{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/x639z9111d/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Wenger, Nanette Kass"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2020-02-03 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDr. Nanette Kass Wenger interviewed by Sandy Berman on February 3rd, 2020 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eDr. Nanette Kass Wenger was born in New York City in 1930 to Edith and Aaron Kass. The family name was abbreviated from Kasakevich when her father arrived to the United States. Her parents were from a small town near Kiev. They were both highly educated and highly cultured and spoke several languages. Dr. Wenger grew up in an observant and kosher home. From a young age, she felt inspired by cousins to study medicine who were also in the field. She graduated from Hunter College in New York in 1951. In 1954, Dr. Wenger attended Harvard University as the fifth class of women. She did her residency and cardiology fellowship training at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, where she met her husband, Dr. Julius Wenger. She and her husband moved to Atlanta after he was offered a prestigious faculty position at Emory University School of Medicine. She was based at Grady Memorial Hospital, where she has had a long and successful career in cardiology. Dr. Wenger has been a leader in the science of cardiology in women and contributed to the advances in the field. Among her many achievements, she was editor of the American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology and founded Society of Geriatric Cardiology. She has authored and co-authored many scientific articles. She has won numerous prestigious awards and mentored numerous women who were training in medicine. Dr. Wenger joined Hadassah and became a member of Ahavath Achim Congregation on their arrival to Atlanta. She and her husband have three daughters: Deborah, Judith, and Beth, all of whom attended Sunday school at Ahavath Achim, and have successful careers of their own.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eDr. Nanette Wenger begins the interview talking about her parents who came to New York from a small town near Kiev around World War I. She relates a charming family story of her father’s journey to the United States during Yom Kippur. She reflects that she grew up attending symphony and opera with her sister. She discusses her education in New York and reflects that she knew at a young age that she would have a career in medicine. She talks about attending medical school at Harvard University and being in one of the first classes of women in a field dominated by men. She talks about meeting her husband, Dr. Julius Wenger, at Mount Sinai Hospital where she was doing her residency. She discusses moving to Atlanta in the 1950s with him and her first impressions of living in a segregated society. She discusses her clinic at Grady Memorial Hospital, a segregated facility, and how she contributed in its desegregation. She talks about her friendship with Martin Luther King, Jr., and his wife Coretta and entertaining them at her home. She talks about Rabbis Harry Epstein and Jacob Rothschild’s leadership during the Civil Rights Era.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/27923"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Henry Grady Memorial Hospital (corporate name)","Emory University (corporate name)","Jewish women (topical term)","Jewish physicians (topical term)","Segregation (topical term)","Civil Rights (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDr. Nanette Kass Wenger interviewed by Sandy Berman on February 3rd, 2020 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Nanette Kass Wenger was born in New York City in 1930 to Edith and Aaron Kass. The family name was abbreviated from Kasakevich when her father arrived to the United States. Her parents were from a small town near Kiev. They were both highly educated and highly cultured and spoke several languages. Dr. Wenger grew up in an observant and kosher home. From a young age, she felt inspired by cousins to study medicine who were also in the field. She graduated from Hunter College in New York in 1951. In 1954, Dr. Wenger attended Harvard University as the fifth class of women. She did her residency and cardiology fellowship training at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, where she met her husband, Dr. Julius Wenger. She and her husband moved to Atlanta after he was offered a prestigious faculty position at Emory University School of Medicine. She was based at Grady Memorial Hospital, where she has had a long and successful career in cardiology. Dr. Wenger has been a leader in the science of cardiology in women and contributed to the advances in the field. Among her many achievements, she was editor of the American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology and founded Society of Geriatric Cardiology. She has authored and co-authored many scientific articles. She has won numerous prestigious awards and mentored numerous women who were training in medicine. Dr. Wenger joined Hadassah and became a member of Ahavath Achim Congregation on their arrival to Atlanta. She and her husband have three daughters: Deborah, Judith, and Beth, all of whom attended Sunday school at Ahavath Achim, and have successful careers of their own.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Nanette Wenger begins the interview talking about her parents who came to New York from a small town near Kiev around World War I. She relates a charming family story of her father’s journey to the United States during Yom Kippur. She reflects that she grew up attending symphony and opera with her sister. She discusses her education in New York and reflects that she knew at a young age that she would have a career in medicine. She talks about attending medical school at Harvard University and being in one of the first classes of women in a field dominated by men. She talks about meeting her husband, Dr. Julius Wenger, at Mount Sinai Hospital where she was doing her residency. She discusses moving to Atlanta in the 1950s with him and her first impressions of living in a segregated society. She discusses her clinic at Grady Memorial Hospital, a segregated facility, and how she contributed in its desegregation. She talks about her friendship with Martin Luther King, Jr., and his wife Coretta and entertaining them at her home. She talks about Rabbis Harry Epstein and Jacob Rothschild’s leadership during the Civil Rights Era.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/096/880/small/Wenger_Nanette.mp4_1599589971.jpg?1599575576","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Wenger_Nanette.mp4"]},"duration":3592.933,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/096/880/small/Wenger_Nanette.mp4_1599589971.jpg?1599575576","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/096/880/original/Wenger_Nanette.mp4?1599575571","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3592.933,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Dr. Nanette Wenger [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Hello. This is Sandra Berman. I'm founding archivist at the Breman Jewish\nHeritage Museum. I'm here with Nanette Dr. Wenger, who has agreed to participate\nin the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project at the Breman Museum.\nThank you for being here. It is an honor to get the opportunity to interview you.\n\nDR. WENGER: My pleasure.\n\nBERMAN: I would like to begin . . . I read through a lot of your other interviews\nand a lot of your history. One thing I did not know was that your parents were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immigrants to this country.\n\nDR. WENGER: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: I was hoping you could tell me a little bit about them, where they came\nfrom, their names, and where they settled.\n\nDR. WENGER: My father and mother came from a small town named Rogachëv near Kiev\n[Ukraine]. Even though they grew up in the same small town, they didn't know\neach other because there was an age gap. My father was friends with my mother's\nolder sister, but they came to the U.S. in a very disparate way. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My mother\nstayed in Russia at the time of the First World War to finish. She was taking\ncourses at university. She left Europe on the last boat that came before the\ntsarist regime was toppled. My father had a totally different experience. His\nfamily was in the lumber business in Russia. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had contacts in Japan. My\nfather, incidentally, spoke fluent Japanese. When he tried to escape the tsarist\narmy, what he did was go through Siberia and go to Japan and settled in . . .\nI'll have to think back for a minute. Yokohama. He settled in Japan and worked\nthere for a number of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years. I have some photos of him sitting cross-legged in\nfull kimono. There, he encountered people from what was subsequently United HIAS\nand began to work for them. That was his entire career even after he relocated\nto the States. He was involved with the government in terms of the refugees that\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming in from Europe. A family story, I'm not sure it is fact, but it's a\nwonderful story is that where most of the immigrants came across the Atlantic in\nsteerage, he came across the Pacific in a first-class cabin and claims that he\ncrossed the International Date Line on Yom Kippur, which meant that he had to\nfast for two days. It's a wonderful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"story, nonetheless. It's part of our family archive.\n\nBERMAN: What were their names?\n\nDR. WENGER: My mother was Edith Malkin Kass. My father was Aaron Zelig Kass.\nK-A-S-S. The original name was Kasakevich, and it was abbreviated when she came\nto the States.\n\nBERMAN: They both ended up in New York?