{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/w950g3ht1m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Goodfriend, Cantor Isaac (1995)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1995-12-12 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eCantor Isaac Goodfriend interviewed by Sandra Berman on December 12, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eCantor Isaac Goodfriend was born in Piotrkow, Poland on January 20, 1924. He was the oldest of five children born to a Hassidic family. The family moved to Lodz, where his paternal grandfather operated a dry goods store, when Isaac was a year old. Religious traditions and observations dominated every part of the family’s lives. Isaac attended cheder and yeshiva, and after his bar mitzvah, he was sent to Sosnowiec to study in an advanced yeshiva. He returned to Lodz shortly before the Germans invaded Poland in 1939.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1940, the family fled to Piotrkow, where they joined his extended family in the ghetto. Isaac was sent to work at the Kara glass factory. His father died in 1941. Two aunts and a cousin escaped the ghetto, living in hiding at a nearby Polish farm. The rest of his family, including his mother and siblings, were killed when the Piotrkow ghetto was liquidated in 1942. Isaac remained in Piotrkow, living and working at the glass factory. At the end of 1943, Isaac realized that the Kara camp was about to be liquidated and made plans to escape with his friend. The two made it to the farm where his surviving family members were hiding. Isaac and his friend worked on the farm under the guise of being the farmer’s distant family members until the Russians liberated the area in January 1945.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the war Isaac traveled to Berlin, where he met his wife, Betty Grossman, a fellow survivor. The couple immigrated to Paris and Canada and finally settled in the United States. After the war, Isaac became a world-class cantor. He attended the Berlin Conservatory of Music, McGill Conservatory of Music, Conservatoire Provincial de Quebec, the Music School Settlement, and Baldwin Wallace College. In 1952, Isaac served as cantor at the Shaare Zion Congregation in Montreal and later at Cleveland's Community Temple in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1962, Isaac became a US citizen. He moved to Atlanta, Georgia in 1965, where he served as cantor for Ahavath Achim Synagogue for thirty years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGoodfriend earned many honors during his illustrious career, including the Kavod Award (Cantors Assembly for America ) in 1995 and an honorary Doctor of Music Degree (Jewish Theological Seminary) in 1998. In January 1977, he was selected to sing the National Anthem in Washington, D.C. at President Jimmy Carter’s inauguration. In 1979, President Carter appointed Goodfriend to the President’s Commission on the Holocaust. He was a charter member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council. In 1985, the governor of Georgia appointed Cantor Goodfriend to serve on the statewide Holocaust Memorial Commission. in 1986 he was invited to participate in the centennial celebration for the Statue of Liberty.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCantor Goodfriend was active in numerous organizations including the Hebrew Order of David, Jewish National Fund, ORT, Zionist Organization of America, and Workman’s Circle. He appeared in one Hollywood-made motion picture, \"Summer of My German Soldier\". His memoir, By Fate or Faith: The Saga of a Survivor, was published in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBetty and Isaac had three sons. Betty died in 2008. Isaac died on August 10, 2009. They are both buried in Israel.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eIn this interview, Cantor Goodfriend recounts his experiences during the German occupation of Poland from 1939 until 1945. He begins by detailing how he escaped from a labor camp. He remembers liberation. Goodfriend recalls a defiant man he saw in the Lodz ghetto. He speaks to future generations. Goodfriend talks about the Polish farmer who hid him and others. He recounts an antisemitic incident he and his father endured before the war. Goodfriend mentions their reluctance to believe what was in store for them. He recalls the ghetto being established in Lodz and his family’s journey to the smaller city of Piotrkow to be with family. Goodfriend describes life in the Piotrkow ghetto. He remember his father’s death and his feelings of hopelessness. Goodfriend recounts the last time he saw his family. He describes how his family died and his despair. Goodfriend remembers how he communicated with the farmer who was hiding a few members of his family.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28482"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Holocaust (named event)","Piotrkow, Poland (geographic)","Lodz, Poland (geographic)","Goodfriend, Isaac (personal name)","Jewish (genre/form)","forced labor (other)","Goodfriend, Betty Grossman (personal name)","cantors (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eCantor Isaac Goodfriend interviewed by Sandra Berman on December 12, 1995 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCantor Isaac Goodfriend was born in Piotrkow, Poland on January 20, 1924. He was the oldest of five children born to a Hassidic family. The family moved to Lodz, where his paternal grandfather operated a dry goods store, when Isaac was a year old. Religious traditions and observations dominated every part of the family’s lives. Isaac attended cheder and yeshiva, and after his bar mitzvah, he was sent to Sosnowiec to study in an advanced yeshiva. He returned to Lodz shortly before the Germans invaded Poland in 1939.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1940, the family fled to Piotrkow, where they joined his extended family in the ghetto. Isaac was sent to work at the Kara glass factory. His father died in 1941. Two aunts and a cousin escaped the ghetto, living in hiding at a nearby Polish farm. The rest of his family, including his mother and siblings, were killed when the Piotrkow ghetto was liquidated in 1942. Isaac remained in Piotrkow, living and working at the glass factory. At the end of 1943, Isaac realized that the Kara camp was about to be liquidated and made plans to escape with his friend. The two made it to the farm where his surviving family members were hiding. Isaac and his friend worked on the farm under the guise of being the farmer’s distant family members until the Russians liberated the area in January 1945.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the war Isaac traveled to Berlin, where he met his wife, Betty Grossman, a fellow survivor. The couple immigrated to Paris and Canada and finally settled in the United States. After the war, Isaac became a world-class cantor. He attended the Berlin Conservatory of Music, McGill Conservatory of Music, Conservatoire Provincial de Quebec, the Music School Settlement, and Baldwin Wallace College. In 1952, Isaac served as cantor at the Shaare Zion Congregation in Montreal and later at Cleveland's Community Temple in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1962, Isaac became a US citizen. He moved to Atlanta, Georgia in 1965, where he served as cantor for Ahavath Achim Synagogue for thirty years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGoodfriend earned many honors during his illustrious career, including the Kavod Award (Cantors Assembly for America ) in 1995 and an honorary Doctor of Music Degree (Jewish Theological Seminary) in 1998. In January 1977, he was selected to sing the National Anthem in Washington, D.C. at President Jimmy Carter’s inauguration. In 1979, President Carter appointed Goodfriend to the President’s Commission on the Holocaust. He was a charter member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council. In 1985, the governor of Georgia appointed Cantor Goodfriend to serve on the statewide Holocaust Memorial Commission. in 1986 he was invited to participate in the centennial celebration for the Statue of Liberty.