogue on the holidays, and that was my\ncontact with the synagogue.\n\nGHITIS: But that attachment to the Yiddish culture . . .\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Has persisted.\n\nGHITIS: You got from your father.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I got from my mother, who got it from her husband.\n\nGHITIS: Or from your mother's side.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Well, I don't remember my father because he died when I was two\nyears old, so I don't remember him. All I have is beautiful pictures of him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nhis friends. It's interesting. In those days, he and his friends took formal\npictures. We don't do that anymore. It's interesting. But my mother has always\nhad a very strong Jewish heritage.\n\nGHITIS: Could you say the names of your parents?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: My parent was Manya or Miriam, and her maiden name was Slatoff.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She came from the Ukraine and her whole family was destroyed by the war. Except\nfor a sister whose husband took her and his child to Siberia. Her mother refused\nto go because she had been through many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pogroms and things like that, and she\ndid not want to leave her her home. When they came back, there were no Jews in\nthe town. Her sister died within one year of returning, probably of a broken\nheart. But the child survived. Mill and I went to the Soviet Union, and she was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a grown woman. She was a nurse living in Kyiv. She came to Moscow immediately to\nmeet me. We spent the week together. I brought, my mother gave me $500 and I had\n$500. I asked her, \"Do you want rubles\"? She said, \"No, I want things.\" She took\nme all over Moscow buying them . . . her son was interested ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in sports. She\nbought him an outfit, a Nike outfit and so on.\n\nGHITIS: Now you are talking about.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: My mother's.\n\nGHITIS: Sister.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Niece.\n\nGHITIS: Your mother's niece.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: My mother's niece. The only one in her family who survived. She\nis now living. She is now a nurse living in Israel.\n\nGHITIS: What was your father's name?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: My father's name was Henry.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Is Kagan, your original family name?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Yes, Kagan was our original family name when they came to this\ncountry. Kagan in Russian is Kagan. It's soft 'g'. We were Cohens. But my family\nlegally changed our name back to Kagan when I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was about 12 years old. My whole\nfamily changed, except one uncle who kept the name of Cohen. But all my other\nuncles and aunts changed the name to Kagan, which was our family name in Russia. Kagan.\n\nGHITIS: You said your father died when you were a young child.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Two years old.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: How did your mother cope?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I mentioned the fact that we lived one story above my\ngrandmother. My mother was a dressmaker, and she went to work. She was a young\nwoman. My mother was probably 21 or 22 when her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"husband died. I have fond\nmemories of my mother rushed home to take care of me and my sister. I had a\nsister. She was pregnant at the time my father died. I had a sister and she\nwould rush home to take care of us. I have a very, very warm, close feeling\nabout my mother.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: What was your sister's name?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Rosalyn. She lived until she was 12 years of age and she died in\nan accident in a park. There was a flagpole and we would take the halyard string\nand pull it. We rise . . . off the ground about eight or ten feet. When she was\nbeing pulled up, the string ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"broke because the pulley on the top. She died about\na month later of pneumonia.\n\nGHITIS: You grew up as an only child?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: As an only child from the age of 12 or 13.\n\nGHITIS: Who were the adults surrounding you, doting on you?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: My surrogate father was my uncle Irving, who was a pharmacist. He\nwas my surrogate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father. If I got into trouble, he was the one that would talk\nto me. If I had any problems, he would talk to me. My earliest recollection of\nhim [was] when he was about . . . 15 or 16 and I was hit. We had across the\nstreet from our apartment, the Bronx house, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I was hit with a ball in my leg.\nI remember him because he was studying to be a pharmacist. He was the doctor. I\nremember seeing, I have a picture of him standing in the doorway prescribing my\nmother what to do and things like that. He was my surrogate father.\n\nGHITIS: I have to say this, at this moment, you're the child of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a dynasty of\nsaddle makers. Right. And you have a doctorate.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: What circumstances made that possible? You could be a saddle maker today\nor a car mechanic.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Well. I was very fortunate. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were very poor because I grew up\nin the heart of the Depression. I started college at 1936 in the heart of the\nBig Depression, and we were very poor. I say to my mother, \"Let me go to work to\nhelp you pay your expenses.\" Because we were so poor. I said, \"Even if I\ngraduate, I won't be able to find a job. I'll have to drive a truck.\" She would\nsay, \"Drive a truck with your degree.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She refused to let me stop school . . .\nand college was free when I was a boy, free. No tuition, no payment for books.\nEverything was free. I had to pay $0.05 on the subway to go to school. That was\nmy tuition, $0.05 a day, $0.10 a day to go to school, to come home. My mother\nhad a strong ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"determination that I was not going to be a clerk. I was going to be\na graduate and be a professional. In college, I went to Brooklyn College. I had\na very charismatic professor who was a parasitologist . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I decided that I . .\n. liked the idea of parasitology. But when I graduated, I was offered a job as a\njunior professional assistant in Washington, as a clerk in the 1940 census. I\nhad a girlfriend, Millie, and we decided to get married ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and go to Washington. We\nwere a young couple.\n\nGHITIS: Do you still have the same girlfriend?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Still have the same girlfriend. We've been married for 69 years.\n\nGHITIS: I want to go back in time a little bit. I haven't asked you when you\nwere born, where you were born, [and the] circumstances of your birth.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAGAN, IRVING: I was born in New York City on June 1, 1919, and I just had my\n90th birthday last week. Two weeks ago. What was the other question you wanted?\n\nGHITIS: Were you born at home?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I was born in a hospital. I think it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montefiore Hospital. I\nthink that was the name of it. In the Bronx, I was born in the Bronx and in a\nhospital. As far as I know, I had a normal childhood. The only thing I can\nremember as a child was when I had a tonsillectomy. I think I was in the\nhospital to have my tonsils removed. Outside of that, I think I was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"healthy child.\n\nGHITIS: Did you ever ask . . . when you were older, your relatives, whether you\nwere a good kid, how you behaved because there were so many adults around you?\nWhat kind of kid were you?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I was . . . Very early in life ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of the times that I grew\nup in because I matured during the Depression. I was very pessimistic about our\nsociety and I was very radical in my thinking. Very early in life, I was pretty\nactive in social groups. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was very politically minded very early in life. I\nbecame discouraged with some of my political thoughts, which were very left\nwing. When the Soviet Union began to persecute geneticists because they were\ninterested in growing wheat in the wintertime, and you cannot grow wheat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the\nwintertime. But they thought they could because genetically wheat cannot grow in\nthe winter. Those geneticists that told them they cannot do that, the Soviets\npersecuted them. I became very, very disillusioned with the socialistic system.\nI was at that time; I would say I was about 18 or 19 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when that happened.\n\nGHITIS: You said you leaned to the socialist side. What other causes were important?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: What other . . .\n\nGHITIS: Causes?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I was very. My mother was a member of the Ladies Garment Workers\nUnion. I was very pro-union. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was very much interested in unionization. I was\nvery much interested in a socialist system. I thought capitalism was\ndiscriminating and taking advantage of people like my mother. I grew up my\nmother was working as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dressmaker for $20 a week. A week. When I graduated, I\ngot a job for $1440 a year, $30 a week. I said to Mill, \"We're rich.\" I thought\nthat was so much money and so big. My political point of view was very much\nskewed by the depression, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the poverty of the Depression.\n\nGHITIS: What the impact did the Rosenberg case have on you?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: That came after the Scottsboro case. I remember how moved I was\nwhen the Scottsboro Boys were arrested and were being persecuted for their, what\nthey claim they [did]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the Rosenberg case came, I just was completely\ndisillusioned with our system that something like this could happen. Because at\nthat time I was educated enough to know that an uneducated person cannot be an\natomic spy. It's just no, no such thing. That thinking that the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"judge. What was\nhis name? Kaplan or something. Jewish man saying, \"You gave the Russians the\natomic secret.\" That was just such nonsense. I was so disillusioned with our\nsystem. Very disillusioned with our system because of the Rosenberg case.\n\nGHITIS: Going back to your story, you went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high school. What high school?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: DeWitt Clinton High School.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of student were you?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: The time period?\n\nGHITIS: High school . . . what kind of a student were you in high school?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Oh, I was not an outstanding student, a normal student, because I\nhad many other outside interests which were very political. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The same thing even\nin college, I was diverted with political activity. But when I went to graduate\nschool, I did very well and I was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. That was the\nrecognition I got for being a straight-A student.\n\nGHITIS: What college did you attend?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I went to Brooklyn College. When I came back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the war, I\nwent to the University of Michigan for graduate studies. I spent four years at\nthe University of Michigan with, to get a Ph.D. [Doctor of Philosophy].\n\nGHITIS: Is that a professor? It was the one that interested you in the field of parasitology.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: Could you say a word about what parasitology is all about?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAGAN, IRVING: Yes. Parasitology is a study of worms, parasitic organisms,\nprotozoan, and multi-cellular worms that infect human beings and animals. I\nbecame particularly interested in the parasitic diseases of humans. They infect\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"multi, multi, millions of people. For example, I would say that . . . a billion\nor two billion people a year have ascaris infections, 200 million people a year\nhave schistosomiasis. These worm infestations are the diseases of the poor and\nthe undeveloped. Since most of the world is undeveloped, they occur in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"multi-millions of people causing death and disability. It's a very challenging\ncareer, a very challenging subject. It's the best thing I ever did was become a parasitologist.\n\nGHITIS: Does this tie in with your political ideology at the time when you chose this?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Probably influenced me. Yes, I think the fact that it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deals with\n. . . number one that I pick human and not animal. Number two, the fact that it\ncaused so much misery in the world and I feel that I've made quite a\ncontribution in my area. When I finished college, I started research as a\nprofessor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the University of Pennsylvania. I taught zoology. I taught a course\nin parasitology. But I started research on schistosomiasis and all my friends .\n. . know me as Mr. Schistosomiasis. These are worms that infect people in Africa\nand in Asia and even in Puerto Rico. It's a parasite that's transmitted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through\na snail. People that have to work close to water, like irrigation, irrigating or\nfishing or even swimming in infected waters, become infected. It shortens your\nlife. It causes a very debilitating disease leading to hepatitis and death. In\nAsia, for example, millions ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of people in China, because they do extensive rice.\nWherever there's rice being grown, people are living in water and there are\nsnails. They defecate in the water and the cycle is completed and\nschistosomiasis. I worked as a consultant, for W.H.O. [World Health\nOrganization], and they sent me all over the world just to develop programs for\nits control.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: What brought you to Atlanta?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I was working 10 hours a day doing research at the University of\nPennsylvania. At that time, I had two very young children, so I could do that.\nIt's interesting, when Mila got to be about four or five, I had to cut back\nbecause I had to be home to help her with her homework. But while ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were\ninfants, I worked very, very hard. I had a graduate student and I had to get him\nthrough the veterinary school because they had a Department of Parasitology in\nthe veterinary school. I asked the chairman of my department, \"I'd like to get\nmy graduate students through the college.\" No one, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they ignored me. I said to\nmyself, \"Here's something that costs them no money, and yet they don't come to\nmy help.\" At that point, I had a colleague at CDC, the Centers for Disease\nControl in Atlanta, Georgia. Elvia Saidu and Dr. Saidu, good friend of mine. He\nwas taking a job to run an army lab in Japan, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the chairman of the division\nasked me to take his job. I thought, well, if he could do this, we were doing\nthe same work, Elvia or myself. If I published a paper on ascaris [ascariasis],\nhe published a paper on ascaris. If I published on schisto [schistosomiasis] he\nwas working on schisto, if I was working of filar [filariasis], he was working\non filar. With much trepidation, I decided ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to come to Atlanta. Even there was Ku\nKlux Klan and stuff. I really was scared that I may have made a big mistake.