\n\nDR. WENGER: Both ended up in New York City. My mother had come to New York. Was\nan artist and doing really some exciting work, some of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"covers for Godey's\nLady's Book. Because my father knew my mother's older sister, they were\nintroduced, and the rest is history.\n\nBERMAN: That is an amazing story. It's also amazing that she had a professional\ncareer so early.\n\nDR. WENGER: That probably influenced the way she raised my sister and myself. I\nremember being told even as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very, very young adult, that you can do anything\nthat you want to do.\n\nBERMAN: That was my next question. Were your parents the ones that inspired you\nto go to college, to go into medicine? Where did that drive come from?\n\nDR. WENGER: They were both highly educated and highly cultured, spoke multiple\nlanguages. As young children, my sister and I lived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"museums. Went to\nsymphony. Went to opera. Name it. It was just assumed that we would go to\ncollege. It was never even a discussion. Then the question was what would we do afterward?\n\nBERMAN: What about in the home. Was it a traditional Jewish home?\n\nDR. WENGER: It was traditional early on. My mother kept kosher. She always had\nkosher meat. We had two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sets of dishes. We changed dishes at Pesach. When my\nfather retired and they moved to Atlanta, she still was observant but her home\nwas not strictly kosher.\n\nBERMAN: Do you always know you would go on to college?\n\nDR. WENGER: Oh, yes. That was assumed.\n\nBERMAN: How did you decide where to go?\n\nDR. WENGER: Even early on, I was thinking about a career in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medicine. My parents\nsaid that I could not be away from home for eight years. I thought I would have\na better opportunity if I cast a wider net for medical school, so I went to\ncollege in New York at Hunter. I had been in secondary school in high school at\nHunter College High School, so it was going just a few feet down the street to\ngo to Hunter ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"College.\n\nBERMAN: Why medicine? Was there some particular reason?\n\nDR. WENGER: I had a number of cousins who were old enough to be my uncles because\nmy mother was the youngest sister, and they were in medicine. It seemed\nfascinating. I was enamored with science, but I liked people. This seemed the\nexcellent marriage.\n\nBERMAN: You then went on to medical school. Where you one of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very few women\nto be in your medical class?\n\nDR. WENGER: Mine was the fifth class of women at Harvard [University]. As you\nknow, there was a strict quota system for everything in medical school at that\ntime. There was a quota of ten women. The year that my class graduated, the\nboard of overseers at Harvard University in their ultimate wisdom, decided that\nwomen were fine to admit to the university and we were incorporated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the\nuniversity charter. But when I was in medical school, because we were not in the\nuniversity charter, we couldn't get university housing. So, the men lived in the\ndormitories under house rules at that time, remember, and the women lived in\napartments in town.\n\nBERMAN: What was it like being one of the few women? Did you have a lot of issues\nwith your male classmates?\n\nDR. WENGER: Not at all. I had four wonderful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years in medical school. My\nclassmates were very supportive. The men took care of the women. There never was\nany antagonism. We were buddies. It was just wonderful. For many, many years, I\nremained very close friends with my lab partners and with their wives. I'm still\nin touch with some people from medical school.\n\nBERMAN: That's wonderful. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How you end up at Emory [University School of Medicine]?\n\nDR. WENGER: I did my residency and cardiology fellowship training at the Mount\nSinai Hospital in New York. I had actually planned to stay on there and join my\nmentor in his practice, but I became engaged. At that time, Emory was just\nstarting a full-time faculty. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was the time of the Flexner Report. Medical\nschools in the south had a full-time faculty in the basic sciences but not in\nthe clinical sciences. The clinical science people were all volunteers. Dr. [J.\nWillis] Hurst decided as the new chief of medicine, that he would hire a\nfull-time faculty. Well, who would come to a hospital in a fully segregated Deep\nSouth? For most northerners, and that's where the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prestigious medical schools\nwere, it was New York and Boston. Perhaps a stop in Philadelphia and Washington.\nAnd then the great divide, Florida. No one really was aware of what there was in\nbetween. I had never been to Atlanta before. My husband had finished his\ntraining at the University of Chicago and was enticed to come to Emory. He had\nalready made the decision to come. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was offered a very prestigious faculty\nposition because there were no senior people - all of us became in charge of. He\nstopped at the Mount Sinai Hospital to see one of his senior colleagues in\ngastroenterology to see what you did as a chief. Heard my name on the page and\nthat was it.\n\nBERMAN: That's amazing. For the purpose of the tape, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell your husband's name and\nhis specialty.\n\nDR. WENGER: My husband was Dr. Julius Wenger. He was gastroenterologist, one of\nthe first specialists in gastroenterology in the southeast. He was chief of\ngastroenterology for many years at the Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical\nCenter where he was also the associate chief of medicine.\n\nBERMAN: I want to get back to making the decision to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come south. What your first\nimpressions were, what you thought about moving to the Deep South.\n\nDR. WENGER: I had no idea what I was getting into. I made an agreement that I\nwould try it for a year. As you can tell, it's been a very long year. But, I\nhave never lived in a segregated society. I expect that all of us have a set of\ncore values ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we're not ready to breech. That was what drove some of my\nmisbehavior when I came to the Emory University Center School of Medicine. I was\nbased at Grady Memorial Hospital. I came to Grady about six months before we\nmoved into the new tower. That was called \"The Gradys.\" There were two. There\nwas the white Grady on one side of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"street and the black Grady on the other\nside of the street and everything that went with segregation. I was absolutely\nshocked. It took me a bit of time, but I expect, for both of us, if we had not\nbeen in a university community, we probably would have returned to the north.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But within the Emory University community, we found a number of like-minded\npeople who believed in integration, who when the challenges started, believed in\nkeeping the public schools open, etc. There was a culture within which we could\nacclimate. When we had guests to the university or to the hospital or people who\nhad been our colleagues who were people of color, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had to entertain them in\nour home because there was no way to entertain in public. That is probably the\nreason I'm such a good cook because I had to entertain guests in my home.\n\nBERMAN: You said you misbehaved a little bit. Can you tell me what some of your\nactions were?\n\nDR. WENGER: When we moved into the new hospital, as you know, Grady Hospital is\nbuilt like the letter H, it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"built as a segregated facility. The front part\nof the hospital was the white hospital. The back part was the black hospital.\nThe connector in between was the administrative offices. Everything was\nduplicated. Everything. I came from being fellow in training to being chief of\nthe clinic. The first day that I came in as chief of my new ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinic, patients\nwere in the waiting rooms. There was a white waiting room, and there was a black\nwaiting room. They were called on the PA system. The standard system then was\nthat you called white patients Mr. or Mrs. whatever their name was, and black\npatients were called by their first name. It didn't take me but five or ten\nminutes to tell the staff that that was not the way it was. The white nurses\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were called Miss or Mrs. The black nurses were called nurse. I did the same\nthing. As you might anticipate, the next morning I was down in the\nadministrator's office. This is a story that everyone knows because it's been\nretold many, many times. The administrator said to me, \"Dr. Wenger.\" Of course,\nthat was a new name to me because I had just started using it. \"Do you know what\nyou've done?\" I said, \"Yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sir.\" He said, \"Do you know it's against the rules?\"\nI said, \"Yes, sir.\" He said, \"Are you going to do it again?\" I said, \"Yes, sir.\"\nHe was one of the good old boys, but I think he saw the handwriting on the wall.\nHe said, \"We better become good friends because you are going to be in this\noffice very, very often.\" That happened over the next several weeks as person\nafter person reported me. We both got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a bit fatigued with it. He said, \"I think\nI know how to solve this problem.\" He said, \"Come to my office before lunch.