{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/xp6tx36q87/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Kaufmann, Liese"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1989-07-26 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Liese Kaufmann (Interviewee)","Erna Dziewinski Martino (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eErna Dziewinski Martino interviews Liese Kaufmann in Atlanta, Georgia on July 26, 1989.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eLiese talks about her family and childhood in Bruchsal, Germany. She describes the Zionist organizations in Bruchsal, her education, her travels, and her friends. Liese remembers how life began to change when Hitler came to power in 1933. She recounts her marriage and her husband’s eye injury. Liese describes adapting to an increasingly restricted life as the family tried to leave Germany. She recounts a Gestapo raid and what happened on Kristallnacht. Liese explains how she and her husband were able to leave Germany and eventually come to the United States. She recollects the challenge of getting her parents-in-law out of a concentration camp and to the United States. Liese talks about the war years. She recalls moving to Atlanta, Georgia, the birth of her daughter and the losses of her mother and mother-in-law. Liese describes her husband’s job, his vision troubles and their move to Switzerland. She shares how she practices Judiasm, her role in Hadassah, and her membership in synagogues. Liese talks about the birth of her grandchildren and her husband’s blindness. She recounts the year her husband died. Liese describes her activities as a volunteer. The interview closes with her thoughts on Israel and why she believes another Holocaust is possible.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eLiese Bella Herzog was born December 12, 1911 in Bruchsal, Germany. She was the oldest of two children born to Martha Bloch Herzog, a housewife, and Arthur Herzog, a factory owner. Liese enjoyed a comfortable childhood and a close-knit extended family. As a young adult, she joined Zionist organizations and skiing clubs, traveled throughout Europe, and studied art.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAs the Nazis rose to power in the early 1930s, Liese’s life became more and more restricted. Her family was forced to sell their business and began the process of applying for visas to emigrate. In 1935, Liese married Frank Soloman Kaufmann (1911-1985). The young couple became active in the Jüdischer Kulturbund and hoped to immigrate to Palestine, a plan that was interrupted when Frank suffered an eye injury. In 1936, distant family helped Liese’s younger brother, Rudolf “Rudi” Martin Herzog (1920-2015), immigrate to the United States.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eThen, in 1938, on Kristallnacht, Frank was arrested and sent to the Dachau concentration camp. After many weeks, Liese was able to secure his release and with the help of friends, they left Germany. They settled in England, waiting for visas to the United States. On December 30, 1939, Liese and Frank arrived in New York City, New York, where they were reunited with her brother, and her parents, who had arrived a few months prior. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eFrank and Liese took jobs as domestic help for a well-known doctor and his wife in New York City. In October 1940, word came that her parents-in-law had been deported to the Gurs concentration camp in France. With the help of their connections, Liese and Frank were able to get them out and brought them to New York City.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eDuring the war, the young couple was employed by an optical firm that had contracted with the US Navy. In 1941, their daughter was born. After the war, Frank found a job in the paper industry, which brought the young family to Atlanta, Georgia in 1950. Following the deaths of her parents and mother-in-law, they purchased a large home to share with her father-in-law and enjoyed entertaining.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn 1961, the family moved to Switzerland, where Frank was establishing Mead’s international business. Returning to the United States four years later, Frank and Liese moved into an apartment in downtown Atlanta. The next decade brought the marriage of their daughter, the births of two grandsons, and Frank’s unfortunate loss of sight. After a period of adjustment, the couple settled into an active retirement. Then, in 1985, Frank’s health deteriorated and he passed away. Liese continued to be an active member of her synagogue and Hadassah, as well as a volunteer in the Woman’s Auxiliary at Piedmont Atlanta. Liese died on November 19, 1992.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29185"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Atlanta, Georgia (geographic)","Basel, Switzerland (geographic)","Boston, Massachusetts (geographic)","Brighton, England (geographic)","Bruchsal, Germany (geographic)","England (geographic)","Europe (geographic)","France (geographic)","Holland (geographic)","Israel (geographic)","Karlsruhe, Germany (geographic)","Lausanne, Switzerland (geographic)","London, England (geographic)","Long Island, New York (geographic)","Mannheim, Germany (geographic)","New York City, New York (geographic)","New York (geographic)","Palestine (geographic)","Paris, France (geographic)","Southampton, England (geographic)","Switzerland (geographic)","Staten Island, New York (geographic)","The Netherlands (geographic)","United States (geographic)","Wuerzburg, Germany (geographic)","Zurich, Switzerland (geographic)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","Alvin M. Sugarman (personal name)","Arthur Hays Sulzberger (personal name)","Arthur Herzog (personal name)","Arthur Kaufmann (personal name)","Arthur L. Harris (personal name)","Artur Toscanini (personal name)","Bronislaw Huberman (personal name)","Daniel Loventhal (personal name)","David de Sola Pool (personal name)","David Kaufmann (personal name)","Ernst Engelking (personal name)","Ernst Michel (personal name)","Frank Kaufmann (personal name)","Franz Kaufmann (personal name)","Fritz Geissler (personal name)","Gary Loventhal (personal name)","Gustav Wolf (personal name)","Hans Wilhelm Steinberg (personal name)","Helen Spiegel (personal name)","Henrique Lemle (personal name)","Herschel Grynszpan (personal name)","Jesse Godfrey Moritz Bullowa (personal name)","John Hurst, Jr. (personal name)","Josef Goebbels (personal name)","Leonard Abrahams (personal name)","Liese Bella Herzog (personal name)","Liese Kaufmann (personal name)","Louise Waterman Wise (personal name)","Margaret Bullowa (personal name)","Mark Edwin Silverman (personal name)","Martha Abraham (personal name)","Martha Bloch Herzog (personal name)","Jacob Rothschild (personal name)","Richard Lehrman (personal name)","Rita Kaufmann Loventhal (personal name)","Rudolf Herzog (personal name)","Sadie Nones Bullowa (personal name)","Sidney Conescu (personal name)","Sophie Hausmann Kaufmann (personal name)","Stephen S. Wise (personal name)","William Loventhal (personal name)","Atlanta Paper Company (corporate name)","Aunt Fanny’s Cabin (corporate name)","Auxiliary Fire Service (corporate name)","Blau-Weiss (corporate name)","Chamblee High School (corporate name)","Children of Holocaust Survivors Project (corporate name)","Congregation Beth El (corporate name)","Congress House (corporate name)","Crawford Long Hospital (corporate name)","Dachau concentration camp (corporate name)","Emory University Hospital (corporate name)","Freemasons (corporate name)","Georgia Tech University (corporate name)","Gestapo (corporate name)","Gurs concentration camp (corporate name)","Hadassah (corporate name)","Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (corporate name)","Jewish National Fund (corporate name)","Judisher Kulturbund (corporate name)","Library of Congress (corporate name)","Mead (corporate name)","Montgomery Elementary School (corporate name)","Nazi Party (corporate name)","New York Times (corporate name)","Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance (corporate name)","Palestinian Symphony Orchestra (corporate name)","Piedmont Hospital (corporate name)","Rhein-Main Symphony Orchestra (corporate name)","Rivesaltes concentration camp (corporate name)","Schutzstaffel (corporate name)","Scottish Rite (corporate name)","Spear Box Company (corporate name)","SS (corporate name)","Stephen Wise Free Synagogue (corporate name)","SA (corporate name)","Sturmabteilung (corporate name)","Talking Books (corporate name)","Temple Sinai (corporate name)","The Israel Museum (corporate name)","The Temple (corporate name)","United States Army (corporate name)","United States Navy (corporate name)","Vichy (corporate name)","Woman’s Auxiliary at Piedmont Atlanta (corporate name)","First Intifada (named event)","Great Depression (named event)","Bar mitzvah (named event)","Holocaust (named event)","Kristallnacht (named event)","Pesach (named event)","Sabbath (named event)","Seder (named event)","Shiva (named event)","V-E Day (named event)","World War One (named event)","World War Two (named event)","Aktion (topical term)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Aryanization (topical term)","Brown Shirts (topical term)","Die Schoepfungstage (other)","Enemy alien (topical term)","House daughter (topical term)","Kiddush (other)","Neo-Nazi (topical term)","The Shema (other)","Zionism (other)","Christian (other)","Communist (other)","Jewish (other)","Judaism (other)","Nuremberg Laws (topical term)","Socialist (topical term)","Woman of Achievement (chronological term)","Immigrant (topical term)","Immigration (topical term)","Refugee (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eErna Dziewinski Martino interviews Liese Kaufmann in Atlanta, Georgia on July 26, 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLiese talks about her family and childhood in Bruchsal, Germany. She describes the Zionist organizations in Bruchsal, her education, her travels, and her friends. Liese remembers how life began to change when Hitler came to power in 1933. She recounts her marriage and her husband\u0026rsquo;s eye injury. Liese describes adapting to an increasingly restricted life as the family tried to leave Germany. She recounts a Gestapo raid and what happened on Kristallnacht. Liese explains how she and her husband were able to leave Germany and eventually come to the United States. She recollects the challenge of getting her parents-in-law out of a concentration camp and to the United States. Liese talks about the war years. She recalls moving to Atlanta, Georgia, the birth of her daughter and the losses of her mother and mother-in-law. Liese describes her husband\u0026rsquo;s job, his vision troubles and their move to Switzerland. She shares how she practices Judiasm, her role in Hadassah, and her membership in synagogues. Liese talks about the birth of her grandchildren and her husband\u0026rsquo;s blindness. She recounts the year her husband died. Liese describes her activities as a volunteer. The interview closes with her thoughts on Israel and why she believes another Holocaust is possible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLiese Bella Herzog was born December 12, 1911 in Bruchsal, Germany. She was the oldest of two children born to Martha Bloch Herzog, a housewife, and Arthur Herzog, a factory owner. Liese enjoyed a comfortable childhood and a close-knit extended family. As a young adult, she joined Zionist organizations and skiing clubs, traveled throughout Europe, and studied art.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAs the Nazis rose to power in the early 1930s, Liese\u0026rsquo;s life became more and more restricted. Her family was forced to sell their business and began the process of applying for visas to emigrate. In 1935, Liese married Frank Soloman Kaufmann (1911-1985). The young couple became active in the J\u0026uuml;discher Kulturbund and hoped to immigrate to Palestine, a plan that was interrupted when Frank suffered an eye injury. In 1936, distant family helped Liese\u0026rsquo;s younger brother, Rudolf \u0026ldquo;Rudi\u0026rdquo; Martin Herzog (1920-2015), immigrate to the United States.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eThen, in 1938, on Kristallnacht, Frank was arrested and sent to the Dachau concentration camp. After many weeks, Liese was able to secure his release and with the help of friends, they left Germany. They settled in England, waiting for visas to the United States. On December 30, 1939, Liese and Frank arrived in New York City, New York, where they were reunited with her brother, and her parents, who had arrived a few months prior.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eFrank and Liese took jobs as domestic help for a well-known doctor and his wife in New York City. In October 1940, word came that her parents-in-law had been deported to the Gurs concentration camp in France. With the help of their connections, Liese and Frank were able to get them out and brought them to New York City.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eDuring the war, the young couple was employed by an optical firm that had contracted with the US Navy. In 1941, their daughter was born. After the war, Frank found a job in the paper industry, which brought the young family to Atlanta, Georgia in 1950. Following the deaths of her parents and mother-in-law, they purchased a large home to share with her father-in-law and enjoyed entertaining.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn 1961, the family moved to Switzerland, where Frank was establishing Mead\u0026rsquo;s international business. Returning to the United States four years later, Frank and Liese moved into an apartment in downtown Atlanta. The next decade brought the marriage of their daughter, the births of two grandsons, and Frank\u0026rsquo;s unfortunate loss of sight. After a period of adjustment, the couple settled into an active retirement. Then, in 1985, Frank\u0026rsquo;s health deteriorated and he passed away. Liese continued to be an active member of her synagogue and Hadassah, as well as a volunteer in the Woman\u0026rsquo;s Auxiliary at Piedmont Atlanta. Liese died on November 19, 1992.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/206/635/small/Kaufmann_Liese.mp4_1692796001.jpg?1692796002","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Kaufmann_Liese.mp4"]},"duration":7874.868,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/206/635/small/Kaufmann_Liese.mp4_1692796001.jpg?1692796002","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/206/635/original/Kaufmann_Liese.mp4?1692795998","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7874.868,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Liese Kaufmann [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Erna: We are here today at Mrs. Liese Kaufmann's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house in Atlanta, Georgia, on\nJuly 26, 1989, to do a videotape for the Atlanta Children of Holocaust Survivors\nWitness to the Holocaust Project. Mrs. Kaufmann, what is your name and where do\nyou live?\n\nLiese: My name is Liese Bella Kaufmann. I live at 1217 West Peachtree, Atlanta,\nGeorgia, 30309.\n\nErna: When were you born?\n\nLiese: I was born December 12, 1911, in Bruchsal, Germany.\n\nErna: Tell me something about where you were born, about your family situation,\nand who all lived in your house.\n\nLiese: I am delighted to talk about that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because my -- as I said, I was born in\n1911. My memory goes back to about the end of 1913 and foremost to 1914. My\nparents, Arthur and Martha Herzog, where very young. My mother met my father\nwhen she was not 18 yet, and they fell in love and they got married. I was born\nand my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother was just 19. What, as far as I remember, in those early years, all\nI knew is the surroundings of a lovely home and good neighbors. Part of my\nfamily lived nearby and we had a very close relationship. My father, in World\nWar ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One, was inducted right away. He was stationed in Freiburg, Germany, which\nis on the foot of the Black Forest, in Quartermaster Corps. Every four weeks, he\nhad leave for a weekend. What I foremost remember [is] that my mother and I\nwould go to bed, and my mother would not fall ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"asleep. She said--I was there\nsleeping right next to her--she said, \"Let's wait for daddy to come home.\" We\nwould listen for the footsteps to come. Then, my father came home and stayed\nuntil Sunday night. Then, he would have to go away again and we listened to his\nfootsteps disappear. These were my foremost memories of those very early ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years.\nThen, this was 1914, and we visited my father's family, which lived in a nearby\nsmaller town. My father was one of eight, so it was quite a large family. Both\nmy uncles were in the war. One uncle was in a campaign in France, the other one\nalso in northern France, and then became a prisoner of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war and came home only in\n1921 from an English prisoner of war camp. My aunts ... My father had five\nsisters and our relationship was very close. My mother is one of six and the\noldest of the six. My grandma was Swiss born. She met my grandfather also very young, so my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandma was also very young when my mother was born.