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCantor Goodfriend was active in numerous organizations including the Hebrew Order of David, Jewish National Fund, ORT, Zionist Organization of America, and Workman’s Circle. He appeared in one Hollywood-made motion picture, \"Summer of My German Soldier\". His memoir, By Fate or Faith: The Saga of a Survivor, was published in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBetty and Isaac had three sons. Betty died in 2008. Isaac died on August 10, 2009. They are both buried in Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn this interview, Cantor Goodfriend recounts his experiences during the German occupation of Poland from 1939 until 1945. He begins by detailing how he escaped from a labor camp. He remembers liberation. Goodfriend recalls a defiant man he saw in the Lodz ghetto. He speaks to future generations. Goodfriend talks about the Polish farmer who hid him and others. He recounts an antisemitic incident he and his father endured before the war. Goodfriend mentions their reluctance to believe what was in store for them. He recalls the ghetto being established in Lodz and his family’s journey to the smaller city of Piotrkow to be with family. Goodfriend describes life in the Piotrkow ghetto. He remember his father’s death and his feelings of hopelessness. Goodfriend recounts the last time he saw his family. He describes how his family died and his despair. Goodfriend remembers how he communicated with the farmer who was hiding a few members of his family.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/115/869/small/Goodfriend_Isaac.mp4_1622561293.jpg?1622546894","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Goodfriend_Isaac.mp4"]},"duration":2798.827,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/115/869/small/Goodfriend_Isaac.mp4_1622561293.jpg?1622546894","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/115/869/original/Goodfriend_Isaac.mp4?1622546893","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2798.827,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Isaac Goodfriend [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Just do your name and where you were born again.\n\nGOODFRIEND: My name is Isaac Goodfriend. I was born in Poland in a town they\ncalled Piotrkow, P-I-O-T-R-K-O-W, dash Tryb, T-R-Y-B. It's not far from Lodz,\nthe second largest city in Poland.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: You were about to tell us about the escape.\n\nGOODFRIEND: Yes, this was in the end of 1943. We felt that the pressure on the\npart of the guards and also the administrators of that particular factory are\ntrying to tighten the security. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Being that I was already notified by my family\nthat was hiding with the farmer whenever I feel that the ground is getting hot,\nI'm always welcome. We had an appearance of the assistant director of the\nfactory. [It was] the first time we saw him dressed in a SS uniform--a black\nuniform, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high leather boots and a whip. He warned us, gave everybody a\nwarning, pulled everybody to the central square of the barracks and said, \"You\nbetter sit on your behinds. If not, we know how to smear them that you'll never\nbe able to get up. At the same breath, I said it to my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friend who was supposed\nto go with me [to] the same place--was his mother, too, at this particular\nfarmer--I told him, I said, \"You know? Tonight, we go.\" I didn't like what he\nsaid, this guy, this SS man. Because he's warning that means that something is\ngoing to give within the next few ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weeks. We started to make plans which part of\nthe camp would be the easiest to jump the fence. Because you jump does not mean\nthat you are free because there are guards all over. It was very easy for them.\nThey can outrun you and their dogs certainly can outrun you and their rifles\nreach. We had nothing to defend ourselves ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with. Anyway, we sort of made up to\nmeet at five o'clock in the morning and use our route that we discussed the\nnight before--a little outhouse camouflaged by a huge acacia tree. It's easy to\njump this little fence and hide in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"acacia tree. From the acacia tree, jump\ndown one fence and then be almost on the outside of the camp. It's good to think\nwhen nothing else happens, but unfortunately, another obstacle showed\nimmediately when we showed our presence in the center of the barracks--the main\nsquare where the barracks are and the guard house where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the guards gather on\nthe outside. One Jewish policeman notices me, that I'm supposed to work the\nafternoon shift. What am I doing at five o'clock in the morning? Getting ready\nfor the six o'clock shift? And I wasn't dressed like I'm going to work. I had on\nold overalls, new overalls rather that I never put on when I was coming into\nwork. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The very first day in the camp, I put it under my mattress. I don't know\nwhy. Something or somebody told me to leave it there? No, just I put it there\n[so that] it should be always pressed. I slept on it all this time. I put it on\nand slept in it. I didn't want to oversleep. We didn't have any alarm clocks.\nThis policeman jumps out of the window ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he follows me to the outhouse and my\nfriend as well. We didn't have to go to the outhouse but . . . He follows. When\nwe walk out, he walks out and places himself right in the center of the square,\nwatching every move we make. We know that if we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't go, his brother--in the\nfactory, he worked night shift, because it's coordinated that he should leave at\nsix o'clock from the factory, run from the factory, and meet at the place. We\nhad to do anything, just get out. We have to get out. If not, our lives were in\njeopardy. The lives of the people hiding there were in jeopardy. That's\nsomething that you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cannot afford to miss. There was a point when I was ready to\ngo over to this policeman and say, \"You know, we are with the underground. If\nyou don't look away from me, your life isn't worth a dime. You'll be killed\ntonight, and your family, your wife and your child,\" because he had a wife and a\nchild that he protected, that they let him keep because he was a S.O.B. [son of\na bitch] number ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one. We decided, \"Let's act normal.\" Normal means [I will] go to\n[my] barrack, [and you] go to your barrack, get your pot, get the coffee, so to\nspeak. There was a huge big gallon pot that the water was black. It looked like\ncoffee. It wasn't coffee. We go and get our coffee and go back. [We thought]\nmaybe something will come up, some ideas. We didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go over to attempt [our\nescape] because we didn't trust him. We discussed it while we were walking. We\ntake our pots and come in to the coffee house, which is a place between two\nbarracks. We dig into the huge pot of coffee. You know, of course, when you\nstart drinking or pretend you are drinking, you lift up your head [and are able\nto look around]. There was a little opening maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"twenty by twenty inches, an\nopening in the wall without bars. Without any thinking, \"Just drop it and let's\ngo. Squeeze through this little hole.\" It was easy to squeeze [through because\nof] the weight we had at that time. We squeezed through the hole and we were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outside of the barracks, but not outside of the camp. We had to watch that this\nJewish policeman in the middle of the square should not follow us in. We didn't\nhave much time to lose and get on the roof of this little coffee house, and roll\nover to the side of the fence, and jump over the fence. I said to him, \"You go\nfirst,\" because he was a little slower than I am. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I gave him my hands so they\nshould lift him up a little bit. He goes and looks down and he pops right back.\nHe saw six guards walking right in front of him. He went like this. [holds his\nfinger to his mouth to indicate they should be quiet] When they turned, he\njumped and I right after him. We said that we should not walk together. [We\nshould stay] five hundred yards apart. I jumped after him and we walked. We\nwalked about a mile. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I see one girl coming to work in the factory and I said,\n\"Uh oh, we're already out, but I don't think we are free.\" This little girl, a\nbeautiful girl--her father had a farm--used to sell food to us . . . not to\nsell, barter. We used to barter. For a pair of stockings, used to give us a\npiece of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cheese, or a piece of butter, or sometimes a home baked roll or bread.\nShe winked at me and said, \"Go with G-dspeed.\" We went. We waited until the\nRussians came in January 1945 and liberated us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's one thing I never, for\nas long as I live, will forget. This last line what the farmer sat us all down\nand said to us the following way, \"Okay, you're free. You're free. Where will\nyou go? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Home? There's no home. There's nobody at home.\" This is a man who saved\nour lives. Thinking back, with all the obstacles, with all the times and minutes\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I thought life is not worth living if you live through all these\natrocities, if everything that was so dear to you is taken away from you . . .\nOnly one thing that I'll never forget besides what the farmer told us the day\nafter liberation, is in 1942 when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they took all the Jews out from Lodz, from the\naffluent part of the city, and transferred them to the small, little ghetto.\nWe're talking about 200,000 Jews into a twenty-block area. Twenty city blocks\n[with] 200,000 Jews. There was one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jew without a leg. He had one wooden leg and\nhe was among the marchers. I was standing on the side of the street. This man\nyelled out on the top of his voice, \"Jews! Don't despair! Jeden!\" In Yiddish, he\nsaid, \"Jeden! Zeitsmitz nicht ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nemayish. [sp] Jewish people, don't despair. We\nwill survive them!\" \"My, G-d,\" I thought, \"What a statement!\" Here goes a person\nwho doesn't know what the next hour's going to bring and he had so much courage\nin him. He tried to impart it to those people--his brothers, his sisters--who\nsuffered the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing. I call it 'resistance'. It's not a remedy of survival\nbut it helps. My message to the future generations is very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"simple: learn.\nEducate yourself to a point where you know how to value human life. When you\nlearn and you know how to use your capacity of expressing love and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"admiration to\nthe next fellow human being . . . Material things is not everything. Be equal\nwith the next human being because he and I or he and somebody else are coming\nfrom the same divine will. G-d created us all in his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"image. If you have this in\nyour heart and you try to impart it to the next generation, this world will be a\nbetter place to live in. Of course, we need to remember who we are and where we\ncame from. This is the value of life.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOODFRIEND: I visited the [Polish farmer's] family in 1979 as part of President\n[Jimmy] Carter's mission to Eastern Europe. He was asked the question, \"Why did\nyou do it?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His answer was very simple and poignant. He said, \"The question\nshould not be put to me why I did it. My question is why more Christians didn't\ndo it.\" He can't understand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why more people didn't act like he did. \"If I had to\ndo it again,\" that's what he said, \"I would do it all over again.\"\nUnfortunately, there are a few of those righteous people who risked their lives.\nYes, they risked their lives. We didn't have money to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pay him. He didn't do it\nfor money. We didn't have any. We worked. We worked in the fields. It was sweet\nwork, sweet labor. I would have done more. Yes, we are in touch with the family\nuntil this very day. Of course, the old man is dead, all that is gone, but we\nstill keep in touch.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GOODFRIEND: . . . not dreaming then. Maybe he was dreaming. In 1935 . . . I\nthink it was 1933. We were riding the streetcar and a bunch of hooligans grabbed\nthe hat off my father's head and threw it out of the streetcar. To my father,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being an Orthodox Jew with the beard and payess, this was the biggest\ncatastrophe, the biggest disaster, to make him stand without [his] head covered.\nHe was crying. I'll never forget that scene. This to me was the worst, the\nutmost . . . We were used to the antisemitism. Many times, we heard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those words,\nthose slogans walking down the street. Many times, we heard, \"Jew! Go to\nPalestine! You have no place in Poland!\" Of course, if we wanted to go to\nPalestine, nobody would let us in. Facetiously, it was a blessing if we could\nhave gone to Palestine. We didn't realize this was what [Adolf] Hitler wanted to\nimplement, what he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted to do. What is it he really wanted to do with the\nJews? Yes, we saw German Jews coming into our backyard in 1939, before the war\nbroke out, before September 1, [1939]. We set up kitchens for the German Jews.\nWe said, \"Well, it's Germany. Probably they did something wrong. But, here?\nPoland? A thousand years Jews have lived in Poland.\" We lived there normally. We\nlived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"safely. We lived, we studied, people got married and had children. It was\na quasi-normal life. Until February 1940, we stayed in Lodz. I stayed in Lodz.\nThen we saw that some building ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was going on around our house. We saw that the\nGermans are trying to build something, build holes every five meters [16 feet],\nand putting in poles. We didn't realize. Then we heard that there's going to be\na ghetto in Lodz. Our house was right smack at the borderline. We didn't know if\nours is going to be inside the ghetto or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outside the ghetto. I'll never forget,\nthe head of the Jewish community then was Chaim Rumkowski. Supposedly he was a\ndirector of a Jewish children's home before the war so he can't be that bad. He\nbecame the leader of the Jewish community. He came to our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yard. Everybody asked\nquestions. I asked this question. I said, \"Tell me, Mr. Rumkowski, is our house\ngoing to be in the ghetto?\" Instead of an answer, I got kicked and yelled at.\nThis was the end of it, so we didn't know really. The economic situation got\nworse every day. There was a shortage of food. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Organizing, the Jewish bakers\nstill had some flour, so they baked whatever they could. Nothing new was given\nto them to bake for the community, for the Jewish people. We managed somehow,\norganized. Money didn't mean anything because you couldn't buy anything. We had\nsome sort of access to a piece of bread, but the rest of the food ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you were\nused to was gone. We decided that we would go and live with our grandparents in\nPiotrkow--the city where I was born, the city where my mother comes\nfrom--instead of going into the ghetto in Lodz. We hired a horse and buggy from\none of the non-Jewish farmers. Some of the family who lived in a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"village\noutside of Lodz, he had some business with the farmers. Through his good grace,\nwe got a horse and a buggy and we loaded up a few of our belongings, whatever we\ncould because the horse couldn't carry much or couldn't pull too much load. We\ngot on the wagon. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our journey to Piotrkow, which is only 44 kilometers [27\nmiles], it took us four days to get there. The wagon broke down, we were stopped\non the road a few times by the German guards, then the snow storm. We couldn't\nmove. We needed a sled to go on the snow. We had to stop in a little village to\nask a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"farmer. This farmer was a friend of this driver. Finally, we got a sled\nand we reached our destination, to my grandfather's house. The situation in\nPiotrkow was a little easier than it was in Lodz, because Lodz was annexed to\nthe Third Reich [Nazi regime] because of the German population and also because\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the tremendous wealth that was in Lodz. For the Germans, it meant quite a\nlot. The textile factories they took over immediately and put it into use for\nthe German war machine. In Piotrkow, there was already enough food, even though\nit was the very first ghetto in Poland. Piotrkow was the very first ghetto ever\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"established by the Germans, this town. When you go to the [United States\nHolocaust Memorial Museum] in Washington, [D.C.], the first ghetto you see on\nthe entrance is the city where I was from. It was sort of more livable. First,\nthe family was together. When I say the family was together, I'm talking not\nabout just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my immediate family [of] my mother, and father, and the children. My\nmother comes from a family of nine children, nine daughters. We all gathered\ntogether in my grandfather's house. If I would tell you, the apartment consisted\nof one bedroom, one huge room that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the dining room and the bedroom, one\nlittle room that was used for the store. They also dealt in dry goods, or\nladies' underwear and stockings, and this kind of stuff. Forty people stayed in\nthat apartment--just the family. We didn't complain. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We could live. As long as\nthey would leave us alone, we could live. But it wasn't the way we wanted it to\nbe because the decrees got worse every day, every moment, every hour. The same\nthing what happened in Lodz maybe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two months or three months before that,\nhappened here. But it was the same pattern [of] gathering people to work. Here,\nthere was maybe a more organized way of getting people to work because they had\nthree or four big factories in Piotrkow. [There were] two glass factories, and\none was a lumberyard, and one was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"steel mill. They really needed skilled\npeople to work. In the beginning, if you were lucky enough--I say lucky\nenough--to be employed in one of those factories, we even got paid. We even got\nevery weekend, we got a paycheck, money. You couldn't buy much for the money,\nbut at least you were on the payroll. People at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time didn't want to go to\nwork for the German machine, so they tried to hide, they tried to hide for the\nday or escape someplace where they were told next day they needed 500 workers\n[and the] day after, they needed 1,000 workers. This went on in 1940, 1941.\nBefore the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German-Russian war started in 1941, there were some movements in the\nolder ghettos--not just in our ghetto, but in all the ghettos--that they need\n2,500 [or] 3,000 Jews to go and dig trenches along the Russian border. Some of\nthem never came back. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was already tightening the noose around the\npopulation of the ghetto. Little by little, we felt that life was becoming\nunbearable. [There was] a lot of sickness, namely contagious diseases because of\nthe sanitary conditions. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There wasn't a house that they didn't have typhoid\nsickness. It didn't miss our family as well. My father got sick on typhoid and\nthey took the whole family into an isolation camp, which was in the ghetto. He\ndied from it. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't send him to a hospital because we knew the minute he\ngoes into a hospital he'll never get out alive. We tried to cure him at home.\nWhen my father died, he was 41 years old. I was the one left to provide for my\nfamily. I tried. I did. I did what everybody else did. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At least I wanted to\nprovide for my mother, my two sisters, my two brothers. My youngest brother was\nfour years old. Of course, after my father died, everything started to break\ndown. The urge to live wasn't there. I said to myself, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Why me? Why should I be\nthe one to be alive? Why can't I be gone together with my father or instead of\nmy father?\" But the will to live is stronger than anything else. Looking at my\nyounger brother and making plans, thinking it would be nice if I could live to\nsee his bar ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mitzvah, if I could live to see his wedding, if I could live to have\nchildren, if I could live to see a family grow . . . It wasn't meant to be. In\n1942, we heard rumors that the Germans are liquidating ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the towns and all the\ncities. When they said 'liquidating', simply they taking the people out\nsomeplace. We didn't know about Auschwitz-[Birkenau], or Treblinka, or any\nconcentration camp. We didn't know. They were taking them out. [We were] living\nwith hope and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"faith that, \"Well, it's so far away. They are hundreds of miles\naway. They'll never get here. Until they get here, the war will be over.\" We did\nkeep constantly abreast of what's going on on the front line because I spoke\nGerman. I read German. We used to get ahold of German newspaper.\nVolkischer Beobachter ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember was the name of the paper. We used to decipher\nto see what's going on on the front line. Of course, it's propaganda. We didn't\nbelieve what we read, but you could read between the lines. At least you know\nwhat's going on. In October 1942, I was working then at the glass factory\nalready without pay. This was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forced labor. We were told that we should go\nhome and get our knapsack, we have one hour to gather at this particular place,\n\"in one hour with your knapsack.\" Somehow, you start ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting those feelings that\nthis is it, it came to our city. I came home and looked at the faces. I'll never\nforget those faces and exactly who was standing in which corner, and how our\neyes met, and how we talked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without uttering a word. I said, \"No, I won't go.\n[They said,] \"You must go.\" I said, \"I can't.\" Somehow I had the feeling that\nthis was the last time I'll see my family as a family. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandfather--my father\nwas already gone, of course, a year or so--walked over to his bookcase and\npulled out a tiny little book, thin covers, old looking book. He said, \"Take it.\nLet this book guard you from all evil.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I took the book. I left. I went back to\nthe factory. Of course, the next day, we heard. The non-Jewish coworkers told\nus, \"They're liquidating the ghetto.