{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/xk84j0bq4p/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Podber, Abe (1984)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1984-08-28 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta","Legacy Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAbe Podber was interviewed by Enoch David Goodfriend in Atlanta, Georgia on August 28, 1984.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eAbe Podber was born in Wiszniew, Poland on September 9, 1919. Abe was the third of four sons and had two sisters. In the pre-war years, life was good for Abe and his family. Abe attended a Polish and a Hebrew school. After finishing school, he started a business. When the Germans invaded western Poland in 1939, Russia took the opportunity to occupy the eastern half of Poland, where Wiszniew was. However, it was not until the Germans advanced into eastern Poland during the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 that life dramatically changed. Abe’s eldest brother was immediately murdered. His two other brothers escaped to Russia. Abe only narrowly escaped death after he was arrested. Chained to a group of prisoners and taken to a local cemetery where a work detail was digging a mass grave, he realized he was about to be shot. Abe grabbed a shovel and pretended to be part of the burial detail, taking the place of a prisoner who had escaped. Abe, his parents, his sisters, and the remaining Jewish population were soon confined to a ghetto the Germans established. Abe worked as a forced laborer in the ghetto. In August 1942, the Jews living in the ghetto were rounded up. Truckload after truckload was taken to a large building nearby, lined up against a wall, and shot. Those who remained at the end of the day were then forced into the building. When the Germans set fire to the building, Abe and a few others managed to escape. Abe’s family remained inside the burning building. Abe found shelter in a nearby forest. A few weeks later, he was captured and sent to a work camp. After spending about a year in the work camp, Abe was shipped to Stutthof concentration camp in Germany. Life became much more difficult. After a few weeks, Abe was sent to Dachau concentration camp. From Dachau, Abe was sent to Kaufering, a sub-camp of Dachau near Landberg am Lech. Abe spent the next two years living in harsh conditions and performing difficult manual labor. In the spring of 1945, in the closing days of World War II, the Germans sent the prisoners of Dachau and its sub-camps on a death march south toward Tyrol, Austria. The Jewish and Russian prisoners Abe was with stopped at a camp near Wolfrathausen, Germany. Abe hid in a chimney when the Germans began to shoot the Russian prisoners. The Jewish prisoners were left alone and soon liberated by American troops. After liberation, Abe spent several months in the Feldafing Displaced Persons camp. He found work with the US Army and then eventually managed to make a living for himself. In 1949, he married Phillis in Ulm, Germany. During this period, Abe was also reunited with his two brothers, who had spent the war in Russia. In 1949, Abe, Phillis, and one of Abe’s brothers immigrated to the United States; the other brother went to Israel. Abe and Phillis settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Abe bought a grocery store and worked in real estate. The couple had three sons. Abe passed away in 2011.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eAbe describes life in his small town in Poland before the war. He says Jews and non-Jews got on well and had very good relationships. He recounts how difficult life became after the Germans occupied his town in 1941. Abe describes being arrested and narrowly escaping being shot. He describes being interned in a ghetto. Food was in short supply and Abe was forced into slave labor. Abe explains how the ghetto was liquidated, his family locked in a building that was set on fire, and his escape to the forest. Abe recalls spending a year in a work camp and then being sent to Stutthof, where he witnessed great brutality. He describes the difficult work he endured when he was then sent to Kaufering, a sub-camp of Dachau near Landberg am Lech. He explains why he never sought help when he was sick or tried to escape. He describes the hierarchy, treatment of, and interaction between prisoners. Abe recounts being sent on a death march south toward Austria at the end of the war and stopping in a camp near Wolfrathausen, Germany. He recalls the chaos before American troops liberated the prisoners. Abe outlines his time in a DP camp after the war and working for the US Army. In Germany, he married and was reunited with two of his brothers before immigrating to the United States. Abe is distressed by the recollection of his family’s murder and haunted by the murder of young children that he witnessed. Abe admits his reluctance to accept war reparations from Germany. His feelings towards Germany become apparent when he describes his son’s visit to Europe and his own disinterest in returning. Abe shares his perspective of Israel and its struggle with its Arab neighbors. In closing, Abe tells how happy he is living in the United States with his wife and family. He comments on the effect that his experiences during the Holocaust have had on him and how it continued to affect his life.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28028"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Abe (Abraham) Podber (personal name)","Yakov Podber (personal name)","Max (Meyer) Podber (personal name)","Moses (Moshe) Podber (personal name)","Leah Podber (personal name)","Rachel Podber (personal name)","Phillis Podber (personal name)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) (corporate name)","Wiszniew, Poland (Belarus) (geographic term)","Tyrol, Austria (geographic term)","Munich, Germany (geographic term)","Lodz, Poland (geographic term)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","United States of America (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Stuttfhof Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Dachau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Wiszniew Ghetto (geographic term)","Feldafing Displaced Persons Camp (geographic term)","Displaced Persons Camps (topical term)","Concentration Camps (topical term)","Ghettos (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Nuremberg Laws (topical term)","Judenrat (Jewish Council) (topical term)","Religious Ceremonies (topical term)","Death March (topical term)","War Reparations (topical term)","Liberation (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAbe Podber was interviewed by Enoch David Goodfriend in Atlanta, Georgia on August 28, 1984.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAbe Podber was born in Wiszniew, Poland on September 9, 1919. Abe was the third of four sons and had two sisters. In the pre-war years, life was good for Abe and his family. Abe attended a Polish and a Hebrew school. After finishing school, he started a business. When the Germans invaded western Poland in 1939, Russia took the opportunity to occupy the eastern half of Poland, where Wiszniew was. However, it was not until the Germans advanced into eastern Poland during the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 that life dramatically changed. Abe’s eldest brother was immediately murdered. His two other brothers escaped to Russia. Abe only narrowly escaped death after he was arrested. Chained to a group of prisoners and taken to a local cemetery where a work detail was digging a mass grave, he realized he was about to be shot. Abe grabbed a shovel and pretended to be part of the burial detail, taking the place of a prisoner who had escaped. Abe, his parents, his sisters, and the remaining Jewish population were soon confined to a ghetto the Germans established. Abe worked as a forced laborer in the ghetto. In August 1942, the Jews living in the ghetto were rounded up. Truckload after truckload was taken to a large building nearby, lined up against a wall, and shot. Those who remained at the end of the day were then forced into the building. When the Germans set fire to the building, Abe and a few others managed to escape. Abe’s family remained inside the burning building. Abe found shelter in a nearby forest. A few weeks later, he was captured and sent to a work camp. After spending about a year in the work camp, Abe was shipped to Stutthof concentration camp in Germany. Life became much more difficult. After a few weeks, Abe was sent to Dachau concentration camp. From Dachau, Abe was sent to Kaufering, a sub-camp of Dachau near Landberg am Lech. Abe spent the next two years living in harsh conditions and performing difficult manual labor. In the spring of 1945, in the closing days of World War II, the Germans sent the prisoners of Dachau and its sub-camps on a death march south toward Tyrol, Austria. The Jewish and Russian prisoners Abe was with stopped at a camp near Wolfrathausen, Germany. Abe hid in a chimney when the Germans began to shoot the Russian prisoners. The Jewish prisoners were left alone and soon liberated by American troops. After liberation, Abe spent several months in the Feldafing Displaced Persons camp. He found work with the US Army and then eventually managed to make a living for himself. In 1949, he married Phillis in Ulm, Germany. During this period, Abe was also reunited with his two brothers, who had spent the war in Russia. In 1949, Abe, Phillis, and one of Abe’s brothers immigrated to the United States; the other brother went to Israel. Abe and Phillis settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Abe bought a grocery store and worked in real estate. The couple had three sons. Abe passed away in 2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAbe describes life in his small town in Poland before the war. He says Jews and non-Jews got on well and had very good relationships. He recounts how difficult life became after the Germans occupied his town in 1941. Abe describes being arrested and narrowly escaping being shot. He describes being interned in a ghetto. Food was in short supply and Abe was forced into slave labor. Abe explains how the ghetto was liquidated, his family locked in a building that was set on fire, and his escape to the forest. Abe recalls spending a year in a work camp and then being sent to Stutthof, where he witnessed great brutality. He describes the difficult work he endured when he was then sent to Kaufering, a sub-camp of Dachau near Landberg am Lech. He explains why he never sought help when he was sick or tried to escape. He describes the hierarchy, treatment of, and interaction between prisoners. Abe recounts being sent on a death march south toward Austria at the end of the war and stopping in a camp near Wolfrathausen, Germany. He recalls the chaos before American troops liberated the prisoners. Abe outlines his time in a DP camp after the war and working for the US Army. In Germany, he married and was reunited with two of his brothers before immigrating to the United States. Abe is distressed by the recollection of his family’s murder and haunted by the murder of young children that he witnessed. Abe admits his reluctance to accept war reparations from Germany. His feelings towards Germany become apparent when he describes his son’s visit to Europe and his own disinterest in returning. Abe shares his perspective of Israel and its struggle with its Arab neighbors. In closing, Abe tells how happy he is living in the United States with his wife and family. He comments on the effect that his experiences during the Holocaust have had on him and how it continued to affect his life.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/100/906/small/Abe_Podber.png?1619301999","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Podber_Abe.mp4"]},"duration":3694.003,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/100/906/small/Abe_Podber.png?1619301999","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/100/906/original/Podber_Abe.mp4?1604659844","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3694.003,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Podber, Abe [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOODFRIEND: The date is August 28, 1984. My name is Enoch David Goodfriend.