\n\nGHITIS: What year was it?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: That was in 1957. I came to Atlanta in 1957 when Atlanta was a\nvery, very provincial town. I think the only restaurant served fried chicken. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It\nwas a very provincial town. But I had two technicians when I came, so I had a\ngroup of three. I spent 26 years at the CDC. I rose to a position of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being in .\n. . Oh, I can't think of the name. But anyway, the highest level you can come in\nthe civil service. Then . . . President [Jimmy] Carter initiated a service where\nyou went out of the civil service and all the restraints of the union, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you\nwere at the command of the President to work wherever he felt you needed to be.\nThat's the Senior Executive Service it was called, and I was appointed a member\nof the Senior Executive Service, which means if he said to me, \"Dr. Kagan, you\ngot to go to Japan and work on schisto.\" I'd have to leave and go. In fact, it\njust happened. The Assistant Director of CDC ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was ordered to go to Iraq because\nhe was in the Senior Executive Service, so he had to leave Atlanta. It happened\nthis year. He had to leave Atlanta and go to Iraq because he's a Senior\n[Executive Service]. I'm a charter member of the Senior Executive Service and I\nhad a very, very productive career in at CDC.\n\nGHITIS: What highlights come to your mind? I know you travel the world. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What\nplaces did you visit?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I worked in about six countries in Africa. I worked in Finland. I\nworked in about six or seven countries in the Western Hemisphere. Argentina,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brazil, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Mexico. Some in Puerto Rico. I work in Malaysia\non filariasis. I did a lot of work on malaria in India. I never did any work in\nChina, but I was part of a delegation that visited ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"China to evaluate their\nschistosomiasis program. We were the third delegation to visit China officially\nafter [Richard] Nixon opened up our relationship with China. Very, very extensive.\n\nGHITIS: Can you stop and think for a moment of a special ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contribution you made\nto the field of parasitology?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: When I entered the field of parasitology, when I came to CDC,\nthere were there was one major test available in parasitic disease, and that's\ntoxoplasmosis. This is a disease transmitted by cats. If the mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has an\n[infection], and the cat becomes infected by catching mice. If you have an\noutdoor cat and he's catching mice and he catches an infected mouse with\ntoxoplasma. He is defecating in his box, the eggs. If you are cleaning the box,\nthe chances of becoming infected are possible. It happens. If you become\ninfected with toxoplasmosis, your child ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"may be born . . . In the United States,\nthe only sickness that you have is that you have an eye infection that leads to\nblindness at the age of eight, the child. The child born of an infected mother\nin the United States has this ocular disease ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that leads to blindness. In\ndeveloping countries where the infection is much higher, neurological diseases\nare very common and horrible. It's a very serious disease. It's so serious that\nin all countries today, all mothers are tested for toxoplasmosis to make sure\nthat they don't give birth to infected children. Because you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can treat the\nmother and cure them before the child is born. Now, when I came into the field,\nthat was the test. When I left the field, we now have about 18-20 tests for all\nthe parasitic diseases. My group, my division and I mentioned they started with\ntwo people. When I retired, I had 30 people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in my group with five professionals.\nWe developed about 12 tests for parasitic diseases. During my career at CDC, I\npublished 300 papers on all of these diseases.\n\nGHITIS: What was or is the name of your division at the CDC?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: The Division of Parasitic Diseases. Now, the Division of\nParasitic Diseases, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had a small division of that. There were other divisions\nin parasitic diseases, the one . . . in malaria and there was one clinical\ndisease. I was the laboratory wing. They are now all one. It's now the division\nof Parasitic Diseases is a group of about 150 people.\n\nGHITIS: Would you say you were the impulse behind it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or you started it, you gave\nit life?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I think there were other groups in the world. There was a French\ngroup. There were two groups in France that were very active and my group. That\nthe three of us were responsible for this growth of the diagnostic, the serial,\nthe immunologic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diagnosis of parasitic diseases.\n\nGHITIS: You retired from the CDC in what year?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: 1952.\n\nGHITIS: What? 1952.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: No, no I came in 1957. I retired in 1982.\n\nGHITIS: You retired in 1982?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Yes.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: What did you do professionally after you retired?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I had a very long retirement. I retired on Friday. That was my\nofficial retirement. And on Monday, I opened my own laboratory. My laboratory\nwas called Parasitic Disease Consultants. Parasitic Disease Consultants is still\nfunctioning. My only regret is that I did not start ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another 401k because I\nworked 26 years at CDC. Now I am still working in my laboratory, and it's been\n26 years since I retired.\n\nGHITIS: What do you do in your laboratory?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I do the diagnosis of parasitic diseases, but I mention the fact\nthat . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do the diagnosis of parasitic diseases. We have in our country huge\nlaboratories that work 7-52 which means it never closes and they work 24 hours a\nday. They never close and they do the diagnosis of those parasitic diseases for\nwhich there are commercial kits available. But there are a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diseases, not\ntoo many, a half a dozen or so for which there are no commercial kits. In the\nbeginning, I used to get specimens from doctors and from hospitals, but now\nthey're all capitated, kept capitated by HMOs [Health Maintenance\nOrganizations]. Now my customers are all the huge laboratories, LabCorp, Quest,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Specialty Lab. They send me the specimens that they cannot do. Malaria is my\nbiggest item. There are no kits for malaria, so they send me malaria specimens.\nThere are no kits for Chagas disease. There are no kits for trichinosis. There\nare no kits for. There are kits, but they don't deal with them because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they\ndon't get enough. There isn't, they will not started a test for unless it has a\nbig volume.\n\nGHITIS: How many people do you employ?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Do I employ? I have on my payroll five people and myself, because\nin addition to my diagnostic lab, I also had a company called Zero Immuno\nDiagnostics. I spent many years developing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kits for diagnosis. But I gave that\nup because the kits, one kit that I was interested in, which was an HIV [Human\nImmunodeficiency Virus] kit, is too expensive to get it licensed. It would cost\nabout a half a million dollars to get it licensed. I needed pre-market approval,\nwhich is like what you have to get for a drug. I did not want to borrow a half a\nmillion dollars at my stage of life, so I gave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it up. Now I have a export\nbusiness that specializes in helping researchers get very, very special reagents\nand materials. I have a handful of customers.\n\nGHITIS: How many hours a day do you work?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Now, I'm getting very lazy in my old age. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I get to work about\n9:30 and I leave at 5:00. I'm putting in now about seven, seven hours or so.\n\nGHITIS: You said you came to Atlanta in 1957. What was your impression of race\nrelations at that time?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAGAN, IRVING: We were very fortunate in one aspect, Atlanta was very advanced\nin the matter of race relations. We came in 1957 and there were no white\nfountains and black fountains. There were no white restaurants and black\nrestaurants in 1957. In fact, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the golf course at Ansley Park, Ansley section was\nintegrated. When they objected, they said, \"We'll close it.\" They said, \"Oh, no,\nno, no, don't close it.\" It's integrated. We came to a city that was very\nmindful of the dangers of being bigoted. The banking and the business community\nrecognized ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the day the governor of Arkansas stood in the doorway of the\nschool and said, \"No black child will come.\" From that day on Arkansas, the\neconomy started going down. Birmingham [Alabama] and Atlanta were sister cities\nin the forties. What happened in Birmingham with the race relations ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contrasted\nwith no demonstrations of race relations in the streets of Atlanta. Birmingham\nis just catching up to Atlanta 50 years after. We came to a very progressive\ncity, in that regard, Atlanta has been politically black for probably 30 years\nor 40 years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We came to a good city.\n\nGHITIS: Again, we're going to go back in time. The war happened. World War II.\nYou were a young person in those days. What is your first memory, when in your\nmind's eye you think of those years?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAGAN, IRVING: My first memory of the war is . . . a Sunday afternoon. Mill and\nI were reading the Sunday paper on the floor and the paper was spread out all\nover the floor. We lived in the living room of a small house that was shared by\nthree other couples. Our apartment was the living room and the kitchen, which\nwas shared by everyone. That's my first recollection of the war, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pearl Harbor.\nWe were sitting on the floor. I then decided to become an Inspector of Powder\nand Explosives. I took a course at Howard University in explosive chemistry, and\nwe moved to Roanoke, Virginia. I worked in the Hercules Powder Plant for about a\nyear. But then I got worried ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that maybe fascism was going to get too, too\nstrong. And I decided to enlist in the Army.\n\nGHITIS: You decided?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I decided to enlist . . . in the United States Army Air Force. I\ndid not want to be a foot soldier. I did not want to die with mud on my face. I\nsaid, \"If I going to die, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wanted to die with washed hands and clean underwear.\"\n\nGHITIS: At this time, you were married?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I was married, and we were living in Roanoke, Virginia. I was\nworking for the War Department. I decided to enlist in the Army Air Force. And\nbecause I was a college graduate in the small group of enlistees, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were six\nof us that were college graduates. We were all relegated to be navigators in the\nnew B-29 squadron. It's a new airplane. It was the biggest airplane at the time,\nB-29s. It was slated to fly from Saipan to Japan nonstop, 1800 miles nonstop. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nwas put into that B-29 program. As a navigator, I had to also, because of the\nlength of the mission, and the mission was 12, 14 hours in length. We were\ndoubly rated. I was rated. I had to go to navigation school and I had to go to\nbombardier school. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was rated both as a navigator and a bombardier. I spent the\nyear in training. During that year, we were losing our small bombers because\nthey were coming in low and bombing. They needed people, navigators, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pilots\nfor those. They came to us and said, \"Who would volunteer?\" No one would\nvolunteer. We had to have a lottery with regard to who would go and who would\nstay. I went through three lotteries and I stayed in the B-29s. Three lotteries.\n\nGHITIS: In what place did you train?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: The training was very extensive. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to navigation school and\nwe trained out of Kansas. Training took about six or eight months. We had to\nlearn. In those days, we did not have the radar that we have today. All of our\nnavigation over the ocean had to be by the stars. It had to be celestial\nnavigation. We had a sextant and we had to learn and all. The radar ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came in when\nI was through half my missions. I flew 36 missions, 32 missions, 32 missions. At\nabout the 16th or 17th mission. We . . . took Iwo Jima and we had a place to put\nit, another radio station to triangulate so we could use radar to see where we\nwere. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But up to that point, everything was celestial . . . The training was\nvery, very vigorous in celestial navigation.\n\nGHITIS: You were in charge of dropping the bombs.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: That was the bombardier. I was in charge of bringing the plane to\nthe target. After that, the bombardier took over and dropped the bombs. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had to\nbring my plane to the target. That was my job.\n\nGHITIS: What places were bombed under your navigational direction?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: We bombed Japan. We bombed Tokyo, Osaka, Nagasaki. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We started off\nflying at 30,000 feet and our bombs. We did not know about the jet stream. It's\ninteresting. We did not know about the jet stream until we started flying to\nJapan at 30,000 feet. It's interesting. We left, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my crew of 12 people, left San\nFrancisco for Saipan. We had weather information up to 10,000 feet and we left\nin the rain. My pilot, Jack Boozer, said, \"Irv, let's get out of this. Take us\nup.\" We went up to 30,000 feet where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was smooth as glass, and I had to shoot\nstars to see where we were. We did no more. We had no information at hand. It's\ninteresting, my pilot was a trainer in the United States, and in a few\ninstances, we were I'd give him a heading because I wanted to go this way. He\nsaid, \"Oh, it's that way.\" He would go. I'd say, \"Jack, I told you to go this\nway.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"Okay, okay.\" But I gave him an ETA for Diamondhead in Hawaii.\nThat was our first stop for 12:00.\n\nGHITIS: What's an ETA?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Estimate time of arrival. We came down through the clouds. All\nover the islands there were lots of clouds because of the moisture. We came down\nthrough the clouds and at about 10 minutes of 12, we broke out. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was\nDiamondhead, right dead ahead. At that point, when I said, go this way, we went\nthat way. It's interesting. In fact, I developed a very interesting method of\ngetting to the target in a hurry because the first 20 planes, they didn't shoot\nat them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I did was, when you're flying at, like you're [memoirist point\nupward]. Oh, another interesting thing, flying northwest to Japan from Saipan on\nthe radio, I could get Azerbaijan and I could get Jewish stations. I used to\nlisten to Jewish stations on the radio as we were flying to Japan.\n\nGHITIS: Did you say Azerbaijan?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Yes, in Siberia. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In those days, there were Jews living there and\nthey had Jewish stations.\n\nGHITIS: The Caucasus?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Yes. But anyway, when you're flying that way, the winds are\nblowing you all different ways. I discovered that if you let the wind blow you\nall different ways, you came to the target. If you didn't make corrections, say\nyou get blown off to the right and you turn to get back on course. You're going\ninto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the wind that slows you down. But if you . . . let the wind just blow to\nthe right and then the wind. Meanwhile, you're progressing and then it blows you\nthis way. [memoirist gestures with his hand] I found that you could get to the\ntarget quickly. That saved our lives many times.\n\nGHITIS: What's in the heart of someone like you flying at a time of war? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What\nabout your emotions?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Well, I being as politically minded as I was as a young person\nand even as an adult, I could not . . . the reason I enlisted is that I felt\nthat I had to help fight fascism and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Japanese allied themselves with the\nGermans. It was just they were also fascists. I really felt no compulsions in\nkilling Japanese and I killed lots of them.\n\nGHITIS: Do you fear for your own life?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: What?\n\nGHITIS: Did you fear for your life? At times, did you think about it?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: You know, it's interesting. I had a friend, Kisnick, who used to\nsay, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I'm not going to make it. I'm not going to make it. I'm not going to make\nit.\" I never doubted that I would not make it. I never feared for my own life. I\ndon't know why that is. But I never feared for my own life.\n\nGHITIS: Did you know what was happening to the Jews in Europe?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: How much did you know?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAGAN, IRVING: Well, even. I went overseas with my group. I left the United\nStates with my group about 1942. Something like that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At that time, I was aware\nand . . . I had never lost touch with what was happening to Jews and to Germans\nand whatnot. Even when I went overseas, I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very much in touch with what was happening.\n\nGHITIS: When you look back now.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Pardon.\n\nGHITIS: When you look back at those years, how do you feel today about the\natomic bomb being dropped on Japan?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAGAN, IRVING: I felt good about it because it would end the war. I went over\nwith ten crews and nine of the original ten came back. We lost 11 of the\noriginal crews ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and countless replacements because it was a horrible journey from\nSaipan to Japan. I went down on my 16th mission and my crew was the only one\nthat was that returned home. It's interesting. I have the Purple Heart.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Could you explain that, when you say I went down?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I think it was on my 16th mission. We left at midnight and to\narrive in Japan at eight or nine in the morning and bomb and come back. It was a\n16 hour trip. About 3 hours out, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had what's called a runaway prop. The\nairplane's engine propeller was not controlled. It was just turning and turning\nand turning. This meant that the engine would get red hot and we had thousands\nof gallons of gasoline in the wing. The motor for the airplane is under the\nwing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As a result, we had to bail out. We had to jump out of the airplane\nbecause it was throwing sparks and the pilots said, \"Bailout.\" Then we jumped\nout of the airplane. I had to jump out of an airplane. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't remember the\nfirst few seconds, but . . . when my chute opened up, my parachute opened up. I\nlooked up and I could see my pilot and copilot. They got out. We were the last\nthree out because . . . I landed. Well, we were in the middle of the ocean,\nPacific Ocean. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I knew from experience that if I, as good as a navigator, as I\nthought I was, if I made a mistake in one mile, no one would ever find us.\nInstead of turning around immediately when we had the runaway prop, I went\ntoward land. There were islands, Japanese islands. They're called the Marianas.\nWe were flying towards Saipan, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a Japanese island, uninhabited, but a\nJapanese island. When she started throwing sparks, we all bailed out. But the\nlast message was 50 miles west of Saipan. So that's how they found us. We were\nspread over. We were spread over 20 miles because we're traveling at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"300 miles,\n200 miles an hour. Everyone jumped out earlier and I and the pilot and copilot\njumped out.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of terrain did you fall?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: In the Pacific Ocean.\n\nGHITIS: In the water?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: In the water. Yes. As part of the parachute, we had a little, we\nsat on a little raft that was folded up. The interesting thing is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we had\nraft practice in one of our trainings in a pool in Kansas. You pulled a lanyard,\npulled a string, and gas came and filled the raft up. When I got in the water, I\nwas looking for that string and there was no string. I was pulling and pulling .\n. . you had to turn something. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, I turned it and my raft opened up and I\ngot in the water. I got into my raft, I had a little raft. Then I . . . said,\ndid I send the right information? My recall was just phenomenal. I redid\neverything that I did and all my calculations in the last half hour. I redid it\nin my mind. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I checked everything. I said, \"No, I sent out the correct\ninformation.\" At that point, I became violently ill and started heaving my guts.\nThat was like 3:00 in the morning. I'm all by myself because we were just three\nof us got out and the plane is going to 200 miles an hour. I'm just by myself.\nThe next thing I know, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an PBY, which is an amphibian type airplane going on the\nwater, it's flying over me, wakes me up. I was sort of sleeping and it passed\nme. \"Oh my God, they didn't see me.\" Then it turned around and came back and I\nrealized they saw me. They came down. I said, \"My God.\" They had two propellers.\nI said, \"My God, they're going to cut my head off with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those propellers.\" But\nthey're 11 feet high. But how am I going to get into the airplane? They can't\nstop there in the middle of the ocean. The interesting thing is that was a crew\nthat came out of New London [Connecticut]. There was an Army crew and there was\nspecial . . . We were losing so many planes going up to Japan that the army\ndecided to train people to rescue. Mill was in New London at the time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this\nwas a crew out of New London, interestingly enough. They came down. They landed.\nThey should not have landed on the open [water]. The Navy says you never land on\nthe open waters because it's too rough and it would break the plates on, it was\nseaplane. But they were so gung ho. This is the first mission. They're going to\nrescue someone and they landed. Then how do I get into the airplane? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They can't\nstop because. They strung a rope between the blister window and the edge of the\nwing. The co-pilot went out on the edge of the wing. They came across and I\ngrabbed hold of that rope. They dragged me out of my little raft and fished me\nout of [the ocean]. I went down. They fished me out. Then going to take off and\nthere was another person. They saw another person. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They picked up six of us. So\nMill knew about it before I could write to her because it said \"Pilot from New\nLondon rescues B-29 crew.\" She was doing a post . . . doing something, her\nmasters and in New London. We were 12, and 11 were rescued. We had a colonel\nflying with us and he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dreadfully afraid of water. I think he drowned. We\nwere the only crew rescued in our division. That was on my 23rd mission.\n\nGHITIS: You receive, you say you received a Purple Heart?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I received a Purple Heart for that mission. Yes. We went on what\nwas called rest and recreation to Hawaii. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had an officer in our division who\nwas in the sugar industry on Hawaii. We were invited into some of the most\nelegant homes in Hawaii. It was really a very interesting experience. We were\nheroes and they had Sunday brunches for us. The funny part was that I was a\nFirst Lieutenant and these people [would] invite generals and colonels to these\nparties, and we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lieutenants. But then I came back and I flew 32 missions in\ntotal. Then . . . I was scheduled to come back to the United States as an\ninstructor, and they dropped the atomic bomb on Japan. I had finished my\nmissions. I was ready to come back as an instructor.\n\nGHITIS: Were your missions in the Pacific?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: All in the Pacific ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between Saipan and Japan. All in the Pacific.\nI received the air medal, which is the third highest. No, the air medal and I\nreceived the Silver Star, which is the third highest. I received a Silver Star,\na Purple Heart, and an Air Medal with six oakleaf clusters, which means every\nfive missions or so they gave you a cluster. So I was a hero.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: You remember the end of the war?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: What about that day?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Well, I was just very, very happy that it was over because . . .\n\nGHITIS: Where were you?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: When the war ended, I was still on Saipan waiting to come home. I\nwas very lucky. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They wanted to fly an airplane back. I was picked as . . . they\nhad two crews. I was picked as a navigator because we flew nonstop back to the\nStates and we didn't stop in Hawaii. We stopped for gas, and then we kept\n[going]. No, I was happy that the war ended. I've lost too many of my friends\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we went over 20 crews and of the 20, nine crews came back. We lost over 50%\nof our original crews. No, I was very happy that the war ended.\n\nGHITIS: How were you received when you arrived in the United States?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAGAN, IRVING: I have no recollection of any positive or negative. When I\narrived in the United States, I was very much interested in continuing my\neducation. I started to immediately . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[made] application to schools. I\ndiscovered that I had made an application to the University of Michigan before I\nleft, and I was accepted. We came back, we went to Mill's parents home. They had\na farm in New Jersey. I was teaching in Pennsylvania, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Philadelphia, at the\nUniversity of Pennsylvania . . . Your question was, how was I received?\n\nGHITIS: Yes. Were there any celebrations? Were you treated as a hero?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: No.\n\nGHITIS: No.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: No, I remember nothing like that.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Millie. Do you remember the first time you saw Irv?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes, I do. It was a dance of college students and part of an\norganization called the American Students League had this dance. He was dancing\nwith a very pretty young lady. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was sort of walking along and he grabbed my arm\nand he said, \"Can I have the next dance with you?\" I said, \"Sure.\" I thought\nthis is odd. Why would he ask me when he had somebody else on his arm? That was\nthe beginning.\n\nGHITIS: Irv, what was going on. You were with someone else. What was going on?\nWhat was in your mind at that moment?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAGAN, IRVING: Hmm. What was going on at that moment? You know how long ago that was?\n\nGHITIS: How long ago?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: That was 69 years ago. I got to remember what I was thinking at\n69 years ago.\n\nGHITIS: Yes.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I probably was thinking she was cute. That's about it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: What do you remember about Millie when you saw her for the first time?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I must have liked because . . . Oh, I know. The first time that I\nmet Millie, we were in a library. She was . . . we were on the corner of a desk\nin the library. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We started talking and . . . this was at the Fordham Library in\nthe Bronx on a Saturday. The librarian came and told us to leave because we were\ndisturbing other people. Millie was so upset. We came outside and I felt sorry\nfor her. I said, \"Let's go get a cup of coffee.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's when we first really\nbecame acquainted. Then she gave me a telephone number and it turns out they\ndidn't have a telephone in their house. It was the telephone number of the store\nnext to the house. When I called her, they had to call up and say, \"Mildred,\nMildred Reese, you've got a call.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She had to run down to the store to answer\nthe phone. What was the next time we met? It was quite a . . .\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: I think that was the dance.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: That was at the dance. Oh, yes. Then the next time we met, it was\nat this dance. But I'd come with someone else, and she was at the dance. But\nthat's also hazy in my mind. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's so long ago.\n\nGHITIS: Millie, what do you remember about Irv in those years? What was he like?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: I felt he was serious. He seemed very serious and intense. I liked\nthat. I didn't want a passive man, and to even enjoy with I knew from the time\nwe were in a library that we could have some interesting discussions. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That he'd\nstand up for himself and I'd stand up for myself. That was sort of a sense, an\nintuitive sense of what this young man was about.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember what you talked about? What were the discussion about?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: I don't remember exactly, but I know what was going on at that\ntime. It was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Spanish Civil War, and my father had a friend that had gone\nover and volunteered for, in the American [Abraham] Lincoln Brigade. I think\nthat was stirring. We may have very well discussed what was happening in Spain,\nbecause I was getting letters from this person and he was killed.