\" Everybody was gathered in the main square\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[and] taken to the train station. Being that we worked in the glass factory that\nwas right next to the train station, a little further away. The factory had its\nown railroad siding. Showers of papers fell out from the windows of the trains.\nPeople picked it up and they brought it to us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A few were addressed to me,\nwritten on brown paper from paper bags. [The notes said,] \"It's me,\" my aunt,\n\"It's me,\" my cousin. [They said, \"There is] no use working. Throw away the\nshovels. We are going to be killed.\" What does one do in a case like this? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You\nstop working and you don't know what to do. You start crying. The foreman starts\nyelling, \"So what? I lost 40 pigeons. I don't shed a tear.\" Everything goes\nthrough your mind, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Pigeons. People. What's going on here? Is it worth it? Why?\"\nI built a hiding place for my family before I went back to the factory a few\nweeks before. I became an expert in mixing mortar ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I worked with\nengineers who were builders in that glass factory. This was my job, to mix\nmortars for bricks. I built some sort of hiding place for the whole family. In\norder to get in there, you had to go through the roof and climb through another\nentrance. Everything was provided: food, water and so forth. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My immediate\nfamily, except for the uncles who were on the train . . . They were not\ntogether. It took them about a week to find the hiding place. They brought in\ndogs and they found all the hiding places of the people. I was not the only\nsmart guy. There were other people who thought the same way. They flushed them\nout. They gathered ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"162 people who did not make the main transport. They put them\nall into the synagogue. After about four or five weeks . . . We tried\ndesperately to save any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"member of the family, to get them out of the synagogue\nand bring them into the small ghetto because there was still a chance in the\nsmall ghetto. After the others were already sent away to Treblinka and Majdanek,\nthe people who were in the small ghetto were the people who worked in those four\nfactories--the glass factories, and the lumberyards and the steel factories.\nThey needed this slave labor. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We bribed the guards [with] whatever we could. I\nremember standing one night. I tried to get out my brother, and my sister and my\nmother. It was a sure thing. I should wait in this particular spot. There was\nthis water canal that they can go from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outside to the inside of the ghetto.\nI waited all night long until one of the Germans came with a huge German\nshepherd. They started sniffing around and almost tore me to pieces. Nothing\nhappened. We went back to work. The day shift went back to work. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eleven\ndays of the Hebrew month of Kislev [November or December], which was just a week\nago this year. A worker comes running and he tells the story they just shot 162\nJews in this and this particular forest and no one survived. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There they were. My\nmother, my four-year-old brother, and the rest of my family. They were buried in\na mass grave. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What does one do? What was I supposed to do? Standing there with\ntwelve other Jews working, unloading carloads with coal by hand, carrying 200\npounds of soda on my shoulders, and with a whip behind me to make it faster\nbecause other cars are waiting. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The train is pulling up. They need the soda for\nthe glass. I and another few people said, \"What's the use? Let's see what\nhappens if we don't work. Let them do what they want. What's the use living?\nThey'll do the same thing to us tomorrow or the day after.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You always have in\nevery group, people say, \"Your eyes are open. You're not supposed to do, give\nup, despair. You have to keep on hoping. You never know. You have to keep on\nliving ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in spite what the enemy wants you to die. Just fight back--not\nnecessarily with your hands. Fight back in defiance as if to say, 'You want me\nto die? No, I will not die.'\" Suddenly, you start to lose your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mind. You start\nto lose your urge to live. You start to simply to walk like a zombie. You walk\nbecause you have feet. You walk because your eyes are open. You eat because\nyou're hungry. We started to act in a semi-normal way, if you can call it\nnormal. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went on like this until 1943. In 1943, the Germans were losing the\nwar. We already heard that they lost Stalingrad in the end of 1942. [The\nRussians were] getting closer to Warsaw [Poland]. We could put our ears to the\nground ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we could hear the sound of heavy cannons. I had two aunts and a child\n[who] were hiding with a Polish farmer who used to be a customer of my\ngrandparents. He came a day before the Germans liquidated the ghetto. He came\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he saw this beautiful little girl. She was three years old then. It was my\ncousin and her mother. He said to my grandfather, \"Why don't you let the child\nand her mother come live with me? Maybe I can help.\" They went. He took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"care of\nthem. Then my other aunt--the youngest of my mother's sisters--she went there. I\nhelped her escape. This was before that, before 1943. I kept in touch with them\nthrough a good Samaritan, a neighbor we had. He was a Jehovah's Witness, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nneighbor of my grandparents for years. People like this are not born every day.\nIf there are angels in the image of people, he was one of them. Mikovski [was\nhis name]. He was the one who was the courier between the family, the farmer,\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself all through the time when I was in the labor camp. Somehow our eyes\nmet. Looking out through the fence, I saw his face. When I saw his face, this\nwas like G-d had appeared to me. He motioned to me about little notes, where he\nputs it, and we communicated. When the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/transcript/28568/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time came for me to escape, I made my\nescape from the camp and joined . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2790.0,2820.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePiotrkow [Polish: Piotrków] is a city in central Poland located about 43 kilometers (27 miles) southeast of Lodz. It was also called Piotrkow-Trybunalski since it was a regional seat of government. On the eve of World War II, the city had approximately 50,000 residents, including at least 15,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz [Polish:  Łódź] is a large textile-manufacturing city about 75 miles from Warsaw. Lodz was approximately 230 kilometers (143 miles) east of the German border. Jews were an integral part of the textile industry of Lodz, which was known as the “Manchester of Poland.” (The city of Manchester had been the center of Great Britain’s textile industry since the Industrial Revolution.)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn February and March 1943, around 500 people were deported to the Hugo Schneider AG (HASAG) ammunition factories in Skarzysko-Kamienna. Then, in July 1943, the Small Piotrkow Ghetto was liquidated. Around 1,500 Jews were sent to other labor camps or death camps in the area. The rest remained in Piotrkow and lived at the factories where they worked. By the end of July, the town of Piotrkow had been declared Judenrein [German: free of Jews].