\nThis interview is taking place in Atlanta, Georgia. Please tell us your name.\n\nPODBER: Abe Podber.\n\nGOODFRIEND: And your address, Abe?\n\nPODBER: 1929 Lennox Road.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Is that Atlanta, Georgia?\n\nPODBER: Atlanta, Georgia.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Your date of birth?\n\nPODBER: September 9, 1919.\n\nGOODFRIEND: That would have made you about how old at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberation . . . in 1945 .\n. . about 26?\n\nPODBER: Yes.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What is your present occupation?\n\nPODBER: I been in the wholesale business.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What city were you born in please?\n\nPODBER: I am born in Poland, in a small town . . . Wiszniew.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Tell us a little bit about that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city. Was it a bustling big city or\nwas it more in the country?\n\nPODBER: It was a small town. We used to have a good life in that city. When we\nfinished school, we started to build a business, trying to make a living until\nthe Germans come on in and they destroy our life.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I want to talk a little bit about your family, your house. Who lived\nin your house with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you?\n\nPODBER: We have a family. I have four brothers and two sisters. When the Germans\ncome on in, they right away take the oldest brother who they kill right away.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Let's back up a little bit. Tell me the names of your brothers and\nsisters in your family.\n\nPODBER: The oldest brother is Yakov, next Moses . . . Moshe, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, and Meyer. The\ntwo sisters is Leah, the oldest one, and Rachel, the youngest one.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What was your religious background? Were you a very religious family?\n\nPODBER: We used to go to the Polish school in high school and a Hebrew school.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Could you tell us what going to school was like in your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city? What\nwent on in your schools?\n\nPODBER: It used to be very nice. People used to be nice to us. We had a good life.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What were your contacts like with non-Jews before the war, just\ngrowing up in your city?\n\nPODBER: In the city, it was very good.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What were your first memories of the war? How old were you when you\nfirst realized there was a war going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on?\n\nPODBER: In 1939, the Germans with the Polish started to fight. After that . . .\nthe Russians occupied half and half the Germans occupied.\n\nGOODFRIEND: It wasn't until 1939 . . . ?\n\nPODBER: 1939 to 1941, used to be the Russian.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What about 1933 . . . the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg Laws that came out, with the\nCivil Service jobs and the schools? The Nuremberg Laws that said you couldn't\nmarry a Jew, you couldn't . . . you didn't hear anything from that?\n\nPODBER: No, I didn't.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You didn't. At what time did the war affect you personally? You were\nsaying 1939?\n\nPODBER: In 1941, when the Germans coming in, that will be an affect on our life.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Tell me about that.\n\nPODBER: When the Germans ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming in 1941 to the little city, Wiszniew, they\nstarted to make ghettos and all the Jews, they bring in all together. Food was\nreally, really low. We don't have any food. We used to go out to work. We used\nto smuggle in food. We used to go to the farmers and get something for the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"families. After that, the Germans come into our house and they ask for me\nbecause . . . I don't know why they asking. They asking for me. I just left\noutside. They said they want me . . . they not wanting my family, just me. Later\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on, they told my father and mother if I not show up to the police station, they\ngoing to take my father and mother. I jumped out and I said, \"No, I go with you\npeople. I don't want you to take my father and mother.\" When I come, six o'clock\nin the evening. They lock me up in a room in the police station. We spend a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night . . . from about six o'clock to about four or five o'clock in the morning.\nIn a little bit of window I saw them killing a bunch of Jews--one with clothes,\none have no clothes, one have shoes, one don't have any shoes. What I see\nsomething is looking pretty bad. They come in and they open the door. They\nconnect me with these people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together. They bring us to the cemetery. In the\ncemetery, they take about 38 people--the night before, they take the 38 people.\nThey already make graves. They digging graves for all the people to put in, to\nkill them. When I saw the things going on so far, I saw a shovel laid down on\nthe ground. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I grabbed the shovel on my shoulder. I started to back up. Nobody\npay any attention to me because they have the 38 people. The 38 people have to\ncover up the dead people. They don't bother me. I just connect back to the 38\npeople. Later on, after they kill everybody and they put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them all in the same\ngreat big, large graves, the officer come to us with the 38 people. He said, \"If\nwe don't find one or two . . . there is supposed to be 38. If we going to find\n40 or 39, we are going to kill you all.\" One from the 38 is escaped in the\nmiddle of the night. They stay all night and they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dig the graves. He run away.\nHe escaped. I used to be one of 38 men and they not going to bother us. After\nthat, they make the ghetto. We used to live in the ghetto several months but the\nsituation in the ghetto used to be pretty bad.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What year?\n\nPODBER: That being in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1941.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You said that when you were growing up, you lived in a very fine\ncommunity and everybody got along very well. When this happened in 1939 and\n1940, did your non-Jewish neighbors' attitudes change or was it still the same?\n\nPODBER: It's the same.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did they try and help you?\n\nPODBER: No, because we being under the Germans, the Germans used to stay with us\nall the time. They don't let us out so the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people can help you.\n\nGOODFRIEND: They didn't . . . there was no . . .\n\nPODBER: No. Some people used to bring into the camps food, but they used to\npunish the gentiles too for bringing the food into the camp, in the ghettos.\n\nGOODFRIEND: As the war became closer, were there any options open to your family\nas far as what they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could do or where they could go? Were they stuck there?\n\nPODBER: They stuck. They can't go out. Nobody can go out. But they used to take\nthe young people, they used to take to work every single day. I used to be in\nthat. I used to go for a whole week to work. On Friday evening, we used to come\non home. When we used to come on home, we used to smuggle in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food. We used to\nhide it in the coats and other things. If the police used to catch us, they used\nto take away the food and this. They used to beat us up.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Now let's move ahead. You are in the ghetto now?\n\nPODBER: Yes, now we are in the ghetto.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Tell me a little bit about what a day was like . . . the daily\nroutine in the ghetto?\n\nPODBER: We used to stay up in the morning about five o'clock, because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used to be\nin ghetto ten families in a small house. We used to lay down on the floor to\nsleep. Food used to be scarce. We never had enough. We never can go outside\nbecause the German police used to be around . . . surrounding the whole ghetto.\nIf somebody try to escape, they used to shoot him. They used to kill him right\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away. The officers used to come in and say, \"We need 50 people now.\" When we\ncan't raise any 50 people . . . they used to say, \"Now we need 50 people. If\nnot, you going to be killed all.\" Later, when we used to raise the 50 people,\nthey come in and say that they need so many . . . gold. If we not going to give\nthem ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so many gold, they used to kill hundreds of people. They used to do that.\nIf we can't raise the gold, they used to take about 100 people and shoot them.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Was any business carried out . . .\n\nPODBER: No business in the camps . . . no business in the . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: . . . in the ghetto?\n\nPODBER: In the ghetto is no business. We don't have nobody . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: What about education? Did you . . .\n\nPODBER: No education, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Where was the rest of your family during this time? Were you\ntogether with them?\n\nPODBER: I used to be together . . . later, that is ended by the middle of 1941,\nmaybe in July . . . no, that is in September . . . they surrounded . . . they\ncalled all the Jews to come into one place that used to be around the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue.\nWe used to have a big, big parking place. They told everybody, \"Take a little\nbag because you are all going to work.\" Everybody used to see what is going on .\n. . we come out . . . to the parking place. They have already ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 20 or 30 big\ntrucks. They brought out everybody . . . on the ground. They say lay the head\ndown, not to pick up the head. \"If somebody going to pick up the head we going\nto shoot.\" Everybody lay down. Somebody used to pick up the head, they used to\nshoot and kill them. Right now they used to take from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning. They come in\nthe trucks. They used to sit . . . \"One, two.\" With a stick, \"You stand up. You\nstand up. You stand up.\" They stand up. Right away, they tell them to go right\naway in the truck. That used to be a half a day. They carried maybe 150 trucks\nin one place. They picking up from the synagogue all the people from the parking\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot. They carry them out maybe about ten kilometers from where they pick us up\nand they put them in one big house. We used to have a great big . . . where they\nused to do all kind of things . . . shows, and concerts, and everything. They\nbring everybody in one house. Later, they finish bringing everybody. They put\nkerosene around and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: They were in the hall? The people were in the hall from the ghetto?\nThey put them in the hall and they put . . .\n\nPODBER: No, they put the fire . . . no. They bringing in everybody in one house.\nThey finished clearing out the trucks. Then they put bars on the doors and they\nclosed up all the windows and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything so nobody can go out. They put kerosene\n. . . gas round and round the building. They put matches and the building\nstarted to burn. When the building start to burn and everybody sees the smoke\ngoing in inside, I jumped out of the house . . . me and one more. He's now . . .