\" We\nall had lunch in a collective cafeteria in the new Grady. We walked out of his\noffice and into the cafeteria and stood in line for our lunch. He put his arm\naround my shoulder and kept it there the all the time we were in line. Everyone\nsaw it, and they realized there was no point to the reporting. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reporting\nstopped, and my system continued. And that was it.\n\nBERMAN: How did the change come about with the white and black \u003cunintelligible\u003e?\nWhen was it integrated?\n\nDR. WENGER: This, again, was the civil rights legislation that was signed by\nJudge Elbert Tuttle here in Atlanta. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"VA [Veterans Administration] had been\nintegrated because the military was integrated. There was experience with\nintegration. One day we were told that the hospital was going to be integrated\nthe next morning. During the night, beds were moved, and the hospital was\nintegrated. A lot of people were upset, both patients and staff. Some people\nmoved or left ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not that many because this had gradually begun to take place.\nBut it happened. It was a quiet revolution. I don't believe if I had lived in\nthe north I would have appreciated the magnitude of cultural change that this\ninvolved. Here were people who lived in the segregated society all of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their\nlives, and suddenly one day, legally, it was no more.\n\nBERMAN: How do you feel about your role in all of that when you look back?\n\nDR. WENGER: I wish I had been able to do more, but I had my medical career. I had\nthe beginning of the research project I was doing. I then had young children.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There really was a limited amount of time that I could be away. But I was very\nmuch involved with a number of the leaders. It is an honor for me to say that\nboth Martin [Luther King, Jr.] and Coretta [Scott King] were guests in our home\nas were some of the other leaders at the time. We were very proud to know them.\nWe were very proud to support them in the limited way that we could. But, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was\nsimply a matter of values and the way both of us had been raised that this was\nclearly unacceptable.\n\nBERMAN: What synagogues were you affiliated with?\n\nDR. WENGER: Ahavath Achim. And I'm still there.\n\nBERMAN: Was it bothersome to you that AA did not get that involved with the Civil\nRights ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Era that Rabbi [Harry] Epstein kind of stayed out of it?\n\nDR. WENGER: I expect that Rabbi [Jacob] Rothschild was so much the leader in the\nAtlanta community that everyone else had to be a follower. At that time, I\nreally was not that involved in the hierarchy or the management of the\nsynagogue. Actually, I probably never really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was. In retrospect, I'm not sure\nhow involved or how not involved Ahavath Achim was.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me what it was like in your social circle. Were any of the people\nthat you socialized with against integration? Did you have those kinds of\ndiscussions with your contemporaries?\n\nDR. WENGER: Many of my contemporaries were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transplants from the north or had been\neducated up north. It may well be that you end up with a like group of friends\nand colleagues. But a number of my husband's colleagues had been born, raised,\nand trained in the south and thought this was a mistake in government and were,\nto a variable degree, vocal about it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emory only gradually began to admit black\nmedical students, but it was the same way with admitting women. It was a white\nmale bastion for many, many years and change took a while. One of the things at\nEmory, being involved obviously predominantly with cardiology, that I'm proud\nof, is that Emory cardiology got an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"award from the Association of Black\nCardiologists because we have trained probably more black cardiologists than any\nother institution in the country. It was simply Dr. Hurst's emphasis on\nexcellence. That was his criterium for admission, for retention, etc. That was,\nI expect, the reason that I had relatively little challenge as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"woman. I earned\nmy spurs in the civil rights issue, and no one was going to challenge me about\nbeing a woman.\n\nBERMAN: Were you aware at the time of what was going on in the dental school with\nthe dean there, Dean [John E.] Buhler not graduating . . . ?\n\nDR. WENGER: I came after the Buhler departure. I heard the stories. George Molton\nwas dean. Actually, I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved with the dental school because I was the\nchair and only member of the Department of Medicine in the dental school and\ntaught the medical course there, but George Molton was dean at the time. I heard\nthe stories, but I was never involved in any of this.\n\nBERMAN: Were you shocked that that could have happened, something so blatant at Emory?\n\nDR. WENGER: The stories never came clearly to light ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until [Dr. Stanley] Perry\nBrickman's exposé to the enormous credit, I think, of Emory's president that\nnot only was there a formal apology but that Perry Brickman was honored for what\nhe did.\n\nBERMAN: I agree. Now I'm getting into a little bit of your own career as a\ncardiologist. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why did you choose cardiology? What drew you to it?\n\nDR. WENGER: That was very easy. This was the beginning of the science of\ncardiology. Some of the technology had just come into being. Suddenly, we had\nthe ability to translate what we learned in the physiology lab to the care of\npatients. We were beginning to have some techniques, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we must give the\nsurgeons some credit because once the surgeons were able to correct a problem,\nthen it was our responsibility to diagnose it promptly and accurately. So, much\nof the diagnostics came into being. This has been an evolving frontier for at\nleast the last half century. It is truly lifelong learning. It was always a\nvery, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very exciting area of being able to do something for the patients in my\ncare this year that would have been impossible two, three, or five years previously.\n\nBERMAN: Can you give a few examples of those advances?\n\nDR. WENGER: One of the examples is a simple one. It's in the area of medications\nand medications for heart failure. One of my long-term clinic patients was an\naccountant. He kept his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own black book with the precision of an accountant,\nrecording his clinic visits, his symptoms, his weight, and the medications. Each\ntime a new medication came along for heart failure, and that started in the\n1960s, he began to do better. Then the disease progressed. We thought we were\nreaching the end of the road, there was another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medication, and there was\nanother medication. Then there were some devices, pacemakers, and cardiac\nresynchronization devices. He was almost a personal 40-50 year history of each\ntime reaching the presumed end of the trail, and suddenly, here was something\nelse that we had to offer. It was simply magic.\n\nBERMAN: That's amazing. That truly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is amazing. What about your work with women,\nin particular?\n\nDR. WENGER: This started fairly early because, as you know, throughout most of\nthe last century, heart disease was considered a man's disease and men were\nconsidered the prototype of illness. The middle age Caucasian male was the only\none studied in the research endeavors. It was presumed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be translatable to\nwomen, to older individuals, etc. Amazing, because at that time we already had\nthe emerging specialty of pediatrics, and we knew that was different from adult\nmedicine. When I saw these women, they had heart disease even though they\nweren't in the textbook, and they had heart problems. Here we were using the\npreventive therapies, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"using the diagnostics, using the therapies that had been\nvalidated in men. The few of us who began to question whether this could or\nshould be translated looked at some data and found out that women were dying\nmore from heart disease than men even though it was considered a man's disease.\nThe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question is, do we need gender-specific issues? I raised the question with\nmy colleagues at the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology,\nat the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. This was my periodic question,\nand everyone shrugged their shoulders and said there really is no difference.\nFinally, in the late 1970s, the National Heart Lung . . . it was then just the\nNational Heart ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lung Institute . . . Blood hadn't come into it yet, decided they\nwould hold a workshop, which it was my pleasure to co-chair. Typically, as you\nknow, when there is a workshop, it evolves into a conference the next year. It\ntook four years this time, but there was the conference on heart disease in\nwomen. The report of the conference was reported in the New England Journal of\nMedicine. It was my privilege to be the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first author on the paper. It was the\nfirst time that the term heart disease and women had been in the same title.