{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/xp6tx3778m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Birnbrey, Henry (2018)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2018-08-06 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Birnbrey, Henry (Interviewee)","Langer, Adina (Interviewer)","Bryan, Mike (Interviewer)","Gazzoni, Sandra (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAdina Langer, Mike Bryan, and Sandra Gazzoni interview Henry Birnbrey in Atlanta, Georgia on August 6, 2018. \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eHenry Birnbrey was born on November 29, 1923 in Dortmund, Germany. He was the only child of Jennie Jacobson and Edmund Birnbrey. His father had served in World War I, had a small textile business, and was active in the Social Democratic Party. After the Nazi Party came to power in the 1930’s and antisemitic actions increased, Henry’s mother began applying for visas for Henry to leave Germany.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn April 1938, Henry received a visa to the United States and arrived in Birmingham, Alabama. Henry was one of the “One Thousand Children” or “OTC,” which refers to over 1,400 Jewish children who were rescued from Nazi Germany and Nazi-occupied or threatened European countries, and came directly to the United States between 1934 and 1945. In January 1939, Henry settled in Atlanta, Georgia with the family of Fannie Asman and completed high school. Henry’s father died in early 1939 after being arrested and severely beaten on Kristallnacht. Shortly afterward, Henry lost contact with his mother, who also died.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II began, Henry enlisted in the US Army in 1943. Henry was deployed to England in 1944 and served with the 30th Infantry division in Europe. He participated in the D-Day invasion at Omaha Beach and fought in the Battle of the Bulge. In the spring of 1945, his division crossed the Rhine Rover in Germany and quickly advanced to Magdeburg, Germany on the Elbe River, where they joined Russian forces in April of 1945. In the months immediately following the end of the war in Europe, Henry worked as an interpreter in counter-intelligence interviews. After a short occupation period, he was sent home to the United States with his division in August 1945.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter he returned to Atlanta, Henry opened an accounting firm and attended law school at Georgia State University. He became active in Zionist organizations supporting the establishment of the state of Israel and in the Jewish community of Atlanta. He was integral in founding the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and supporting the Greenfield Hebrew Academy. Henry married and had four children. He and his wife also raised two children of a cousin. When his wife passed away, he remarried. Together, their family includes eight children and many grandchildren. Henry remained very active in the Atlanta Jewish community and actively shared his experiences with audiences all over the world, including his hometown. Henry passed away on April 6, 2021.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eHenry gives an overview of his childhood and family. He talks about his family’s financial struggles when his father lost this business. Henry recounts his early years in the United States. He describes his experiences serving in Europe during World War II. Henry recollects liberating a death train. He explains how he traded with the locals and what happened when the war ended. Henry relays stories about currency in Germany. He speaks about the German economy and his family’s financial situation prior to the Second World War. He recounts how American soldiers acquired currency and goods in Europe after the war. Henry shares what he knew about German inflation after World War I. He describes encountering all the major American Generals before the Battle of Saint Lo.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAdina Langer, Mike Bryan, and Sandra Gazzoni interview Henry Birnbrey in Atlanta, Georgia on August 6, 2018.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry Birnbrey was born on November 29, 1923 in Dortmund, Germany. He was the only child of Jennie Jacobson and Edmund Birnbrey. His father had served in World War I, had a small textile business, and was active in the Social Democratic Party. After the Nazi Party came to power in the 1930\u0026rsquo;s and antisemitic actions increased, Henry\u0026rsquo;s mother began applying for visas for Henry to leave Germany.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn April 1938, Henry received a visa to the United States and arrived in Birmingham, Alabama. Henry was one of the \u0026ldquo;One Thousand Children\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;OTC,\u0026rdquo; which refers to over 1,400 Jewish children who were rescued from Nazi Germany and Nazi-occupied or threatened European countries, and came directly to the United States between 1934 and 1945. In January 1939, Henry settled in Atlanta, Georgia with the family of Fannie Asman and completed high school. Henry\u0026rsquo;s father died in early 1939 after being arrested and severely beaten on Kristallnacht. Shortly afterward, Henry lost contact with his mother, who also died.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II began, Henry enlisted in the US Army in 1943. Henry was deployed to England in 1944 and served with the 30th Infantry division in Europe. He participated in the D-Day invasion at Omaha Beach and fought in the Battle of the Bulge. In the spring of 1945, his division crossed the Rhine Rover in Germany and quickly advanced to Magdeburg, Germany on the Elbe River, where they joined Russian forces in April of 1945. In the months immediately following the end of the war in Europe, Henry worked as an interpreter in counter-intelligence interviews. After a short occupation period, he was sent home to the United States with his division in August 1945.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter he returned to Atlanta, Henry opened an accounting firm and attended law school at Georgia State University. He became active in Zionist organizations supporting the establishment of the state of Israel and in the Jewish community of Atlanta. He was integral in founding the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and supporting the Greenfield Hebrew Academy. Henry married and had four children. He and his wife also raised two children of a cousin. When his wife passed away, he remarried. Together, their family includes eight children and many grandchildren. Henry remained very active in the Atlanta Jewish community and actively shared his experiences with audiences all over the world, including his hometown. Henry passed away on April 6, 2021.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry gives an overview of his childhood and family. He talks about his family\u0026rsquo;s financial struggles when his father lost this business. Henry recounts his early years in the United States. He describes his experiences serving in Europe during World War II. Henry recollects liberating a death train. He explains how he traded with the locals and what happened when the war ended. Henry relays stories about currency in Germany. He speaks about the German economy and his family\u0026rsquo;s financial situation prior to the Second World War. He recounts how American soldiers acquired currency and goods in Europe after the war. Henry shares what he knew about German inflation after World War I. He describes encountering all the major American Generals before the Battle of Saint Lo.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/283/142/small/WW2Economies_2018_HenryBirnbrey_Interview.mp4_1752889211.jpg?1752889215","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - WW2Economies_2018_HenryBirnbrey_Interview.mp4"]},"duration":2688.91957,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/283/142/small/WW2Economies_2018_HenryBirnbrey_Interview.mp4_1752889211.jpg?1752889215","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/283/142/original/WW2Economies_2018_HenryBirnbrey_Interview.mp4?1752889192","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2688.91957,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Birnbrey, Henry [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Are you ready?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=0.0,1.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e I am.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1.0,4.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Today is August 6th, 2018. We are at the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta [Georgia]. The interviewees today are myself, Sandra Gazzoni, and Mike Bryan. We are here with Mr. Henry Birnbrey. Mr. Birnbrey, can you state your full name, place, and date of birth?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=4.0,23.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Henry Birnbrey. It was originally Heinz Birnbrey. I was born November 29, 1923, which incidentally is of interest to the Federal Reserve Bank because that's the very date the German inflation reaches peak after World War I.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=23.0,47.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you tell us a little bit about your family life before the war, what your parents did for a living, and what your living arrangements were?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=47.0,58.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e We were sort of a middle-class family. [We] lived in a nice apartment house until one day the owner of the apartment decided she didn't want any more Jews in the house, and we were evicted without any notice, and forced to move in a very substandard place, which today you would call a slum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=58.0,85.