\nthat man survived. He's in Baltimore. They started to shoot at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. When they\nshoot, we run out between the homes, the houses, a lot of big trees. They\ngrowing big corn . . . grain. They started to shoot. We fall down. Later, when\nwe fell down, we saw they come in . . . We laying down like . . . we playing\nlike we dead. We haven't been shot, but we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"playing like we dead. We laying down.\nThey started to shoot and shoot. You can't even move if you wanted, they going\nto kill you. We drop right away on the ground and we . . . when we lay down, we\nsaw the Germans coming. They say, \"Verfluchte Juden. They were already dead.\"\nThat's what they say. They laugh. We have just been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lucky. They stick us with\nthe guns and the rifles but we not move. They said, \"They dead.\" They turned\naround and left. We laid down maybe about an hour and it started to be dark. It\nwas evening. We just stood up and we left to the wood. About five or six more\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people we find in the wood, a little farther into the forest. Maybe about two\nweeks we used to round up to get you get a piece of bread or something like\nthat. After that, we come in a little city. From that city, they pick up people.\nWe being strong and young . . . they picking up young people . . . they give ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us\n. . . they turn us over to the Germans again. They turn us over to the Germans.\nThey put us in big trucks. They bring us to . . . an Arbeits camp. It is a\nworking camp. That is an Arbeitslager. I spend maybe about a year in that place\n. . . until they bring us in Germany.\n\nGOODFRIEND: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's go back to the ghetto for a moment. There are a few things I\nwant to know. It was during that time that you were separated from your family?\nIt was just you? Your brothers, your sisters, and your parents--they were still\nin the ghetto?\n\nPODBER: My two brothers, they left . . . they left to Russia. My father, and\nmother, and the two sisters . . . the whole ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family . . . we have a big family .\n. . not just my family--uncles, and aunts, nieces--they got killed in the same\nhouse where they put the fire round and round. They kill them.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You were alone living in the forest, as far as no family . . . it\nwas just . . .\n\nPODBER: No, I by myself. They kill all my family.\n\nGOODFRIEND: This was in 1941?\n\nPODBER: That is in 1941, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes.\n\nGOODFRIEND: While you were in the ghetto, was there a leadership or some kind of\ngovernment that you formed? Tell me about that.\n\nPODBER: We have a government--maybe about 10 or 15 people--that used to call a\nJudenrat. One used to be the head and the others used to follow what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he used to\ntell them. One used to go and say, \"Listen, we need to take 20 people to work.\"\nThe other people used to give the orders, \"We have to have today.\" The Germans\nused to come to the committee and say, \"We need 20 people to work today in that\nand that place.\" The other people used to give the order what the Germans used\nto tell them. The committee used to come in and tell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us--they used to call the\npeople from each house and we used to come in to one place--\"We need 50 or 100\npeople to work.\" We need to go get the gold, or something else, or clothes. They\nused to take away all our clothes. The Germans . . . they used to go not to the\nindividual people, they go just to the committee. The committee would then come\nto us. We used to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything what the committee say.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Was there any resistance in the ghetto?\n\nPODBER: Not in there.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What about . . . you may be thinking only of physical resistance . .\n. what about newspaper articles . . .\n\nPODBER: We don't have one newspaper. We don't have nothing. They don't let us\nhave anything in--nothing.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were Jews transported from your ghetto to the death camps? Was there\na transport in your ghetto that took Jews away to the camps?\n\nPODBER: No, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kill all . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: In the ghetto?\n\nPODBER: In ghetto they kill all. The survivors for the whole town . . . maybe\nabout 20 people. That is all that survive.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How many people were in the town?\n\nPODBER: We used to have maybe six or seven hundred.\n\nGOODFRIEND: In your town?\n\nPODBER: Yes.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were there any religious ceremonies ever carried out in the ghetto?\n\nPODBER: In the ghetto we used to have religious ceremonies.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Tell me about that. Like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what?\n\nPODBER: We have . . . books, we have tallits, we have tefillin, we have\neverything. We used to pick up 10, 20, or 30 people and we used to have a\nminyan. We used to have all our services . . . all the services, but the Germans\nnever know we have services.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Let's move ahead a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bit. You are in the forest with those five\nor six friends that you met up with and they took you to Germany. This was in\n1942? Tell me about that. You arrived in Germany and what happened?\n\nPODBER: When they bring us with a lot of people all together, maybe 10,000\npeople. They put us in big ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"machines. They carry us to Stutthof. They bring us to\nStutthof. That used to be amazing place. When we come in, they take away our\nclothes. They give us the uniforms what . . . for the . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clothes like\nprisoners. On the clothes there used to be Magan David--it is the Jewish\nstar--on the front and in the back. When we used to go to get you something to\neat, if you don't put your plate next like he want, he used to take that . . .\nhe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used to have a big spoon or a fork or something. He used to take that along\nlike a piece of iron and he used to knock you in the head. That people never got\nbreakfast, or lunch, or nothing. They used to be so mean.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You have just arrived at Stutthof and you told me they issued you\nprisoner ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clothing?\n\nPODBER: That's right.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Tell me a little bit more about what happened at the camp. What\nhappened then? They gave you the clothing . . . you are seeing all this new for\nthe first time . . . what did you think was going on? What did you think?\n\nPODBER: We know we in trouble already. We know that that is coming to us because\nwhen they take us, they got us to Stutthof. We been in Stutthof, they change our\nclothes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later they take us back and they got us to Landsberg am Lech. That is\nnext to Dachau. That used to be called Landsberg am Lech and Dachau to be the\nhead of the same camp. They put us in that place. The beds used to be three\nstory . . . one, two, three story . . . no pillows no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing--just wood. Inside\nused to be cold. In wintertime, we used to freeze. We have nothing to cover up\nourselves. Some used to die on the inside because the living used to be so bad.\nThey used to take us out in the morning to work--cement . . . we used to carry\nbags of cement to the factories. We used to work pretty hard for those people,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very hard--but we survive.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You were in Stutthof for about how long before . . .\n\nPODBER: In Stutthof, we have been not too long--maybe four, five weeks . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: Then you went . . .\n\nPODBER: That's all. Then they take us to deep Germany, to Dachau. It's not far\nfrom Munich. That city is . . . that used to be the camp where we spend a couple\nof years in that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place. That place is . . . it used to be very uncomfortable . .\n. very bad.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You said something very interesting: I asked you what you felt, what\nyour thoughts were. You said you knew you were going to die, you knew this was\nit . . .\n\nPODBER: Yes.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you have faith? Did you have hope that you were going to make it?\n\nPODBER: We have hope but the hope we used to stand up every day, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same\nthings. They used to punish us and punish us. Life is already miserable. Life is\nto be miserable. We used to see they take the people get sick. When they used to\ntake them into the hospitals, they used to give them a shot. Even a strong man\nwith nothing wrong--he get a little cold and he going to the doctor, used to go\nto the hospital to get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"check-up or give him something--he never come back. They\nused to kill them like flies. Just extra . . . who used to be sick, go to the\ndoctor . . . he never come back from the doctor . . . never.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You didn't get sick?\n\nPODBER: No, I have been pretty sick many times but I never gone to the doctor. I\nknow the doctor . . . they give you a shot and you gone.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How about resistance or escape while you were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there? Were there any\nattempts at that?\n\nPODBER: We try . . . in Germany. They used to be really rough--the Germans. They\nused to see somebody going with those clothes, they used to report them right\naway. They used to pick him up and kill him.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were there any special or unusual experiences that particularly\nhappened to you during that time in the camp?\n\nPODBER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It used to be the same things with everybody.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You mentioned that you moved cement. Was that the only job or did\nyou do other things too?\n\nPODBER: I used to be a locomotive driver. I used to drive a train but that train\ndidn't last long . . . don't last long--maybe about three or four months. It\nused to make my life better because the Germans used to give me a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little piece\nof bread or something. As soon as they took me off, I used to carry on my\nshoulder the cement, mixing the cement, working pretty hard--not like here\nsomebody work for eight hours. They never gave you any lunch. The piece of bread\nthey used to give you, it just like for a three, four years old baby. That's all\nthey used to give--maybe about two, three months . . . a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day bread. When they\nused to cook the soup, they used to put in rice--one bags in hundred gallons.\nOne small bag in hundred gallons. You never see a piece of rice in that place.\nThey used to give just one, just a little water. In the water that they used to\ncook, they never give enough.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there any support system that went down there? By that I mean:\ndid you and the other inmates share with each other? Did you get along? Did you\nnot get along?