\n\nGHITIS: Where were you in your life ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that time? Were you a student?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes, I was a student. I was a student at that time in Hunter\nCollege. I think that was before I went for my master's degree.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: You were still in college.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: I was still in college. Dates get very confused for me.\n\nGHITIS: After you cut in that dance.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Yes, I was a senior in college. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's when we met when I was a\nsenior in college.\n\nGHITIS: At that dance where you saw Millie again, was that the beginning of your dating?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I think so, yes. That's when we started dating. That's when we\nstarted dating.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: What did you do when you went out?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Golly, so long ago. What did we do?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: I think we talked most of the time. We were big talkers.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: We were very poor. We didn't have money for . . .\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I don't think we went to, even went to the movies. I think we\ntalked because . . .\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Went to the park.\n\nGHITIS: Were you so poor?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Oh, extremely poor, if not even poorer then him.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAGAN, IRVING: We were both poor people. My mother was a dressmaker and her\nmother was a dressmaker. In those days, my mother made $20 a week. So we were .\n. .\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: And she was a fast worker. My mother was very, very particular and\nliked designing and so it was torture for her to work at a factory. She didn't\nmake much at all. We had to live on that.\n\nGHITIS: Irving was an only child.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAGAN, IRVING: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: After a while. Did you have siblings?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: No, I was an only child also. I grew up in California and came\nEast when I was 14, I left my closest friends. But my father was in the East at\nthat time. We packed up, left the house, left everything we had, just took a\nlittle bag, and went by train ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to New York where my father was.\n\nGHITIS: Where were you living when you met?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: In New York. At that time . . . oh, I know where I was living. I\nwas in the Bronx, living in the Bronx in New York. Way up where rentals were\nvery, very cheap. Sort of in the . . .\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: She was in the East Bronx.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I lived in the West Bronx.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAGAN, MILLE: That was a little fancier.\n\nGHITIS: At what point were you introduced to each other's family? Do you\nremember bringing Millie to your house?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Yes, but I don't think we ever had any sort of formal\nintroduction. It's interesting. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was, until I was offered . . . Times were\nvery bleak when we first met. It was the tail end of the major depression. Times\nwere very bleak. I didn't know what I was going to do because the times were so\nbleak and . . . I just felt so lucky ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the 1940 census, they needed clerks.\nMy whole class went on the junior professional assistant exam for . . . those\njobs. We didn't even talk about marriage or anything like that because we were\nso poor. I mean, it was just. But here I had a job that paid $1440 a year, $30 a\nweek. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was rich. Mills said, \"You're rich.\"\n\nGHITIS: Did you have any source of income?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: No, no. I had no income at that point at all. Again, school was\nabsolutely free. College. I went to Hunter College and I went to Columbia, but I\nhad a scholarship for my Master's and Hunter was completely free . . . at that\npoint ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Irv moved to Washington because he got this job. I was in New York,\npart-time in Connecticut.\n\nGHITIS: Were you dating?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Oh, yes. Yes, we were practically living together. My parents\nwould leave for the evening and Irv would come over.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Did I go off to Washington before we got married?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes, sweetie. You'd come back. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember you smoked cigars\nbecause you had come back in the middle of the night.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I don't remember that. But anyway, it was a long time ago. That\nwas 69 years ago.\n\nGHITIS: You were living together partially?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes, we were.\n\nGHITIS: What about your relatives?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: There was no problem.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: My mother.\n\nGHITIS: Yes.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAGAN, IRVING: We were . . . Mill was over in the apartment, and we were. My\nmother came in and we were in the bedroom together. She came between us and got\ninto the bed between us. I remember that. You remember.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: I certainly do. I guess she felt we didn't belong together yet.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Climbed into the bed between us.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: My parents were very accepting.\n\nGHITIS: Your parents?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes, they were freethinkers. That was part of their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"belief. If\nyou're happy and enjoying go for it.\n\nGHITIS: Millie said that she liked your intensity. What did you like about her?\nYou said she was cute. What else did you like about her?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: She was an interesting person. I mean, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she's very, very\ndemonstrative and not too shy. She was a little aggressive. I don't know. I\nthink I liked it.\n\nGHITIS: Now, you were a dancer at some point in your life?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes, I was.\n\nGHITIS: When was that?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: We were married at the time. But he . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was going to be a\ncounselor at one camp in New York. It was a Jewish camp. I had a job at Bocheka,\nwhich was in New Jersey that Paul Robeson was invested in. He sponsored that\ncamp. It was wonderful. I was the dance counselor of that. I remember it is a\nvery wonderful experience. Irv would hitchhike ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up from New York to New Jersey .\n. . so we have some time together. We had a very unusual courtship and early marriage.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: It's hard to remember. It's so long ago.\n\nGHITIS: When did you finally get married? After how long?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I would say we married on the 17th of June.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Yes, I think we met probably around ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"March or April.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: A little earlier, I think.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: February.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes. Yes.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: We met in February. It's February, March, April, May. Five months.\n\nGHITIS: You were [in your] 20's?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Yes.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: I was 19 at the time.\n\nGHITIS: You were?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: 19.\n\nGHITIS: You were 19?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I was 21.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: When you got married?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: When we got married. Yes.\n\nGHITIS: What about the wedding? What kind of wedding did you have?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: What kind of wedding did we have?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: We didn't.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: We had no wedding. We went to the justice of the peace and got\nmarried. Then we went to Far Rockaway for our honeymoon. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went on the beach.\nWe got married in June, the 18th or 19th.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: The 18th.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: The 18th of June. We went on the beach and I was very fair. I got\nsunburned and we went back to the room. She was putting on Unguentine on me and\nI couldn't move. People thought, \"Oh my God, these people must be very much in\nlove. They don't even go out of the bedroom.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because I couldn't move. I was sunburned.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: That was our honeymoon.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: We had our friends, Irv Cohn and Murial as our witnesses. We were\nin the justice of the peace. We got married by the justice of the peace.\n\nGHITIS: Did you inform your parents afterwards?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Yes.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes, afterwards.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAGAN, IRVING: Afterwards.\n\nGHITIS: What did they say?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Oh, my mother was just delighted. She was so happy that she\nfinally got me married.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I think my mother was also happy because . . . I had lost my\nsister about six or seven years earlier. She was dressed in black. She never . .\n. stopped mourning the loss of Rosalyn. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Her name was Rosalyn. When I got\nmarried, that's when she started wearing clothes with color. She was . . . that\nwas her way of showing that she was happy.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Rosalyn was a dancer also she was in the Denishawn dance group.\nIt's very interesting that we met at a dance, really.\n\nGHITIS: Your first home as a married couple was in Washington.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Washington.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAGAN, IRVING: We shared a house with three other couples. As I mentioned, the\nliving room was our apartment. That's when the war, Pearl Harbor took place. I\nwas working as a clerk in the Census Bureau. I already mention that I took this\nspecial course in powder and explosives. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I worked for the U.S. Army as an\nInspector of Powder and Explosives in Virginia. From Virginia, I enlisted in the\nU.S. Air Force.\n\nGHITIS: When you were away, what was your life?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Oh, that was a very dramatic period. I had a fellowship in\nConnecticut at that point. I learned about his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parachute jump from the newspaper\nin Connecticut because a pilot on a plane that picked them up came from Connecticut.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: New Haven, Connecticut.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes, New Haven. I had . . . I was then very much involved,\nlearning all the nuances and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all I needed to do as a social worker. That was my\nselection to become a social worker. The place that I had a placement that\nenabled me to go and arrange for my fellowship was the Connecticut Children's\nAid Society. I was very occupied learning to be a really competent social\nworker, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working with families, and that kept my mind occupied. But I was always\nlistening for any news and letters that Irv would write. It's interesting what\nhe wanted instead of cookies. He wanted Jewish books. So Saipin has a whole\nlibrary of Jewish books.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: When you say Jewish, you mean Yiddish?\n\nBOTH: Yiddish.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes. Not Hebrew, Yiddish.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I could read it at that stage of my life. I'm trying. I'm really\ntrying to . . . get it back because I've been too busy up till now.\n\nGHITIS: But I'll tell you how to do it. I know about it.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Okay. Very good, because that was his deep desire to keep up his Yiddish.\n\nGHITIS: Your first real home as a married couple. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When did that finally happen?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: I think we have . . .\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Our first real home was when I went off. We . . . were living in\nthis room apartment. When I took the job with Inspector of Powder and Explosives\nwith the War Department, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they sent me to Roanoke, Virginia, to work in the\nHercules Powder Plant as an inspector. We rented a little house, a little\ndollhouse that this young woman built. [It] was going to be on the back of her\nhouse for guests. She was [building] a house in the front of her part. She had a\nlot. We rented this one room house ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that had one room, a kitchen, a closet and a\nbathroom. That was the house.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: And a living room.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: A living room, that's where we lived.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: This was our first home in Blacksburg, Virginia.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: So fascinating because I remember her name. She was a maid and her\nname was Dozier. D-O-Z-I-E-R. It just, there it is.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Your first child?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Oh.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: The first child was born when we came back. I immediately went to\ngraduate school and I found out that I was already accepted at the University of\nMichigan. We went to Ann Arbor [Michigan]. Mila was conceived in Ann Arbor and\nborn in Ann Arbor. We lived, we had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little two room apartment. Two, three room\napartment, and that was our first house. Then when we moved. When I finished my\ndoctorate in 1950, we moved to Chicago on a postdoctoral, Rockefeller Foundation\npostdoctoral at the University of Chicago. We spent two years there. Julie was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"born in Chicago during that part of my training. We had an apartment, a veterans\napartment, again a two rooms, a three room apartment. That was our second apartment.\n\nGHITIS: How did you pick their names?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Oh, it was . . . I wanted an M for Mila because my mother's name\nwas Marcia and my mother-in-law's name was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maia or Mary. Manya.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Manya was her . . .\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Manya.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Miriam.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Miriam. I wanted an M for my older daughter, for my first child. I\nalso wanted one that has some meaning. The attachment to Mila is Ludmila. She\nwas a dancer, a Russian dancer. I just take the Mila part ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then learned later\nthat in Czechoslovakia that means beloved.