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Where was this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=85.0,87.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e In Dortmund, Germany. Dortmund's in Westphalia, in Western Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=87.0,93.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the Jewish population of Dortmund at this time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=93.0,96.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, that I don't know. I really don't know. I'll tell you why. We had a magnificent large synagogue, but also during World War I, General [Erich] Ludendorff, who was the number two general in the army, had posters all over Poland and Russia, addressed to \"My dear Jews\" in Yiddish, asking them to come and work in the coal mines and in the steel mills. And many of them came. We were almost a separate community. When the war was over, they had no jobs, and they were destitute. But they had a lot of community synagogues also. But I don't know how many.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=96.0,147.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e What did your parents do for a living?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=147.0,151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Wait, which one?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=151.0,152.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e What did your parents do for a living?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=152.0,155.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e No, my father got killed on Crystal Night, which was in November of [1938], and my mother died shortly after. I don't know from what.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=155.0,169.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e What did your father do for work before the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=169.0,174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e He had two things. He had a small merchandise store of clothing, and bedding, and so on, and he also had a commissary for a labor union.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=174.0,190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Your mother, did she work as well?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=190.0,194.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e No, she was unable to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=194.0,195.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you have any siblings?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=195.0,198.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e This was my mother's second marriage. Her first husband got killed in World War I, and they did have a child, who died from malnutrition at age four during World War One. That was all the siblings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=198.0,216.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e You mentioned being moved into sort of a slum. What year was this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=216.0,225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e In ... 1937.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=225.0,231.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you and your family able to take all of your possessions with you at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=231.0,236.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e To the new apartment? Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=236.0,241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e Who moved you to this slum?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=241.0,245.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, it so happened it was almost virtually across the street, and my father apparently got some help, and they just moved over there inside one day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=245.0,260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Were others in the Jewish population moved as well to this area?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=260.0,265.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e We were the only ones left in that building. But it was not done by the Nazi government, it was done by wife of the landlord.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=265.0,280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Were there any restrictions on your father's ability to work at the time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=280.0,285.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, that's another long story. He had a lot of customers in a town near Dortmund, and one day he went to tell the proprietor that, \"I couldn't get a certain item that you asked for.\" In this proprietor's place of business was his son, all bedecked in a Nazi uniform and medals, and he kept prodding my father. He said, \"Is it because of the Nazi government that you couldn't get it?\" Because he knew he couldn't make any statement against the government. My father said, \"No, I have no idea why.\" Nevertheless, this guy went to the authorities, said my father had made statements against the government. He was arrested and we didn't know what happened to him, because for three days we didn't know where he was. He went before a judge, and this was in the early days of the Nazi government. There still [were] some decent judges around. So, the judge asked his customer, the father of the guy in the Nazi uniform, \"Did Mr. Birnbrey make those statements?\" He said, \"No, he didn't.\" He testified against his own son. So, the judge took my father aside and he said, \"Look, if I do nothing, I'll lose my job. I want you to not come back to this town and let them then think I sent you to a concentration camp.\" So, he abandoned his business and that was really the end of our economics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=285.0,387.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e What did your family do to support yourselves after that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=387.0,392.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't know. It was very difficult. We lived a very frugal existence. That's all I remember. Where they got ... I know they got some charity also. I know the coal was given us by a charity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=392.0,410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e At this time, were there also restrictions on where you could shop or where you can get different items?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=410.0,416.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, we had a lot of places that had signs, \"No Jews allowed.\" And we couldn't hardly go to any public place like, I never went to a swimming pool in Germany, a place of recreation, movie theaters, and so on. There'd be a sign outside, \"No Jews allowed.\" It was a very restricted life that we lived.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=416.0,443.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember where your family would get food at this time, or buy clothing, or anything?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=443.0,449.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e They provided it. That's all I know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=449.0,454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you in school still at this time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=454.0,456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e I was at school. I finished in 1938, and I was supposed to be an apprentice in some kind of a place of business. Before that, I had an opportunity to come to the United States, so I never worked.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=456.0,478.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e During this time, could you describe a typical meal at home, what it was like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=478.0,485.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't think I can anymore. I got so used to the American cuisine. It's not that I like to forget; I just get cannot remember.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=485.0,499.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e How was the decision made to send you to the United States?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=499.0,504.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e My mother signed me up in a number of agencies who had taken Jewish kids out of Germany. One day, we got a phone call that I'd been selected, but I had 24 hours to get out to pack and say my goodbyes. So, from the day we found out until the next day, unfortunately, that night I had a high fever. My mother packed me with ice packs the whole night. In the morning, the fever was gone. Part of the visa process is a physical exam. An American consul would not have given me a visa if I had appeared with a high fever. It was an absolute miracle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=504.0,553.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you know, or do you remember what your mother packed for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=553.0,558.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e No, just the few clothing I had and a couple of books from Germany. One was the \"Atlas of the World\" and a novel by a German author, who never made it to America, but he was the biggest expert on America and American Indians in Germany. So, when I landed in New York, I expected Indians and cowboys and didn't see any.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=558.0,588.