\nThis raised the eminence to the forefront, and many people now began to\nquestion. The questioning produced amazing results that are continuing to this\nday. One of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discussions I had as I was asked to give a recounting of the\njourney, was to look back at programs for the American Heart Association and\nCollege of Cardiology in the 1970s and 1980s and into the 1990s to see if sex or\ngender or women was in the index, and it wasn't because the topics were just not\ndiscussed. Now, of course, it is very prominent. It is very prominent in the\nindexing. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Research for All Act of 2015, there is the requirement now for\ngovernment-funded research that women be represented in clinical trials and even\nfor the basic scientists that they know the provenance of their cells and\ntissues. It seems illogical looking at it today. But very often, the researchers\nwho were doing research on problems for women did not know if the cells or the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tissues were derived from a female or male animal. Well, that era is gone and it\nwill probably be almost a decade until we see the results of this change. There\nis now a major emphasis on sex differences. The journal editors, and I see this\nas a journal editor, always look to see if the reports ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say different outcomes\nfor women and for men or to say they were no different. But that is now a\nstandard part of reporting that never occurred before.\n\nBERMAN: It's amazing and you must be so proud of how many lives this has affected.\n\nDR. WENGER: I think the important thing that I did was to see the problem and\nraise the question. So many people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contributed to this. Now there are many\nconferences on the topic, not only in the U.S. but around the world. I just\nreturned three weeks ago from Mumbai where there was a two-day conference on\nheart disease and women with 500 registrants. So, it's very, very pervasive now,\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interest.\n\nBERMAN: Did you speak?\n\nDR. WENGER: Yes, that's way I was there.\n\nBERMAN: That's amazing. That's wonderful. I want to talk a little bit, get to\nsome of your involvement with the Jewish community in Atlanta. When you first\nmoved to Atlanta, did you join any organizations? Did you join the synagogue\nright away? Was that important to you?\n\nDR. WENGER: My mother's emphasis was, you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to a new community, you join\nHadassah and you join a synagogue, and that was what I did. We became members of\nAhavath Achim very early on. Our children went through their entire religious\nschool education there. Fortunately, my next door neighbor was Hazel Karp, who\nwas very, very active in Hadassah. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I became a Hadassah member very promptly and\nrose through the ranks so that I was president of two separate Hadassah groups\nin Atlanta through the years.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What were some of the activities that Hadassah was doing then besides\nraising money for Hadassah Hospital?\n\nDR. WENGER: That, of course, was one of my major interests because of Hadassah\nMedical Organization. We were involved in the education and the education of\nchildren, but my love was for Hadassah ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Medical Organization and Hadassah Hospital.\n\nBERMAN: You also got involved with NCJW's [National Council of Jewish Women] work\nin Tay-Sachs.\n\nDR. WENGER: Again, because someone was needed to speak out. They came to me. It\nwas a quick learning curve for me. This is not my area of specialization, but I\nthought it was important that that conversation occur within the Jewish\ncommunity, and it did. It is still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one that is an unmet need. I've been very\ninvolved with education and Jewish education because that is a very important\npart, I believe, of the maintenance of the Jewish people. I was first woman\npresident of the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education, which was subsequently\nsuperseded by other organizations. I was president of the Jewish Children's\nService, which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is now the Jewish Educational Loan Fund, and was an officer in\nthe [Atlanta Jewish] Community Center when it was still down on Peachtree\n[Street] and helped them write the grant to get their first cardiac\nrehabilitation program. Helped them write the grant to get their first special\neducation program. Remember, grant writing came naturally to me. This was what I\ndid as a business so it was very easy to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"following government regulations and so\nforth. I worked with some fabulous people within the Jewish Community Center.\n\nBERMAN: The Jewish Children's Service, the Orphan Home, had morphed into Jewish\nChildren's Service. What was their main . . .\n\nDR. WENGER: They were supporting the individual children at the time and were\ninterested in education but not until it really . . .\n\nDR. WENGER: Evolved into the Jewish Educational Loan ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fund because there was a\ncorpus of funds there was no longer a need to support individual children. This\nhas become a very exciting organization.\n\nBERMAN: Are you still involved?\n\nDR. WENGER: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me what they're doing today.\n\nDR. WENGER: Again, these are no-interest loans. We have application review from\nseveral states. I'm still on their application review committee because, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again,\nthis is the area that I know within academia. The repayment rate is\nunbelievable. Its's in the high 90 percent. Often, after the loans are repaid,\nthe people who were loan recipients become donors.\n\nBERMAN: I love the history of the loan fund because it goes so far back to the\nfounding of the Orphans Home. It's made this progression into modern ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"times with\nthat early beginning.\n\nDR. WENGER: It's exciting because it's an organization that didn't die but\ncontinued its relevance with contemporary need.\n\nBERMAN: Right. What would you consider your greatest achievement within the\nJewish community?\n\nDR. WENGER: I don't think there is one because, remember, I had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"full-time job.\nI was raising three daughters. Taking care of a husband and a household. I\nworked with a number of organizations and did the things that I thought I did\nbest. Within Hadassah, I started the first evening group for the professionals\nwho couldn't come to meetings during the day. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was in effect for a number of\nyears. Then what happened, people didn't like to drive at night. The distances\nbecame too great. I was involved in the setting up of a chapter. I was its first\npresident. We really spanned the entire community with that.\n\nBERMAN: Today, a lot of these women's groups are not very popular. Their\nmembership has been waning. Hadassah, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"NCJW, Meet Women. What do you attribute\nthat to?\n\nDR. WENGER: I think there are two issues. One is that many of the womens'\norganizations have not moved into the 21st Century. When I organized the\nBusiness Professional Evening group for Hadassah, these were all business and\nprofessional women. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"We don't have time to have a committee meeting and\nthen a board meeting and then another meeting and then a general meeting.\" We\ndid our committee meeting to do the work. We distributed the minutes. We could\neasily replicate them, although we didn't have the email then, but we could\nreplicate them. People could read. We kept our meetings to a minimum. Most of\nour ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"programs were educational. Because of that, the women came. We did the work\nefficiently. That's probably being respectful of people's time. Then trying to\ndo meetings at a time when women who have careers and child responsibilities can\nattend. That's really where the encouragement is. It may well be that we're\ngoing to evolve to some things on our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smartphones or do them by technologically\nenabled meetings. I know that, for example, in medicine, whereas we would have\nmeetings almost every week. So many of these things are done on the email. They\nare done by phone calls. They are done by communication. The women's and the\nmen's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organizations have to fall into that pattern of efficiency and then do\nwhat the members want. Do the members want something social? Do they want\nsomething educational? It may be different for different groups. But we've not\nbothered intensively, that goes across all organizations, to query our\nmembership as to what their values are.\n\nBERMAN: I've also read that you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got involved with the health of senior citizens.\nWhen did that come about?\n\nDR. WENGER: The same thing as with women. I was seeing older patients in my\nclinic. At that time, the upper age for enrollment in a clinical trial was age\n65. Here, we had all these Medicare patients. We had data about what happened to\nthem, but we had no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"specific data about what to do for them. I raised that same\nquestion. We began, as an organization to look at, I was one of the first\npresidents of the Society of Geriatric Cardiology. Actually, I edited its\njournal for about 15 years. I was very involved as that society moved in as one\nof the sections ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within the American College of Cardiology. It's a very active\nsection. The National Institute on Aging of the NIH, now has a robust\ncardiovascular program as well. We're beginning to see clinical trials even in\nthe elderly. We're beginning now to see the requirement that older patients be\nincluded if the drug or the device is to be used for older patients. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cardiology\ntoday is geriatric cardiology. The majority of the patients in my clinics in the\ncoronary care unit and the testing laboratories and the operating room, cardiac\ncatheterization laboratory, are senior citizens. We have to find the specific\nprevention, diagnosis, and management for these individuals. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Actually, in just a\nfew weeks, there will be an issue of the Journal of Clinical Cardiology that I\nguest edited, entitled \"Geriatric Cardiology,\" where the entire issue is devoted\nto the care of older adults. We talk about words and phrases and comments that\nwere not even in our clinical lexicon a decade or two ago. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're talking about\ngeriatric syndromes, which are frailty, multi-morbidity - several diseases,\npoly-pharmacy, cognitive decline, etc. That now is in our vocabulary because it\ninfluences the care. The emphasis today is on shared decision making. We have to\ninform our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"older patients enough about their disease and the alternatives for\nmanagement that they can join in decisions of their care rather than being\narbitrarily told do this or do that. Then, probably what I find most attractive\nis the concept of patient-preferred outcomes or patient-preferred care. Here,\nwhen we see older individuals with multiple illnesses, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've not spent enough\ntime ascertaining what their desired outcomes of their medical care are. Some\npatients want everything done to live as long as they can as well as they can.\nOthers, just want no symptoms. Others want improved function. Others want to\nstay out of the hospital. But, that determines the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conversations that I have\nwith patients. That determines what I offer them and what I don't offer them.\nIt's going to extend, I think, to younger individuals, but it's mostly\napplicable to older individuals with multiple illnesses and patients who say,\n\"How many medications do I have to take?\" We always used to talk about\nprescribing. Now we're talking about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"de-prescribing. Are there any medications\nthat perhaps have less relevance and less desirability for an older patient and\nmay enable better adherence to medications. There is a very different\nconversation that's happening now.\n\nBERMAN: Is that what you meant by poly-pharmacy? I wasn't familiar with . . .\n\nDR. WENGER: Yes. Multiple medications if you have multiple conditions. I have\npatients who have come into my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinic with 25 or 30 medications. I could not\nmanage that. I expect most patients do not manage that efficiently.\n\nDR. WENGER: We need a physician who puts all this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together with and for the\npatient because very often one medication may counter affect the medications of\nthe other. They may not be compatible with the other. Now that we're dealing\nwith multiple providers very often at multiple institutions, we have to simplify\nthe care so that we improve the outcomes.\n\nBERMAN: I can see that, where they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to so many different doctors and everyone\nis prescribing.\n\nDR. WENGER: In theory, the electronic medical record should solve it but it\nreally doesn't because it is not totally incorporated. There is not someone who\nputs all this together.\n\nBERMAN: In reading, again, some of your interviews and the articles about you,\nthere were so many awards that I could not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"begin to list them all. If you look\nback on all of these awards that you've gotten over the years, what are the one\nor two or three, however many you want to discuss, that have meant the most to you?\n\nDR. WENGER: One of them is from WomenHeart, which is the organization of women\nwith heart disease. They have named their annual awards the DR. WENGER Awards.\nThey ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give awards for science, for research, for advocacy, for public education,\nand for a whole variety of things. Because this enables recognition of people\nand organizations who have been leaders in women's cardiovascular health, that\nis something very special to me. I received two awards from the American ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"College\nof Cardiology. One of them was the inaugural Mentor Award. Of course, this has\nbeen a very important part of what I've done. That acknowledges the importance\nof mentorship. I also, a few years later, received the inaugural Heart Disease\nin Women Bernadine Healy Award, again, acknowledging ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contributions. Two very\nrecent wonderful surprises for me is one of my young colleagues who I mentored\nat a distance in Belgrade [Serbia] just opened a women's heart center, the first\nwomen's heart center in that area of the world. She did me the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"honor of naming\nme it for me [Dr. Nanette Kass DR. WENGER Women's Heart Center at Belgrade\nUniversity School of Medicine].\n\nBERMAN: Oh my God.\n\nDR. WENGER: I was there a couple of months ago. The Crown Princess [Mary Danish\nHeart Association] Foundation is one of the major supporters of that group.\nThat's very special. Just two weeks ago, there is an organization called the\nAssociation of University Cardiologists ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a limited membership. You have to\nbe invited for membership. I've chaired its emeritus program for several years.\nObviously, I'm interested in the educational as well as the social aspects of\nthat organization. At their business meeting this year, they have two lectures.\nOne which is called the feature or the special lecture. The other one is called\nthe George Burch Lecture in honor of the person who founded the society, they\nnamed the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feature lecture for me. That's my peers, which makes it very, very special.\n\nBERMAN: What would you consider your greatest success outside of medicine?\n\nDR. WENGER: My greatest success has been raising three wonderful daughters who\nhave their careers, their families, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and who are contributing to their\ncommunities. Remember, I was a working mother when women in the south didn't\nwork unless they had to. That meant there were things that I was not able to do\nthat the others mothers were. If my daughters had felt disadvantaged, I doubt\nthat they would have gone into careers. My two older daughters are physicians.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My third is a historian.\n\nBERMAN: What are their names?\n\nDR. WENGER: The oldest one is Debbie [Deborah Wiatrak]. She's an ophthalmologist\nat University of Alabama in Birmingham. My second one is Judith, Judy [Wenger].\nShe does obstetrics in New York City. My baby [Beth Wenger], who is the only\nnon-physician in the family, and who used to sit around the table and say, \"I'm\nthe only educated person in the group. The other rest of you went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trade\nschool,\" is an historian, who is now dean of the graduate school at University\nof Pennsylvania.\n\nBERMAN: It's amazing. It's absolutely amazing. One thing I wanted to ask you, I\nwanted to make sure there has not been anything in this interview that I have\nmissed, something that you wanted to discuss. I do have another question while\nyou're thinking of that.\n\nDR. WENGER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is something. I really didn't acknowledge how much work I've\ndone with the Heart Association because that was an association of over 50\nyears. I started with them in very junior positions as committee chairs, etc.,\nand ended up receiving the Gold Heart Award, which is the highest award of the\nAmerican Heart Association. I'm still involved with them. But both the American\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology now have women in\ncardiology sections. I watched the young women who are surviving and thriving in\nthose settings.\n\nBERMAN: When you were one of the few working mothers when you were raising your\ndaughters, did you ever feel kind of isolated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the other women at the Sunday\nschool or at . . . ?\n\nDR. WENGER: I think this was the reason for my involvement with the organizations\nbecause with Hadassah, I managed to trade. Someone would cover my clinics the\nmorning I had a Hadassah meeting, and I would take their Saturday mornings so\nthey could play golf. My involvement with the women's organizations ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then as\nI proceeded into organizations that were traditionally men's organizations, they\nmet in the evening. One of my efforts was to try to get women into these\ntraditionally male organizations. I succeeded quite well.\n\nBERMAN: Are you amazed at how many women are in medicine today?\n\nDR. WENGER: No. I think that in the U.S., ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've begun to accomplish at the entry\nlevel what other countries are still trying to do. There have been statements\nthat have come out from the British Cardiac Society and the British Medical\nSociety saying that British medicine will suffer if more women aren't involved,\nthat they're not addressing half of the potential work force. But what we need\nnow is to see that women advance. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a leaky pipeline. We're seeing women at\nthe entry level and then at each stage, whether it be in practice or in\nacademia, or in administration, or what have you, women drop off. There are\nscarcely women at the top. That is probably where we have to go. The exciting\nthing is that several of my male ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"colleagues who are in major leadership\npositions at prestigious universities have said that they will not join a\ncommittee that does not have at least one woman. Typically, that one woman\nenrolls a second colleague.\n\nBERMAN: You've probably mentored countless women over the years. Is there one or\ntwo that stand out in your memory in what they've accomplished?\n\nDR. WENGER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, just over the last couple of weeks, I've come back with a\nwomen who I mentored who you know from the Atlanta community named [Dr.] Gulshan\nS. Harjee. She was a medical student at Morehouse [School of Medicine] when\nMorehouse was a two-year school. I interviewed her for entry to the Emory\nUniversity School of Medicine. Obviously, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't take the entire class. A\nvery impressive woman, etc. I have a lovely letter from her where she thanks me\nfor changing her life. She finished training, trained well, went into private\npractice and now runs one of the largest charity clinics north of Atlanta.\nBERMAN:I wanted to go back to one thing that you mentioned earlier. You did\nmention that you were friendly with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kings, Coretta and Martin. How did that\nfriendship evolve?\n\nDR. WENGER: I don't even know where it started. It started at small meetings. It\nstarted with other faculty people at Emory who were friends. Periodically, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there\nwould be meetings where several of us thought there were people with in the\nAtlanta community outside of the active Civil Rights Movement that would learn\nfrom being involved with these people, and what better way to do it than dinner.\n\nBERMAN: I think I have asked all of my questions but I want to know, again, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if\nthere is anything? Or, Jane, if you have anything that I may have missed? I\ndon't want to miss. This is my opportunity to get you in this chair. I don't\nwant to miss anything.\n\nDR. WENGER: I think you've really covered very many things. I think some of my\npassion early on within the Civil Rights Movement was for public education.\nBecause, remember, I was raised in the public school system of New York City.\nHunter High, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though it was a competitive admissions school for the five\nboroughs, was a public school. Hunter College was a public school. It's now part\nof Hunter College of the City of New York. So, I'm a product of public\neducation. When we came to Atlanta, we originally enrolled our children in the\npublic school system. We moved where we were because of the great public school\nin our neighborhood. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sadly, once the busing started, that no longer became\nfeasible for us. I still feel that if we had put the money involved in busing\ninto education, we would have a very strong public education system in Atlanta,\nwhich we don't have today.\n\nBERMAN: No, we don't. I did write down that you founded the Atlanta Women's\nNetwork, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first women's networking group in Atlanta. When was that, and what\nwas that all about?\n\nDR. WENGER: There were a number of us. Actually, AWN still can't find the\noriginal records. I have fussed at them for it because they're doing some nice\nwork. Of the people I remember, particularly, was the woman who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"owns Mary Mac,\nthe restaurant [Mary Mac's Tea Room]. This goes back almost 50 years. I have it\nsomewhere in my papers.\n\nBERMAN: Was it a consortium?\n\nDR. WENGER: All areas, yes. I was the only physician in the group. We decided\nthat men networked and women didn't network, and we started ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this. We met\nperiodically. We met for lunch or dinner. Now it's grown into a very vibrant\norganization. Sadly, some of the old records are gone. I must have some old\nrecords somewhere but that's not a priority.\n\nBERMAN: Are you still involved?\n\nDR. WENGER: No. I've been fortunate enough to have been elected ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/transcript/18482/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the group in\nAtlanta that is essentially doing the same thing.\n\nBERMAN: I would very much like to thank you. It has been such a pleasure to get\nthis opportunity to speak with you today.\n\nDR. WENGER: This was fun. You're a good interviewer plus you've done it a few times.\n\nBERMAN: A few times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3570.0,3600.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Russian Revolution is the collective term for a series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy, and led to the creation of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The emperor was forced to abdicate, and a provisional government in the first revolution of February 1917 replaced the old regime. The second revolution, during October, resulted in the removal of the provisional government, which was replaced by a Bolshevik (Communist) government.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was founded in 1881.  Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating.  During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East.  They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas.  After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur [Hebrew: Day of Atonement] is the most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGodey's Lady's Book, also known as Godey's Magazine and Lady's Book, was an American women's magazine that was published in Philadelphia from 1830 to 1878. It was the most widely circulated magazine in the period before the Civil War. Its circulation rose from 70,000 in the 1840s to 150,000 in 1860. Each issue contained poetry, articles, and engravings created by prominent writers and other artists of the time.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/Kashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. Food that may be consumed according to halakhah (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English. In a kosher kitchen and home, meat and dairy are kept separate, so a separate sets of dishes, cookware, and serving ware are needed. Food that is not in accordance with Jewish law is called ‘treif.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzah, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday is celebrated.  The seder service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.  In addition to eating matzah during the seder, Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover. In addition, Jews are also supposed to avoid foods made with wheat, barley, rye, spelt or oats unless those foods are labeled ‘kosher for Passover.’ Jews traditionally have separate dishes for Passover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Flexner Report (also called Carnegie Foundation Bulletin Number Four) is a book-length landmark report of medical education in the United States and Canada, written by Abraham Flexner and published in 1910 under the aegis of the Carnegie Foundation. Many aspects of the present-day American medical profession stem from the Flexner Report and its aftermath. The Report called on American medical schools to enact higher admission and graduation standards and to adhere strictly to the protocols of mainstream science in their teaching and research. The report talked about the need for revamping and centralizing medical institutions. Many American medical schools fell short of the standard advocated in the Flexner Report and, subsequent to its publication, nearly half of such schools merged or were closed outright. Colleges in electrotherapy were closed. The Report also concluded that there were too many medical schools in the United States and that too many doctors were being trained. A repercussion of the Flexner Report, resulting from the closure or consolidation of university training, was reversion of American universities to male-only admittance programs to accommodate a smaller admission pool. Universities had begun opening and expanding female admissions as part of women's and co-educational facilities only in the mid-to-latter part of the 19th century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. J. Willis Hurst (1921-2011) graduated from the University of Georgia in 1941. He then graduated from the Medical College of Georgia, where he was first in his class, in 1944.  He entered the Army and served at Fitzsimmons General Hospital in Denver.  He joined the Emory University faculty in 1950.  In 1954 he was recalled into the armed services and was assigned to the United States Naval Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland, where he became Chief of Cardiology. He was discharged in 1955 with the rank of Commander. While serving at the naval hospital he was responsible for the care of many senators and congressmen. Among them was Lyndon Baines Johnson. They became friends and Dr. Hurst became his cardiologist for the next 18 years, including through his presidency and afterwards.  