\nAnyway, five more children came. They lived in Waldshut [Germany], which is on\nthe Swiss-German border on the Upper Rhein. We visited them frequently too.\nAlso, we visited the relatives in Switzerland, but when the war ended, we could\nnot go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Switzerland anymore. Germany was closed off from Switzerland. We had\nto go the roundabout way. This is the setup of my family, a very close knit\nfamily. My grandparents later moved to our hometown and we all lived in the same\nsquare. On one side was my parents' house. You want me to show it? This is my\nparents' ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house. You got it? Then, eventually, all those [children] were grown\nup, and everybody had a profession, and got married. We had many weddings in the\nfamily at that time. One sister or another married. My mother's sisters married,\nso the family enlarged. I had many cousins all of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my age, older, younger. As I\nsaid, we had a very closely knit family.\n\nErna: What did your father do for a living?\n\nLiese: My grandfather, my father's father started this grain business in this\nsmall town and then moved it to our home town, to Bruchsal. Both my uncles,\nafter the war, became partners in this business, and it was quite ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"successful.\n\nErna: When you were growing up, what type of school did you go to?\n\nLiese: In 1917, I started at the primary school. This was a private school\nconducted by two nuns, but it did not influence, I think, any which way. It was\na wonderful private school because the public ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school did not function right yet\nunder the effects of the war. My parents preferred to send me to this private\nschool. I remember very vividly the two -- very kind and careful care for us\nchildren. We had a very good first education. Then in 1921, I started ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the junior\nhigh school, and then high school. I graduated with a diploma in 1927.\n\nErna: What was your Sabbath and your holiday observation like? Describe to me\nhow you practiced your Jewishness.\n\nLiese: We were all very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conscious and very deeply religious people. Friday\nnight, and all the holidays, Saturday was very much observed. I remember very\nvividly the beautiful Friday nights at my grandparents' house. All the aunts\ncame and prepared and the food and my grandmother worked and washing -- It was a\nwonderful family life. We observed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strictly. As a matter of fact, my father was\none of the trustees of the congregation. We had a beautiful synagogue. This is\nour synagogue.\n\nErna: What was the size of the Jewish community in Bruchsal?\n\nLiese: We had 800 souls in Bruchsal. My husband--my future husband at that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time--also lived in Bruchsal with his family. He was the only son. His name was\nFrank Kaufmann. He was very active. As a matter of fact, he joined Blau-Weiss.\nAre you familiar with Blau-Weiss?\n\nErna: No, tell me about it.\n\nLiese: Blau-Weiss is the forerunner of Young Judea in Europe. You could join\nBlau-Weiss when you were ten years old as a boy.\n\nErna: Blau-Weiss means blue and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"white?\n\nLiese: Blue and white, yes. My husband was an ardent member of that\norganization. Also, they instilled in them the love of Palestine and the\nconsciousness of a homeland in Palestine eventually. As a matter of fact, in our\nhometown, when you were 16 years old, you could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"join a youth group, which was\nalso Zionist oriented. We had a very active Zionist segment in our community. My\nhusband, as I said, [was] always very active. He was the chairman of the Jewish\nNational Fund for the region. In young years, he became a member of our board of\ntrustees for the congregation, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also at an unusually young age. As a matter of\nfact, it was known that he was the youngest trustee of any Jewish organization\nin Germany at the age of 23.\n\nErna: Let me ask you this. When you were growing up, tell me if you had -- I\nunderstand that you had Jewish friends, if you had non-Jewish friends as well,\nand if so, if there was a difference in your relationship between your Jewish\nfriends and your non-Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends.\n\nLiese: Let me -- In high school, I became very friendly with several Christians,\nwith many Christian friends. As a matter of fact, at that point, there was\nreally no difference. We went to their house and they came to my house. We had\n... The equivalent of the bar mitzvah in Christianity is confirmation,\ncommunion. I was invited to the communion of my friend, which was at 13 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years\nold, too, and she was invited to my brother's bar mitzvah at that time. But,\nthis changed drastically in 1933. What I wanted to say really very much is that\nmy parents were and also what I later found, my parents-in-law, especially my\nfather-in-law, were very conscious of our education. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had school, vacation, and\nschool, and vacation, but when I graduated from high school, I was already\nenlisted in a finishing school in Lausanne, Switzerland, to learn French and the\nfinesse of life, if you want to say that. My parents were ardent lovers of art.\nMy father used to go to the studios of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"artists. When he saw a painting he liked,\nhe would later buy it. In my daughter's house here in Atlanta--Rita Loventhal\nand her husband, Bill--are a series of paintings which are very unique. They are\nthe seven days of creation. I understand there is four sets of those paintings\nhere. One is in Jerusalem as the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Museum. It was done by a friend of my\nfather's, Gustav Wolf is the artist. It is a magnificent set of the seven days\nof creation. As I said, education, Jewish consciousness was foremost in my --\nloved amongst the family. As I said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1927, 1928, I went to Lausanne,\nSwitzerland for a year. This was a wonderful experience. I met wonderful girls\nand we became close friends, but four of them were very close. We became very\nclose, four of us. One girl was born in St. Gallen in Switzerland. Ruth is her\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name. The other one was Martha. She was born near Wuerzburg [Germany]. The third\none was Gerta. She was born in Deggendorf [Germany], in Passau [Germany]. We\nstuck together in Lausanne. By the way, this Lausanne is a marvelous city with\nlots of culture. Since there are so many finishing schools there, they bring in\n-- I remember at the time, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heard Fritz Geissler and [unintelligible; 14:07]\nplay the Beethoven sonatas. I mean, it was a really wonderful experience. We\nwent skiing in winter time. This friendship between the four of us proved a\nblessing for our life. I came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home. There was a policy with my parents that\nthree [or] four weeks I could have a vacation, but then I had to go to some\nother project, to some other school. When I came home from Switzerland, I was\nalready enrolled in a commercial high school. It was a course of six months and\nthen another period of gourmet cooking. My mother -- They had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonderful home,\nvery beautiful, full of art, and full of precious things, and two maids, but my\nmother insisted whenever I was home, I had to do my share to the household,\nwhich I did. Sometimes I did not like it, but I had to. I had a solid education\nthere. As I said, when I came home, I was already enrolled in a gourmet cooking\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. I will never forget that it started on July first and on July fourth is\nmy mother's birthday. I asked instructor if she would help me bake a cake. We\nbaked one of those gorgeous tortens [German: cakes] and my mother was so\nthrilled that I brought that cake home. I think it was the most precious gift to\nher I ever made her because it was made ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by myself with all the trimmings. This\nwas -- Then, in between, I was allowed to travel and to visit the friends I had\nmade in Switzerland, and also for education, like to Hamburg [Germany], to\nDusseldorf, and those cities with art and culture. I went there, but in all\nthis, starting in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1922, the threat of [Adolf] Hitler was over us.\n\nErna: My next question was to describe how your life began to change with the\ncoming of the Nazi movement.\n\nLiese: It was 1929 -- 1930, when the elections turned to favor the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi Party.\nOf course, this scared us, but we never realized the extent of what will come.\nMy father's business went very well; so did my father-in-law's. We tried to\nbelieve that this will be only a short period. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unfortunately, we did not face\nthe reality. We did not recognize the reality at that point. I went in 1931 --\nMy parents had arranged for me to go to Florence, Italy, to study art. My\ngirlfriend Ruth from Bruchsal was also. This was a family. He was a very\nwell-known ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"painter and she was a specialist in art history. She took in three or\nfour girls at a time and showed them the art treasures of Florence. I was there\nfor about five months. From there, I went straight to Paris to study some more\nart. I lived with friends there, but I -- the Louvre and all those museums were\nmy stamping grounds at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that point. Then, in 1932, I came back. I traveled some\nmore and Hitler came. Now, I told you one of the girls was Martha named. She\nlived near Wuerzburg. She got as a present from her parents when she returned\nfrom Switzerland, a trip to the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States. Part of her family lived in\nBoise, Idaho, and so was her brother. She came to visit them for a year. In the\nmeantime, the elections in Germany showed Hitler's imminent power. When she came\nback in January of 1933, she stepped off the boat in Southampton [England],\nwhere the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fourth girl, Gerta, in the meantime, had a job as a governess. Martha\nhad the papers for her parents to immigrate to America in her pocket. She knew\nthat her parents would leave Germany.\n\nErna: Now, let me ask you this. Was she Jewish?\n\nLiese: Yes, all Jewish.\n\nErna: All the girls?\n\nLiese: All the girls were Jewish. This was a Jewish finishing school in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Switzerland. Then, she, in turn, got a position as a governess for May 1933 to have the time to get her parents off to America and leave Germany. She got the job and she arrived. Then, she found out that it was a family of eight children and she was in charge of the three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"youngest ones. She had no idea what she was getting herself into. Anyway, four months later, she got engaged to the oldest son of\nthe family [Leonard \"Len\" Abrahams] and they got married, so she stayed in\nEngland as Mrs. Martha Abrahams.\n\nErna: In the United States?\n\nLiese: No, in England.\n\nErna: You said 'Southampton' when she went off the boat. I am ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sorry.\n\nLiese: Southampton, yes. Yes, England. Anyway, she married Len and we kept in\ntouch. Then, I went back to Germany. My husband--my future husband at that\ntime--we met again. He was in the meantime, as I said, his father was also very\nstrict and they had a box factory. What my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father-in-law did, he sent his\nson--his only son--to various friends in his business, with his connections, and\nlet him be their volunteer. That is what my husband did within those two years\nwhere I was in Florence and in Paris. He came back about the same time I came\nback in 1933. We joined, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were again in this youth group and saw each other.\nThere [were] many friends. We had a wonderful group of people. Then in 1934, my\nrelationship with Frank became serious. At the end of 1934, we got engaged.\nThen, December 22, 1935, we got married. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frank was very well liked. He really\nwas -- had a wonderful, deep religious education. Our rabbi was very fond of\nhim. Everybody really liked both of us, children of the home town, and we had\nplanned a big wedding, but about two weeks before, the windows of our synagogue\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"demolished.\n\nErna: By whom?\n\nLiese: [What]?\n\nErna: By whom?\n\nLiese: By the Nazis, of course. The rabbi decided on the spur of the moment that\nthe wedding will be in his house.\n\nErna: Was this something spontaneous that happened in the town?\n\nLiese: Apparently, yes.\n\nErna: Was there anything that led up to it? Were there any events that indicated\nthat something like this might happen?\n\nLiese: No. As I said, I came back in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1933 and Hitler came to power in January\n1933. At that point already, there were aktionen, actions in our home town--and\nyou heard about it all over--that, like, the signs from the election, from the\nCommunist Party and the Socialist Party were on lampposts, on walls. They\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gathered Jews to remove those signs with toothbrushes. I saw this personally. I\nmean, it happened in the front of my parent's house, across the street, that our\n--the sexton of our congregation came there, and had to bend down with a\ntoothbrush. [They] beat him up. I mean, this was 1933. Then, the boycott started\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"April 1, 1933, so one by one -- We knew we had to leave. We knew we could not\nstay, but we did not have any connections. I mean, the people ... My mother's\nfamily in Switzerland ... Switzerland was not the country to accept Jews. No.\nAnyway, we tried hard. In the end of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1935, two uncles of my mother's, who lived\nsince 1898, great uncles came to Switzerland. My mother traveled to Switzerland\nand talked to the people, tried to arrange that my brother would get a visa, the\npapers, the affidavits sent by them, and they did. This was our savior. It was\nwhat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saved my life, and my parents' life, a lot of people's lives--because those\ntwo uncles came forward and wrote affidavits for about 350 people from the\nlarger family. When the affidavits came, there was a list: 600 West 94th Street,\n200 East 87th Street. We did not know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what that meant, but it was houses they\nowned in New York City. We had no idea how wealthy they were. Anyway, as I said,\nthey made 350 people safe, alive--amongst them, my brother and my parents, and\nus at the end, too. Let me see, 1935, we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married. As we got our own\napartment and it is a custom in Germany, you stay home on a Sunday morning\nbecause when your apartment is ready, all your friends come and want to see your\nnew apartment. My husband wanted to play handball that Sunday morning and I\nstayed home alone. He did play handball. He was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sporty. Visitors came. In\nthe afternoon, we went to an outdoor coffee. All of a sudden, Frank said,\n\"Liese, I don't see on one eye.\" I said, \"What's the matter?\" He said, \"Well, I\nwas hit by a ball this morning and now, I don't think I see on that eye\nanymore.