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember if your parents gave you any valuables, or any money, or anything to take with you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=588.0,593.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e We had nothing. I had a silver pen. I forgot where I got it. That was packed and that was about all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=593.0,610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Then, how did you get to New York? What was your journey like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=610.0,614.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e I went on a ship. It was a German ship with all the sailors having Nazi insignias, but because they wanted to make a good impression on the international travelers and so on, we were treated just like anybody else. I was treated first class.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=614.0,636.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e You arrived in New York, you said?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=636.0,638.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e [Yes].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=638.0,639.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e What did you do when you got to New York?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=639.0,642.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I was met by a social worker. I was sponsored by a Jewish organization in Birmingham [Alabama]. So, we took a trip from New York to Birmingham immediately, where I was welcomed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=642.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you go to school here, start school here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=660.0,662.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e I went to high school there, and a year later, I came to Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=662.0,671.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e If we could go back for a moment, you mentioned your father was killed in Kristallnacht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=671.0,677.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=677.0,678.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e What did your mother do after that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=678.0,681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e She worked as a caretaker for an older lady, and she lived seven months after he died.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=681.0,693.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Your mother lived seven months after he died?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=693.0,695.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e [Yes].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=695.0,699.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e When was your father approximately killed?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=699.0,704.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Crystal Night was November 9th, 1938, but he was beaten up so bad and the hospital wouldn't allow it, take him in. When they finally did, it was so bad that he died from all of his wounds in February. Incidentally, I visited the torture chamber of that place with my kids. As I entered the torture chambers, I suffered a heart attack, and they took me to the hospital that I was born in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=704.0,749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e So, you went to Alabama, and then after that, you came to Atlanta? Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=749.0,754.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=754.0,754.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Is that when you started to work or what did you do next?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=754.0,758.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e I went to high school. I went to Commercial High, which is not here anymore, and I worked in afternoons. When I graduated, I took a job with an accounting firm. I've been an accountant and an attorney ever since.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=758.0,777.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you make the decision to go from Birmingham to Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=777.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't. The social workers did. I guess the social workers came out of Atlanta and it must have gotten too complicated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=780.0,789.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e At what point did you enlist in the military?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=789.0,793.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e What?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=793.0,794.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e At what point did you enlist in the military?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=794.0,798.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e In June of 1943.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=798.0,807.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did you go?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=807.0,809.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e First, I went to Fort Eustis and then when we went overseas. I was stationed in England. I participated in the Normandy invasion, and I saw combat almost for 11 months. That's why I could say I placed [need] my hearing aid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=809.0,833.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e So, were you in Normandy the whole 11 months, or did you ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=833.0,837.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e No, we moved east. We won the Battle of the Bulge. We spearheaded every American battle. I was in the 30th Infantry Division.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=837.0,858.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e At the end of those 11 months, where did you wind up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=858.0,862.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e At the end of the war? Well, towards the end of the war, because I could speak German, they changed me to an interpreter and a counter-intelligence agent. So, I was doing entirely different work over the last month or two.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=862.0,880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Where was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=880.0,882.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e In Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=882.0,883.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Where in Germany?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=883.0,885.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, well, I think my first job was sort of in central Germany. I'm trying to think of the name of it. My first job was to take some Americans from aluminum companies, the two big aluminum companies. They wanted to see the German aluminum process, which was supposed to be ahead of ours. I was the interpreter. But they were using technical terms in German that, as a 14-year-old boy, I never learned. So, I had a hell of a time with that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=885.0,925.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e You said you worked for about one month as an interpreter, or was it longer?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=925.0,933.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e No, it was before VE [Victory in Europe] Day. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=933.0,944.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=944.0,944.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay. The war ended in May, and I think I did this in March, April, and May approximately.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=944.0,952.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Then, after VE-Day, what did you do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=952.0,956.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e I came back to Atlanta and opened up an accounting practice, and then went to law school, and also opened up a law practice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=956.0,966.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you spend some time after the war in Europe, looking for family or going to ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=966.0,975.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e I couldn't do much looking for a family because the place that I was born was in the English territory and I never could get permission to go into the English territory. So, I really didn't do any looking. I didn't realize until after I came home that I and another first cousin were the only survivors. She had gone to Israel before I came to America. I had no real survivors left in Germany. We accidentally found a distant relative in Berlin by looking for my name in a phone book, but that was it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=975.0,1028.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e After the war, you said you were in the American zone. Did you have any contact with the DP [displaced persons] camps, or any of the survivors?