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: It's interesting. Mila is beloved\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: With an 'I'.\n\nGHITIS: And Julie's name?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Well, Mill was so attached to her father whose name was Julius.\nWe decided. Mila was named Mila Rosalyn Kagan. Rosalyn, after my sister who died\nearlier. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julie was named after Julius, her father. Julius Greer, which was . . .\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: My uncle was Graecia.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Graecia. So Julius . . . Jule Greer. We couldn't call her Julius.\nWe called the Jule. J-U-L-E Greer Kagan. She was named after my . . .\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: No, my father.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: My father-in-law.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: And uncle.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Let's talk about each one of them a little bit separately. What do you\nremember about Mila as a little kid? What was she like?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Mila was a dreamer. She was always painting or dancing. We lived\nat the beach at one point. We rented a little house and we'd go skipping into\nthe waves ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every morning. Mila was always the dancer, and Julie would try to copy\nher positions. Also, she loved . . . I enrolled her in the Philadelphia Art\nMuseum, and she loved art.\n\nGHITIS: As a child.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: As a child, yes. I always thought she would be a writer because\nshe was always writing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these poems. I remember one where the seeds were coming\nup. She swelled a seed then she had things growing out of all her oracles.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: I have a little chair in the basement. She was like three years\nold and Mila was very precocious. She read and I have . . . a very early\nrecollection of her reading her little books and sitting in that little chair.\nShe was a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"precocious young lady.\n\nGHITIS: Julie?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Julie. Julie was a very quiet baby. Why? She had an Rh factor.\nShe was, of course, born in Chicago. Mila was born in Ann Arbor. Julie was on my\npost-doctoral mission and Mila on my doctoral mission. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was a very quiet\nchild because of that blood dyscrasias that she had. Julie was also a very quiet\nchild until she was about 14 when she exploded and became . . .\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: But honey, there was something in this child that was unique. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She\nwas quiet and to herself, but she loved puzzles. To this day, you can, if she's\nill, give her a puzzle and she'll work them out. She wasn't the one you could\nread to a long time. She'd sort of go off a lap and on the floor would work with\npuzzles. I think that's very significant in terms of how she developed as\ndifferent than how Mila developed. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Each in their own way.\n\nGHITIS: Did she have the artistic?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes. There was an artistic feel, flair also as a little child, but\nnot to the intensity or the absorption that Mila had in it\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: We have in our country house. We have a picture that Mila drew\nwhen she was like seven years old. We have a picture that Julie drew when she\nwas like five or six years old.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Julie's is more technical. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's very interesting\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: We have some products of their creativity.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: As much as we moved.\n\nGHITIS: When you were raising your two daughters. What were some of the values\nyou wanted to transmit to them?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Hmm. Well, I modified ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my work schedule once they were out of the\ninfant stage so that I could help them with their schoolwork. I was available to\nthem. I was working 10 hours a day, 10, 12 hours a day in a lab doing research.\nBut when they, when Mila got to be about five, I modified my schedule ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that we\ncan help them with reading and things like that.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: But there was more than that. I remember that we always talk\npolitics. We talked about the poor. I was a social worker and I worked during\ntheir early years. We had help that would be with them or they went to little\nschools. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They knew that I was very involved in my work and that these were poor\nchildren. Most of them were in foster homes where I worked in foster care with\nthe families. There was a good bit of that. One of our trips, the Rosenbergs\nwere murdered. I cry and Mila ask me. I have something she wrote at that time.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"My mommy cried because they were murdered,\" she said. That's because they\nthought differently. Yes, they were imbued with a lot of what went on because we\ndid a lot of talking.\n\nGHITIS: You have been married for how many years?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Ages. We got married in 1940. It's now 69 years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we're married.\n\nGHITIS: If someone asked you. How did you do it all these years?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: What's the glue?\n\nGHITIS: What the glue mean?\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Well, I think the glue is that we're two very strong people and we\nnever hid or subjected, one was never subjected to the other. As I'm often found\nwith ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couples that I've been working with, that there will be one who doesn't\nhave a voice. We both spoke our minds. Interestingly, we went to a recent\nworkshop on. What was the name of it?\n\nGHITIS: You told me about conflict resolution.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes, exactly. If you don't express these opinions and they go\nunderground, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're much more detrimental both to the marriage, to the\nchildren, because the person who has to be the object of the oppression is\nboiling underneath. I think ours has come out. A coworker of mine asked me\nrecently, \"Millie, are you still fighting with Irv?\" I said, \"Well, you used the\nwrong ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"word. You should have said, Are you still passionate?\" Yes, we are.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: No, our . . . We've been very fortunate with our kids. We had\ntrouble with Julie and when she was about 14. She's bipolar and she had a break.\nWhen she, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but she had enough . . . She's so bright that with her bipolar, she\nfinished college. She went off to Seattle to do a masters. She suffered with her\nbipolar for 20 years, but she was in Washington. The interesting thing is, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she\ncame back. We wanted her to come back and her friend wanted this. We gave money\nto a good friend to send her back. When she was ready. She came back, she was\nvery, very sick. We were very lucky to get her proper medical care. She\nrecovered and became a very productive person. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today, Julie is a very productive\nperson. It's very amazing.\n\nGHITIS: Julie has a degree, an advance degree.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes. She . . .\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Just did her Ph.D.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: It's not a Ph.D. It's a Doctor.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Doctor of . . .\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: She said, \"Mom, the Ph.D. is more strenuous. She did this by computer.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: She got a doctor's degree in occupational therapy.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: And works with autistic children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's amazing.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: But the important thing is she's . . . on the medication but\ntakes care of herself. She has a psychiatrist. She has a social worker helping\nher. We've been also able, the fact that I still work, we've been able to help\nher supplement her income. She didn't have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to worry about that. And that's been\nhelpful for her. She's now a very productive person. She just got a . . .\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Well, I got to say . . .\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: She got her doctorate at the age of 57, 56.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: That's really unbelievable.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: But the interesting thing, Julie had spent when she was 14 on a\nkibbutz in Israel. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She loved that life. She just loved it. When she got her\ndoctorate. We said, \"You can go anywhere you want. We will finance a trip.\" She\nchose to go back and went back to this kibbutz and they remembered her. It was a\nwonderful trip for her.\n\nGHITIS: What are the causes that are dear to your heart at this time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in your\nlife? I know about The Mountain, your support of The Mountain.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: Could you say something about it?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Well, we are still very much interested in politics. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we do\nnot belong to any political group. But we are still very much concerned about\nthings like that. We became very attracted to The Mountain. We built a home in\nNorth Carolina because of our visits to The Mountain. The Mountain is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more of a\nUnitarian group. In fact, it was a Unitarian group when we first became\ninterested in it. Now we are part of the Unitarian group in North Carolina\nbecause we both have a political background and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not a religious background. As\nthe . . . Unitarians are apolitical, but they work . . . on social problems.\nIt's a very nice mix for us. We're part, we've just very recently became active\nin that group about four years ago. Five years ago.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: You have done some philanthropic work for them.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Yes. To help them raise money . . . to build a building and so on.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: In fact, I certainly was involved in Barack Obama's campaign. I\nfelt very strongly and to me, it really was a renaissance and a feeling this\ncountry has come so far. If white people could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"elect, the majority could elect\nthis human being, brilliant as he is. To me, this was really a vindication of\nthis country for me. It really stabilized my feelings. It brought me to a new understanding.\n\nGHITIS: There's something you would like to add about your lives, your ideas?\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What you hope will happen to this world, this society?\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Well, we both come from a political background. Although we are\nnot actively politically now, we're still very intellectually engaged. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think\nthat's interesting that at this stage of our life, we're still engaged. We're\nstill interested. We still contribute and we're still political.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: I feel also that the whole world view now can open that up. I\nthink there is opportunity ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now to have peace in the world. As difficult as\nthat's going to be, as much of a mountain as it's going to be climb. I do have\nhope for the future of Israel and the future of Palestine, of the Arabs. I think\nboth need a place they can call home. Certainly, we know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we went to Auschwitz in\nthe middle of a winter in December over Christmas, because I wanted to see\nactually what these people had gone through. The next trip that I hope we can\ntake on my 90th birthday is to go to that village. I think it's Le Chambon\n[France] where they saved Jewish children almost . . .\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: In France.\n\nGHITIS: Le Chambon-sur-Ligon.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAGAN, MILLE: Yes. I want to go and see these people. What kind of human beings\ncould . . . almost give up their own lives and their families? Who was it that\nstood by these children? Yes, I still have that ambition.\n\nGHITIS: We hope that you will keep going and going.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: Thank you.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/transcript/40470/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Thank you very much.\n\nKAGAN, IRVING: Thank you.\n\nKAGAN, MILLE: It's our pleasure. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6660.0,6690.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Bronx is a borough of New York City. The borough covers 42 square miles and the only borough not primarily on an island. Yankee Stadium, the New York Botanical Garden and the Bronx Zoo are in the Borough. During the 19th and 20th century, the Bronx has been home to various immigrate groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUkraine is a country in Eastern Europe and is the second-largest European county after Russian Kyiv is the capital and the largest city in Ukraine. The country has a long history with Russia. It was at one time part of the Russian Empire but formed the Ukrainian People’s Republic in 1917. During the Bolshevik Revolution, it was forcibly reconstituted in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and became a founding member of the Soviet Union in 1922. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the country regained its independence. The country has continued to have ongoing conflict with Russia, including the 2014 annexation of the Crimean Peninsula and the invasion of the Ukraine by Russia in February 2022. Since 2014, Ukraine has sought closer economic, political, and military ties to the Western world. Ukraine is also one of the largest grain exporters in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePoland is a country in central Europe. In September 1939, the German and Soviet Union invasion of Poland marked the start of World War II. After the capital Warsaw fell, the country was divided into two zones, one German occupied and the other occupied the Soviet Union. The Nazi forces set up six concentration camps within Poland and millions of Jews were transported to the camps and killed in the camps. After WWII, Poland came under the influence of the Soviet Union and operated under a communist government. In 1989, the Solidarity movement lead to the collapse of the communist government in Poland and influence much of the eastern Europe communist governments.