\" The next morning, we called immediately an eye ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"specialist. He told us\nto go to Heidelberg [Germany], to the university eye clinic. There, we met a\nprofessor, [Ernst] Engelking. He was, thank G-d, the pupil of a professor [Jules\nGonin] in Lausanne, Switzerland, who had performed several years before the\nfirst successful operation to reattach a detached ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"retina. Here we were, six\nmonths married and this happened. He told us it will be very difficult, that I\nwas not allowed to be with my husband, he will be in sand bags from head to toe,\nnot to move, in order to make sure that the retina will attach. The next day, I\nwent to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Doctor Engelking. I was very perturbed, and I talked to him. He once\nmore told me the extent of the risk, but also the possibility if Frank obeys,\nthat the retina will be attached, so we went through this. Doctor Engelking,\nafter talking to me, gave me the permission to be with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frank. I had to talk so\nthat he never would have to ask a question; make statements. My father-in-law\ninvented a kind of a board with paper and attached pencil--because both his eyes\nwere bandaged--that he could write one word just to ask, 'How is this,' and,\n'What is there?' Anyway, he was in that hospital for six ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weeks. This is very\nimportant because in 1936 [or] 1937 when the retina was attached and we could\nproceed with our immigration, we had permits to go to Israel, to Palestine at\nthat time. We got the permit, and we saw Doctor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Engelking, and asked him that he\nwhat he thinks. He looked at us and he said, \"I will tell you something now. If\nthis will come over your lips, it will mean concentration camp or death for me.\nBut, on my last vacation, I took the fastest train to Brindisi, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Italy and took\nthe boat to visit my former Jewish friends in Palestine. And I tell you, if you\ntell me you want to go to Palestine, Herr Kaufmann, if you want to be in a\ncorner store, in a candy store, or something of that sort, you can go.\" But,\nsince we wanted to be farmers in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel, he said, \"You cannot. Your eyesight\ndoes not allow that. The risk, the climate, the sun, the dust is too great for\nyou.\" This changed quite a bit in our life, because we had to give up our desire\nand our wish to go to Israel--Palestine at the time. My brother, in the\nmeantime--16 years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old--through those uncles, got his visa to go to America.\nRudi was our only fortress in the United States [at] 16 years old. He got a job\nwith a distant relative of ours in the import business of scarves and\nhandkerchiefs from Switzerland, and got a foothold, and was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"economical. He\ntold episodes in his life. He walked 60, 70 blocks to save a nickel because he\njust could not afford it to go to take the subway. Anyway, a year later, he\ntried to get affidavits for Frank and me. Now, in 1936 and 1937, Hitler\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"increased, the aktions increased, the concentration camps increased, and our\nlife became hazardous. I do not have to tell you in details, do I?\n\nErna: Yes.\n\nLiese: I should tell you details?\n\nErna: I would like to know how your life changed because of the Nazis.\n\nLiese: It is unbelievable, but our business was good for some reason. Our\ncustomers were loyal to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us and that blinded us in a way. We did not see the real\nthing. Our life at that point was still comfortable. My father gave up his\nbusiness with my uncles. My uncle and aunt emigrated to Argentina and my parents\nmoved to Freiburg [Germany] to be with relatives.\n\nErna: When you say he gave up the business, did he manage to sell it?\n\nLiese: No. This ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a big business, which you had to liquidate because\nthe grain business is a seasonal business, so it is not a substantial business.\nWe had warehouses where we stored the grain, but not something concrete from\nyear to year. It was -- My father sold to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mills to make the flour and to big\nmoving companies, who had horses and they feed the grain. This is also a very\nimportant point in my life that my father had those connections. As I said, we\ncut our life so that in 1934 [or] 1935, Hitler ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made that we could not go to any\nconcerts, that we could not attend theaters anymore, so the Jewish Kulturbund,\nthe Judisher Kulturbund, was created in Germany.\n\nErna: Which was a cultural organization.\n\nLiese: A cultural organization. My husband, being already a trustee of the\ncongregation, became the chairman of the cultural entertainment for our\ncommunity. This way, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met -- We brought to Bruchsal quite a number of\noutstanding artists and also the Rhein-Main Symphony Orchestra. The Rhein-Main\nSymphony Orchestra was conducted at the time by Hans Wilhelm Steinberg. I do not\nknow if the name means something to you. Hans Wilhelm Steinberg was the man who\n[Artur] Toscanini called on to come to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine to train the Palestinian\nSymphony Orchestra, together with Bronislaw Huberman. We had this connection and\nwe were very close friends. All this was in the -- while, the Nazis, the brown\nshirts, the black shirts with the black hats, the uniforms were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"marching. We had\nthe boycott. We had the signs, 'Juden [unintelligible; 36:07],' [which meant,]\n'This is a Jewish business,' all over, but still, where could we go at that\npoint? We tried to lead a very subdued life, and tried to go, and leave Germany,\nbut there was just no chance. Rudi had just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left for the United States and then\nthe quota system started.\n\nErna: Enumerate some of the restricting laws that were enacted where you were by\nthe Nazis. I mean, you said --\n\nLiese: There was a law that we could not have any Christian house help anymore\nand the woman had to be over 45 if you want to have a cleaning woman. We could\nnot go to the theater any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more. We -- It was concentrated to our Jewish\ncommunity, to our congregation, to our Jewish friends.\n\nErna: That is what you were limited to?\n\nLiese: Limited, because you asked before [about] my friends from school. I\nremember one incident just shortly after I came back from Paris in 1933. I saw\nthis friend, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gretel, coming down a street. I knew she had seen me. She did not\nlook at me anymore. She did not cross the street and I did not dare to cross\neither. There were instances which you realized that you just -- I could not say\nit was a ghetto, but it was a concentration amongst the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people in every\ncommunity. Now --\n\nErna: When you said, for example, about the violence at your synagogue --\n\nLiese: Yes.\n\nErna: What happened after that happened?\n\nLiese: What happened?\n\nErna: I mean, did things proceeded to get worse? Were there more incidents like that?\n\nLiese: They came to search certain ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"homes for Socialists, for evidence of being a\nSocialist and a Communist, that -- Since my family did not partake in those\nthings, we were not in danger, but an uncle of mine had a house search. I\nremember my aunt was quite a hefty woman and she -- It was at 6:00 in the\nmorning and they lived on the third ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"floor of my father's house. She had the\ncourage to go to a room, and took some papers--party papers from the\nSocialists--and stuck it in her robe. That house search started. For three\nhours--it lasted for three hours--and she would -- When we heard the boots from\nroom to room following them from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"downstairs -- When they left, we went upstairs.\nThere were feathers, the furniture was thrown over, chairs all over the place,\nand she opened her robe and all those papers fell out. Can you imagine the guts\nshe had to do this? She saved her husband from concentration camp. I mean, it is\njust unbelievable that those -- You never forget those things. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One thing I have\nto add here, in 1931, in 1932, I became a member of a ski club--a German ski\nclub--and we went skiing to Switzerland two years in a row. It was a very lovely\ngroup of people. Among them also [was] a young lawyer with a name of Doctor\nCordes. This comes -- I have to refer to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him a little later in my story, but do\nnot forget the name. In 1937, as I said, we were married -- 1935, we were\nmarried. In 1937, we proceeded. Then comes November 10, 1938--Kristallnacht.\nFrank, being a member of the congregation was amongst the first ones to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be\narrested. We saw the fire, the red sky, and we could not -- We knew what had\nhappened because you could call the police and they would tell you the synagogue\nis the place. The night was terrible. We did not know what to do. We knew\nsomething terrible will happen. Do you know the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"origin of Kristallnacht? Let me\ntell you. In September 1938, there was a law that the Jews of Polish origin will\nbe deported back to Poland -- Shall I proceed?\n\nErna: I think that is -- You are talking more about the historical background of\nwhat happened.\n\nLiese: Yes, Grynszpan and -- You want me to --\n\nErna: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not necessarily.\n\nLiese: Because --\n\nErna: I would prefer to know more personal that happened to you, your connection\nto it.\n\nLiese: Yes. Anyway, but this led to Kristallnacht.\n\nErna: Right.\n\nLiese: You are familiar with that.\n\nErna: Right.\n\nLiese: But a lot of people are not.\n\nErna: Yes.\n\nLiese: Anyway, Kristallnacht came and Frank and my father-in-law met in a\nfactory that November tenth morning. I followed very shortly because I had\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked in Frank's office since we got married. About a half an hour we were\nthere. Six Gestapo men came and arrested Frank and my father-in-law. We knew\nthat something drastic, something terrible was brewing. I had with me a young\napprentice with the name of Ernst ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Michel. Does that mean anything to you? Ernst\nMichel was our apprentice. He was 16 years old at that time. He was shaking. He\nknew, too, because he had come and saw the synagogue ablaze to come to our office.\n\nErna: Let me ask you this. Your husband was arrested because he was a leader in\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish community or because they were just generally making arrests of men?\n\nLiese: No, they were -- Foremost, because he was the leader of the Jewish\ncommunity, but also because there was the aktion that all Jewish men were to be\narrested. My father, my uncles, friends -- At the evening of the November tenth,\nthere was not a Jewish man in our community, in our hometown, and neither within\nmany communities in Germany. I had sent Ernie home. I said, \"Ernie, go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home.\" He\nlived in Mannheim [Germany]. He went home and he saw the synagogue in Mannheim\nburning, too. Anyway, I went upstairs. Half an hour after my father-in-law's and\nFrank's arrest, another group came and said, \"Frau Kaufmann, your name is --\nGeschaft [German: business]. We'll take over your business.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were in\nconversation, discussions, and negotiations with the head of the Nazi Party, who\nwas interested in our business. Maybe he dragged it out because he knew some\naktion would come and he would get the business for practically nothing. Anyway,\nthat morning they came. I said, \"Gentlemen, I am here. I have 50 people working\nupstairs for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me and we are in negotiations with Mr. Stemmler. I have to consult\nmy lawyer.\" They said, \"We'll be back in the afternoon.\" I asked our\nchauffeur--a Christian--to drive me to my lawyer about 20 miles away and he did.\nI was sitting in the back of the car on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"floor, because the pogrom was still\ngoing on. There with looting and destruction all over the place. He drove me\nthere and I saw my lawyer. He said, \"Frau Kaufmann, yesterday, I could have\nhelped you; today, I cannot anymore.\" I went home. In the meantime, word came\nthat we could bring a little suitcase to the prison, where all those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men were\nheld, and I did. In the evening, miraculously, during the night, my\nfather-in-law came home. See, the word 'spontaneous' was very prominent in all\nof Hitler's aktions. As he started these pogroms 'spontaneously,' so he--[Josef]\nGoebbels--stopped it. My father-in-law miraculously was sent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home, but Frank\nwent to Dachau. What you do? Our workers came--loyal. They were paid, and they\nstayed, and my father-in-law could work. Then, the Gestapo came and said, \"You\nhave to sell the business,\" which we said we were already in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"negotiations, \"In\norder to get the business successfully to another man, to Mr. Stemmler, you have\nto have my husband home.\" \"Well,\" they said, \"if we get your husband home and he\ntrains Mr. Stemmler, can you leave Germany after that?\" I said, \"I'll try. We\nhave things going, but I am not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sure how successful I will be.\" My girlfriend,\nRuth, the Swiss born girlfriend, called me, \"Liese, wie gehts?\" [Which meant in\nGerman,] 'How do you do?'' I said, \"Ruth, I don't have to tell you.\" She said,\n\"Why don't you come next Sunday to Basel [Switzerland]? I'll meet you.\" I do not\nknow if you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know, in Basel, there are two stations. One is German and one is\nSwiss. She could come over to this German station. I could not go because I did\nnot have a passport anymore. We met 10:00 in Basel. I was scared stiff. In the\ntrain for four hours, I was hiding in my coat, pretending I was asleep because I\ndid not know how dangerous it was, with all that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going on. Every Jew was for\nwhat you call -- Frei [fur alle] -- free[-for-all]--There is a word for it, but\nI cannot remember.\n\nErna: Like, at large, so to speak --\n\nLiese: Yes --\n\nErna: Everybody was at liberty to do what they wanted to.\n\nLiese: To do what they wanted to. So, we just -- I was --We were sitting in\nSwitzerland in Basel for about -- till six o'clock that night. Ruth said, \"Let\nme ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see what my Sylvan will do, can help,\" her husband. About two weeks later, I got\nfrom the Swiss government a document that Ruth's husband had deposited 50,000\nSwiss francs, which was a fortune at that time--in francs, in our name--that we\ncould go to Switzerland, and that they allow us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three days.\n\nErna: To stay in Switzerland?\n\nLiese: Three days, but it was a jumping point for us and we had friends in Paris\nand Martha in England. Ruth and Martha were in contact already and she got us\nthe permit to come to England. Eventually, with all of this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going and all those\npapers in my hand, I went to the Gestapo, which was in the next town in\nKarlsruhe [Germany]. I went there and they threw me out. I went back in the\nafternoon and then they threw me out again. Not me alone, but there were groups.\nWe were sitting there because it was known in the meantime that if you could\nprove that you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can leave Germany, the man would be released. That is what we\ntried to do. But it was at random. The Gestapo building was like a fortress,\nmaybe 40, 50, ten, 12 women at that time in there, Jewish women. Then, they\nwould say at 10:00, \"Raus!\" [German: out] This went on for about a week. This\nwas end ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of November already, cold and I one day morning and they threw me out. I\nwas sitting in on a little wall outside, desperate, really desperate. All of a\nsudden, someone said, \"What are you doing here?\" It was that lawyer from the ski\nclub. He lived in that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"town. I could not believe it. I said -- I told him the\nstory. He said, \"Liese, somewhere in there is a fellow I went to school with.\nLet me see what I can do for you.\" Two days later, he called me and said, \"Go\nback and see Mr. So-and-so.\" You will not believe it, I forgot his name, but I\ndid not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forget Doctor Cordes' name. I went in there the next morning. I had a\nbig pocket book. I was so nervous. I was shaking. I dropped the pocket book on\nthe floor. I bent down to pick everything up. Somebody tapped me on the shoulder\nand said, \"What are you doing?\" I said, \"I dropped my pocket book. I'm trying to\ncollect my belongings.\" He said, \"What's your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name?