\n\nPODBER: We used to go along with everybody but everybody used to be in the same\nproblem like me. They going to have nothing to eat. We don't have nothing to\neat. We don't have. They don't have. What they used to have, I used to have.\nThey used to give everybody the same things.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did groups ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"form within the camp? Did certain groups of people stick\ntogether and other groups of people stick together, or was everybody all together?\n\nPODBER: The people used to be--the deep Polish people--they used to be\naltogether. They used to have the best jobs. They used to be in the kitchen. In\nthe kitchen, you already got plenty to eat, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but who can go in the kitchen, it's impossible.\n\nGOODFRIEND: There were groups then?\n\nPODBER: Yes, there were groups. They used to be around with the officers\ntogether. They used to clean the shoes or something like that.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did you know that this was going on all over Eastern Europe? Did you\nknow what was happening to Eastern Jewry, to Jews from all over Eastern Europe?\nWhat did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think?\n\nPODBER: When the Germans arrive, we already know in Poland there's problems. In\ndeep Poland, we already know there is big problems because a lot of people from\nthe big cities--from Warsaw, from Lodz--they used to come into our cities\nbecause we used to live on the Russian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"half. Half is the Germans taken over,\noccupied and half the Russians occupied--that is in 1939. We already know in the\nRussian zone that the Jews run away from Poland. They used to come in to our\nsections because they know they used to punish them in the big cities. They used\nto come into the Russian-zone. The Russian used to be better. It used to be\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"free. Later, in 1941, they started with the broke out of war. With the broke out\nof war, right away the Germans attacked the Russians. Now we already know it's\ngoing to be mean. The Germans came in right away and attacked the Russians. The\nRussians run away back to Russia. The Germans is with us. We know we going to\nhave problems. We know right away.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were there any non-Jews in the camp with you?\n\nPODBER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were they treated differently?\n\nPODBER: There used to be Germans, but the Germans used to have a different\nkitchen. They used to go with us to work, the same things. But they used to be\ngiven more to eat. We used to be with the Russian prisoners. They used to be the\nsame things like we. They used to punish the Russians the same like the Jews.\nBut the Germans--they used to have everything the better.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Why were these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people there? The Jews were there . . . we know why\nthe Jews were there. What were they there for?\n\nPODBER: The Russians, they caught them when they attack the Russians . . . they\ntake prisoners. What are they going to do with them? Will they take them to\nGermany or put them in concentration camps? The Germans used to be the . . . I\ndon't know how to say this: the banditen. I used to say in Germany, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there used\nto be in Germany the . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: Criminals?\n\nPODBER: The criminals. They used to be the criminals. The criminals they used to\nbring in the concentration camp with us.\n\nGOODFRIEND: But they still treated them . . .\n\nPODBER: Treated them bad. But the Jews and the Russians, they used to do the\nsame things.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did any of the guards--the SS guards--ever talk to you to tell you\nwhat was happening to the Jews? Did they ever communicate to you?\n\nPODBER: They in the Arbeitslager in . . . in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1941 when we guarded by the\nGermans--we used to have the old Germans, they used to watch us--they used to\ntell us a little bit, \"Hitler is kaputt. Hitler going to be kaputt.\" The SS\nnever talk to us. We used to be afraid for the SS. We used to be afraid of the\nalt tot. They used to call it the 'alt tot.' That is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Arbeits camp, in the\nworker's camp. They used to be older guards because the young ones they send to\nthe military. The old one used to stay with us. They used to be a little better.\nThey used to tell us, \"We losing the war. One day is going to be good for you\npeople, too.\" They used to say it, but not many--maybe one out of 100 used to\ntell us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You said that when you were growing up you led a pretty religious\nlife. What were your religious thoughts while all this was going on? Did you\nremain as religious as you were, more religious, or less religious in your\nthoughts? I understand in your actions . . .\n\nPODBER: We don't have any time to keep up with religion so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much. They used to\nwake us up by six o'clock in the morning. They used to take us out, outside to\ncount all the people to be all in. Sometime somebody don't show up. They don't\nknow where he is. We have thousands of people and they used to know in each\ncamp, in each block how many supposed to be. If used to be short two, they used\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to put us in a line and search us. When they used to find them, they used to\nkill him not to show up. We don't have any time to have services. Late in the\nnight, when we come home, then we used to have services.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I'm not asking so much about the action of having a service. I\nunderstand that that was probably ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"impossible. What I'm asking is as far as your\nbeliefs or your thoughts. Were you still a religious man in your thoughts? How\ndid you feel about G-d? How did you feel about . . . how did you feel about that?\n\nPODBER: We used to pray to G-d maybe one day we going to come out but G-d don't\nlisten to us. We have been for so many years and we don't have any help from\nnobody--not from G-d, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not from nobody.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What did you think?\n\nPODBER: I believe G-d survive me . . . that's what I think, I was surviving from G-d.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What illnesses do you remember? During all this time, did you remain healthy?\n\nPODBER: Yes, I been healthy. I been young. I never been sick. One time, we carry\na big piece ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of iron that you held in your hand. It fell down on my big toe and\nit just smashed up the whole thing. I was bleeding and you just wash it for\nnothing. I scared to go to the doctor, because when I go to the doctor I can go\nout. I take a piece of dirty something or I cover it up with a piece of\nnewspaper or something. I still used to go on with that. It healed by itself.\n\nGOODFRIEND: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were prisoners--the kapos, the medical staff, maybe some of\nthe women--that were Jewish but did things in order to survive themselves, maybe\na little better. How did you feel about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them? When was the first sign to you\nthat the war was coming to an end?\n\nPODBER: One time, we talking . . . we stay in a group that didn't work on\nSundays. One German said to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us, \"Hitler got an attack. They tried to kill him.\"\nEverybody look at each other and say, \"I hope it going to happen.\" But it is not\nhappen. It don't happen. They kill somebody else but they don't kill Hitler.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Was this in 1944 or 1945?\n\nPODBER: I believe in 1944. Yes, in 1944.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Were you able to get any news from the outside ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world?\n\nPODBER: No. We didn't have no news. We didn't even know what day is today. What\nday is--Saturday, or Sunday, or Monday? We never know. When our Jewish holidays\nused to come in, we never know. We never know what day is going to be our High\nHoly Days. We never know what day is going to be.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Before we go on to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the late war or post war experiences--meaning\ngoing into liberation--is there anything leading up to 1944 or 1945 that I\nhaven't asked about that you want to bring up?\n\nPODBER: In 1945, before the liberation is the Germans coming into our camp. They\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"We going to have to march you to the Tyrol hills.\" When they said it, we\njust don't believe what it is going to be with us. We know that if they going to\ntake us out from here, they going to kill us on the way, but you have to do it.\nThey call us. They call everybody and we started to march. In the middle of the\nway, maybe we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been 200 or 300 kilometer, in a place they call Wolfrathausen, not\nfar from . . . which used to be a German camp. They bring us in that camp.\nBefore they bring us into that camp, the main officer said, \"Now the American\nArmy is not far from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here. Don't do nothing to everybody. Just stay still. We\nare going to take you to that camp and we going to leave you. We going to stay\nwith you until the American Army going to come in.\" They bring us into a big\nbuilding. They give us something to eat and it is better. Later, we have\ntogether maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"500 or 600 Russians with us. The Russians being in a separate\nbuilding and we being in a separate building in the same house. All of a sudden,\nwe see a big man come in--a German. We already know. We saw him already. He used\nto run around and see all the camps. The name is Morde. When he come in, we felt\nthat our lack of fear . . . \"We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need only Russian. How many Russian have you got\nhere? We need him with us.\" He don't have no other choice. He called all the\nRussians outside and they take him maybe about 20 or 30 feet from that camp what\nwe stay at--what used to be the German camp--and in the back used to be a big\nwooden area, lot of trees and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything. We heard they started shooting. When\nwe hear that, people start to run away because it is a big noise, see something\ntrouble. We come together about 10 people. We said, \"Look around. They take the\nRussians now. Later they going to come in and take us.\" What I do? I just\nseparated from everybody. I saw a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chimney, like a fire chimney. I just laid down\nin the chimney and I started to climb to the top of the chimney. That being\nmaybe about ten or eleven o'clock in the night, I am scared because Morde going\nto come, and take us, and they going to kill us. I stay all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night. They hold me\nhere a little and here. Nobody breaks inside. I stay and hears noise but I don't\ncome down. I stay until about seven o'clock in the morning--that's all night\nfrom eleven o'clock. Later on, I hear noise outside. I just climb a little\nhigher. When I reach the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"top, I take with my hands and push me up. I saw people\ngoing round and round. I saw the military wearing different clothes. I never saw\nAmerican clothes. I don't know what kind of clothes is it. I hear people\nlaughing, people going on. I say, \"Something is going on.