He was appointed Professor and Chairman of the Department of Medicine at Emory University in 1957 at the age of 36. He remained in that position for 30 years. In the early 1960s, he established Emory’s continuing medical education program in cardiology, which secured the schools reputation in teaching, attracting cardiologists from around the world to learn how to do procedures being pioneered and perfected at Emory. Dr. Hurst also was a founding architect of The Emory Clinic. Throughout his 55-year career at Emory's medical school, he taught more than 5,000 medical students and 2,500 residents and fellows – roughly a fifth of all doctors currently practicing in Georgia. He received the highest teaching awards from the American College of Cardiologists and the American College of Physicians. At Emory he was a past recipient of the Crystal Apple teaching award, and in 2003, the residency training program in medicine was named in his honor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1] Dr. Julius Wenger (1925-2013) was born in Newark, New Jersey, to Abraham and Fanny Wenger. He served in the United States Navy from 1943 to 1948. He attended college at Denison University and graduated from Northwestern University School of Medicine in 1948. He did his internal medicine residency at Montefiore Medical Center in New York and gastroenterology fellowship at the University of Chicago. He served in the U.S. Public Health Service in Washington, D.C. from 1951 to 1953. In 1956, he was recruited by the Emory University School of Medicine to direct the Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center Division of Digestive Diseases. He was a Professor of Medicine at Emory University School of Medicine. After 27 years as Assistant Chief of Medicine and Director of Digestive Diseases at the Atlanta VA Hospital, he joined the staff of Grady Memorial Hospital and the Emory Clinic, where he remained until his retirement in 1996. As Emeritus Professor of Medicine, Dr. Julius Wenger remained active in academic medicine. After his retirement, he remained a respected gastroenterology consultant. He was a founding member of the Emeritus College of Emory University faculty.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Julius Wenger (1925-2013) was born in Newark, New Jersey, to Abraham and Fanny Wenger. He served in the United States Navy from 1943 to 1948. He attended college at Denison University and graduated from Northwestern University School of Medicine in 1948. He did his internal medicine residency at Montefiore Medical Center in New York and gastroenterology fellowship at the University of Chicago. He served in the U.S. Public Health Service in Washington, D.C. from 1951 to 1953. In 1956, he was recruited by the Emory University School of Medicine to direct the Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center Division of Digestive Diseases. He was a Professor of Medicine at Emory University School of Medicine. After 27 years as Assistant Chief of Medicine and Director of Digestive Diseases at the Atlanta VA Hospital, he joined the staff of Grady Memorial Hospital and the Emory Clinic, where he remained until his retirement in 1996. As Emeritus Professor of Medicine, Dr. Julius Wenger remained active in academic medicine. After his retirement, he remained a respected gastroenterology consultant. He was a founding member of the Emeritus College of Emory University faculty.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) is best known for his role as a leader in the Civil Rights Movement and the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs.  A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career.  He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, in 1962, and organized nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that attracted national attention following television news coverage of the brutal police response. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous \"I Have a Dream\" speech.  On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence.  In 1965, he and the SCLC helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches and the following year, he took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing.  King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many United States’ cities.  King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal.  Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCoretta Scott King (1927-2006) was an American author, civil rights leader. The widow of Martin Luther King, Jr., Coretta Scott King helped lead the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960’s. King often participated in many of her husband's exploits and goals during the battle for equality. Mrs. King played a prominent role in the years after her husband's 1968 assassination when she took on the leadership of the struggle for racial equality herself and became active in the Women's Movement and the LGBT rights movement. King founded the King Center in Atlanta and sought to make her husband’s birthday a national holiday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Congregation (often referred to as “AA”) was organized in 1886 as Congregation Ahawas Achim (Brotherly Love) and is Atlanta’s second oldest Jewish congregation. Organized by Jews of Eastern European descent, the congregation’s founding members felt uncomfortable in the established Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (The Temple) comprised primarily of Jews from Germany, who by the late 1800s had begun to liberal Ahavath Achim ize their Orthodox doctrine.  Originally located in a rented room at 106 Gilmer Street, the congregation would make a succession of moves, to 120 Gilmer Street, to a hall on Decatur Street in 1895, to its first building in 1901 on the corner of Gilmer Street and Piedmont Avenue, to its second building on Washington Street in 1921, and finally, to its present location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. Four different Rabbis, Rabbi Mayerovitz (1901 – 1905); Rabbi Joseph Meyer Levine (1905) – 1915); Rabbi Yood (1915 – 1919); and Rabbi A.P. Hirmes (1919 – 1928) provided spiritual leadership for Ahavath Achim until 1928, when Rabbi Harry H. Epstein was hired as Rabbi.  He retained that position for the next 50 years. Rabbi Epstein became Rabbi Emeritus in 1986 and was succeeded by Rabbi Arnold Goodman. During the early years of Rabbi Epstein’s tenure, he slowly made innovations and modifications in congregational activities. By 1952, Ahavath Achim joined the Conservative Movement, with the most noticeable shift from Orthodoxy being the gradual change to mixed seating. Today, Ahavath Achim Congregation is the largest Conservative congregation in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Epstein (1903-2003) served as the rabbi of Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia from 1928 to 1982.  Under his leadership the congregation began to shift to Conservatism, which they adopted in 1952. Rabbi Epstein retired in 1982, becoming Rabbi Emeritus and Rabbi Arnold Goodman assumed the rabbinic post.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Rothschild (1911-1973) was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  He rabbi of the city’s oldest Reform congregation, the Temple, in Atlanta, Georgia from 1946 until his death in 1973 from a heart attack. He forged close relationships with the city’s Christian clergy and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the Anti-Defamation League, under the direction of the former dean of the Dental School at Emory University, John E. Buhler, 65 percent of Jewish dental school students were thrown out or forced to repeat one or more years between the years 1948 and 1961.  In 2012, Emory President James Wagner offered a long-awaited and formal apology at a private reception at Woodruff Library to former students, family, friends, and Emory’s administration. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Era generally encompasses events beginning with the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954 and ending with the Fair Housing Act of 1968, which was a follow up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Stanley Perry Brickman (1931-), born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, is a noted oral surgeon who practiced oral surgery in the Atlanta area from 1961 to 2004. A graduate of Emory College and the University of Tennessee, Dr. Brickman was kicked out of Emory University’s School of Dentistry in 1951 because he was Jewish. Brickman interviewed dozens of Jewish students who attended the school in the 1950's and 1960’s, compiling a video that revealed a pattern of antisemitism by the school’s dean. In 2012, Emory University administrators issued a public apology to Stanley Perry Brickman. He served in the United States Air Force as a dentist at the Strategic Air Command (SAC) base in Westover, Massachusetts. He has been a president of the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and a volunteer at various synagogues in Atlanta, Hillel, Yeshiva High School, the Greenfield Hebrew Academy, the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta, Atlanta Jewish Academy, Atlanta Israel Bonds, the Georgia Israel Law Enforcement Exchange (GILEE), the Southeastern Region of ADL, and the Southern Jewish Historical Society.