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1990, Yad Vashem recognized Józef Marcinkowski, his wife, Anna Marcinkowska, and their adopted son, Stanisław Wypych, as Righteous Among the Nations. The Marcinkowski family lived on a secluded farm on the outskirts of Piotrkow Trybunalski. In October 1942, Isaac’s aunt, Perla Lifshitz, her sister, Raizel, and Raizel’s husband, Yehuda Działowski, and their three-year-old daughter, Rachel, came to the Marcinkowskis and were given shelter. Around the same time, Rena Rosenwald also escaped from the ghetto and joined the group. In September 1944, Isaac and three others (Rena’s sons, Israel and Pinchas, and her brother, Abraham Jakubowicz) escaped from the Karo labor camp and came to the Marcinkowskis. Perla’s “non-Jewish” looks allowed her to help provide for the group by working in the fields, but the others hid in a small room and in the cellar until liberation in January 1945. After liberation, all nine of the rescued group left Poland for Israel and the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish police units called Judischer Ordnungsdienst [German: Jewish Ghetto Police] were established by the Germans to keep order in occupied areas. They were often referred them to as the “Jewish Police.” The duties of the Jewish police included collecting ransom payments, personal possessions, and taxes from their fellow Jews; gathering Jews for forced labor quotas; guarding the ghetto; and accompanying labor crews that worked outside the ghetto. Early on, the Jewish police also carried out public welfare duties, such as giving out food rations and aid to the poor and dealing with sanitary conditions. German authorities had set guidelines regarding the type of person recruited for the police (which required they be physically fit, have an academic degree and military experience), but more often appointed those they believed would follow their orders without question. Thus, many Jews in the ghettos considered the Jewish police to be a danger to the rest of the ghetto population. In addition, many youth Movements and Jewish political parties forbid their members from joining the police forces. Like the Jewish Council members, the Jewish police served at the whim of German authorities and their roles remain a controversial and sensitive subject. The Germans did not hesitate to kill those policemen who were perceived to have failed to carry out orders. Indeed, some policeman followed orders to the very end, while others quit rather than participate in the rounding up of their fellow Jews for deportation (most of these policemen were then themselves deported).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePiotrkow was liberated by Soviet troops on January 16, 1945. Out of the estimated 28,000 Jews who had been imprisoned in the ghetto, only 1,600-1,700 had survived, either in the camps or in hiding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 10, 1939, the Germans decided to establish a ghetto in Lodz. It was to be established on 4.13 square kilometers (almost 1.6 square miles) in the northern neighborhoods of Baluty, Stare Miastro (Old Town), and Marysin. The ghetto was publicly announced in February 1940. Jews were to move in by April 19 and Poles and ethnic Germans were to move out of the neighborhoods by the end of April. In March and April 1940, the Germans encircled the ghetto with a barbed wire and wooden fence. On April 30, the gates closed on its 163,777 residents. Waves of Jews from the surrounding area and Western Europe were also eventually pushed into the Lodz ghetto, making the total number of Jews who passed through it at over 200,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Earl “Jimmy” Carter Jr. (1924-  ) was the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967 and as the 76th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. Founder of the Carter Center, he was awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize for work to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development. He is the author of numerous books, including Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid (2006), An Hour Before Daylight (2001) and Our Endangered Values (2005).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 1, 1978, President Carter established the President's Commission on the Holocaust and charged it with the responsibility to submit a report \"with respect to the establishment and maintenance of an appropriate memorial to those who perished in the Holocaust.\" The Commission, chaired by Elie Wiesel, consisted of 34 members and included Holocaust survivors, lay and religious leaders of all faiths, historians and scholars, and members of Congress. Cantor Isaac Goodfriend was among the members chosen by the President. The Commission solicited suggestions from American citizens and traveled to Eastern Europe on a fact-finding mission in the summer of 1979. They visited memorials, cemeteries, sites of former ghettos, concentration camps, and locations of open-air killings. The Commission's final recommendations are contained in the Report to the President: President's Commission on the Holocaust, submitted on September 27, 1979.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more. Men and boys in the Orthodox Jewish community traditionally cover their heads as a sign of humility before G-d. Some also wear long beards and payess [Hebrew: sidelocks or sidecurls] based on a Biblical injunction against shaving the “corners” of one’s head or beard.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the early 1930’s, Jewish immigration from Europe to the British Mandate for Palestine rapidly increased due Zionism and the rise of Nazism. Nationalist uprisings and opposition to the mass influx of Jewish immigrants led to The Arab Revolt of 1936–1939 and caused Great Britain to dramatically limit the numbers of immigrants allowed into Palestine in subsequent years and throughout the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor German Jews, 1938 was a watershed year. As it prepared for military conflict and territorial expansion, the Nazi regime stepped up its pressure on Jews. In March, Germany annexed Austria, which immediately provoked a wave of anti-Jewish measures and incidents. In October, approximately 18,000 Jews with Polish citizenship were expelled from Germany. With the help of Jewish communities and organizations, many of the refugees managed to arrange travel visas and to leave the country or settled in Poland with friends or family or in cities like Warsaw and Lodz. The state-sponsored pogrom known as Kristallnacht in November, during which most of the country's synagogues were burnt down and Jewish shops were vandalized, further removed any illusions regarding the future existence of Jews in Germany. A flood of Jewish refugees trying to escape the Nazi sphere of influence at any price flooded into any country that would allow them.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMordechai Chaim Rumkowski (1877-1944) was a Polish Jew, engineer and wartime businessman appointed by Nazi Germany as the head of the Judenrat in the Lodz Ghetto during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. Rumkowski is a controversial figure: some see him as a savior and others call him a willing German collaborator. Rumkowski voluntarily surrendered tens of thousands of Jews to certain death on the German’s demand, including women and children, based on his belief that if the Jews cooperated with the Germans and if Jewish labor became indispensable, at least some of them would be saved. When the Lodz ghetto was liquidated, Rumkowski and his family were not spared. They were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau on August 30, 1944 and murdered there.