\" I slid myself down.\nWhen I come out people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think I have been working in the chimney. I look around\nin the mirror and I see I am black with chimney . . . with coal. I wash it off\nmyself and I come out. I say to the people, \"What is it here?\" They say, \"You\ndon't know? Where you been?\" I say, \"Where have I been? I have been in the\nchimney. I hide from Morde.\" They say, \"They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already liberated! Here is the\nAmericans! We're sitting. We're eating.\" They have so many tables--long tables.\nEverybody is sitting and eating. When his officer saw me like that, still\nwearing the same clothes and everything and I am dirty with the coal, he call me\nover. He is a Jewish fellow. He started to talk with me in Yiddish. He asked me\nif I wanted to eat. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"Sure, I want to eat.\" He sit me at the table and we\nstart to eat. I figure if I eat very much, it's going to be very bad. He is\ngoing round and round the tables, taking care of everybody. They are eating like\nhorses, just like animals, not like a human being, because they never saw so\nmany food. I take a piece and little by little I eat. Half the people died\nbecause they eat so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much.\n\nGOODFRIEND: From there, did you go to a DP camp?\n\nPODBER: Yes, I been in a DP camp. I registered for called Feldafing. After\nFeldafing, I only stayed for three or four days. I didn't want to stay in camp.\nI just find me a job in a kitchen, a military kitchen . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: In Germany?\n\nPODBER: In Germany. Everything in Germany . . . in a military kitchen with\nAmerican ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soldiers. I still got pictures from then. I been in an American\nuniform. In the kitchen, I peel potatoes and everything.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How long did you stay there?\n\nPODBER: I stayed there a couple of months.\n\nGOODFRIEND: And after that?\n\nPODBER: After that . . . I started to make a living for myself. I used to have\nsupport from . . . they used to call it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'UNRRA.' That is from the American\nsoldier. They used to give us . . . after that we saw Eisenhower come in our\ncamp. We talk with him, something like that . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: After that, you emigrated to the United States or somewhere else?\n\nPODBER: Yes, I been in Germany until 1949. I liberated May 1, 1945. After ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1945,\nI used to do a little business to make a living and I find my two brothers. I\nhave been in the Jewish community and they have all the names the survivors. I\nam reading the papers and I see my brothers here and here. They used to live in\nGermany in a little town. They come together. One of my brothers left to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel.\nMe and the other brother, we left for the United States.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Did they tell you what happened to them?\n\nPODBER: Yes, they told me they been in Russia. In Russia, they had a better\nlife, but still they come to the United States.\n\nGOODFRIEND: This was 1949?\n\nPODBER: That is 1945.\n\nGOODFRIEND: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How are your feelings today on how the war affected your life?\n\nPODBER: The memory from the parents . . . that is the affect: the memory from\nthe parents. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we saw with our own eyes . . . like they die . . . it is\nunbelievable. And the place where I grow up, where I stayed . . . I can't forget ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came to the United States and you started a family?\n\nPODBER: Yes, we come to the United States. We love it. It is best country in the world.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Have you had a chance up until now to ever sit down and talk about\nyour experiences to your children, to other people, or did you keep them pretty\nmuch to yourself?\n\nPODBER: I like to talk to people, but as soon as you start to talk, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the heart\ndoesn't allow you to do that.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How do you feel now doing this?\n\nPODBER: Very bad.\n\nGOODFRIEND: It's not easy. Did you ever apply for or receive war reparations\nfrom Germany?\n\nPODBER: Yes, a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bit.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How do you feel about that?\n\nPODBER: I tell you one thing: the first years--maybe about five, six years, or\nten years--I would not even take what they give me. I just treat it like poison.\nLater on, I figure it's better to take it from them than leave it. For ten\nyears, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot applied. I never would apply because what they do to my family,\nthey cannot buy for money.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you think another Holocaust is possible?\n\nPODBER: I hope not.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you think it's possible?\n\nPODBER: I don't think so because the United States is too good for that.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How about anywhere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"else in the world?\n\nPODBER: I don't think so because that is a terrible things . . . terrible\nthings. People saw it with their eyes: what people do to people. It is\nunbelievable. Now the United States help the Germans to build it up and to\neverything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"helping . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: How do you feel about answering these questions and being taped?\n\nPODBER: I think people know something was going on in the World War--what they\ndo to the people, what they do to the Jews.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you think it's important?\n\nPODBER: It's the truth. The new generation--they got to know what going on. Even\nthe Germans people got to know, the young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one.\n\nGOODFRIEND: In your daily life, in your regular outdoor business life, do\nthoughts of that period come with you? Do they stay with you all the time?\n\nPODBER: They stay all the time. Never can forget it. You never forget.\n\nGOODFRIEND: How do they manifest themselves? How do they appear to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you? Is it a\ndream, is it a thought, do you have them when you are sleeping . . . how do they\n. . . ?\n\nPODBER: Night is not so much. You go in in a synagogue, when you pray, when you\nunderstand the prayers, what it mean to you, that is . . . when you listen how\nthe cantor pray, it gets you right ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away in the heart. It is unbelievable. In the\nBible, it is written not to do things like that. When the Germans do things like\nthat, it just unbelievable. That is every day. When you go in to pray, it gets\nyou right away in the heart.\n\nGOODFRIEND: When you doubt it, that's when you think about it the most?\n\nPODBER: Exactly. That's what I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thinking all the time when I daven, when I go\nto the synagogue and pray.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Have you returned to Europe since the war?\n\nPODBER: No. I don't want to see that. I don't know what I will see. It's blown\nup. It's nothing but a piece of bomb. It's nothing. We saw that like the finish\noff everythings. My boy been. He come back from Russia and stop in our town. Our\nhouse: they take it off and they build somebody else ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on. On everything, they\ntake it away. He been to that place where everybody got killed . . . he just . .\n. they make a fence round and round. That's all what they got.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You have no desire to go back?\n\nPODBER: No.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What are your feelings about Israel?\n\nPODBER: Israel is a strong country, stronger than any country in the world. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If\nthe world will leave them alone, they can survive. They can be the strongest in\nthe world. But the problem is they got too many animals, too. One day it going\nto stop and Israel they going to be the strongest country.\n\nGOODFRIEND: What do you mean animals?\n\nPODBER: The Arabs and the whole world. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Arabs they don't like Israel. They\nlearn what the Germans, too. They want to do that the same, but one thinks\nIsrael stronger than they and they don't like to do it.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Do you think there was a relationship between the Holocaust and\nIsrael? A relationship between the creation of the State of Israel and what\nhappened in Europe? Do you think one has to do with the other? Do you think that\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"State of Israel and the Holocaust are related, that because of the Holocaust\nthe State of Israel exists?\n\nPODBER: Yes. That is because the Holocaust Israel got stronger and stronger. All\nthe Jews are going back to Israel and Israel going to build it up the biggest\ncountry in the world.\n\nGOODFRIEND: I'd like to say in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"closing, I know this is very difficult for you,\nthis is the first time probably that you have sat down and talked from beginning\nto end about everything. Is there anything I have left out that you want to add\nat this time?\n\nPODBER: Yes. When I used to be in the camps, we used to have camp ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one, camp two,\ncamp four, and camp eleven. They used to bury the bodies--dead bodies. They used\nto throw them in big ditches. Our people used to cover them up. When somebody\nsee that, it is the biggest punishment in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world. We saw that every single\nday. They used to bring thousands and thousands there to put them in the graves--thousands.\n\nGOODFRIEND: That affected you very much.\n\nPODBER: That's pretty bad.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You still see that?\n\nPODBER: Yes, still with the same eyes. They used to take little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children . . .\none German used to take: one for the feet and one for the neck, and knock them\nin the bricks, and kill them. They used to do things with them that we never\nseen in life like they used to do. Small children--four, five years, three\nyears, eight years, nine years . . . They used to play like balls, like a\nfootball. They used to take and knock them in the bricks with the eye. They used\nto take ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them by the feet and knock them into the bricks and kill them like that.\n\nGOODFRIEND: You still see that?\n\nPODBER: Yes. You can see it with the eyes.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yet, you came here, you have a lovely family . . .\n\nPODBER: Yes . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: How do you go on with all these things in your eyes? How do you continue?\n\nPODBER: It's pretty ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hard. If you are busy with something else, you forget.\nSometimes you cry by yourself or you take a book and you reading something and\nyou get back the memory of what the Germans used to do.\n\nGOODFRIEND: But life goes on?\n\nPODBER: Yes, life must go on. I'm happy. I got my children, my wife . . .\n\nGOODFRIEND: When did you meet your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wife?\n\nPODBER: 1949.\n\nGOODFRIEND: In Germany?\n\nPODBER: In Germany.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Your wife is a survivor too?\n\nPODBER: No, she been in Russia.