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Research for All Act of 2015 is a congressional bill that directs the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to ensure that the clinical trials for products granted expedited approval to treat a serious or life-threatening condition are sufficient to determine the safety and effectiveness of the products for men and women using subgroup analysis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer organization founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold, with more than 300,000 members and supporters worldwide. It supports health care and medical research, education and youth programs in Israel, and advocacy, education, and leadership development in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah Hospital - Mount Scopus is a 300-bed regional hospital serving Jewish and Arab neighborhoods of northern and eastern Jerusalem, Israel. The hospital was built in 1939, but closed in 1948, after an Arab attack on a convoy of medical personnel making its way up Mount Scopus. From 1948-1967 it stood in no-man's land, during which time a new Hadassah Hospital was built in Ein Kerem. After the Six Day War and the reunification of the city (1967), the hospital was rebuilt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hadassah Medical Organization (HMO) is a medical and research organization founded in 1912. HMO pioneered the development of standards and practice of health care in Israel. It began in 1913 when Hadassah sent two nurses to Palestine to provide pasteurized milk to infants and new mothers, and to eradicate trachoma, an easily cured eye disease, that was robbing thousands of sight. By 1918, Hadassah had sent an entire medical unit, comprised of 45 doctors, nurses, dentists and sanitary workers, to bring American-style medical care to the Middle East. Today, it is headquartered in Jerusalem, Israel, where it operates two world-class medical and research centers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1] The National Council of Jewish Women is an organization of volunteers and advocates, founded in the 1890’s, who turn progressive ideals in advocacy and philanthropy inspired by Jewish values.  They strive to improve the quality of life for women, children and families.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTay–Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.  Warren Tay and Bernard Sachs, two physicians, both reported their first cases among Ashkenazi Jewish families. Tay reported his observations in 1881 in the first volume of the proceedings of the British Ophthalmological Society, of which he was a founding member. By 1884, he had seen three cases in a single family. Years later, Bernard Sachs, an American neurologist, reported similar findings when he reported a case of \"arrested cerebral development\" to other New York Neurological Society members. The most common type, known as infantile Tay–Sachs disease, becomes apparent around three to six months of age with the baby losing the ability to turn over, sit, or crawl. This is then followed by seizures, hearing loss, and inability to move. Death usually occurs in early childhood. Less commonly, the disease may occur in later childhood or adulthood. These forms are generally milder in nature.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education (ABJE) was created in 1946 to foster Jewish education in the city. In 1947, it was instrumental in forming a Hebrew High School is Atlanta. Over the course of four decades, the Bureau offered services to schools, the community and individuals including curriculum guides for Atlanta-area public schools, Holocaust education programs, conferences, workshops, programs for teenagers in Israel, festivals, adult education, classes, lectures, and extension classes for Sunday school teachers. The organization also operated a lending library of Jewish books and resources. The Bureau consisted of all accredited Rabbis in the community, all chairmen of committees of education of affiliated schools and all professional heads of affiliated schools. Samuel H. Rosenberg was its Executive Director from 1949 to 1962 and Hans Erman, a German Holocaust survivor born in 1914, served as its Executive Director from 1963 to 1969.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta Jewish Community Center was officially founded in 1910, as the Jewish Educational Alliance. In the late 1940’s it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the ‘Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Orphans’ Home was located at 478 Washington Street in Atlanta, Georgia. The residence facility was open from 1876 to 1930. It was originally called the Hebrew Orphans’ Asylum and was originally an actual orphanage. In 1901, the name was changed to the Hebrew Orphans’ Home. Then its services phased into placing children in foster home care and helping with adoptions instead of an actual orphans' home, during which time it was called the Jewish Family and Children's Bureau (and another variation—Jewish Children's Services). Finally it got out of the children's institutional care business entirely. In 1988, the organization’s mission changed and it became the Jewish Educational Loan Fund (JELF) with the goal of providing low-interest post-secondary education loans for Jewish students.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/annotation_set/87/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=3360.0,3390.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Dr. Nanette Wenger [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family history","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=37.0,329.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father and mother came from a small town named Rogachëv near Kiev [Ukraine].","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=37.0,329.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Genealogy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=37.0,329.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Medical school","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=329.0,481.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even early on, I was thinking about a career in medicine. My parents said that I could not be away from home for eight years. I thought I would have a better opportunity if I cast a wider net for medical school, so I went to college in New York at Hunter.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=329.0,481.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hunter College","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Medical School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=329.0,481.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emory University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=481.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How you end up at Emory [University School of Medicine]?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=481.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta (Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emory University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=481.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Segregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=690.0,769.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was called \"The Gradys.\" There were two. There was the white Grady on one side of the street and the black Grady on the other side of the street and everything that went with segregation. I was absolutely shocked.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=690.0,769.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta (Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civil Rights","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Segregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=690.0,769.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Activism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=769.0,1094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You said you misbehaved a little bit. Can you tell me what some of your actions were?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=769.0,1094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Activism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civil Rights","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Integration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Segregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=769.0,1094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious affiliation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1094.0,1347.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What synagogues were you affiliated with?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1094.0,1347.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ahavath Achim Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta (Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1094.0,1347.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cardiology","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1347.0,1838.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I'm getting into a little bit of your own career as a cardiologist. Why did you choose cardiology? What drew you to it?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1347.0,1838.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cardiology","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish physicians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1347.0,1838.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish community involvement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1838.0,2756.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to talk a little bit, get to some of your involvement with the Jewish community in Atlanta. When you first moved to Atlanta, did you join any organizations? Did you join the synagogue right away? Was that important to you?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1838.0,2756.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta (Ga.)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish affiliation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=1838.0,2756.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Accolades","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2756.0,3592.933"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you look back on all of these awards that you've gotten over the years, what are the one or two or three, however many you want to discuss, that have meant the most to you?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2756.0,3592.933"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880/index/47216/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Awards","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cardiology","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish physicians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish women","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Recognition","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/26232/file/96880#t=2756.0,3592.933"}]}]}]}