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKyiv was the capital of Ukraine when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. Over 160,000, or 20 percent, of the city’s population was Jewish. Nearly 100,000 Jews had fled Kyiv by the time German forces entered the city on September 19, 1941. The 60,000 who remained were killed in a series of massacres carried out by the Germans and their auxiliaries over the next few months. The most notorious massacre began on September 29, 1941. Over the course of two days, 33,771 Jews were killed in a ravine near Kyiv called “Babi Yar,” in what was one of the largest mass murders at an individual location during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYiddish\u003c/em\u003e is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “\u003cem\u003eYiddish\u003c/em\u003e” and “\u003cem\u003eYid\u003c/em\u003e” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, \u003cem\u003eYiddish \u003c/em\u003eis a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: b’nai mitzvah] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRubles are the currency of the former Soviet Union and current Russian Federation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsrael, a Middle Eastern country on the Mediterranean Sea, is regarded by Jews, Christians, and Muslims as the biblical Holy Land. Its most sacred sites are in Jerusalem. In 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, declared “the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as The State of Israel.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHalyard rope or flagpole rope is polyester braided rope used to raise and lower flags on external flagpoles.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries, it started in about 1929, when the American stock market crashed, and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century. The Great Depression is often seen as the major turning point in 20th-century world history. In Europe, World War I had a long-term impact on the economy and financial stability. Postwar inflation spiraled into hyperinflation by the 1920’s and European banks struggled to stay open. Exasperating the situation were skyrocketing unemployment rates. The Great Depression had immediately visible political and social ramifications in Europe, including increased antisemitism and nationalism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eParasitologist study parasites wherever they may occur and whether they are viruses, bacteria, worms or insects.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrooklyn College is a public university in Brooklyn, New York. It is part of the City University of New York system. It was founded in 1930 and was New York City’s first public co-educational liberal arts college. The college was tuition free until New York City went nearly bankrupt in 1975. It started charging tuition in 1976. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eParasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. The draws from the field of biology, genetics, immunology, evolution, and ecology.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMontefiore Hospital opened in 1884 and initially housed patients with tuberculosis and other chronic diseases. The hospital moved in 1888 and again in 1901 before it moved to its current location in the Bronx in 1913. The hospital established the first Department of Social Medicine and first home care agency in the United States. Today it is considered a premier academic medical center and the primary teaching hospital for the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStarting in the 1930s, the Soviet Union suffered a famine and ongoing food crisis’s due to the forced collective farms and the elimination of peasant farms. In an effort to find a solution to the food shortage, the government began to support the ideas of scientist Trofim Lysenko. Lysenko claimed that he had developed agricultural techniques which could dramatically increase crop yields. Joseph Stalin’s Communist government began to portray him as a genius who had developed revolutionary agriculture techniques that became known as Lysenkosim. Academic scientists pushed back and urged patience and observation of the new techniques that Lysenko pushed. Eventually, Lysenko was put in charge of agricultural affairs and with support from Stalin, his power and influenced increased. The geneticists and other scientists who spoke out against Lysenko theories were denounced as bourgeois or fascist. From 1934 to 1940, many geneticists were executed or sent to labor camps. Over 3000 biologists were imprisoned, fired, or killed for opposing Lysenko and genetic research was mostly stopped until Stalin’s death in 1953. Due to Lysenko crop yields fell in the Soviet Union. The ban against those opposing Lysenkosim ended in the mid-1960s and in the West it became seen as pseudoscience.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSocialist is a social and economic doctrine that believes in public rather than private ownership of property and natural resources. Under socialism most property and economic resources are equally shared by the citizens which are allocated by a democratically elected government.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union was one of the largest labor unions in the United States. Found in New York City in June 1900, it members were initially young, immigrant women from Eastern and Southern Europe. It represented hundreds of thousands of clothing industry workers and greatly influences for the working conditions for its members. Over time the union diversified its membership including Black, Latina, and Asian employees. In the 1990s, the union merged with the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union to form the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEthel Greenglass Rosenberg (1915-1953) and Julius Rosenberg (1918-1953) were Jewish-American communists who were convicted and executed in 1953 for conspiracy to commit espionage during a time for war. The charges related to their passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. It was the first execution of civilians for espionage in United States history. The whole episode contributed to the “Jewish-Communism” hysteria of the 1950s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNine Black teenaged boys who were accused of rape came to be known as the ‘Scottsboro Boys.’ The boys were riding on a freight train with several white boys and two white girls. A fight ensued and the two white girls accused the boys of rape. The trial lasted all of 1-1/2 days, and all were sentenced to death, with the exception of one 12-year-old boy. They appealed and the case was returned to a lower court with a change of venue. The next trial was held in Decatur, Alabama. One of the alleged rape victims admitted that they had made up the story, but they were all found guilty again. In a third trial, the charges were dropped for four of the nine defendants. The rest were sentenced to life. George Wallace pardoned Clarence Norris, the oldest defendant, and the only one condemned to death in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIrving Kaufman (1910-1992) was a judge on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and later a Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. He was appointed in October 1949 by President Harry S. Truman. Judge Kaufman is best remembered as the judge who presided over the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg espionage trial in 1951. After they were found guilty, in imposed their controversial death sentences.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDeWitt Clinton High School is a public high school in the Bronx, New York. The school opened in 1897 as an all-boys school in Lower Manhattan. It moved to the Bronx in 1929 and became a co-ed school in 1983.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Phi Beta Kappa Society (ΦΒΚ) is the oldest academic honor society in the United States, and is often described as its most prestigious one, owing to its long history and academic selectivity. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the liberal arts and sciences, and to induct the most outstanding students of arts and sciences at American colleges and universities. It was founded at the College of William and Mary on December 5, 1776, as the first collegiate Greek-letter fraternity and was among the earliest collegiate fraternal societies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Michigan is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan. It’s the oldest university in Michigan. It was founded in 1817 by an act of the Michigan Territory, 20 years before Michigan became a state. It moved to Ann Arbor in 1837.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAcaris parasitic worms or Ascariasis live in the intestine of an infected person. Ascaris eggs are passed in feces of infected people. If the feces is used as a fertilizer, the worm eggs are deposited in the soil. It is spread if people put their hands or fingers in their mouth that have been in contaminated or eaten fruit or vegetables that have not been carefully washed or cooked.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSchistosomiasis is a disease caused by parasitic worms. The parasites that cause the infection are found in certain types of freshwater snails. The worm that causes the disease is not found in the United States but infects people worldwide and only second to malaria as the most devastating parasitic disease.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePuerto Rico is located in the Caribbean and the island is a unincorporated United States Territory. It is officially named the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Puerto Ricans have been citizens of the United States since 1917 and can move freely between the island and mainland. The citizens cannot vote for President or Vice-President and generally do not pay federal income tax. They have a nonvoting member in Congress and the U.S. citizens on the island can vote for the Puerto Rican governor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Pennsylvania was found in 1740 by Benjamin Franklin and is the fourth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. It is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZoology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is responsible for international public health. The W.H.O. was founded on April 7, 1948 and its headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States. The CDC is a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services, headquartered near Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFilariasis is a rare infections tropical disease caused by the round worm parasite. It is spread by infected mosquitoes, whose bites deposit parasites that travels to the lymph system.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or Knights of the Ku Klux Klan today, also referred to as the KKK) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Black secret society, whose methods included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860s and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past its members dressed up in white robes and pointed hoods designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Earl “Jimmy” Carter Jr. (1924- ) was the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967 and as the 76th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. Founder of the Carter Center, he was awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize for work to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development. He is the author of numerous books, including Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid (2006), An Hour Before Daylight (2001) and Our Endangered Values (2005). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Senior Executive Service is a position classification of the civil service in the United States federal government. It is the equivalent to a general officer or flag officer rank in the Unites States Armed Forces. It was created in 1979 by President Jimmy Carter as part of the Civil Reform Act of 1978.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIraq is a country in western Asia. In ancient times it was known as Mesopotamia. The capital and largest city is Baghdad. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFinland is a country in northern Europe. It is one of the most northern countries in the world, with one-third of the country lying north of the Artic Circle. The capital is Helsinki. The majority of the people are Finns with a small Sami population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArgentina is a country in South America, which covers most of the southern part of the continent. It is the world’s eighth largest country. The capital is Buenos Aires.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChina is a country in East Asia. It is the most populous country in the world and largest Asian country. It covers one-fourteenth of the land of the Earth. The origins of the country dates back centuries and today the country is governed by a unitary Marxist-Leninist one-party socialist republic. The capital is Beijing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIndia is a country that occupies the greater part of South Asia. It the second most populous country, after China, with approximately one-sixth of the world’s total population. The capital is New Delhi. The British Empire rule over India occurred from 1858 through 1947, when the country regained its independence. The subcontinent was divided into two countries in 1947, India with a Hindu majority and Pakistan with a Muslim majority.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoth malaria and yellow fever are transmitted through the bites of mosquitos. Both are found usually found in the tropical and subtropical areas of South America and Africa, although yellow fever is not unknown in the northern United States. Both can be fatal. Some of the milder variations of malaria can persist for years and cause relapses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMalaysia is located in Southeast Asia. It is made up of two non-contiguous regions, West Malaysia and Eas Malaysia, which is on the island of Borneo. The capital is Kuala Lumpur. Much of the country is covered by rainforest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMexico is the southern most country of North America. It is the third largest country in Latin America after Brazil and Argentina. It is nation of extremes between the wealth and poor with a small middle class. The capital is Mexico City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNicaragua is located in Central America. It is the largest country in Central America and has an agriculturally based economy. The capital is Managua.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEl Salvador is the smallest and most densely populated country in Central America. One of its main agricultural exports is coffee. The capital is San Salvador.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrazil is a country in South American, which covers half the continent’s landmass. It is the fifth largest nation in the world and contains most of the Amazon River basin. The capital is Buenos Aires.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard Nixon (1913-1994) was the nation's 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961, after he came to national prominence as a representative and senator from California. He served as the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office in the wake of the Watergate Scandal. He was a Republican.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eToxoplasmosis is a disease caused by an infection from the Toxoplasma gondii parasite. It one of the world’s most common parasites. The infection is caused by eating uncooked contaminated meat, exposure to infected cat feces or mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNeurological disorders are medically defined as disorders of that affect the brain, spinal cord, and the nervous system.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHealth Maintenance Organizations or HMO is a health insurance plan that provides health care through a network of doctors. These groups agree to accept payment at a certain level for the services they provide.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChagas disease is caused by the parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi. It transmitted to humans and animals by insects and is only found in the Americas. It is also known as American trypanosomiasis and generally causes swelling and fever, but left untreated, it can cause congestive heart failure. It is named after Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered it in 1909.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTrichinosis is a food-borne disease caused by the microscopic parasite, Trichinella. People get the disease from eating raw or uncooked meat of animals infected with the parasite.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHuman Immunodeficiency Virus or HIV is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system. If it is not treated it can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Although there is no cure for the HIV, the disease can be managed through medication.