\" I said, \"Frau Kaufmann.\" He\nsaid, \"How come you know Doctor Cordes?\" Is that unbelievable? I said, \"We went\nskiing together.\" He helped me pick up my things, and said, \"Come with me,\" and\ntook me in his office. Then, all of a sudden he was again the SS man. He said,\n\"Where are your pictures? Where are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your documents?\" He looked at them and I\nheard him dictate to his secretary that Frank Kauffman should be released from\nDachau immediately. That is how I got Frank out. Can we stop a moment? I have to\ndrink something.\n\nErna: Yes.\n\nLiese: It is okay. I am alright. I can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continue. Frank came home from Dachau.\n\nErna: How long was he actually in Dachau?\n\nLiese: For five weeks. And my father came home. Gradually -- My mother could\nbring the papers that they had the affidavit in Stuttgart [Germany], but the\nquota system had started in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meantime. My parents, and Frank, and I, who were\nhaving the papers already were very fortunate. We had a number in the six\nthousands. My in-laws, who were hesitant because they did not have a chance at\nthat point and waited two days to get their number, they were already over\n10,000, so that delayed--even if they would have had the papers--for years. I\nmean, the quota--the German quota--was so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small compared to the other countries.\n\nErna: Of Jews committed to leave?\n\nLiese: Yes, sure. Anyway, we sold the business, we gave up our apartment, and in\nMarch 1939, we left Germany. We -- I had a very unpleasant experience. I had to\nhave physical examinations on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"border. My girlfriend, Ruth, and her husband\nwelcomed us into Switzerland for three days. We had ten marks between the two of\nus--nothing. We could -- All our bank accounts were blocked. They gave us -- The\nGestapo gave us money so we could support ourselves, but all the bank accounts\n-- and of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course, we hardly got anything for the factory by that point--that we\nwould not be a burden. Anyway, ten marks. My grandma, in the meantime--my\nmother's mother--was back in Switzerland. I wanted to see her because I knew I\nwould not see her any more. Ruth--my good Ruth--gave me the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ticket to visit my\ngrandma. It nearly killed me. For the first time in my life, I had to accept\nsomething for which I -- charity. Anyway, I visited my grandma in Switzerland.\nShe died in Switzerland, too. Since she was Swiss born, she became automatically\nafter my grandfather died a Swiss citizen again in Switzerland. She was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well\ntaken care of. We left, as I said, Ruth after three days. I always had planned,\nafter living in Paris and knowing the beauty of Paris, that I would show my\nhusband Paris at its best, but here we came with ten marks. With friends of\nours--and he was an immigrant, too--we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were living up in Montmartre. We walked\nthe streets of Paris, but we were in Paris anyway. Then, we went on to England.\nWe could, with our money in Germany, buy our shipping tickets to America and\ninserted there [were] three, four trips back and forth to London, because we\nlived in Brighton at that time. We knew the American ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"consulate was in London. We\ndid not have any money in England, so we inserted that and could pay for that in\nGermany. We arrived in Brighton. The following day was Pesach and we got to know\nthe family. As I said, there were eight children in the family [of] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mom and Pop\n[Leonard and Martha] Abrahams. In the meantime, the older children had married.\nThere were grandchildren. We were 28 people around the seder table. Frank and I\n-- Knowing our parents were back in Germany, it was very difficult. We -- My\ngirlfriend had a maid. Arriving with no money, I talked to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Martha, \"If we stay\nhere, let me be it. Let me do the work.\" She agreed. Frank, at the time -- Len\nwas -- Len's father, had a jewelry business, silver business, with various\nbranches in Brighton. Len was the manager for one of them. Frank would go with\nhim, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so Frank learned a lot about jewelry, and repairs, and watch repairs, and\nsilver, and stuff. Len--this was May 1939--he was already a volunteer in the\nAuxiliary Fire Service, which is really a camouflage for anti-airplane and\npreparing for war. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wore a uniform at that time. Frank became a manager of the\nbusiness. He made £1 a week and we gave it immediately to Martha, but this --\nFrank also went with Len to this training for the anti-aircraft, what they\ncalled 'Auxiliary Fire Service.' This helped us when the war broke ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. This was\nknown and in front of the tribunal, which we had to stand in England as enemy\naliens. Frank told them that he was training with the Auxiliary Fire Service. We\nwere amongst a handful of people in the whole district who could travel freely\nbecause all the others had green cards. We had pink ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cards and that made us not\nenemy aliens really anymore. We had rations and we were free to move to London\nor whatever. My parents came to visit us in August in London and we could travel\nback and forth. They made the United States just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before the war broke out, so\nthey were safely in the United States.\n\nErna: When you were in England then, what was the feeling towards you as Jews\nfrom Germany, from the English population?\n\nLiese: Yes. This was -- We found out a very dear friend of ours, Rabbi\n[Henrique] Lemle, who later became the very well-known Rabbi Lemle in Rio de\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Janeiro -- He was a friend of Frank's and they worked together in those youth\norganizations way back in Germany. They were also [unintelligible; 01:01:42]. He\nstarted a congregation and was very successful in Brighton. Our friends, the\nAbrahams, they considered as -- something you could carry around on a silver\nplatter. We were attractions. [They would say,] \"They come ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Germany,\" and,\n\"He was in Dachau,\" and all that. It was -- We were very welcomed in England. Of\ncourse, the war had broken out already. You know, we did our share in blackouts,\nand Frank did his share in the Auxiliary Fire Service. At that time, the\nAmerican consulate had closed. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On August 30th, 1939, the American Consulate had\nclosed for immigration visas. All that they wanted was to bring the Americans\nback home, even as the war had started already, so when we came to get our visas\nin August, the end of August, the doorman said, \"Come back after the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war.\" We\nwent back to Brighton and told Martha and Len, \"Here we are, indefinitely.\" But\nthen, in November 1939, the American Consulate started functioning again and we\nwere called. We got our visa in the middle of December and we left England on\nDecember 18, 1939 on a Dutch boat, which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was supposed to be still neutral at\nthat time.\n\nErna: This was just you and your husband?\n\nLiese: Yes. We arrived in America on December 30, 1939, Staten Island [New\nYork]. My brother came on the boat and welcomed us. My parents had already an\napartment. When we arrived there -- Do not forget, we had already rationing in\nEngland. We had war. We had black ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. It was war. We arrived. We thought, 'We\nare in schlafen [German: sleep; dream] land. This is heaven here.' My mother had\ncream cheese on the table. My G-d, cream cheese. This was unbelievable. The next\nevening, all our friends got together and had a welcome party for us. Frank and\nI, we were sitting there like two old people. You know, we were depressed with\nthe last ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few months of our life--Frank in Dachau, with the outbreak of war in\nEngland, and rationing, and blackouts and air attacks already--and here, this\ngaiety, we just could not believe it. Anyway, we appreciated the lights and\nsoon, we wanted to start working ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again.\n\nErna: The people whom you describe who were celebrating and doing all of this\nwith you, what was their perception and their feelings about what was going on\nin Europe?\n\nLiese: I do not know. You know, this is a question I am asking myself many times\nbecause most of our friends had come to the United States in 1933, 1934, 1935.\nThey had relatives here. I remember one family, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sulzberger, relatives of Arthur\nHays Sulzberger from the Times. Those two boys came in 1934. They were doing\nwell. They were in high positions already with textile people, with\n[unintelligible; 01:05:49] in Pennsylvania. Those people -- I mean, they knew\nwhat went on, but the real truth, the real facts was not told until we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came from\n-- and Frank had experienced Dachau. I am not sure whether, in all my life, I\nhave heard the full story what Frank saw in Dachau--I do not think so--because\nonly later I heard from other people and in later years through books and so on\nwhat went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on.\n\nErna: When he was there, were people already being exterminated?\n\nLiese: There was already beating, and shooting, and those cells underground,\nwhere the people were in solitary confinement, and all that. That went on, yes.\nThe people were beaten in Dachau, but they were not -- When they were released,\nthey had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sign a paper that said they had not seen anything. Whoever was\ninjured, or beaten, or had a blue mark, was not released until that had\ndisappeared. It was an unbelievable, new world for us, after living through\nrough times, but we came, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tried to relieve -- First of all, my parents had a\nbig apartment from one of those uncles and they were very smart. [It was] one of\nthose railroad apartments. What do you call them? They, my parents could bring\ntheir furniture, too. They had rented three rooms out and that was what make the\nrent and part of their living. They had one room empty for us when we came. We\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tried to get going and be on our own. Friends of ours came and visited us and\ntold us that a lot of our friends went as couples. That means I was a cook and a\nchambermaid; Frank was a butler and a footman. We tried to get a job ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that way,\nbut in 1940, there was the Depression, and so [there were] not too many jobs\navailable. We looked and looked. We sat in agencies with interviews. We had the\nmost unusual experience there and something really very funny. People asked us\nquestions which were very inadequate to us. Anyway, finally, we got through the\nNew York ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Times an ad to a Doctor [Jesse] Bullowa [on] East 58th Street. We saw\nMrs. [Sadie] Bullowa. She was very impressed that we lived in England. We told\nthem [I] worked in England as a maid. Frank did not tell them how he worked. We\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"engaged as a couple. We came and he had to serve on the table with white\ngloves and all that. I mean, it was a real -- Whenever he made a mistake and\nMrs. Bullowa came back and said, \"Frank, this was wrong,\" Frank said, \"That's\nthe way we did it in England,\" she would excuse it. They were wonderful. The\npeople were wonderful. Doctor Bullowa was one of our foremost scientists,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"researchers. He worked on the sulfur drugs [for pneumonia] in the 1940s. Hal\nGreenlee and Jean Gabler were his students at the Harlem Laboratory in Harlem\nHospital in New York. He was a remarkable man. The house was a brownstone house,\nfive stories high, all Frank's and my responsibility, from top ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to bottom,\ncooking and everything, cleaning and everything. He had office hours at eight\no'clock till ten in the morning, from twelve thirty to two, and in the evening.\nWe had the laundry, everything was our task. Parties from 60 to 70 people was\nnothing. But we did it. We just -- But we wanted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do it and we did it. About a\nyear and a half after that, Frank tried to go back in his line. I arranged with\nDoctor Bullowa--Mrs. Bullowa had died in the meantime--that I could have help\npaid from our salary. Our salary was $65 a month at that time. We did that.\nThen, the war broke ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. Friends of ours--two lawyers--started an optical company\nunder the auspices of the Navy Department, working for the Navy. Frank got a job\nthere as a prism and lens grinder, and soon ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afterwards, I got a job there as a\nlens cementer. This is a highly specialized field in optics because every lens\nhas two parts and has to be cemented together. They trained me for that and I\nbecame very skilled. I do not know how many thousands of lens I cemented. We did\nthat and we worked 80 to 90 hours a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"week, but this gave us our foundation. That\nwas the way we could start a savings account and we really became -- [We] went\nto our first symphony concerts and so on, and that is the way we got back on our feet.\n\nErna: During this time, did you hear anything from Germany? Were you in contact\nwith any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"members of your family or friends?\n\nLiese: No. Now, what I wanted to say is: in 1940, October 1940, there was an aktion\nin our hometown, in a district of our hometown where my parents-in-law were\nstill living. They were arrested, and had one hour to pack their suitcase, and\nthey were deported with one of those trains [unintelligible; 01:13:34]. They\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four days on the road to southern France, to this concentration camp, Gurs\nand Rivesaltes. That, we heard. This is 1940, when we were with Doctor Bullowa.\nOctober 1940, this happened. My parents-in-law sent a cable, \"Help. Get papers.\nSend ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money.\" We did not have any money at that point. This was 1940. I jumped\n[forward in my story] a little, but anyway, what we did, we answered by cable.\nWe tried to get papers for my parents-in-law. Doctor Bullowa and Mrs. Bullowa\nwere a great help to us. They were friends of Rabbi Stephen S. Wise, Rabbi David\nde Sola Pool. We met all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those people and we could discuss with them the future\nof my in-laws. One Saturday night, I had to send a cable to my in-laws. My\nFrench was not that good anymore, so I asked the daughter of Doctor Bullowa--she\nhad studied in Geneva [Switzerland]--if she would help me to get that cable\nstraight. She said, \"Liese, I am meeting a friend for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the evening. She speaks\nperfect French. Let's meet her at Western Union on Broadway.\" We went to Western\nUnion, got the cable off, and she brought me home. She said, \"Liese, what are\nyou going to do with your in-laws? How can you help?\" I said, \"Margaret, we have\nto borrow money left and right to show a bank account that we can make out\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affidavits as a son.\" The next morning, she comes down at 11:00 and she had a\nbook in her hand. She said, \"Liese and Frank, I thought about your parents all\nnight long. Here is my savings account book. You use the money as long as you\nneed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it.\" I mean, it was like a miracle to us. She had $4,000 in the bank. I\nmean, which, at that time, was a lot of money for us to show. That is how\neventually, after a year and nine months, we got my in-laws out of France just\nbefore the war broke out with America and then Europe.\n\nErna: Yes.\n\nLiese: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We got them here. My mother-in-law weighed 78 pounds when she got off the boat. The rabbi and Mrs. Stephen S. Wise took them to the Congress House. That was at that time a house on 68th Street in New York City next to the Free Synagogue, Stephen S. Wise, where\nthey opened the doors for refugees. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could stay there as long as they wanted\nto and that was -- Of course, we were at Doctor Bullowa's. We had one room. My\nin-laws were safe and sound in June 1942 in New York City. My father-in-law,\nwhen we took him to Broadway and he saw the abundance of fruit, and cakes, and\nstuff, he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cried. He could not believe it. He could not believe it that people\nover there starved and here is this abundance of food. My mother-in-law, she\nrecuperated, she gained weight, and very soon she became a helper of a dentist.\nCan you imagine a woman arriving [at] 78 pounds and, three months later, she has\na job? They were really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remarkable and so were my parents, too. My mother did a\nlot of homework and my father created a small business in office supplies. Rudi\nadvanced. Rudi worked in the war effort also. They worked day and night. We all\ndid. Then came 1945, the end of the war, and we lost our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jobs. Frank started\nlooking in his line, in the paper industry. He gained a job soon. I started\nworking in the custom jewelry business. Friends of mine, they had a custom\njewelry business. Then, a little later, I started in an import export business.\nThat was really a wonderful job for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. Frank became -- He had knowledge in his\ntrade and the people appreciated it. He worked and became production manager for\na company which is called Spear Box. The owner [was] Conescu. We have a Doctor\n[Paul] Conescu here in Atlanta. He is the son. He met his former boss here,\nSidney ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conescu. This was our coming back to more or less a normal life with an\napartment of our own. We could take our furniture out of free trade zone, and\nstorage, and furnish our own apartment in 1946, 1947. Let me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see. Let me think\nabout it. My brother got married. His in-laws, and another family, and us shared\na summer home on Long Island [New York]. For the first time, we would have a\nvacation. In 1950, we were out on Long Island. Frank had the New York ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Times and\nsaw an ad in the paper from the paper industry asking for all kinds of help.\nFrank came to me and said, \"Liese, look at this ad. That sounds -- Either it's a\nnew factory or a very progressive factory.\" He wrote and two weeks ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later, a\nphone call came to Long Island from Atlanta, Georgia. [It was] Atlanta Paper in\nAtlanta, Georgia. [They said,] \"We have the letter of your husband, and our Mr.\n[Arthur L.] Harris will be in New York,\" and would be interested in talking to\nyour husband. Two weeks later, Mr. Harris called and arranged for--Frank was at\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work--with me for a date at The Plaza [Hotel] in New York. Frank went to see\nhim. Apparently, it was just liking each other from the first moment on. I do\nnot know if you all know Arthur Harris. Do you know? No? Anyway, he was a very\nactive men in telephone, in conversation, in business, in private, a very\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting man. The phone rang constantly. He was on one phone; Frank answered\nthe other one. That is the way they started out their relationship. Two weeks\nlater, Frank flew down here and looked over the plant. Sure enough, it was not a\nnew company, but they had just moved into new business. The meat packaging plant\non Marietta Street ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the plant. Frank came back and he had accepted the job. He\nstarted his job in July 1950. In the meantime, we had a daughter. On September\n23, 1941, our Rita Jane was born. We came down here. Frank picked us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up in New\nYork--Rita and I--on October 10, 1950. Unfortunately, I had lost my father in\nNovember 1949, and Rita was really my mother's only sunshine. It was a very\ndifficult break for us to move down here with knowing my mother was back in New ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York, but my\nbrother and his wife took very good care of her. Unfortunately, she got quite\nill later that year. My parents-in-law came down in 1950, Christmas, New Year's\nfor holiday. My mother-in-law had to tell me that my mother was critically ill.\nShe planned on staying with Rita so I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could fly to New York. We tried to get --\nAt that time, Atlanta was not the busy airport. We had a shack out there. We had\na hard time to get tickets. I got the ticket for right after New Year's, but, a\nfew days after Christmas, I got violently ill and I -- They called -- We had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met\nDoctor Weinstein. You know Hannah Antel? [It was] her former, first husband. We\nbecame very close friends. [He and] Doctor Charles Joel were our doctors and\nthey had to rush me to Crawford Long [Hospital]. There was no diagnosis. I said,\n\"Gentlemen, you've got to do something for me. You have to open me up. I am\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"busting.\" I gave my permission for surgery. At 2:00 on a Saturday afternoon,\nthey rolled me in the operating room and the next thing I know, it is two weeks\nlater. I had walked around with a ruptured appendix for about two weeks, and the\nrupture had formed an abscess, and that was ready to burst, so I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was -- Frank\ntold me later that Joel came out of the operating after six hours in surgery, he\nsaid, \"There is a ten percent chance that she will make it.\" I had pleurisy and\nG-d knows what. I made it. Unfortunately, on February 16, my mother died. Joel\nallowed me to go to New ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York for the funeral, but be back the next day. This was\nour start in Atlanta: very sad. My in-laws moved to Atlanta from New York and\nthat was a great joy for us. We lived at that time, at Shoup Court, the\nuniversity apartments right near Emory ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University. In 1954, Momma came. They\nmoved down here. We had a wonderful time together. We were very active. Frank\nwas very successful in business. He advanced, made a good career. He was the\nhead of purchasing. We traveled to conventions, and to meetings, and we had a\nwonderful maid, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mary, who took care of our Rita. In July 1955, we were able to\nget an apartment for my in-laws right next door to us in that same project. We\nmoved them. That was Friday night. We had our first dinner in their new home.\nSunday around ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"2:00, my father-in-law came, said that Momma is not feeling well.\nRita was asleep. I could not leave my daughter right away. Frank came back right\naway. He said, \"Liese, to me, it looks to me like Mom had a heart attack.\" The\nnext door neighbor was a doctor from Emory [University Hospital]. He came. We\ncalled him. We rushed Momma to Emory. What shall I tell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you? At 9:00 that night,\nI was prepared to spend the night there with her. She died. We lost her. This\nwas another shock for us. We had made many friends. I mean, it was an\nunbelievable outpour of friendship and goodness, which we had in that sad time.\nWe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew we had to give my father-in-law with us, to give him a home in our home.\nWe looked for a house. We found it at 1083 East Hawk's Bank Road. A beautiful,\nbig home. My father-in-law had his own room and bathroom. At that time, already,\nwe had to do a lot of entertaining. Frank's job brought it with it that we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had\ncustomers, and clients, and perspective customers, and people who did business\nwith Mead at that time. It was a very busy home. Then, in 1956, the European\nmarket became healthy again. Mead ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started an international business. That was\nthe time Frank really could show his knowledge and his experience in the paper\nindustry. He was sent to Europe to start the international business for Mead.\nFirst, he was gone two months at a time, twice a year; then three times; and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by\n1957, 1958, he was gone six months of the year; and by 1959 he was gone eight\nmonths of the year. Rita and I did not like it. We corresponded with disks,\ntalked to each other, but we were lonely and Frank was alone too, at the end. He\nwas so busy. He was very successful. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started franchisees and Mead started\nbuilding a factory in Holland, started building a factory outside Paris. He was\nin charge of all this business. In 1960, we were invited on Labor Day weekend\nfor a garden party at Helen Spiegel's house. Frank, at 9:00 that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evening, came\nand said, \"Liese, something is wrong with my eye.\" So we went. We called our eye\ndoctor immediately, and at 12:00 at night, we had a date with Doctor Anderson at\nhis office. It was at another detached retina. It was a blow. It was a terrific\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blow. We went the next day. Atlanta did not have a Doctor Hechler or any of the\nspecialists here at that time. We had to go to Boston [Massachusetts]. We stayed\nin Boston eight weeks. Frank had three times surgery on that one eye. It would\nnot heal. It would not attach. We had to get used to the idea that -- He had to\nget used to the idea that his vision was only on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one eye, but he adjusted. Four\nor five months later, he was back on his job, traveling to Europe. In 1960, they\napproached us to move to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe and we did. In August 1961, we moved to Europe,\nlock, stock and barrel. Our whole household, we moved to Europe. We lived in\nZurich, Switzerland for four years. [It was a] very interesting life. Rita was\nby that time 11 years old. She was in that age to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"absorb it all, to take\nadvantage of it all, and she went to school in Switzerland. She learned\nSwiss-German; she learned German; she learned French. We did a lot of traveling.\nIt was a very good time for us. Frank traveled extensively in 14 countries, and\nin order to meet him, I had to travel to be with him for a weekend, or for a day\nand a half, or so. We saw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe in and out. [It was a] very interesting time\nand made wonderful friends. In order so Rita would not be alone, I engaged a\nhouse daughter. This is a position which a young person takes in a home and\nbecomes part of the family. With other words, when we went on vacation, she was\na member of the family. When we went to a theater and she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted to go with us,\nshe was with us. I mean, she became a member of the family. We were very\nfortunate because when we returned, Etta came with us to America and she is\nstill with us. She is like a second daughter to us now. She is married. She has\na son, 17 years old, who just was chosen as an honor student on a--this year;\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is 1989--to [be] an exchange student to Russia. He just came back last\nweek. He was four weeks in Russia. I mean, this is the way things worked --\n\nErna: I want at this point to ask you a few questions in looking back on your life.\n\nLiese: Yes.\n\nErna: You were singled out for being a Jew. How do you feel about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that? Did it\nthen, or does it now, change your practice of Judaism?\n\nLiese: What do you mean? Singled out in Europe, to be a Jew, from Hitler?\n\nErna: Yes.\n\nLiese: No, my Judaism became more intense. Our Judaism became much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stronger.\nWhen we came, in 1955, we were charter members of a new congregation, which\nstarted in Atlanta. It did not succeed like in later years, but we were members\nof Beth El at the time. I went to the community center--Wednesday night was\ncommunity center night--with Sev Rosenberg, if that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"means anything to you. He\nwas before Doctor Spots, our director of education. No, our Judaism became much\nmore intense. To this day, I am very much involved in the Temple, in Hadassah. I\nam a life member of Hadassah. My Rita is a woman of achievement for Hadassah\nthis year, so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it -- My son-in-law and my grandsons are very deeply religious and\nall very active at [Temple] Sinai. Rita is a vice president of Sinai, and Gary\nis the president of the youth group for Sinai. He was in Israel. We all are very\nconscious of our Judaism.\n\nErna:  I know you returned to Europe. How did it feel to you to be\nback in Europe?\n\nLiese: That was -- Switzerland was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"okay. You know, the Swiss people are very\ndifferent. How much time do we have?\n\nErna: About 15 minutes or so.\n\nLiese: Because I have a lot of things -- because, see, my first time back in\nGermany, in Dusseldorf, I saw a man [coming] towards me in a brown uniform. You\nknow that? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was my reaction when I first walked on the Konigsallee in\nDusseldorf. But then, I met good people, younger people who were not even born\nwhen Hitler started. Our life in New York -- Frank did make very good business\nconnections with Germany in the later years. That was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way the life started\nagain over there, but I would not go back to a reunion, to my hometown. I do not --\n\nErna: Of Jews in --\n\nLiese: No. They had three reunions. I could not see myself go back and be\nbombarded with people whose father, and mother, and so on -- G-d knows what they\ndid to us.\n\nErna: Were there any people in your hometown who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tried to save Jews, who helped\nto save Jews, non-Jews, Germans who did that?\n\nLiese: There might have been, but not to my knowledge. I mean, we had signs of\nhelp at the time when Frank was in Dachau and so on. Even our cleaning woman\ncame and tried to help us, but otherwise, you had such a scare. You were so\nscared that you did not feel like you wanted to even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"associate. All that we\nwanted at that point, way back, was to leave Germany as fast as we can. Do you\nwant me to continue? Because I have a lot to say.\n\nErna: Yes, okay.\n\nLiese: Where were we? Nineteen -- We came back from Switzerland in 1964 --\n\nErna: Right.\n\nLiese: -- end of 1964, brought Etta with us. We lived here. This building was\njust new at that time. Friends of ours had rented an apartment and we lived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here\non the twelfth floor. Then, when our furniture arrived eight weeks later, we\nlooked for a house. The management tried to keep us and they did. They gave us a\ncombination of two apartment and we were very comfortable. Frank went back to\nMead in the international business. In 1972, Easter Sunday, we -- I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forgot. In\n1970, September 5, our Rita got married to Bill Loventhal from Chicago\n[Illinois], a student at Georgia Tech in insurance business. We had the wedding\nhere at the Temple. Rabbi [Jacob] Rothschild and Rabbi Richard Lehrman\nofficiated. In 19 -- Bill was already in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"army and he was transferred to Fort\nHood, Texas. This was September 1970. On August 12, 1971, our first grandson was\nborn in Fort Hood, Texas, Gary, our grandson. Frank and I flew down and we\nwelcomed our grandson. A year later, they came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to Atlanta and Bill settled\nwith Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance [as] an agent. He is still an agent is\nNorthwestern Mutual Life Insurance. Rita is his administrator today. They are\nright now in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where they have the annual meeting of the\ncompany. Bill was very excited because he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was recognized that his family is for\n100 years associated with the Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance. He was -- He\nhad a marvelous time yesterday. They called me late last night. \"Mom, I am a\ncelebrity,\" he said over the phone. Anyway, 1972, Bill's parents, who lived in\nEl Paso, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Texas, came to spend Easter with us. We all went out to Aunt Fanny's\nCabin in two cars. As we ended in Fanny's Cabin, Frank said, \"Liese, I don't see\nanymore.