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1028.0,1040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e On May the ... first week in May, we rescued a train of Jews being shipped from one concentration camp to another. That was the most horrible day of my life, to see those people. There were 60 to 70 people locked in one freight car. If you think about a freight car, don't think of what you see in America. The ones in Europe are about two-thirds the size. They were standing room only. They had a ... It was unbelievable. They had a bucket at one end to use as a toilet and a bucket on the other end that had soup made out of potato peelings. And because they were standing only, they couldn't really get from one side to the other. I had sort of ignored this whole thing for a while. I talked about it just like I'm here. Suddenly, I found out that a young social studies teacher in upstate New York took this very seriously, started doing research on it, wrote a book on it. January two years ago, we had a reunion of survivors and rescuers in Bradenton, Florida. It was the most unbelievable experience I've ever been through. I mean, you just can't describe it, how awful it was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1040.0,1134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember what camps ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1134.0,1135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1135.0,1136.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e ... they were going between?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1136.0,1137.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e They were going from Bergen-Belsen to Theresienstadt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1137.0,1144.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did you all take them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1144.0,1146.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Near Magdeburg [Germany]. If you look on the internet, if you look for a train near Magdeburg, there are several articles on there, including an article about me, and a book has been written, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1146.0,1167.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Was there like an infirmary set up there or DP camp set up there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1167.0,1172.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, what happened is, our medical officer made the people in a small village evacuate the whole village and he turned it into a field hospital. A number of them died from typhus, but some survived. There were 2,500 people altogether on the train. What happened was, they were directed to go to Theresienstadt and the engineer from the train radioed back to headquarters that, \"The Americans are right here. I can't go any further. What should I do?\" They said, \"Back up and go over the river and blow up the train. He said, \"Hell, if I do, then I get blown up,\" you know? So, he just abandoned the train. It's ... You can't believe those faces. Out of the 2,500, 700 were kids. Of course, all the people visiting Bradenton, they were from the kids' side. The older ones are all gone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1172.0,1246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you stay with them there or did you ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1246.0,1248.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I had a job to do. I spent about two, three hours with them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1248.0,1259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you have any other experiences after the war with the survivors or in DP camp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1259.0,1269.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e No. No, I think that was all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1269.0,1272.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you spend any time in local towns after the war on your off time or ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1272.0,1281.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I didn't want to have anything to do with him. I mean, I was spending about a month looking for war criminals. I picked up one guy who was in charge of the place where they tested the V-2 bombs. And two weeks after I locked him up, I discovered that he was in Alabama in ... You know, with ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1281.0,1314.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e In Huntsville?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1314.0,1319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e He was the number two. I nearly had a fit. I was still eating K-rations, and he was sitting in Alabama.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1319.0,1329.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e We have heard some stories of American military that were able to trade some things from their K-rations with the local townspeople. Do you know any ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1329.0,1339.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the biggest legal tender, since this is a Federal Reserve Bank, was cigarettes. Cigarettes were the easiest to sell and brought the most money. See, we got ... Every G.I. got so many cigarettes every week or every month--I don't remember--and I didn't smoke.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1339.0,1358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you trade cigarettes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1358.0,1360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I tell you, by necessity, I had a chance to get a furlough to London [United Kingdom] and I took it. One day, in some facility, I saw somebody from my outfit, and he told me that the outfit's no longer where we were, and they were going to disband it. So, I said, \"I better find my outfit.\" So, I go to Paris to Supreme Headquarters [of the Allied Expeditionary Force], ask them where my outfit was. They didn't know. So, I spent about two or three weeks in Paris, which wasn't all bad, used the cigarettes for legal tender. When they dropped the atomic bomb, I said, \"I better find my outfit and go home.\" We did find [where they] were transferred to. They were sitting in Marseille, France, waiting for a ship to take us home and that's what I did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1360.0,1422.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e When you were trading with cigarettes, what kinds of things did you buy with them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1422.0,1427.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, we got foreign currency, French money or whatever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1427.0,1434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e So, you traded the cigarettes for currency?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1434.0,1437.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1437.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e French currency? Any other currencies you were able to acquire?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1438.0,1444.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, yes, occupation money [Allied Military Currency], French money, German money. I mean, I used to make fun. The dumbest people, when they played poker, they knew how to convert Dutch guilders to Belgian francs. It always bugged me [that] people who knew nothing knew how to trade their money in a poker game.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1444.0,1468.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Besides currency, could you get anything else for the cigarettes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1468.0,1472.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1472.0,1476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Was anything else traded besides cigarettes? Do you remember?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1476.0,1479.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, people that had the cash, they would buy merchandise, you know. But I didn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1479.0,1488.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you describe how such a transaction would occur if you? So, if you wanted to buy something, a meal in a restaurant, whatever it might be ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1488.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, we traded before we had the meal in the restaurant. The people would ask you, \"Are these cigarettes?\" There was a French expression. I forgot what it was. I'd have cigarettes, and they'd hand us money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1500.0,1519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e Were there some people that would only take certain types of money?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1519.0,1524.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e No, at that time, I think we had all kinds of money. I mean, we went from border to border.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1524.0,1535.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Where would you go to make these trades for currency? Was there any ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1535.0,1541.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e No, people on the street would ask you, \"Do you have any cigarettes?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1541.0,1548.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you know what a good price was or a bad deal?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1548.0,1550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, that you learn what the custom is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1550.0,1556.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e Did it change over time? Early on, was a good deal one thing and later on, it was something else?