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe, the Germans ordered the establishment of an administrative body known as the Judenrat [German: Jewish council], or a Council of Jewish leaders. They were given the responsibility of implementing the Nazis' policies regarding the Jews, which included everything from the confiscation of electronics like radios and valuable assets like watches or jewelry to organizing forced labor details and groups for deportations. The Judenrat also administered the affairs of the ghetto and most tried to protect and support the Jews under their care. Forced to implement Nazi policy, the Jewish councils remain a controversial and delicate subject. Jewish council chairmen had to decide whether to comply or refuse to comply with German demands to, for example, list names of Jews for deportation. Some Jewish council officials advocated compliance, believing that cooperation would ensure the survival of at least a portion of the population. The members of the Jewish councils faced impossible moral dilemmas. Often forgotten in the debates over the culpability of the Jewish councils and the Jewish police are the efforts of many Jewish council members and officials in their employ to provide a variety of social, economic, and cultural services under the brutal and difficult conditions in the ghettos.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe living conditions in the Lodz ghetto, including food rations, were very poor because the ghetto was hermetically sealed. A system of food cards was introduced. They were used to divide food supplied to the ghetto by the German authorities. Ghetto inhabitants stood in line for hours on end to receive their meager food rations. Distribution of different foods took place in different locations throughout the ghetto. Bread and other food were distributed only once every few days and families were forced to make do with what was distributed until the next food distribution. This policy required careful rationing among families. Conditions in the Lodz ghetto declined rapidly. In the first months of the ghetto’s existence, daily food rations equaled about 1,800 calories per person. By mid-1942, they had decreased to 600 calories. Most Jews subsisted on a daily bowl of watery cabbage or potato soup, a piece of bread, and a small evening snack of radish greens of potato peels.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom September 18, 1939, all Jewish-owned enterprises had been taken over by Germans. Jews could no longer use public transportation or leave the city without special permission; they were not allowed to own cars, radios and various other items. Synagogue services were outlawed and Jews were required to keep their shops open on Jewish holidays. A series of anti-Jewish directives economically devastated the Jewish population of Lodz. Bank accounts were blocked and the amount of cash Jews could possess was strictly limited. Restrictions on non-Jews meant Jewish property-owners could not sell their remaining assets to non-Jews for a realistic price. By the time the ghetto was established, the Germans had forced the Jews to give up all the money and valuables they had. Within the ghetto walls, special ghetto money was used, which was of course worthless outside.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans occupied Lodz on September 8, 1939 and renamed it “Litzmannstadt.” Immediately after occupying Lodz, anti-Jewish violence broke out in the city. The Germans began seizing Jews for forced labor, confiscating Jewish property, and executing or deporting to concentration camps hundreds of the city’s elite. In November 1939, the city was incorporated into the Reichsgau Wartheland (the Warthegau), which had been directly incorporated into the Third Reich. The Warthegau was a territory or province of Poland that had previously formed part of the German state of Prussia. The province took its name from the Warta River, in what is today western Poland, and covered almost 17,000 square miles. Its 4,922,000 inhabitants included approximately 385,000 Jews and 325,000 ethnic Germans [German: Volkesdeutschen]. To make room for “repatriated” ethnic Germans, waves of Jews and Poles were deported to the Generalgouvernement. Even before the Lodz ghetto was set up, Jews were deported in waves and by March 1940, almost 70,000 Jews had already been forced out or fled the city voluntarily. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBarely a month after the invasion of Poland, the first Polish ghetto of World War II was created in Piotrkow on October 14, 1939 and a Judenrat was set up. Until the summer of 1940 the Jews could come and go from the Piotrkow ghetto. As more and more refugees arrived and German authorities resettled Jews, the ghetto population swelled to nearly 20,000 people. The ghetto contained 182 buildings with 4, 178 rooms; meaning roughly five people lived in every room. By April 1942, the number of Jews in the ghetto was 18,500 (including 8,000 refugees). In April 1942, the ghetto was closed and all non-Jews had to vacate the area. In September 1942, a Small Ghetto was created, with a few small blocks of houses enclosed by barbed wire. Thousands more Jews from neighboring towns and villages were then brought into the larger ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is the United States' official memorial to the Holocaust. It was opened in 1993, adjacent to the National Mall in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA number of local companies began employing the Jews—especially the younger workers—of the Piotrkow ghetto. Among the factories that employed Jews were the Ostbahn (Eastern Railway), the Kriesgenossenschaft, Phoenix, and the Petrikauer Holzwerke (wood factory), also known as the “Bugaj.” Many were also employed at the Hortensja Glassworks, which mainly produced jars and bottles, at the Kara factory, which manufactured plate glass. Most were employed outside the ghetto manufacturing goods for the Germans, making it easier to barter for food from the local Poles.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the codename Operation “Barbarossa,” Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, in the largest German military operation of World War II. Although the Soviet Union had been Germany’s ally in the war against Poland, the destruction of the Soviet Union and conquest of territory in the East had long been one of Hitler’s proclaimed goals. The attack on the Soviet Union marked a turning point in both the history of World War II and the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the spring and summer of 1940, Jewish males aged 16 to 45 were taken to labor camps in the Lublin area to build fortifications on the frontiers of the Soviet Union. Most died in the camps or from illness.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphoid fever and typhus are different diseases that are caused by different bacteria, although the symptoms are similar. Typhus is contracted from the bite of a louse, and results in chills, delirium, high fever, headaches and muscle pain and if untreated often results in death. Typhoid fever means “typhus-like” and is a common bacterial disease caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated by the feces of an infected person or from lice that fed on the feces. Typhoid results in a high temperature, delirium, and intestinal hemorrhage and if untreated is often fatal. Both were common in the camps due to hygienic conditions and the constant infestation by lice. In winter 1940-1941, a typhus epidemic broke out in the Piotrkow ghetto and again in the winter of 1941-1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTreblinka was established in the Lublin district of Poland in November 1941. It began operations as an extermination camp in July 1942. The camp had gas chambers that used diesel engine exhaust to murder the Jews. In the first few weeks of the camp’s existence about 250,000 Jews from the Warsaw ghetto were murdered there. Treblinka was closed in early 1943 and the bodies in the mass graves were dug up, cremated and reburied. Thereafter it was razed to the ground and a farm was set up on the land. The Russians liberated the area in the summer of 1944 but there was nothing left to find except the disturbed ground over the mass graves of nearly 900,000 souls from all over Poland and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term ‘concentration camp’ refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy. In Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945, concentration camps (Konzentrationslager; briefly ‘KL’ or ‘KZ’) were an integral feature of the regime. The Nazis differentiated between concentration camps, which were used to contain slave laborers and prisoners of the Nazi state, and extermination camps, whose primary purpose was the systematic killing of prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Volkischer Beobachter [German: People’s Observer] was a daily newspaper published by the Nazi Party in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbout 1,100 Jews worked for the Kara and Hortensja glass factories. They worked as glass breakers and blowers or loaded and unloaded soda, coal, bricks, cement and other materials. Especially at the Kara factory, the managers and foremen were known for their abuse of the workers. In 1942-1943, a giant glass oven cistern, smelting pot and other small buildings were built at the Kara glass factory. Jews had to dig a deep pit and carry bricks and stones while foreman stood watch, ready to beat the workers with sticks.