\" Sad. We stayed out there and we ate. It was the last time he saw Gary,\nhe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said to himself and all of us. We came home. We had to contact the doctor and\nwe knew what to do. We went back to Boston. That time, we were also eight weeks\nthere, also three surgeries, and nothing helped. We came home to a changed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life.\n[It was] very difficult, very odd, and unbelievable. About three weeks after we\ncame home, we had a visit from a Doctor Lelyveld. He was with the Human Resource\nDepartment at that time, and he explained to us what is available to help Frank\nto adjust, to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rehabilitate. At that point, Frank took notice, but he did not\nreact. He tried to try to lay out in his mind how many steps here and how many\nsteps there. July 1972, we had a doctor's appointment. Doctor Hechler came to\nAtlanta out of this Boston ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group and he was in charge then of Frank. While he\nwas examining Frank, I said, \"Doctor Hechler, is there anybody in Atlanta with\nthe same predicament, with the same situation like we have?\" He looked at me and\nhe said, \"Let me think about.\" We came home. Frank was in his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room. Thank G-d we\nhad the Talking Book program. Are you familiar with that, Talking Books? I will\nexplain it to you later. It is a program which the Library of Congress gives out\nwith books, history, philosophy, religion, business, magazines. You can get\neverything on tape and it is cost free. They give you the recorder and the\nmachine so you can listen. It is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"special disks. We came home and Frank was not\nlistening to his records. I said, \"Frank, what's the matter? Don't you feel\ngood?\" He said, \"Do you want to get rid of me?\" I said, \"What makes you say\nthis?\" He said, \"Why did you ask Doctor Hechler about another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person?\" I said,\n\"Frank, we have to do something. It's only for your good.\" We did not discuss it\nanymore. About three weeks later, one morning, Frank came out and said, \"Liese,\nI am going to call Doctor Lelyveld.\" We got in touch with Doctor Lelyveld and he\nstarted his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program on mobility. He learned braille in four months, to read and\nto write. He learned to operate by himself with the help of a cane. I nearly\ndied when I let him go alone with a cane. I, in the meantime, had taken on a job\ndownstairs. There was a deli ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"downstairs. I started work from 7:30 until 11:30\njust to get out of the house, because I knew Frank could take care of himself,\nbut I also knew that Frank would come and say goodbye when he goes to his job,\nto that mobility. I had trained my person. I was cashier downstairs. The girls\nbehind the counter were so trained that when Frank came and said goodbye to me,\nI would leave right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after him and go on the same bus with him. The bus stop was\njust next to the garage down there. I went down with him. He had to cross the\nstreet on Baker and Peachtree to change busses. All what he was listening to was\nthe flow of the traffic, the noise. One time, he got mixed up and I pulled him\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back. He said, \"Are you with me?\" I mean, you know why we are religious? Do you\nknow why we believe in G-d?\n\nErna: Tell me why you think.\n\nLiese: [What]?\n\nErna: Tell me why.\n\nLiese: Is not somebody watching over us? Has [there] not been somebody watching\nover us all this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time? He went. He taught braille for seven years at the area\nservice for the blind. On March 19, 1978, a Sunday morning -- I used to get up\nand make a cup of tea around 7:00, and we enjoyed that and went back to bed,\ntalked, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slept a little more. We did that. On March 19, 1978, we did it, too. At\n9:00, I woke up and I heard Frank moaning. I looked and I thought, 'My G-d!' He\naged 25 years in two hours. Something was wrong. I called the ambulance\nimmediately, Piedmont Hospital ambulance. They came. We rushed him to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Piedmont\nHospital. He was semi-conscious. I alerted his doctor. Doctor Lewis Levi was\nthere--he waited for us--and Mark Silverman was there and waited. They took him\nin emergency. They took him to coronary. Finally, at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"11:00, Mark Silverman came\nand said, \"Liese, I think Frank has an aneurysm in the heart. We need more\ntests, more X-rays.\" By 12:00, Rabbi Sugarman, my family, all the friends were\nalready there. He came and said, \"You have to take Frank to Emory. Piedmont is\nnot equipped for that type of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surgery. What we see is a torn valve, a ruptured\nartery, and maybe much more.\" In the intensive care ambulance, which is a\nrunning little hospital, we took Frank to Emory. Doctor Hechler was waiting for\nus, took him to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"operating room. In the meantime, I had the whole gang around\nme. Alvin would not leave. We had reports from the operating room every so\noften, \"He is doing fine. We have him on a respirator. We have him on blood\nthinners.\" It was just terrible. About 1:00 in the morning, they brought him\nback. He had survived the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surgery. Finally, I could get Alvin home--I have not\ntalked about Rabbi Sugarman--but the rest of -- most of them stayed with me\nduring the night. We were there at Emory about two weeks. Frank came home very\nweak, very fragile, but he survived. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continued. His stamina came back. All\nthese years since he had left Mead, he was asked by Mead to write a quarterly\nforecast, an economic forecast. He did that on his own until he lost completely\nhis eyesight. After that, we did it together. It was a remarkable piece of work.\nIt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is about 50 pages, typewritten pages, which we -- Frank assembled, dictated.\nThat was sent all over the world to every branch in international business. That\nis what we did together. He continued this. Then, in 1984, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he became very\nfragile. We were in and out of Piedmont Hospital ten times. All in all, Frank\nspent 172 days at Piedmont Hospital. I slept 155 nights at Piedmont Hospital. On\nSeptember 5, [1984], Rita's wedding anniversary, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were expecting already the\nguests for Gary's bar mitzvah. My brother had arrived. All what Frank was\nlooking for was Gary's bar mitzvah. Thursday night at 12:00, we had to rush to\nPiedmont Hospital. All the doctors knew us. All the doctors knew that the bar\nmitzvah was up--Doctor [John] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hurst, Mark Silverman. In the afternoon, Friday\nafternoon, Mark and Doctor Hurst came and said, \"Liese, go home. Get Frank's\nclothes for the bar mitzvah and your clothes for the bar mitzvah. I think we can\nlet Frank go tomorrow.\" At 9:00 the following morning, my brother was there with\na car ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we were discharged. We went straight to Temple Sinai. Frank could\ngo--we had a nurse with us--in a wheelchair to the bar mitzvah of Gary. He was\nso full of willpower to have this, that in the evening, we could go to the\nfamily reunion and the next morning, we could have the brunch, which was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"planned, but on the following Tuesday, we were back at Piedmont. In the\nmeantime, my second grandson, Daniel, was born. That -- Frank-- It was\nremarkable, something which was really remarkable. On the fourth birthday of\nGary, we were all together for a birthday ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"party. The guests had left. We decided\nwe would go out for a meal, just the family. As we were at Rita's house, Gary,\nfour years old, came to me and said, \"Oma, can I guide Opa now?\" From that day\non, I could let Gary guide his grandfather. He would point ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every stone and every\ntrick in his way. He said, \"Opa, careful. Opa, light. One step, one deep step,\none shallow.\" He would just -- I mean, it was just remarkable and so did Daniel\nwith his Opa. But, 1984 was a hard year, a very difficult year. As I said, ten\ntimes in and out of Piedmont Hospital. Frank was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also an ardent Mason in the\nScottish Rite and wanted his son-in-law to become a Mason in the Scottish Rite,\nwhich Bill did. He was raised as a Mason in November 1984. On January 3, 1985\nwas the first evening where Bill was invited and permitted to bring his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family\nto a Mason meeting. Rita and Gary came to go to the Masons, an event. They came\nto the hospital and Frank gave, I would say, his blessing to Bill. He gave -- He\nhad his ring already. They went to the Masons, but we knew already at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hour\nthat there was a drastic change in Frank. Now, you asked me about religion and\nmy belief. I noticed--this was 6:00--Frank's expression changed. I said to\nmyself, 'What do I do? Shall I ask Frank to say the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shema? What do I?' I was in\nconflict with myself. If I ask him, he knows I know it is -- the end is near. I\nalso knew that he would want to say it. It was 8:00. I was standing at his bed.\nHere, at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"door, stands Rabbi Sugarman, Alvin. I said, \"Alvin, what brings you\nhere?\" He said, \"Liese, I do not know. I was supposed to go home at 2:00 this\nafternoon. I got involved in something. I left the Temple. I found myself in the\nparking lot at Piedmont Hospital. Here I am.\" Is that not amazing? I said,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Alvin, Frank is very bad. What do I do with the Shema?\" He said, \"You say it.\nYou say it for Frank.\" That is what I did. At one thirty-nine in the morning, he\ndied. He fell asleep. What do you think? Something watched over me, over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us? We\nhad -- Alvin insisted that the service be in the sanctuary of the Temple. The\nsanctuary was filled. We had about six, seven hundred people. I mean, Frank had\na very difficult life. The suffering the last year was very bad, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pain and -- He\nwas so clever, and so smart, and realized his condition, though he never talked\nabout it. You never heard a complaint of that man, in his blindness, 'Why did\nthat have to happen to me?' Never, ever. The only time when he rebelled was when\nI asked Doctor Hechler that question. I do not know. That must have shook\nsomething in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him, but at the end it turned out to be beneficial. It was the\nstart of another productive period in his life. The funeral, as I said -- We sat\nshiva. It was an unbelievable outpouring of friendship and goodness again. Then,\nI went home and I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alone. Soon afterwards, I started again my job at the\nTemple, in the gift shop. It is a volunteer job. I did that for several years,\nbecause we had a friend who would come Wednesdays, and be with Frank, and gave\nme a chance to go to the to the gift shop for a few hours, to give me a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"break --\nThen, after I had my things straightened out, I joined the Auxiliary at Piedmont\nHospital. I went to orientation, which I really did not need because I knew\nevery corner. [After] about five weeks--the training is about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"six weeks; you\nhave the Cheer Cart and various other--the president of the Auxiliary called me\nand said, \"Liese, we have some news for you and we hope you like it. Would you\nlike to become the assistant to our chaplain?\" That is exactly what I am doing.\nI appreciated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. I knew how to handle patients. I started as the assistant to\nthe chaplain in April 1985. I have about 1,000 hours now. I am still doing it.\nYou will not believe it. The first patient I entered, the first room I entered\nalone as an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assistant to the chaplain was a room where a man was laying with\nboth eyes bandaged with a detached retina.\n\nLiese: One thing I would like to add here is, as I said, Frank was very active\nall his life and always did a lot for his congregation. He was a trustee of the\nTemple for many years and also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chairman of the Music and Worship Committee. He\nsang beautifully. He would sing the Kiddush on a Friday night for the Temple,\nsing the whole service for special occasions, and became very close friends with\nour music director, Wally Silverman. After Frank died, Wally came to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me at the\nend of November 1985 and said, \"Liese, I think I am going to have a music\nprogram in memory of Frank for Jewish music month.\" I said, \"Wally, this would\nbe great.\" This was it. About six weeks later, he--we see each other all the\ntime, but six weeks later he came back--and said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Liese, I changed my mind. I\nam going to compose a service in memory of Frank.\" This service was performed,\ngiven March 21, 1986 at the Temple. I have the tape here. [It was a] beautiful\nservice in memory of Frank. This is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. In 1987, my good brother, and his dear\nwife, and I made a wonderful trip to Europe [for] six weeks. We are very close.\nI see my family, most of them, in New Jersey. I go again in another two weeks.\nIn 1988, I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chosen by the Temple [as] Woman of Achievement and in 1989, on\nJune 1, my daughter, Rita, was Woman of Achievement for Hadassah. This, of\ncourse, made me very happy. On June 8, 1989--just about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"six weeks ago--my two\ngrandsons graduated. Gary was the honor student of Chamblee High School of 1988\nand Daniel, 13, graduated from Montgomery Elementary School with six awards. On\nJune 10, was the bar mitzvah of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel at Temple Sinai. We had the pleasure of\nhaving my cousin Ellen from Cape Town [South Africa], my cousin Yok from Sao\nPaolo [Brazil], with his daughter, with us, and about 48 other people from out\nof town, and all our friends from Atlanta and the United States. We had a\nwonderful celebration. The only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one that was missing was my Frank. Here you are,\nJuly 26, 1989.\n\nErna: There are a couple of questions I want to ask you. Do you think that\nanother Holocaust is possible?\n\nLiese: Yes.\n\nErna: Why?\n\nLiese: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"History. During the twenties in Germany, there formed cells. In every\nhamlet, and in every village, in every town, there were those cells. That was\nthe origin of the Hitler brigade, the Holocaust. That was the origin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the way\nHitler started. Then, when he came to power, all of a sudden, all those cells\nbecame alive and you had hundreds and thousands of men in uniform. There are\ncells in this country. The neo-Nazi parties have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cells. In Lincoln, Nebraska,\nthe hate material is printed and is flown to Europe. Those are signs, and I am\npreaching it in every study group, in every meeting I attend. They know it and\nthey do not -- People think that I am not right there, but I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"am. I may be more\nthere than they are. I realize that there is a danger, because if we ever should\nget a severe depression here -- Unemployment was the food for Hitler's rise in\nGermany, the economic situation, and people with an empty stomach can do\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unpredictable things. You have another question?\n\nErna: Only, how important is the existence of the state of Israel today to you?\n\nLiese: Today? My love for Israel goes back to when I was in children's shoes. I\ntold you, my parents, we all were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionist oriented. My husband, especially in\nlater years, he worked hard for Palestine and Israel. As a matter of fact, he\nwas -- Thank G-d, he could be helpful in getting a lot a lot of permits for\npeople to be able to leave Germany at that time. Remember when we were able to\nget a permit and Frank's eye condition did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not permit us to go? We have a big\nfamily in Israel. I would say [there are] maybe 50 members of our family in\nIsrael. They have children, they have grandchildren, they have\ngreat-grandchildren already. One, a cousin of Frank's, left Germany in 1922. He\nwas a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pioneer. When we came to Israel in 1963, he took us to Rishon LeZion\n[Israel] and showed us the street he helped build. Yes, I mean, our affiliation\nwith Israel is -- Right now, I am very sad. The situation is very depressing. I\njust hope there can be some kind of a solution to this situation.