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1556.0,1563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e No. But I was going to tell you something, talking about that. I had two things that I was gonna mention only because of where I'm at. One was the German inflation. I think I'm really the poster boy for that because I was born on the day it ended, the highest day, and as I said before, my father had two and a half in gold dollars. That paid for my whole birth expense and so on. Of course, the area I was from was a highlight of the German inflation, because that's after the Versailles Treaty. The area was covered with French soldiers, and the industries did not function. The inflation was more severe and started in my part of the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1563.0,1622.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e Your father paid for your birth with ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1622.0,1624.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Two and a half dollars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1624.0,1626.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e Two and a half gold dollars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1626.0,1629.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e That's what I'm worth. The other story I want to tell you, that I thought would be of interest to Federal Reserve, when I became an interpreter, I was asked to go to a salt mine. They had salt mines in Germany. They were unbelievable how they were used. One had stolen art. One of them was an art by itself. They built statues and stuff out of salt. But this one here in particular, they asked me to supervise turning over all of the gold of the French treasury back to the French. It came in those little rail cars that you see in mines, full of gold sacks. I tried to pick one up. I didn't realize how heavy they were. But I actually supervised giving back the gold to the French government. The Germans had taken it and stored it in a salt mine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1629.0,1701.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e The U.S. Government asked you to facilitate that return of money?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1701.0,1705.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e To supervise this switch, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1705.0,1708.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you tell me what was involved in supervising that transfer of gold?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1708.0,1714.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e I was just standing, and I watched the guys lift it out, and hand it to the French, and we counted it. That's about all. I mean, there was a wealth of stuff in these salt mines. It's unbelievable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1714.0,1731.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e It was the general practice to return these valuables to the original owner?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1731.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, this was the American government. The French were our allies, and this was stolen from our allies. But ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1740.0,1763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e Can I ask you some questions about your childhood? So, you were born during the great hyperinflation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1763.0,1774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1774.0,1775.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e ... in Germany. But for most of your early life, how did your father get by in his business? Do you have any understanding of how he ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1775.0,1788.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Not too much, but we were really middle class. But middle class in Germany was not like middle class in America. Very few people owned a car. I'd hardly ever been in a car in Germany. A lot of luxuries that we got here when I came to the States, I never saw, even before [Adolf] Hitler. It was just a whole different lifestyle. I mean, going to school, I'd never heard of a carpool. I walked to school, and it was quite a ways. We didn't think anything of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1788.0,1834.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember your father bartering for some of the items in his shop? What sort of work did he do as a commissar for the Union?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1834.0,1846.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e No, he ran a commissary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1846.0,1850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, commissary. Got it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1850.0,1851.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e He had merchandise in there, and I mean, I was completely separate from the business. He didn't think it was a place for me to be. I hardly ever went into that place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1851.0,1872.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e At home, did you ever remember your parents talking about money, or different ways that they could save, or ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1872.0,1882.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Not really. We just lived ... In retrospect, we lived a very frugal life. I don't ever remember my parents going on vacation. They sent me to places that were sponsored by the community, to camps, and I spent one year on a farm, one year in a camp. One of the best years was a year with a family in Holland. But this was all through organizations, I assume.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1882.0,1924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Did your dad ever tell you how he got those gold dollars to pay for your birth?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1924.0,1929.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, that story was told often. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1929.0,1933.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1933.0,1933.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay. No, he got it in World War I, found it somewhere. My mother lost a husband, three brothers, and a child in World War I. The child was suffering from malnutrition. She was either three or four years old. She didn't know what to do. So, one of the brothers who got killed had a widow in the town that we lived in, and she asked my mother to move there because she had a cow. But it didn't help her. The girl did die, but that's how my parents came to Dortmund. \u003cInterview pauses then resumes\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1933.0,2000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Can we ask you a few more questions ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2000.0,2003.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2003.0,2004.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e ... about after the war, when you were still in Europe and trading cigarettes for currencies? Do you remember negotiating what you could get for the cigarettes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2004.0,2017.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Guy just said, \"Do you have any cigarettes?\" I said, \"How much you give me?\" And that was it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2017.0,2021.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you ever turn down a deal?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2021.0,2023.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Not that I remember.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2023.0,2027.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e You described the use of francs, Dutch guilder ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2027.0,2034.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2034.0,2035.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e What other kinds of monies did you see?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2035.0,2037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, you see, we were the northernmost division. So, we started in France. We were the first Americans in Holland. I was the first person in Belgium, me. I was doing ... looking for positions. The English, in history books, it says the English were the first. But I had to stand aside when [General Bernard] Montgomery marched in. I was really the first in Belgium, and then we had German money, and that was it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2037.0,2080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e I would like to be as specific as you can remember. So, when you were in France, and you traded, and GIs got French currency, and then you carried it with you into Holland ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2080.0,2101.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e No. Most of the negotiations in France were for food. You know, if we saw a farmer that had something we liked, we bought it from him. That's what most of us spent in France. The luxuries and all that came later, because we were in full battle the whole time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2101.0,2129.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e After the war, would you have had lots of different currencies on you? Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2129.0,2137.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2137.0,2137.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. From all the places that you visited?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2137.0,2139.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e We had some. It was funny, I mean, we had about a 24-hour poker game the last day in Marseille and every kind of money was on the table.