\n\nGOODFRIEND: She was in Russia. Anything else come to mind?\n\nPODBER: I've got a lot in my mind. You can give up everything for five years,\nyou make it out. You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make . . . for five years, you got a lot of things that\ncome all the time, going in your mind. Now I can . . . It's a lot to talking\nabout it. What can we do?\n\nGOODFRIEND: Avraham, I know how difficult this was, that this is. I want you to\nknow something else: the reason that we conduct these interviews is so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that your\ngrandchildren and their grandchildren should know. They should know what their\ngreat-grandfather Avraham went through, and that maybe it can, maybe it can't,\nhappen again but we should never forget. Through your sacrifice of giving us\nthis time and giving us these deep emotions, we will remember it. We'd like to\nthank you for this time.\n\nPODBER: Thank ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/transcript/20845/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3690.0,3720.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWiszniew (also known as Belorussian: Vishneu or Russian: Vishnevo) is a town located almost 100 kilometers (60 miles) west-northwest of Minsk, near the border of Lithuania. Until 1939, it was part of Poland. Today, it is known as Vishnyeva and is part of Belarus.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe “German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact” of August 1939, also called the “Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact” was a short-lived agreement between the Soviets and Germans in which they agreed to not attack one another and to divide Poland. German troops invaded Poland from the west on September 1, 1939. Soviet troops invaded from the east on September 17. By September 28, Germany and the Soviet Union had reached an agreement partitioning Poland and outlining their zones of occupation. The demarcation line between German- and Soviet-occupied zones ran along the Bug River, between Krakow and Lvov. Soviet forces occupied eastern Poland, where Wiszniew was, until the Germans expelled them in their push east to invade the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the years between Adolf Hitler’s appointment as chancellor in 1933 and Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939, the Nazi regime brought radical and daunting social, economic, and communal change to the German Jewish community. The Nazi party began to persecute Jews through a series of antisemitic legislation that included more than 400 decrees and regulations restricting all aspects of their public and private lives. A boycott of Jewish businesses began in 1933 and Jews were soon expelled from almost all professions and commercial life. The first major law to curtail the rights of Jews was the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service in April 1933, which excluded Jews from civil service. Jewish citizens found themselves increasingly disenfranchised after the Nuremberg Race Laws were instituted in 1935. The Nuremberg Race Laws established a legal framework for persecuting Jews in Germany and represented a major shift from traditional antisemitism in that Jews were now defined as a race based on their family lineage rather than simply individuals practicing religious beliefs. Jews were excluded from citizenship in the Reich, prohibited from marrying or having sexual relationships with non-Jewish Germans, and were forbidden to employ non-Jewish Germans under the age of 45 in their households. By the time the Germans invaded Poland in 1939, the antisemitism imposed by the Nazi regime on German Jews through policies of exclusion and violence was well known. Nevertheless, the large Jewish population of Wiszniew was not directly impacted by the events in Germany prior to 1939. Although the Jews in Wiszniew may have encountered antisemitism from their Christian Polish neighbors, life probably continued quite normally until around the summer of 1939, when war began to seem certain.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans arrived in Wiszniew on June 26-27, 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans created a ghetto in Wiszniew in the fall of 1941. Over 1,000 Jews were confined to a small area, with seven or eight families per house. The ghetto was surrounded by a wooden fence and barbed wire, with only one entry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe only Jews permitted to leave the Wiszniew ghetto were those sent to one of 28 separate locations for forced labor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn August 1941, a rumor spread through the Wiszniew ghetto that 80 men were going to be executed. Despite an attempt to bribe the Germans, the men were taken to the cemetery and forced to dig a pit. The next day, 38 Jewish males were shot and dumped in the grave.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA gentile is a person of a non-Jewish nation or of non-Jewish faith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans presented the Wiszniew Judenrat with an endless list of demands that included everything from organizing groups of forced laborers to money or gold. Wagonloads full of goods like wood, nails, glass, boots, uniforms, watches, bedding, or underclothes for their wives were also demanded. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSoldiers surrounded the Wiszniew ghetto in the early morning hours of August 30, 1942 and forced the Jews into the courtyard of the synagogue, where they were made to lay face down. Groups of about 20 or 30 were then taken to a building on the edge of town, lined up against the wall of the building, and mowed down with a machine gun. Survivors estimate somewhere around 1,000 Jews were shot. The rest were locked inside the building as it was set on fire. In total, about 1,500 Jews were murdered. Only a work detail that was away from town that day and a handful of others, including Abe, managed to escape.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbe may be referring to Noah Podberesky. Noah and his future wife, Mina Milikowsky, escaped the liquidation of the Wiszniew ghetto and went on to fight with Soviet partisans. After the war, they came to the United States and lived in Baltimore, Maryland for many years. Their story is told in Podberesky, Samuel. \u003cem\u003eNever The Last Road\u003c/em\u003e. College Station, Texas: Virtualbookworm.com Publishing, 2003.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Wiszniew \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e was composed of ten men, with Yosef Menachem Rabinowitz at its head. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn the eve of World War II, around 700 Jews lived in Wiszniew. After the Germans invaded western Poland in 1939, refugees fled east and the town’s Jewish population swelled to nearly 2,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003etallit\u003c/em\u003e is a prayer shawl fringed at each of the four corners in accordance with biblical law. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTefillin\u003c/em\u003e are two small black boxes with black straps attached to them containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e. Observant Jewish men are required to place one box on their head and tie the other one on their arm during weekday morning prayers. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e refers to the quorum of 10 Jewish adults required for certain religious obligations.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStutthof was established in 1939 near Danzig (present-day Gdansk), on the Baltic Sea. There were a series of sub-camps attached to the main camp, which acted as a reserve for slave labor for the others. Conditions in the camp were brutal and more than 60,000 people died there.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring all Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLandsberg am Lech is a medieval city situated on the river Lech in southern Bavaria, about 65 kilometers west of Munich, Germany. Towards the end of the Second World War, Kaufering was built on the outskirts of the city. Kaufering was one of Dachau’s two major subsidiary camp complexes and became the largest concentration camp complex on German soil. Between June 1944 and April 1945, more than 30,000 prisoners (mostly Jews from Hungary, Poland, and Lithuania) passed through the eleven forced labor camps of the Kaufering complex. Organisation Todt deployed the prisoners at building sites for large bunkers, where fighter jets were to be assembled in subterranean factories hidden from Allied air raids. Living conditions in Kaufering were brutal. Prisoners lived in earthen huts that offered little shelter from weather. Disease spread quickly and those who were unable to work were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau for extermination. Approximately 14,500 died from strenuous labor, starvation, disease, and selections. In April 1945, most of the 10,000 prisoners still alive in the Kaufering camps were sent on a death march to Dachau. Some of the prisoners were liberated there. Others were scattered through Bavaria, where they wandered until the end of the war. American forces liberated the Kaufering complex in April 1945. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and thousands were literally worked to death. Between 1940 and 1945, at least 28,000 died there as a result of the harsh, overcrowded conditions, medical experiments, and executions. The Dachau Concentration camp system included a network of 140 subsidiary camps in which prisoners worked almost exclusively in German armament production.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunich is the capital of the German state of Bavaria. It is located in southern Germany, north of the Alps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe number of Jewish refugees who crossed the demarcation line from German- to Soviet-occupied Poland in the last three months of 1939 is estimated to have been about 300,000. Jews who remained in German-occupied cities were immediately subjected to abuse. Violent pogroms that abused the Jewish population and destroyed synagogues and Jewish property were encouraged or permitted. German authorities also immediately began enforcing antisemitic racial policies that aimed to isolate Jews. Jews were required to wear yellow stars on their clothing, forced labor soon began, and Jews were required to register or turn in their property. Jews were then concentrated into major cities, where ghettos were soon established.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the Russians, the elimination of all free institutions, nationalization of private businesses, confiscation of property, and threat of arrest or exile disrupted Jewish life. Nevertheless, Jews were not subjected to the abuse, isolation, and confinement of the antisemitic policies implemented by the Germans and, in many ways, were indeed better off. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn June 22, 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in a military campaign codenamed “Operation Barbarossa.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans pushed east to invade the Soviet Union in 1941, \u003cem\u003eEinsatzgruppen\u003c/em\u003e [German: mobile killing units] were ordered to tolerate and even encourage local populations to launch pogroms. Violent pogroms in cities such as Bialystok and Lvov complemented the German policy of systematically eliminating entire Jewish communities. By late summer 1941, German SS and police units began to carry out more systematic and controlled massacres of entire Jewish communities. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA broad range of prisoners—Roma and Sinti (gypsies), Jews, Jehovah’s Witnesses, prisoners of war, political prisoners, trade unionists, homosexuals, and common criminals—were housed in the forced labor and concentration camps across Germany and German-occupied Europe. Different groups were often pitted against each other in a hierarchy created by camp administration in conjunction with Nazi racial policies. Since German criminals were not enemies of the state and still considered valuable members of the Aryan race that could potentially be rehabilitated, they fared far better than other prisoners. The Germans viewed the war against the Soviet Union part a larger racial war between German \"Aryans\" and the “subhuman” Slavs and Jews. Captured Soviet soldiers that survived execution were used as forced laborers and treated brutally. During World War II, some 5.7 million Soviet army personnel fell into German hands. At the end of the war, an estimated 3.3 million, or about 57 percent, of the Soviet prisoners of war (POWs) were dead.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ekapo\u003c/em\u003e was a prisoner in a concentration camp who was assigned by the SS guards to supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks in the camp. \u003cem\u003eKapos\u003c/em\u003e were generally criminals. The \u003cem\u003ekapo\u003c/em\u003e system minimized costs by allowing the camps to function with fewer SS personnel. It was designed to turn victim against victim, as the \u003cem\u003ekapos\u003c/em\u003e were pitted against their fellow prisoners in order to maintain the favor of their SS guards. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn July 20, 1944, a group of German military officers attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler. Colonel Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg left a bomb in a briefcase near Hitler during a military briefing. Four died in the blast but Hitler survived, the planned \u003cem\u003ecoup d'etat\u003c/em\u003e failed, and most of those implicated in the plot were tried, convicted, and executed. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe cycle of High Holidays begins with \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyrol is a state in western Austria and an historical region in the middle alpine area of Central Europe. It is located just over the southern border of Germany, about 150 kilometers from Dachau. In late April 1945, the Germans sent prisoners from Dachau south on a death march to Tegernsee, a Bavarian town in the far south of Germany, approaching the Austrian border and Tyrol. Many died during the death march from hunger, cold, or exhaustion. Anyone who could no longer continue was shot. In early May 1945, American forces liberated the prisoners who had been sent on the death march.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWolfratshausen is a town in Bavaria, Germany. It is approximately 50 kilometers (30 miles) south of Dachau, approaching the border of Austria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Well-meaning soldiers without proper medical training often gave survivors foods that made their conditions worse. Eating foods that were too rich or complex for survivors’ bodies to handle could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the seven million uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, six million non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps). From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFeldafing was the first exclusively Jewish displaced persons camp, and hosted a large and important community of survivors. It was located 20 miles southwest of Munich, Germany in the American zone of occupation. The American Army moved the remaining Jewish survivors of Dachau into the camp in the summer of 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was founded in 1943. Its mission was to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees who would come under Allied control. UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria and played a major role in repatriating survivors to their home countries in 1946-1947. It largely shut down operations in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe during World War II. He was responsible for the invasion of North Africa in 1942-43 and the invasion of France and Germany 1944-1945. After the war, he went on to become the first Supreme Commander of NATO and the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953-1961.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower personally inspected the living conditions of Feldafing in September 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbe, his wife, Phillis Podber, and Abe’s younger brother, Max [Meyer], arrived in the United States in the port of New Orleans, Louisiana on November 14, 1949. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1952, the government of West Germany reached an agreement with the state of Israel and the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany to pay reparations for material losses and injuries incurred during the Holocaust. Three separate German laws, known as the West German Federal Indemnification Laws, were adopted in 1953, 1956, and 1965. They further provided for compensation in the form of one-time payments and monthly pensions to Holocaust survivors. In the years since, other agreements for reparations have also been reached.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cantor is the prayer leader in the synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDavening\u003c/em\u003e is the act of reciting Jewish liturgical prayers during which the prayer sways or rocks lightly.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/annotation_set/246/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Soviet memorial was built on the site of the massacre that described those killed simply as “Soviet citizens”. A Jewish plaque was later installed. The Jewish cemetery in Wiszniew was rediscovered in the early 1990’s. It was overgrown with trees and brush and only the tops of gravestones were visible. In 2009, a memorial was installed at the mass grave of the 38 people shot in 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3300.0,3330.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Podber, Abe [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in Wiszniew, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=45.0,170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What city were you born in please?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=45.0,170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leah Podber","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meyer Podber","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moshe Podber","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rachel Podber","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wiszniew, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yakov Podber","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=45.0,170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II Begins","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=170.0,223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What were your first memories of the war? How old were you when you first realized there was a war going on?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=170.0,223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg Laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=170.0,223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"War Begins to Impact Abe's Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=223.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At what time did the war affect you personally? You were saying 1939?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=223.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cemetery","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghettos","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Police Station","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=223.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No Help from the Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=483.0,582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You said that when you were growing up, you lived in a very fine community and everybody got along very well. When this happened in 1939 and 1940, did your non-Jewish neighbors' attitudes change or was it still the same?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=483.0,582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gentiles","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghettos","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=483.0,582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in the Wiszniew Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=582.0,860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now let's move ahead. You are in the ghetto now?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=582.0,860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Burning","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Business","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fire","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Round Up","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wiszniew Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wiszniew, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=582.0,860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping the Wiszniew Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=860.0,1010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They bringing in everybody in one house. They finished clearing out the trucks. Then they put bars on the doors and they\nclosed up all the windows and everything so nobody can go out. They put kerosene . . . gas round and round the building. They put matches and the building started to burn. When the building start to burn and everybody sees the smoke going in inside, I jumped out of the house . . . me and one more.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=860.0,1010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Burning","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escape","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fire","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=860.0,1010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sent to a Labor Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1010.0,1054.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After that, we come in a little city. From that city, they pick up people. We being strong and young . . . they picking up young people . . . they give us . . . they turn us over to the Germans again. They turn us over to the Germans. They put us in big trucks. They bring us to . . . an Arbeits camp. It is a working camp.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1010.0,1054.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arbeitslager","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Labor Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1010.0,1054.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Separated from the Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1054.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was during that time that you were separated from your family? It was just you? Your brothers, your sisters, and your parents--they were still in the ghetto?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1054.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Podber Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wiszniew Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1054.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Structure and Religious Ceremonies in the Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1110.0,1318.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While you were in the ghetto, was there a leadership or some kind of government that you formed? Tell me about that.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1110.0,1318.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judenrat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious Ceremonies","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tallit","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tefillin","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wiszniew Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1110.0,1318.