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnited States racial segregation was systematic separation of facilities and services such as housing, education, healthcare, employment, and transportation based on racial grounds. It generally referred to the legally and socially enforced separation of African Americans and whites. The separation was upheld by the United States Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 as long as “separate but equal” facilities were provided to both groups. This doctrine was overturned in the education system with Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 and in the years that followed the Supreme Court ruled against racial segregation in various cases, which helped end Jim Crow Laws that existed after the Civil War ended slavery. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and other laws passed in the 1960s, helped end legal segregation. During the period of racial segregation, it was common practice to find things such as separate water fountains, bathrooms, restaurants, etc. for blacks and whites. While more common in the Southern states, segregation occurred throughout the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnsley Park is an early 20th-century suburban residential district that was developed in four phases between 1904 and 1913. It is located north of downtown Atlanta and west of Piedmont Park, between Piedmont Avenue and Peachtree Street. Completed by 1930, the neighborhood encompasses approximately 275 acres and includes single-family residences, apartments, and a church. It features a curvilinear arrangement of streets, numerous parks, and a wide range of eclectic and period architectural styles. It is known as an affluent and highly desirable neighborhood in the middle of Midtown Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrval Faubus (1910-1994) was the Governor of Arkansas from 1955-1967. He gained national attention when he mobilized the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine African American students from integrating into Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. President Dwight Eisenhower attempted to negotiate with Governor Faubus. Eventually, the President federalized the Arkansas National Guard removing them from Governor Faubus’ control and ordered 1,000 troops from the United States Army 101st Airborne Division to oversee the integration. On September 25, 1957, the nine students, known as the Little Rock Nine, entered the high school which had approximately 2000 white students. Despite ongoing harassment and discrimination from fellow students, eight of nine students completed the school year at Central High School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBirmingham is located in the north central part of the southern state of Alabama. It is the county seat of Jefferson county and the most populous city in the state. During the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, the city received national and international attention. In 1963, local civil right activist Fred Shuttlesworth asked Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Conference to come to the city to help end segregation. Their effort was known as Project C (Confrontation) and specifically attacked the Jim Crow systems that existed in the city. The sit-ins and mass marches were organized and lead to 3,000 arrests, but eventually lead to desegregation in the city and helped with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Dr. King was among those arrested and jailed. During his time in jail, he wrote his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail. Birmingham was also the site of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in 1963, which killed four young black girls.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePearl Harbor is located on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands in a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. It was bombed by Japanese Navy Air forces on December 7, 1941, the action that directly prompted the United States' entry into World War II. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHoward University is a historically black college located in Washington D.C. and considered a Black Ivy League university. It was founded in 1867. It was founded by and named for General Oliver Otis Howard, a Civil War veteran, who was the commissioner of the Freeman’s Bureau when the university was founded. He served as the university president from 1869-1874. Mordecai Wyatt Johnson became the first African American university president in 1926 and served until 1960.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRoanoke, Virginia is in the Blue Ridge Mountains in southwest Virginia. The Roanoke River runs through the city. It was chartered in 1874 and is now the 8th largest city in Virginia. During its early years, the city was an important hub of trails and roads and later railroads. The railroads were used to haul coal from near by coal mines.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen World War II began, the United States government built various facilities to increase manufacturing of ammunitions. Two government owned facilities were built on the New River about an hour outside of Roanoke, Virginia. The Hercules Powder Company operated the plant. The Hercules Powder Company was incorporated in 1912 after the U.S. Circuit Court broke up the DuPont explosive monopoly. The company was a chemical and munitions manufacturing company based in Wilmington, Delaware. In 1966, the company changed its name to Hercules and in 2008 merged with Ashland Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB-29 is an American four-engine propeller-driven bomber. It was designed by Boeing and flown mostly during World War II and the Korean War. Many of the B-29 missions during World War II were over Tokyo and other Japanese cities. It also dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. It was one of largest World War II aircrafts and was retired from service in 1960.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSaipan is the largest island of the Northern Mariana Islands. During World War I, the Empire of Japan captured the island and was awarded control under the League of Nations. Japan considered the island a vital part of its last defenses for the Japanese Homeland. During the Battle of Saipan from June 15-July 9, 1944, the U.S. Army and Marines took the island from Japan. After the war, Saipan become part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, which was administered by the United States. Beginning in 1978, the island became a municipality of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCelestial navigation involves the use of stars and other celestial bodies to navigate and determine the current physical position without the use of radar or satellite navigation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTokyo is the capital of Japan and is the largest city in Japan. The city was originally a fishing village but became a political center in 1603. The city was originally named Edo but renamed Tokyo in 1868. The city was greatly damaged by Allied bombing during World War II. Today it is considered on the largest urban economy and Japan’s center of business.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOsaka is a large port city and commercial center on the Japanese island of Honshu. Today the city is the third longest in Japan. The city dates back centuries. The city is home to the 16th century shogunate Osaka Castle, a main historical landmark of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNagasaki, Japan is the located on the northwest coast of the island of Kyushu. The city is most famously known as one of the two cities that suffered an Allied atomic bombing in August 1945. The bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima lead to the end of World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDiamondhead is a volcanic tuff cone on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. It is one of Hawaii’s most recognized landmarks. Today the site is a state monument known for its hiking trail and military history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAzerbaijan is country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. The nation was once part of the former Soviet Union. The capital is Baku, which sits on the Caspian Sea. The nation dates back to the 11th century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Caucasus is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. It is mainly includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains have historically been considered a natural barrier between Eastern Europe and Western Asia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust was the systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mariana Islands are a crescent-shaped group of islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The islands are divided into two jurisdictions of the United States – the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and southern end of the chain is the territory of Guam. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who was part of an Spanish expedition was the first European to arrive in the early 16th century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe PBY was an amphibious aircraft that could land on land or water. It was one of the most widely used seaplanes during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew London, Connecticut was incorporated in 1784. It a port city that is located at the mouth of the Thames River.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Purple Heart is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the President to those wounded or killed while serving, on or after April 5, 1917, with the U.S. military. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Air Medal is a military decoration of the United States military. The medal was created in 1942 and is awarded for meritorious achievement while participating in aerial flight in combat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Silver Star is the United States Armed Forces third-highest military decoration. It is awarded for valor in combat and primarily given for gallantry in action against the enemy. It was established in July 1918.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNothing could be found on this organization.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFordham University is a private Catholic university in New York City. It was established in 1841 and named for the Fordham neighborhood of the Bronx where the original campus was located. It’s the third oldest university in New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Spanish Civil War was a civil war fought in Spain between 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans and the Nationalists. The Republicans were loyal to left-leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic and consisted of various socialist, communist, separatist, anarchist, and republican parties. The Nationalists were an alliance of Falangists, monarchists, conservatives, and traditionalist. General Francisco Franco lead the Nationalists forces and eventually won the conflict. Franco declared victory on April 1, 1939. Franco went on to rule the country as a dictator from 1939 until his death in 1975.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Abraham Lincoln Brigade was a group of Americans that fought in the Spanish Civil War from 1937 through 1938. They fought with the Republican forces in an effort to stop General Franco and the Nationalists. The brigade was composed largely of communists and the majority were students. They fought alongside seven International Brigades.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHunter College is a public university in New York City. It was established in 1870 as women’s college but started admitting men in 1946. It is one of the constituent colleges of the City University of New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColumbia University is a private Ivy League university in New York City. It was established in 1754 as King’s College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan. It is the oldest institution of higher education in New York state and the fifth oldest in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaul Robeson (1898-1976) was an African American bass-baritone concert artist, stage and film actor, professional football player, and activist. He was famous for his cultural accomplishments and political stances. He supported the Republican cause during the Spanish Civil War and was involved with the Council on African Affairs. His support of civil rights and Soviet policies brought scrutiny from the FBI and he was investigated during the McCarthy Era. Eventually, he was blacklisted, and his passport was denied for refusing to recant his public advocacy. He moved to Harlem and published the periodical Freedom. His passport was restored in 1958 after the United States Supreme Court case Kent v. Dulles. In the 1960s, he suffered from mental health issues and lived mainly in Europe. He returned to the United States in 1963. A tribute was held for him at Carnegie Hall in 1973 but health issues prevented him from attending.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFar Rockaway is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. It is on the eastern part of the Rockway peninsula and sits along Rockaway Beach.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnguentine is an over-the-counter topical antiseptic cream that was introduced in 1893. It is used to treat minor burns, poison ivy, poison oak, insect bites and minor skin wounds.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Denishawn dance school was founded in 1915 by Ruth St. Denis and her husband, Ted Shawn. The school promoted nonballetic dance movement and fostered leading modern dancers including Martha Graham, Doris Humphrey, and Charles Weidman. The school had branches in New York City and other cities around the country. The school disbanded in 1931 after Ruth and Dennis separated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew Haven is a coastal city in the state of Connecticut. The city was settled in 1638 and incorporated in 1784. The Ivy League university Yale was found in 1701 in New Haven.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Connecticut Children’s Aid Society was found in 1892 by Virginia Thrall Smith. The social service organization provided various services to help children in poverty and other children in need. In 1950, the organization merged with similar organizations and was renamed Children’s Services of Connecticut. The organization continues to exist today and is now known as the Family and Children’s Aid.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnn Arbor, Michigan is located approximately 43 miles west of Detroit. The city was founded in 1824 and incorporated in 1851. It is home to the University of Michigan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Chicago located in Chicago, Illinois was founded in 1890. It a private research university with the main campus located in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. It is considered one of the most selective universities in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Rockefeller Foundation is a private American foundation and philanthropic organization. The organization focuses on medical research and arts. It was found in May 1913 by John D. Rockefeller, John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Frederick Taylor Gates.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Philadelphia Museum of Art is an art museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was chartered in 1876 for the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRh factor or Rhesus factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If a person’s blood has the protein, they are Rh positive and if they don’t are Rh negative.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBipolar disorder is a mental illness that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs, known as mania and lows, known as depression.