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2139.0,2153.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you do well at the game?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2153.0,2154.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e I did at the last. That's why I wouldn't quit. I think the guys would have killed me if I had quit, so I had food brought to the table.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2154.0,2166.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e When you had all these different currencies, what did you do with them before you left Marseille? Did you bring them with you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2166.0,2172.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Very little of it. I got rid of it somehow. It was a different life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2172.0,2185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e When you were trading cigarettes for currencies, was one or another currency more in demand besides the one of the country you were in? So, for example, if you're in France and you're trading cigarettes for francs ... Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2185.0,2200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2200.0,2200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Were there any other currencies that were popular that people would want to get? No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2200.0,2206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2206.0,2206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e No. What about dollars? Did you ever see dollars?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2206.0,2212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Never. I believe people put so much value in a dollar, if they had a dollar, they wouldn't give it up, I don't think. That's just my personal feeling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2212.0,2223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e But you do not have any knowledge of somebody who was hoarding dollars during this period?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2223.0,2230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't think they would swap cigarettes for dollars. I don't think I ever [saw] a dollar in Europe. This is my recollection.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2230.0,2248.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e You mentioned occupation money. What are some of the occupation monies that you saw?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2248.0,2253.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the government printed money, too, and it was occupation money. I don't know who backed it, if all the Allies backed it or how, but we did have occupation money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2253.0,2274.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e It had value? Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2274.0,2275.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2275.0,2275.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. People traded it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2275.0,2276.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2276.0,2306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Was there anything else you would like to tell us? You mentioned a few stories that you wanted to tell us. Did you tell us already, or were there other stories you wanted to tell?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2306.0,2315.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I think I pretty well covered it. I guess you know for yourself what the inflation was like, you know, the kind of denominations, where cities printed money, states printed money. Governments, federal governments printed money. Some commercial enterprises printed money. The highest it reached, a dollar was worth four trillion, five hundred million marks. That was on the last day. My father was a collector. He collected a lot of that money--this is for collection's sake. You know, people used to have to carry it in a suitcase because he couldn't handle all that money. And the same with postage stamps. I was a stamp collector. The numbers ... You wouldn't believe what you paid for a postage stamp. It's very hard to realize that. But it went up every day, so the printing presses kept going, printing money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2315.0,2394.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember what the shops were like during this period?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2394.0,2397.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I was too young then. As I say, the highest day was the day I was born. After that, it went back pretty much normally. We just heard all that stuff. You know, they even tell stories that people used the inflation currency for wallpaper.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2397.0,2432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much for coming here ... Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2432.0,2434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2434.0,2434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you. ... and taking the time to talk with us today. We certainly appreciate it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2434.0,2438.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Glad to do it. If I had inflation money, I could give you a million marks, you know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2438.0,2449.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e I think we have an example of one in our museum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2449.0,2452.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, you do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2452.0,2453.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e [Yes].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2453.0,2455.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e What's the denomination?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2455.0,2456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e I think it is maybe a thousand mark, and then it's stamped over \"500 million\" or something like this. We can go take a look if you want.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2456.0,2465.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e I mean, it's ridiculous. It is, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2465.0,2468.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e It is, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2468.0,2468.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e It is, yes. But that's the way it was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2468.0,2472.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e Henry, you used to, you played a lot of poker. You told me one story. You were playing in a farmhouse and someone very high ranking walked in one time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2472.0,2480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Well ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2480.0,2481.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e You remember telling me that one story? A particularly high ranking General ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2481.0,2483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't know if I can tell it in ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2483.0,2486.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBryan:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, I do not think the ladies will blush too much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2486.0,2492.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e Have you ever heard of the Battle of Saint Lo? That was our first target when we landed, a major target. I set up my gun position and walked around and I see this farmhouse, a two-story farmhouse [with] one room upstairs and one room downstairs. But what attracted me, there was a cider bell on the bottom floor. So, we decided with that cider bell, we can have a poker game that night. So, we were playing poker. All of a sudden, I hear a voice behind me. It said, \"Corporal, can this house be seen from the horizon?\" And I said, \"How the [hell] do I know?\" I stood up. It was General Omar Bradley. He was a really nice guy. The next day, that was used for the headquarters for the Saint Lo event. All kind of communication equipment showed up, wires, and we didn't know what it was. Then, after the wires were laid, all of the big generals show up. Here in my front yard from the gun was [General Dwight] Eisenhower, Bradley, [General Lesley] McNair, Pert ... the Air Force guy, and Montgomery. After they stood there, a million planes came over. The first one dropped a smoke bomb to point out the target for the ones behind. What the Air Force didn't counter with is that the wind could blow the smoke bomb back [in our direction] and we got the heck bombed out of us. You never seen generals cuss out the other general like they did. Eisenhower spoke to ... What was the Air Force guy's name? I can't think of it. [He] treated him like a buck private. Then, all of a sudden, they came back and said, \"Where's McNair?\" He was the number three guy in the American Army. He got killed by the bombs. So, they had a second day, did it the next day, without the smoke bombs it was successful. I was supposed to ... I was Chief of Section of a half-track. You know what that is, don't you? So, I was supposed to go in Saint Lo with other guys. I stopped every ten minutes to change tires there was so much shrapnel. I had one flat tire after another. I saw no action. I was just changing tires the whole day. But that was a famous poker game, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2492.0,2681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLanger:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2681.0,2684.