\n\nErna: I want to thank you very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/transcript/49115/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much for taking the time to do this with us and\nhope that you continue to do all the good work that you do.\n\nLiese: I try.\n\nErna: Thank you.\n\nLiese: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7860.0,7890.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBruchsal is a small town in southwestern Germany, approximately 36 miles (58 kilometers) northwest of Stuttgart.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYoung Judaea is a peer-led Zionist youth movement founded in 1909 for Jewish youth in grades 2–12. Its programs include youth clubs, conventions, summer camps and Israel programs that provide experiential programming through which Jewish youth and young adults build meaningful relationships with their peers, emphasize social action, and develop a lifelong commitment to Jewish life, the Jewish people, and Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBlau-Weiss [German: Blue-White] was a German-Jewish Zionist youth movement founded in 1912. It was active until 1926 and, at its peak, had about 3,000 members.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish National Fund (JNF) is a non-profit organization founded in 1901 to purchase land for Jewish settlements. Since its founding, JNF has evolved into a global environmental organization by planting more than 250,000,000 trees, building over 240 reservoirs and dams, developing over 250,000 acres of land, creating more than 2,000 parks, providing the infrastructure for over 1,000 communities, and connecting children and young adults to Israel and their heritage. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Christianity, confirmation is the third sacrament of initiation and serves to \"confirm\" a baptized person in their faith. The rite of confirmation is \u003cbr\u003ecommonly received around age 13.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGustav Wolf (1887–1947) was a German artist. He taught art in Karlsruhe, Germany. But travelled frequently and worked as a freelance painter and graphic artist. As a Jewish artist, Wolf fled Germany for the United States in 1938. One of his well-known works is Die Schoepfungstage [German: the day of creation], a series of seven lithographs with biblical texts on the creation of the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFritz Geissler (1921-1984) was a German musician who went on to become one of the most important composers of the German Democratic Republic.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s, the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAktion [plural: Aktionen] is the German term used for any non-military campaign to further Nazi ideals of race, but most often referring to the assembly, and deportation of Jews to concentration or death camps. In many cases, the Germans planned deportations and other operations so that they would coincide with the Jewish holidays.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 1, 1933—less than three months after coming to power—the Nazis carried out the first nationwide, planned action against Jews: a boycott. It was presented to the German people as both a reprisal and an act of revenge for the bad international press against Germany and Adolf Hitler. On the day of the boycott, Storm Troopers (Sturmabteilung; SA) blocked the entrances of Jewish-owned businesses and the offices of Jewish professionals, shouting and holding signs with antisemitic slogans, as well as painting the Star of David across thousands of doors and windows. Police intervened rarely as acts of violence against Jews and Jewish property occurred. The boycott only lasted one day and was ignored by many individual Germans, but it marked the beginning of a nationwide campaign against Jews that culminated in the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eErnst Engelking (1886-1975) was a German ophthalmologist and professor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJules Gonin (1870-1935) was a Swiss ophthalmologist and professor who pioneered the procedure of ignipuncture, the first successful surgery for the treatment of retinal detachments.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine was a geopolitical entity under British administration. It was carved out of Ottoman Syria after World War I, and consisted of the territories of modern-day Israel and Jordan. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 to 1948. It was formalized with the League of Nations’s consent in 1923 and contained two administrative areas. The land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British rule until 1948, while the land east of the Jordan was a semi­autonomous region known as Transjordan under the rule of the Hashemite family. It gained independence in 1946 as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. When the British Mandate over Palestine expired on May 14, 1948, the State of Israel declared its independence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy September 1939, approximately 282,000 Jews had left Germany and 117,000 from annexed Austria. Of these, about 75,000 emigrated to Central and South America, with the largest numbers entering Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Bolivia. Most Latin American nations were relatively open to immigrants until 1933. In the late 1930s, economic crises brought on by the Great Depression and growing antisemitism led many Latin American countries to tighten immigration laws (Mexico in 1937; Argentina in 1938; Cuba, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Paraguay, and Uruguay in 1939). Latin American governments officially permitted only about 84,000 Jewish refugees to immigrate between 1933 and 1945, less than half the number admitted during the previous fifteen years. Others entered these countries through illegal channels. Between 1933 and 1939, between 15,000 and 20,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia took advantage of Paraguay's liberal immigration laws to escape from Nazi-occupied Europe. Argentina, which had admitted 79,000 Jewish immigrants between 1918 and 1933, officially admitted only 24,000 between 1933 and 1943.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDer Jüdische Kulturbund\u003cbr\u003e [German: The Jewish Cultural Association] was a cultural federation of German Jews established in 1933. It hired over 1,700 Jewish artists, musicians, and actors fired from German institutions. In early 1938, there were 76 branches in 100 towns with more than 50,000 members. The Kulturbund provided enjoyment to Jews in Germany during a time of ever intense persecution and provided artists an opportunity for creative production. It disbanded in 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHans Wilhelm Steinberg (1899-1978) was a Jewish German conductor who left Germany for Palestine in 1936, where he was one of the conductors of the Palestine Orchestra until moving to the United States in 1938.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArturo Toscanini (1867-1957) was an Italian conductor, considered one of the great virtuoso conductors of the first half of the 20th century. A vehement anti-Fascist who publicly opposed Hitler, Toscanini conducted the first opening season of the Palestine Symphony Orchestra, now known as the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, in 1936.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBronislaw Huberman (1882-1947) was a Jewish Polish violinist, who was one of the most celebrated violinists of his time. Huberman also founded the Palestine Symphony Orchestra, now known as the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. As the situation in Germany worsened for Jews, he secured funding from wealthy American and British Jews for the orchestra as well as bringing 70 Jewish musicians and their families to Palestine. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the early 1930s, the Nazi Party had two paramilitary organizations that frequently paraded through towns. The Sturmabteilung, also known as the “Storm Troopers” or “SA,” formed in 1921. Members wore brown uniforms and were colloquially called “Brown Shirts.” By 1925, the Schutzstaffel, also known as the “SS,” had been created as Hitler’s bodyguards. The SS wore black uniforms. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eApproximately 125,000 Germans, most of them Jewish, immigrated to the United States between 1933 and 1945. As World War II began, however, immigration became more and more difficult. After Germany annexed Austria in March 1938, the United States had combined the German and Austrian quotas into one “German” quota. Of the 27,370 visas available to Germans, 7,818 went unissued, even though increasing antisemitic persecution made the waiting list grew to over 139,000. In 1939, all of the German visas were issued. After World War II began in September of that year, the waiting list grew to more than 300,000 people, most of the Jewish. In 1940, the German quota was almost filled, but new restrictions were put in place that made it more difficult for Germans to obtain visas. By the summer of 1941, all U.S. consulates in Nazi-occupied territory had been closed. Only German refugees who had already escaped Nazi-occupied territory could obtain visas. When the U.S. officially entered the war in December 1941, Jews trapped in Europe had almost no hope of immigrating.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNazi leaders began to make good on their pledge to persecute German Jews soon after their assumption of power. During the first six years of Hitler’s dictatorship, from 1933 until the outbreak of war in 1939, Jews felt the effects of more than 400 decrees and regulations that restricted all aspects of their public and private lives. Increasingly restrictive decrees targeted Jews at all levels of society. In addition to national laws, many cities and towns banned Jews from entering certain streets, squares, parks, woods, and other public places, while private organizations, associations, and enterprises also excluded Jews. In September 1935, the “Nuremberg Laws” were passed, which stripped German Jews of their citizenship and restricted their relationships with so called “Aryan” Germans, forbidding intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews as well as the employment of German maids under the age of 45 in Jewish homes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 7, 1939, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew living in Paris, shot German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath in Paris. Grynszpan apparently acted out of despair over the fate of his parents, who are trapped along with other Polish Jewish deportees in a no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland. The Nazis used the shooting as antisemitic propaganda fervor, claiming that Grynszpan was part of a wider Jewish conspiracy. When Vom Rath died two days later, the Nazis used the incidence to fuel violent pogroms. On November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called “Kristallnacht,” which means “Night of Broken Glass,” because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. Thousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany. Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen Germany annexed Austria in the spring of 1938, the Polish government feared this would lead to an enormous number of Jews with Polish citizenship to flee and return to Poland. The Polish Parliament passed a law that took Polish citizenship away from anyone who had lived abroad for more than five years. The German government viewed this as a threat to its own plans to expel foreign Jews. When the German government issued Poland an ultimatum to rescind the order (Poland) refused. The next day, an order was issued to round up Polish Jews. Between October 28 and 29, 1938, around 17,000 Jews with Polish citizenship were arrested and detained in prisons and transit camps. They were then transported by guarded trains and by foot across the German/Polish border.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police,” the Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eErnst Michel (1923-2016) was a German Jewish Holocaust survivor, who immigrated to the United States in 1946. Michel served as the executive vice president of the United Jewish Appeal for many years and as chairman of the World Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt first, the confiscation of Jewish businesses and property was, according to the Nazis, “voluntary.” Especially after 1935, Jewish property was forcibly transferred to so-called “Aryans” (non-Jews) in a process known as Arisierung[German: Aryanization]. \"Aryanization\" meant the dismissal of Jewish workers and managers of a company and/or the takeover of Jewish-owned businesses by non-Jewish Germans who bought them at bargain prices fixed by government or Nazi party officials. In 1937 and 1938, German authorities again stepped up legislative persecution of German Jews. Following Kristallnacht, Nazi leaders stepped up \"Aryanization\" efforts. After November 1938, Jews were forbidden to do business and had to liquidate their property under the supervision of a governmental trustee or Treuhänder [German: trustee]. The trustee would arrange for the Jewish owner to receive a nominal payment for the enterprise that was generally paid into a blocked account and then sell the very same business to an Aryan for market value thereby turning a sizeable profit for the Reich.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Goebbels was the Propaganda Minister in the Third Reich.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and tens of thousands were literally worked to death. The Dachau concentration camp operated a vast network of 140 subcamps. Most of these subcamps were in southern Bavaria, in close proximity to armaments factories. American troops liberated the camp on April 29, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKarlsruhe is a German city on the right bank of the Rhine near the French border. It is approximately 11 miles (17 kilometers) southwest of Bruchsal. During the Holocaust, it was home to a Gestapo headquarters as well as a notorious prison. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe cost for Jews to leave Germany was increasingly and prohibitively high in the years leading up to World War II. \u003cbr\u003eMost of the German Jews who managed to emigrate after Kristallnacht were completely impoverished by the time they were able to leave. In order to further pay the various taxes and restrictions imposed on Jews leaving Germany and the high cost of emigration, many Jews were forced to sell their real estate, possessions, and other assets for far less than their actual worth. To keep the purchase and sale of Jewish property and assets “legal,” local currency offices policed emigration. German authorities considered Jewish belongings and their financial capital to German property and Jews who emigrated were not allowed to take anything of material value with them. The amount of currency (10 Reichmarks, or about US $4) and assets Jews were allowed to take out of Germany was also highly restricted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Germany attacked western Europe on May 10, 1940. On April 9, 1940, Denmark was occupied by Germany. Belgium and the Netherlands surrendered in May and France signed an armistice agreement on June 22, 1940. Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUpon the declaration of war on September 3, 1939, some 70,000 Germans and Austrians living in England became classed as enemy aliens. Internment tribunals were set up throughout the country, headed by government officials and local representatives. Every registered enemy alien over the age of 16 was examined and divided into three categories: Category A, to be interned; Category B, to be exempt from internment but subject to the restrictions decreed by the Special Order; and Category C, to be exempt from both internment and restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenrique (also Heinrich) Lemle (1909-1978) was a German rabbi who served in Mannheim and Frankfurt-am-Main until the Nazis briefly interred him in Buchenwald. Upon his release, he immigrated to England and subsequently to Brazil during World War II. Lemle founded the Associacao Religiosa Israelita, a reform congregation of German immigrants, in Rio de Janeiro.