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ekibbutz\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew: \"gathering,\" \"clustering\"‎) is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. The first \u003cem\u003ekibbutz\u003c/em\u003e, established in 1909, was Degania. Today, farming has been partly supplanted by other economic branches, including industrial plants and high-tech enterprises. \u003cem\u003eKibbutzim\u003c/em\u003e began as utopian communities, a combination of socialism and Zionism. In recent decades, some \u003cem\u003ekibbutzim\u003c/em\u003e have been privatized and changes have been made in the communal lifestyle. A member of a \u003cem\u003ekibbutz\u003c/em\u003e is called a \"\u003cem\u003ekibbutznik\u003c/em\u003e.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mountain Retreat and Learning Center is located in Highlands, NC. It was founded in 1979 by a group of friends of Unitarian Universalists.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnitarian Universalism is a liberal religion that is characterized by a free and responsible search for truth and meaning. They assert no creed but are unified by their shared search for spiritual growth. The Unitarian Universalist Association was formed in 1961 through the consolidation of the American Unitarian Association, which was established in 1825 and the Universalist Church of America, which was established in 1793.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBarack Hussein Obama II (1961- ) was the 44th President of the United States, serving two consecutive terms from 2009-2016. He is the first African-American elected as president in United States history. Although Obama declared himself a Christian, rumors began that he was a Muslim. Whether the rumors were an effort to discredit him or to equate him with a faith some Americans perceive as negative, the rumors persisted throughout his presidency.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine is in the eastern Mediterranean region and is composed of parts of modern Israel and the Palestinian territories of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Palestine is officially governed by the Palestine Liberation Organization. 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Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/annotation_set/908/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLe Chambon-sur-Lignon is a village in south-central France. Between 1940 to 1944, the town residents provide refuge to more than 5,000 people who were fleeing Nazi persecution. Of those people about 3,500 were Jewish. The effort was led by the Reformed Church of France Pastor André Trocmé, his wife Magda and his assistant, Pastor Edouard Theis. The residents provided shelter in private homes, hotels, farms and schools.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=6600.0,6630.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Kagan, Irving and Mildred [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discusses his family's ancestry","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=21.0,155.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know very little about her family, but I know about my father's family because we lived with them for the first eight years of my life. We lived one story above them on Washington Street in the Bronx [New York]. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=21.0,155.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ancestors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bronx","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kyiv","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Saddle Maker","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=21.0,155.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shares what he knows about his parents immigrating to the United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=155.0,268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was almost a rabbi. Why they emigrated when they did . . . which they must have come, probably, I would say 1905, maybe\n1910. My mother came, I think it was like 1915 or 1916, but we never discussed this.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=155.0,268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Parents","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=155.0,268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reflects on his religious life growing up","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=268.0,352.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I came from a family that believed in the [Yiddish] culture and not in the religion. To the point where I am not, I have not been bar mitzvahed because my people were socialists. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=268.0,352.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bar Mitzvah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Socialist","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=268.0,352.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discusses losing has father at two years old","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=352.0,383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I don't remember my father because he died when I was two years old, so I don't remember him.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=352.0,383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Father","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Heritage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=352.0,383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shares information about his mother's family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=383.0,505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She came from the Ukraine and her whole family was destroyed by the war. Except for a sister whose husband took her and his child to Siberia.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=383.0,505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kyiv, Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moscow","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mother","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nurse","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siberia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet Union","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=383.0,505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shares more information on his father and his family name","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=505.0,576.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, Kagan was our original family name when they came to this country. Kagan in Russian is Kagan. It's soft 'g'. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=505.0,576.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Name","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=505.0,576.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discusses his mother and sister","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=576.0,672.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My mother was a dressmaker, and she went to work. She was a young woman. 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My laboratory was called Parasitic Disease Consultants.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2198.0,2479.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Health Maintenance Organizations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HMO","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Laboratory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Parasitic Diseases","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Retirement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2198.0,2479.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reflects on racial relations after coming to Atlanta","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2479.0,2641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were very fortunate in one aspect, Atlanta was very advanced in the matter of race relations. We came in 1957 and there were no white fountains and black fountains. There were no white restaurants and black restaurants in 1957.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2479.0,2641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arkansas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School Desegregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Segregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2479.0,2641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First memory of World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2641.0,2748.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My first memory of the war is . . . a Sunday afternoon. Mill and I were reading the Sunday paper on the floor and the paper was spread out all over the floor. We lived in the living room of a small house that was shared by three other couples. Our apartment was the living room and the kitchen, which was shared by everyone. That's my first recollection of the war, Pearl Harbor.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2641.0,2748.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Facism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Inspector","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pearl Harbor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soldier","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"U.S. Government","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2641.0,2748.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Enlisting in the Air Force","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2748.0,2954.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I decided to enlist in the Army Air Force. And because I was a college graduate in the small group of enlistees, there were six\nof us that were college graduates. We were all relegated to be navigators in the new B-29 squadron. It's a new airplane.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2748.0,2954.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Air Force","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"B-29","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Celestial Navigation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Iwo Jima","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Japan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Navigation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Navigator","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Radar","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Saipan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2748.0,2954.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Experience as a B-29 Navigator","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2954.0,3230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I discovered that if you let the wind blow you all different ways, you came to the target. If you didn't make corrections, say\nyou get blown off to the right and you turn to get back on course. You're going into the wind that slows you down. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2954.0,3230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Air Force","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Azerbaijan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"B-29","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Diamond Head, Hawaii","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Flying","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Japan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jet Stream","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nagasaki","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Navigatior","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Osaka","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siberia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Caucasus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=2954.0,3230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feeling about fighting in the war","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3230.0,3284.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I being as politically minded as I was as a young person and even as an adult, I could not . . . the reason I enlisted is that I felt that I had to help fight fascism and the Japanese allied themselves with the Germans.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3230.0,3284.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Facisim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Japan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3230.0,3284.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fears about fighting in the war","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3284.0,3319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I never doubted that I would not make it. I never feared for my own life.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3284.0,3319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Battle","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Combat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3284.0,3319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Awareness of the Holocaust in Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3319.0,3400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At that time, I was aware and . . . I had never lost touch with what was happening to Jews and to Germans and whatnot.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3319.0,3400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3319.0,3400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feelings about the atomic bomb","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3400.0,3481.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I felt good about it because it would end the war. I went over with ten crews and nine of the original ten came back.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3400.0,3481.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atomic bomb","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Japan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3400.0,3481.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Surviving a plane crash","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3481.0,3779.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had to jump out of the airplane because it was throwing sparks and the pilots said, \"Bailout.\" Then we jumped\nout of the airplane. I had to jump out of an airplane. I don't remember the first few seconds, but . . . when my chute opened up, my parachute opened up.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3481.0,3779.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"B-29","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marianas","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pacific Ocean","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Parachute","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Raft","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Saipan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3481.0,3779.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Being rescued from the Pacific Ocean","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3779.0,3945.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They strung a rope between the blister window and the edge of the wing. The co-pilot went out on the edge of the wing. They came across and I grabbed hold of that rope. They dragged me out of my little raft and fished me out of [the ocean].","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3779.0,3945.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Airplane","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pacific Ocean","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"PBY","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rescue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3779.0,3945.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Receiving the Purple Heart and recovering in Hawaii","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3945.0,4003.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I received a Purple Heart for that mission. Yes. We went on what was called rest and recreation to Hawaii. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3945.0,4003.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hawaii","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Purple Heart","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=3945.0,4003.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The end of the war, medals received and loss of B-29 crews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270#t=4003.0,4127.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82083/file/170270/index/51891/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the war ended, I was still on Saipan waiting to come home. I was very lucky. They wanted to fly an airplane back. I was picked as . . . they had two crews. 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