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/transcript/81774/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBirnbrey:\u003c/strong\u003e You know, in war, you got all kind of experiences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2684.0,2689.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe cost of paying for World War I and the resultant reparations severely damaged the German economy. A period of hyperinflation plagued Germany between 1921 and 1924. To combat the inflation, the government began printing exaggerated amounts of money. The result was that German bills became essentially worthless. Paying for even small items could require huge stacks of money.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=47.0,58.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict from 1914 to 1918 that embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=47.0,58.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDortmund is a city in northwest Germany. In 1933, the Jewish population was 4,108 (out of 540,000). By 1939, emigration and persecution had reduced it to 1,222.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=93.0,96.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA synagogue was first built in Dortmund in the mid-nineteenth century and a new synagogue, considered one of the most beautiful in Germany, was consecrated in 1900. The synagogue was one of the largest in Germany with a seating capacity of 1,200-1,300 and was the cultural center of the Jewish community. In 1958-1965, an opera house was built on the site. In 1998, a stone memorial plaque for the synagogue was erected on the site.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=147.0,151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eErich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (1865-1937) was a German general and politician. He achieved fame during World War I for his central role in the German victories at Liège and Tannenberg in 1914. He is also known for his impact on the home front, where his policies and propaganda campaigns mobilized the population for the war effort.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=147.0,151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=147.0,151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called ‘Kristallnacht’ (and sometimes 'Crystal Night'), which means ‘Night of Broken Glass,’ because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. Thousands of German and Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to concentration camps in Germany. In Dortmund, 600 Jewish men were arrested and sent to Sachsenhausen. Most of those arrested were released within a few weeks, but often only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=169.0,174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShortly after coming to power in 1933, the Nazis began to set up a series of concentration camps across Germany. Those were mostly local initiatives: facilities that the SA, SS, and police established on an ad hoc basis, where they would detain and abuse real and imagined enemies of the regime. By 1934, there were over 100 of these early camps in operation. Both Jewish and non-Jewish Germans perceived to be opponents of the regime were systematically persecuted. Political opponents (Communists, Social Democrats, liberals) were some of the first victims. Jews, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jehovah's Witnesses, clergy who opposed the Nazis, and any others whose behavior—real or perceived—could be interpreted as being in opposition to Nazi political and racial ideologies were also persecuted and incarcerated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=387.0,392.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the years between 1933 and 1939, Nazi Party leaders began to persecute Jews through a series of antisemitic legislation that included more than 400 decrees and regulations restricting all aspects of their public and private lives. The anti-Jewish policies brought radical and daunting social, economic, and communal change to the German Jewish community. The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service was passed in April 1933 and excluded Jews from civil service. Germans also began boycotting Jewish businesses in 1933 and Jews were soon effectively expelled from almost all professions and commercial life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=443.0,449.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommercial High School began as a department of Girls’ High School in Atlanta, Georgia in 1889 for girls who wanted to learn business skills. They taught bookkeeping, typing, math and history. In 1910, it became Atlanta’s first coed high school. It closed in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=777.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Eustis is a United States Army installation near Newport News, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=833.0,837.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Normandy landings (codenamed ‘Operation Neptune’) were the landing operations on June 6, 1944 (termed ‘D-Day’) of the Allied invasion of Normandy (known in its entirely as ‘Operation Overlord’) during World War II. The landings began on June 6, 1944 after being delayed one day for bad weather. First, airborne troops went sent in and then the Allied infantry began to wade ashore starting at about 6:30 a.m. The Supreme commander was General Dwight David Eisenhower. It was the largest amphibious landing to that time in history combining land, sea and air elements. Nearly 160,000 troops were landing the first day. Over 5,000 ships were involved and thousands of airplanes. The landings took place along a 50-mile stretch of Normandy coast divided into five sectors: Utah, Omaha, Gold, June and Sword. The United States Army landed on Omaha and Utah Beaches and the British on Sword, Juno and Gold.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=833.0,837.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as the Ardennes Offensive (December 16, 1944 through January 25, 1945), the Battle of the Bulge was a major German offensive launched toward the end of World War II through the densely forested Ardennes Mountain region in Belgium. The Germans threw everything they had into trying to drive the Allies back and stopping their advance out of Normandy, France. The Germans achieved nearly complete surprise during a period of heavy overcast weather, which grounded the Allies’ air forces. The Germans nearly broke through (“the Bulge”) the Allied lines. Nearly 19,000 Allied troops were killed and 62,000 wounded and 26,000 missing or captured. The Germans suffered nearly 85,000 casualties before they were pushed back.  It was the largest and bloodiest battle fought in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=858.0,862.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 30th Infantry Division was a unit of the Army National Guard in World War I and World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=858.0,862.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. May 8 was celebrated by the Allies as “V-E Day,” which stands for “victory in Europe.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=944.0,944.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter Germany's defeat in the Second World War, the four main allies in Europe—the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France—took part in a joint occupation of the German state. The Allies agreed to a joint occupation of the nation's capital, Berlin, with each country taking charge of a sector. Upon British insistence, France joined Great Britain and the United States in the occupation of West Germany and West Berlin, while the Soviet Union managed the affairs of East Germany and East Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1028.0,1040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 13, 1945, the 30th Infantry Division encountered about 200 starving and ill Jewish prisoners who had escaped from a nearby transport. Two tanks were sent out to find the train. When they located the train, they found approximately 2,500 prisoners in about 50 rail cars. Three trains left the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on April 10, 1945, intended for Theresienstadt concentration camp near Prague, Czechoslovakia. This train got as far as Farsleben, near Magdeburg, in central Germany, before it was abandoned by most of the SS troops guarding them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1134.0,1135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\"A Train Near Magdeburg: A Teacher's Journey into the Holocaust\" and the reuniting of the survivors and liberators, 70 years on is a book written by Matthew Rozell (b. 1961), a history teacher, author, blogger and speaker. Published in 2016, it tells the story of the liberation of a death train deep in the heart of Nazi Germany in the closing days of the World War II. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1134.0,1135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was a Nazi concentration camp in what is today Lower Saxony in northern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle. Originally established as a prisoner of war camp, in 1943, parts of it became a concentration camp. Initially this was an \"exchange camp,\" where Jewish hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for German prisoners of war held overseas. The camp was later expanded to accommodate Jews from other concentration camps. A tent camp was erected in Bergen-Belsen in August 1944. Initially, it served as a transit camp for non-Jewish women from Poland, whom the Germans had deported to the Reich to work in armaments factories, but the SS soon began using the tent camp to house sick and injured prisoners transported from other concentration camps who were no longer able to work. By November 1944, the tent camp also held around 8,000 women who had been evacuated from Auschwitz-Birkenau, most of whom were Jewish. Eventually, the tents were so badly damaged by a storm that the prisoners from the tent camp were moved into already overcrowded barracks. From 1941 to 1945, almost 20,000 Soviet prisoners of war and a further 50,000 inmates died there. Overcrowding, lack of food and poor sanitary conditions caused outbreaks of typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever and dysentery, leading to the deaths of more than 35,000 people in the first few months of 1945, shortly before and after the liberation. The camp was liberated on April 15, 1945, by the British 11th Armoured Division. The soldiers discovered approximately 60,000 prisoners inside, most of them half-starved and seriously ill, and another 13,000 corpses lying around the camp unburied.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1144.0,1146.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Theresienstadt (Terezín) \"camp-ghetto\" near Prague in the present-day Czech Republic was opened in late 1941 and existed until May 1945. It served as a ghetto, an assembly camp, and a concentration camp. During its existence, approximately 140,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and about one third of the Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia were sent to Theresienstadt. Roughly 33,000 died in Theresienstadt itself due to starvation and disease. Nearly 90,000 Jews were deported from Theresienstadt to other ghettos, concentration camps, and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1144.0,1146.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ‘V weapons’ were the V-1 and V-2 rockets that were used by Germany at the end of World War II.  They were the world’s first cruise missiles. The V-2 rocket was more sophisticated than the V-1 and was really the world’s first ballistic missile. The area of destruction of a V-2 was 800 to 1,200 yards wide. It was developed during World War II in Germany as a “vengeance weapon,” designed to attack Allied cities in retaliation for Allied bombing of German cities. The first V-2 attacks were launched against Paris and London on September 8, 1944. Nearly 1,000 V-2s fell on London and the surrounding area (as well as in Belgium) after September 1944. In total the rocket weapon killed or wounded over 6,000 people and seriously injured and maimed another 18,000.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1314.0,1319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry is referring to Walther Johannes Riedel (1903-1974), a German engineer who headed rocket engine development at Peenemunde in 1944 and was Director of the Development Facility at Karlshagen. In 1947, he began working with Wernher von Braun in the United States as part of Operation Paperclip, a program that helped Nazi scientists to resettle in the US in exchange for their research work. Von Braun and Walther Reidel worked at the newly formed Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1314.0,1319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe K-ration was an individual daily combat food ration that was introduced by the United States Army during World War II. It was originally intended as an individually packaged daily ration for issue to airborne troops, tank crews, motorcycle couriers, and other mobile forces for short durations. It was developed in 1941 under the direction of the physiologist Ancel Keys (hence the name “K”).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1329.0,1339.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eG.I. are initials used to describe a member or former member of the U.S. armed forces. It is often applied to a person enlisted in the army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1358.0,1360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, was in a school building in Reims, France. It served as the command for Allied forces in Europe during the latter part of the war and was the site for the signing of the German unconditional surrender on May 7, 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1422.0,1427.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945. Nagasaki, Japan was bombed on August 9, 1945. Japan sued for peace on August 15, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1422.0,1427.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eImmediately following the end of the war, the 30th Infantry Division spent the next two months in Occupation on the border of Czechoslovakia and Germany. Shortly after the end of their Occupation duties, in early August 1945, the 30th Infantry Division returned to the United States on the Queen Mary and the USS General Black, and was soon deactivated at Ft. Jackson, S.C. on 25 November 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1422.0,1427.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAllied Military Currency (AMC) was a form of currency issued by the Allied powers during World War II, to be issued to troops entering liberated or newly occupied countries, as a form of currency control. The notes circulated through mid-1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1468.0,1472.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 11, 1918, fighting in World War I came to an end following the signing of an armistice between Germany and the Allies that called for a ceasefire. The war formally ended with the signing of the Versailles Treaty (or treaty of Versailles) on June 28, 1919. The treaty forced Germany to forfeit 13 percent of its European territory (more than 27,000 square miles) and one-tenth of its population (between 6.5 and 7 million people), as well as all of its colonies outside of Europe. The treaty also demanded the demilitarization and occupation of the Rhineland. The army was limited to 100,000 men and conscription was not allowed. Navy vessels were restricted to less than 100,000 tons and a submarine fleet was forbidden. Moreover, Germany had to accept complete responsibility for initiating World War I and pay for all material damages. For Germans, the treaty appeared unfair and excessive.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1622.0,1624.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=1834.0,1846.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eField Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, also known as \"Monty\" and the \"Spartan General,\" (1887-1976) was a senior officer of the British Army and one of the Allied commanders in World War II. He commanded the British Eight Army in North Africa and during the Allied invasions of Sicily and Italy. Montgomery was in command of all Allied ground forces during Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of France, which was launched on June 6, 1944. Promoted to the rank of field marshal, Montgomery then led the Allied forces in Operation Market Garden, a controversial strategy that was poorly executed and proved a costly failure. Montgomery's 21st Army Group advanced to the Rhine in February 1945 and finally received the surrender of the German armies on May 4, 1945. Montgomery was notorious for his lack of tact and diplomacy as well as for being a cautious, thorough strategist, often exasperating the patience of fellow Allied commanders. After the war, Montgomery became Commander in Chief of the British occupation forces. He was first knighted in 1942. Following World War II, he was made a knight of the Garter and was created 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein in 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2080.0,2101.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOmar Bradley (1893-1981) was the senior United States Army field commander in North Africa and Europe during World War II. At one point he commanded nearly 900,000 men or four field armies. It was the largest group of American soldiers to ever serve under one field commander.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2681.0,2684.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, headquartered in Reims, France. He later became the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2681.0,2684.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLesley James McNair (1883-1944) was a senior United States Army officer who served during World War I and World War II. He attained the rank of lieutenant general during his life. He was killed in action during World War II, and received a posthumous promotion to general, making him the highest-ranking American soldier killed in combat in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2681.0,2684.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCarl Andrew Spaatz (1891-1974), nicknamed \"Tooey\", was an American World War II general. As commander of Strategic Air Forces in Europe in 1944, he successfully pressed for the bombing of the enemy's oil production facilities as a priority over other targets. He became Chief of Staff of the newly formed United States Air Force in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2681.0,2684.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142/annotation_set/1943/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA half-track is a civilian or military vehicle with regular wheels at the front for steering and continuous tank-like tracks at the back to propel the vehicle and carry most of the load. The half-track was widely used during World War II as it had the off-road hauling capabilities of a tank with the conventional drive power of a military truck.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/153768/file/283142#t=2681.0,2684.0"}]}]}]}