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Taken to Stutthof","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1318.0,1515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When they bring us with a lot of people all together, maybe 10,000 people. They put us in big machines. They carry us to Stutthof. They bring us to Stutthof.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1318.0,1515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Factory Work","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Magen David - Jewish Star","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prisoner Clothing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stutthof Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1318.0,1515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going to Dachau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1515.0,1550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then they take us to deep Germany, to Dachau. It's not far from Munich. That city is . . . that used to be the camp where we spend a couple of years in that place. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1515.0,1550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dachau Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munich, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1515.0,1550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Having Hope and Camp Hospitals","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1550.0,1616.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you have faith? Did you have hope that you were going to make it?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1550.0,1616.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hope","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1550.0,1616.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Attempts at Resistance or Escape","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1616.0,1653.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How about resistance or escape while you were there? Were there any attempts at that?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1616.0,1653.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escape","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Resistance","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1616.0,1653.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working Different Jobs in the Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1653.0,1739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You mentioned that you moved cement. Was that the only job or did you do other things too?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1653.0,1739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jobs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Locomotive Driver","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rice","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1653.0,1739.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Support Systems and Groups within the Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1739.0,1818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Was there any support system that went down there? By that I mean: did you and the other inmates share with each other? Did you get along? Did you not get along?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1739.0,1818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Groups","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Support Systems","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1739.0,1818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Problems in Poland for the Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1818.0,1918.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you know that this was going on all over Eastern Europe? Did you know what was happening to Eastern Jewry, to Jews from all over Eastern Europe? What did you think?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1818.0,1918.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eastern Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eastern Jewry","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German-Zone","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian-Zone","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1818.0,1918.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Non-Jews in Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1918.0,2075.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Were there any non-Jews in the camp with you?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1918.0,2075.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Criminals","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gentiles","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Prisoners","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Prisoners","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=1918.0,2075.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious Thoughts in the Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2075.0,2290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You said that when you were growing up you led a pretty religious life. What were your religious thoughts while all this was going on? Did you remain as religious as you were, more religious, or less religious in your thoughts? I understand in your actions . . .","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2075.0,2290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"God","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prayers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2075.0,2290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Signs the War was Ending","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2290.0,2387.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When was the first sign to you that the war was coming to an end?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2290.0,2387.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2290.0,2387.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marching to the Tyrol Hills and Hiding from Execution","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2387.0,2637.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1945, before the liberation is the Germans coming into our camp. They said, \"We going to have to march you to the Tyrol hills.\" When they said it, we just don't believe what it is going to be with us.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2387.0,2637.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Death March","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hiding","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Morde","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tyrol Hills","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wolfrathausen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2387.0,2637.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation from the Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2637.0,2764.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just climb a little higher. When I reach the top, I take with my hands and push me up. I saw people going round and round. I saw the military wearing different clothes. I never saw American clothes. I don't know what kind of clothes is it. I hear people laughing, people going on.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2637.0,2764.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chimney","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2637.0,2764.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feldafing Displaced Persons Camp and a Military Kitchen in Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2764.0,2840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From there, did you go to a DP camp?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2764.0,2840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feldafing Displaced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Military Kitchen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2764.0,2840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reuniting with his Brothers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2840.0,2998.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, I been in Germany until 1949. I liberated May 1, 1945. After 1945, I used to do a little business to make a living and I find my two brothers. I have been in the Jewish community and they have all the names the survivors. I am reading the papers and I see my brothers here and here.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2840.0,2998.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Podber Brothers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States of 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Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2998.0,3052.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust Experiences","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States of America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=2998.0,3052.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"War Reparations from Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3052.0,3105.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you ever apply for or receive war reparations from Germany?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3052.0,3105.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"War 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Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3105.0,3184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3105.0,3184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thinking About His Experiences","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3184.0,3273.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In your daily life, in your regular outdoor business life, do thoughts of that period come with you? Do they stay with you all the time?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3184.0,3273.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust Experiences","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Memories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prayers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3184.0,3273.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thoughts on Returning to Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3273.0,3319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Have you returned to Europe since the war?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3273.0,3319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3273.0,3319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feelings on Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3319.0,3441.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are your feelings about Israel?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3319.0,3441.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arabs","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3319.0,3441.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Remembering and Seeing the Worst Punishment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3441.0,3598.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I used to be in the camps, we used to have camp one, camp two, camp four, and camp eleven. They used to bury the bodies--dead bodies. They used to throw them in big ditches. Our people used to cover them up. When somebody see that, it is the biggest punishment in the world.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3441.0,3598.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Burying the Dead","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Killing Children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Punishment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3441.0,3598.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meeting his Wife","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3598.0,3694.003"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When did you meet your wife?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3598.0,3694.003"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906/index/47346/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mrs. Podber","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32177/file/100906#t=3598.0,3694.003"}]}]}]}