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDespite its policy of neutrality, German forces invaded the Netherlands on the morning of May 10, 1940. Within five days, Dutch forces surrendered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArthur Hays Sulzberger (1891-1968) was a Jewish American who was the publisher of The New York Times from 1935 to 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression is the term used for a severe economic recession that began in the United States in 1929. It had far-reaching effects around the globe, especially in Europe. Germany had weathered a period of intense inflation in the 1920s due to reparations required after World War I. To pay the reparations, Germany had borrowed millions of dollars from the United States. American demands for loan repayment had disastrous repercussion on the already fragile German economy. With banks failing and unemployment rising, an angry, frightened and financially struggling populace became more open to fascism. Germany’s deteriorating economic conditions in the 1930s led in part to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJesse Godfrey Moritz \u003cbr\u003eBullowa\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e(1879–1943) was an American medical researcher, who conducted clinical trials on a serum treatment of pneumonia in the 1920s. He became a professor at New York University College of Medicine, specializing in pulmonary medicine, with a primary clinical appointment as head of the pulmonary service at Harlem. He and his wife, Sadie Nones Bullowa (1880-1942), had five children: Margaret, James, Elizabeth, Jean and Anne.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1933, the Jewish population of Bruchsal had been 501, about three percent of the population. By 1939, the Jewish population had dwindled down to 162, less than one percent, due to emigration and flight. By October 1940, only 79 Jews remained in Bruchsal. All were deported to the Gurs concentration camp in France and, on October 18, the town was declared ‘Judenfrei’ [German: free of Jews].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the Vichy government installed in June 1940, French authorities interned thousands of Jews under deplorable conditions in French-administered detention camps—Gurs, Saint-Cyprien, Rivesaltes, Le Vernet, and Les Milles—and 3,000 died of poor treatment during the winters of 1940 and 1941. The Camp de Rivesaltes, also known as Camp Joffre, was an internment and transit camp in southern France, near the Spanish border. Initially built to be a military training camp in 1936, by January 1941, it housed thousands of Jewish refugees. The health conditions and lack of basic supplies made life in Rivesaltes very hard. When it reached its peak population that year, Rivesaltes had 8,000 prisoners, an estimated 3,000 of whom were children that had been separated from their mothers. Many of those held in Rivesaltes were transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau and the camp was closed in November 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Gurs camp was one of the earliest and biggest transit camps for Jews established in prewar France. It was located at the foot of the Pyrenees in southwestern France, just to the south of the village of Gurs and about 50 miles from the Spanish border. The French government established the camp in April 1939, before war with Germany as a detention camp for political refugees. In early 1940, about 4,000 German Jewish refugees were interned there as “enemy aliens,” along with French leftist political leaders who opposed the war with German. After the French armistice with Germany in June 1940, Gurs fell under the Vichy regime’s authority. The conditions in the Gurs camp were very primitive. It was overcrowded and there was a constant shortage of water, food, and clothing. During 1940-1941, some 800 died of contagious disease. In October 1940, German authorities deported about 7,500 Jews from the southwestern Germany into the unoccupied zone of France. The Vichy government inters most of them in Gurs. Of this group, 1,710 were eventually released, 755 escaped, 1,940 were able to emigrate, and 2,820 men were conscripted into French labor battalions. By the time the Vichy government closed the camp in November 1943, more than 1,100 internees had died in the camp. Over 18,000 of the almost 22,000 prisoners who had passed through Gurs were Jewish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Stephen Samuel Wise (1874-1949) was born in Austria but immigrated to the United States with his family as an infant. He was a prominent Reform rabbi and Zionist leader, especially during World War II. Wise has been criticized for his acquiescence to the Roosevelt administration to delay even acknowledgment of the Holocaust, much less doing something to help to help European and Eastern Jews in peril. Two Reform synagogues, one in New York and one in Los Angeles, are named for him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid de Sola Pool (1885-1970) was born in London, England and ordained as a rabbi at the Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary in Berlin, Germany. He was a leading American rabbi, scholar, author, and civic leader. He is considered the most prominent Sephardic rabbi in America during the mid-twentieth century. For 50 years, beginning in 1907, he was rabbi for the oldest Jewish congregation in the United States, Congregation Shearith Israel, located in New York City and also known as the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue. Pool translated numerous prayer books, was a president of the American Jewish Historical Society, and wrote several works about colonial Jewish history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 7, 1941, the United States declared war on Japan following the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, a United States Navy deep-water naval base in Hawaii. Three days later, after Germany and Italy declared war on it, the United States became fully engaged in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStephen Wise Free Synagogue is a Reform synagogue in New York City. In 1905, Stephen S. Wise was under consideration to serve as rabbi at Temple Emanu–El in New York City. When he learned that his sermons would be reviewed in advance by the temple’s board of trustees, he withdrew himself from consideration and founded a “free” synagogue where anyone who addresses the congregation can say what he or she wishes. In 1907, Wise and more than 100 of his followers established a synagogue and religious school. By 1910, the congregation had purchased a number of properties on West 68th Street in Manhattan as the site of a future synagogue, whose construction did not begin until 1940. Following Wise’s death in 1949, it was renamed the Stephen Wise Free Synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouise Waterman Wise (1874-1947) was a Jewish-American artist, social worker, and philanthropist. Her husband was Rabbi Stephen S. Wise. In 1933, under the auspices of the American Jewish Congress’ Women's Division, she established the Congress House in New York City, to provide support and temporary housing for Central and Eastern European refugees. A second house was added in 1935, followed by a third in 1936. The homes housed three thousand refugees before the outbreak of World War II, after which Wise converted them into Defense Houses to serve as hostels for Allied servicemen regardless of their religion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Spear Box Company was founded in New York City in 1939 by William Consescu. The company manufactured folding and corrugated paper boxes and containers. One of William’s sons, Abraham Sidney Conescu (1915-2003) later became vice-president. One of his four sons, Paul, became a physician and lives in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Paper Company was originally founded as the Elsas May Paper Company in 1868, by German immigrant Jacob Elsas and his partner, Isaac May. In 1886, the company was purchased by Isaac Liebmann, who changed the name to Atlanta Paper Company. Liebmann’s son-in-law, Arthur L. Harris, later took over the company, and by World War II, his son, also named Arthur L. Harris, was acting as president. In 1950, the successful company built a 275,000 square foot plant at 950 West Marietta Street in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1957, the company was acquired by the Mead Paper Company.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCrawford W. Long Memorial Hospital was established in 1906 as a sanatorium by Dr. Luther C. Fischer. Originally named the Davis-Fischer Sanitorium, it was located on Crew Street at its founding, but a new building was built on Linden Avenue near downtown Atlanta in 1910. The name was changed to Crawford W. Long Memorial Hospital in 1931 as a memorial to the Georgia physician who first discovered the use of ether as an anesthetic. In 2009, the name was changed to Emory University Hospital Midtown. The 511-bed hospital is a full service facility and acute care teaching hospital.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University Hospital was opened in 1904 and was originally housed in a downtown Atlanta mansion that had be spared by General Sherman during the Civil War. In November 1922, it was moved to its current location in DeKalb County near the Emory University campus. The hospital has grown to a 733-bed facility that is staffed by the Emory University School of Medicine faculty.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mead Paper Company was established in Dayton, Ohio in 1847 and is now known as MeadWestvaco. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHelen Wasserman Spiegel (1923-2017) was born in Nuremburg, Germany, immigrated to Boston, Massachusetts in 1938 after Kristallnacht, and moved to Atlanta in 1946. She was a co-founder, along with Sara Duke, of the Shearith Israel homeless shelter for women, now called Rebecca’s Tent. She was a supporter of the Hebrew Academy; founding member of Congregation Beth El; chapter and regional president of Hadassah; board member of the Jewish Home; and docent and educator of the Holocaust for the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Beth El was founded in Atlanta, Georgia in the mid-twentieth century. It was located on University Drive, on land donated by Herbert Taylor. The synagogue was dissolved for financial reasons within a few years of its charter.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer service organization founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold. It currently has over 300,000 members and supporters worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families. As of 2022, its Senior Rabbi is Peter S. Berg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Sinai was founded as a Reform congregation in 1968 and met in a variety of locations before establishing a synagogue on Dupree Drive in Sandy Springs, north of Atlanta. Rabbi Richard Lehrman was chosen as the congregation's founding rabbi. As of 2022, the current Senior Rabbi is Ronald M. Segal, who has served in that position since 2006.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Königsallee is a boulevard in Düsseldorf, Germany known for the landscaped canal that runs along its center and for its luxury shopping.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Richard J. Lehrman (1938-1979) was born in Pennsylvania and came to Atlanta, Georgia in 1965. In 1968, he was chosen as the newly formed Temple Sinai congregation's founding rabbi. Rabbi Lehrman continued to serve the congregation as its rabbi until his death in November 1979. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Mortimer \"Jack\" Rothschild (1911-1973) served as rabbi of Atlanta’s oldest Reform congregation, the Temple, from 1946 until his death in 1973 from a heart attack. A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he forged close relationships with the city’s Christian clergy and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorgia Institute of Technology, which is commonly referred to as Georgia Tech is a public research university and institute of technology in Atlanta. It was founded in 1885 during Reconstruction as part of the plan to build a industrial economy in the post-Civil War South.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAunt Fanny’s Cabin was a controversial restaurant that used black stereotypes to appeal to customers. It was located in Smyrna, Georgia in a nineteenth-century farm tenant’s cabin. Originally opened in December 1941 as an antique and country store by Atlanta socialite Isoline Orme Campbell (1893–1978), it quickly evolved into a popular restaurant. In 1954, Campbell sold the restaurant to Marjorie Bowman and Harvey Hester, under whom the restaurant’s popularity grew. From 1968 until its closure in 1992, it was owned and operated by George Pongo Poole. In 2022, the city of Smyrna demolished the structure.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Talking Books program was established in 1931 thanks to the Pratt-Smoot Act. Administered by the Library of Congress, the program provides reading materials in braille as well as digitally recorded audio to blind and print disabled people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMark Edwin Silverman (1939-2008), was an American cardiologist, medical historian, medical educator, and author. Silverman worked at Piedmont Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlvin M. Sugarman (b. 1938) is the Rabbi Emeritus of the Temple in Atlanta and currently serves with life tenure. He began his rabbinate at the Temple in 1971 and in 1974 was named senior rabbi. A native of Atlanta, Rabbi Sugarman's family were members of the Temple, where he was also confirmed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Hurst, Jr. is a cardiologist in Atlanta, Georgia. He is affiliated with Piedmont Hospital and Northside Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Scottish Rite is one of several Rites of Freemasonry. It is also known as the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry. A Rite is a progressive series of degrees conferred by various Masonic organizations, each of which operates under the control of its own central authority. A Master Mason may join Scottish Rite for further exposure to the principles of Freemasonry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShema Yisrael\u003cbr\u003e (Shema Israel or Sh'ma Yisrael; \"Hear, O Israel\") is a Jewish prayer, and is also the first two words of a section of the Torah, and is the title (better known as The Shema) of a prayer that serves as a centerpiece of the morning and evening Jewish prayer services. The first verse encapsulates the monotheistic essence of Judaism: \"Hear, O Israel: the Lord is our God, the Lord is one,\" found in Deuteronomy 6:4.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShiva\u003cbr\u003e, literally “seven,” is the week-long mourning period in Judaism for first-degree relatives: father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister and spouse. The ritual is referred to as “sitting shiva.” Immediately after burial, first-degree relatives assume the status of “mourner.” This state lasts for seven days, during which the family members traditionally gather in one home and receive visitors. At the funeral, mourners traditionally wear an outer garment, a ritual known as “kerish.” This garment is worn throughout shiva.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Woman’s Auxiliary at Piedmont Atlanta is a volunteer organization that began in 1957. It provides support to Piedmont Hospital through fund raising. The Auxiliary coordinates volunteers who serve throughout the hospital, operates a gift shop, and the Cheer Cart, which delivers mail, gifts and flowers to patients' rooms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKiddush [Hebrew: sanctification] is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Sabbath and Jewish holidays. In many synagogues congregants gather for Kiddush reception after the Friday night or Saturday morning service to recite the blessing over wine or grape juice and have something to eat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLiese is referring to Gerhard Rex Lauck (b. 1953), an American neo-Nazi activist and publisher based in Lincoln, Nebraska. Lauck was arrested in 1995 and found guilty of distributing neo-Nazi pamphlets in Germany. After serving four years in prison, he was deported back to the United States, where he continues to distribute Nazi paraphernalia online.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635/annotation_set/1104/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLiese seems to be referring to the first intifada. Intifada is an Arabic word meaning “shaking off,” although it is popularly translated into English as “uprising,” “resistance,” or “rebellion.” The first intifada was a sustained series of protests and riots that began in December 1987 as a spontaneous series of Palestinian demonstrations, nonviolent actions like mass boycotts, civil disobedience, Palestinians refusing to work jobs in Israel, and attacks (using rocks, Molotov cocktails, and occasionally firearms) on Israelis. The first intifada quickly spread throughout the Palestinian Territories and Israel, lasting until September 1993 with the signing of the first Oslo Accords. The second intifada began in September 2000 and lasted until around 2005.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/105870/file/206635#t=7830.0,7860.0"}]}]}]}