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn October 14, 1942 the Germans and local auxiliary troops surrounded the larger Pietrkow ghetto and over the next eight days 22,000 Jews were swept up and deported to the Treblinka extermination camp. Only about 2,400 Jews who were employed in factories and workshops were allowed to remain in the Small Ghetto, which had been created in September 1942 (although estimates put the actual population around 3,000 as those Jews who had survived the liquidation of the larger ghetto now hid in the Small Ghetto). Jews were frequently taken out and shot in the nearby forests.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the liquidation of the larger Piotrkow ghetto, the Germans and Jewish Police began searching for several hundred people who had hidden. They were incarcerated in the Great Synagogue, where some were brutally tortured or murdered. The first group caught was deported to Treblinka. On December 20, 1942, the remaining 160 people were taken to the nearby Rakow Forest, forced to dig their own graves, and shot.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMajdanek was established in July 1941. The Lublin concentration camp received its more widely known nickname “Majdanek” (“Little Majdan”) due to its proximity to the Majdan Tatarski suburb of Lublin, Poland. Majdanek concentration camp is also often called the “other Auschwitz.” The camp served many purposes. It provided a labor pool (mostly Jews) for labor camps in the region as the SS wanted to turn the area into a German military-industrial-agricultural utopia. It also served as a transit camp for Polish and Soviet citizens who were being sent to forced labor in Germany. On November 3-4, 1943, most of the Jewish prisoners were murdered by shooting in the camp in an Aktion [German: action, operation] called “Operation Erntefest” [German: Harvest Festival]. Majdanek had a small gas chamber and crematorium so it was also an immediate extermination site although not on the scale of Auschwitz-Birkenau. About 500,000 persons passed through the camp over its life of which about 360,000 were murdered in a variety of ways. The camp was evacuated as the Russian army advanced with about half of the prisoners being sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. In July 1944, the Russians liberated the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe most common form of glass produced is soda-lime glass, which is composed of about 70 percent silica (sand), 15 percent soda (sodium oxide) and 9 percent lime (calcium oxide, which is generally obtained from limestone). The silica is heated (in this case, by burning coal) until it melts. The lime acts as a stabilizer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Stalingrad took place between July 1942 and February 1943. In brutally cold winter weather, the Soviets were able to successfully defend the city of Stalingrad. The battle is considered to be a turning point in the war in favor of the Allies. The battle was also one of the bloodiest in history, with both sides suffering tremendous casualties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWarsaw is the capital and largest city in Poland, located on the Vistula River in east-central Poland. Following an uprising in the ghetto in April 1943 and an uprising by the Polish Home Army (the anti-Communist underground resistance) in July 1944, the Germans razed Warsaw, leaving the majority of the city in ruins. In January of 1945, the Russians finally liberated the city and a Communist regime was established.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/annotation_set/521/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJehovah’s Witnesses are a denomination that developed out of the Adventist movement in the United States and then spread worldwide. It was founded in the American city of Pittsburgh in 1872 by Charles Taze Russell as the International Bible Study Society. The society began missionary work in Europe in the 1890s. In 1931, the group took the name Jehovah’s Witnesses. Witnesses hold a number of traditional Christian views but also many that are unique to them. Although Jews were the primary victims persecuted by the Nazi party’s policies during World War II, Witnesses were among the other groups singled out by the Nazis. They were targeted because, out of religious conviction, they refused to perform military service, join Nazi organizations, or swear loyalty to the regime.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2730.0,2760.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Isaac Goodfriend [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escape from labor camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=37.0,648.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, this was in the end of 1943. We felt that the pressure on the part of the guards and also the administrators of that particular factory are trying to tighten the security.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=37.0,648.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escapes--Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"labor camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=37.0,648.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Memory of Nazi removal of Jews from Lodz to small ghetto ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=648.0,800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thinking back, with all the obstacles, with all the times and minutes that I thought life is not worth living if you live through all these atrocities, if everything that was so dear to you is taken away from you . . .Only one thing that I'll never forget besides what the farmer told us the day after liberation, is in 1942 when they took all the Jews out from Lodz, from the affluent part of the city, and transferred them to the small, little ghetto.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=648.0,800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resistance","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Łódź Ghetto (Łódź, Poland)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=648.0,800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Message to future generations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=800.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My message to the future generations is very simple: learn. Educate yourself to a point where you know how to value human life.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=800.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"empathy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"memory","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=800.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish farmer who saved Goodfriend","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=907.0,1027.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I visited the [Polish farmer's] family in 1979 as part of President [Jimmy] Carter's mission to Eastern Europe. He was asked the question, \"Why did you do it?\" His answer was very simple and poignant. He said, \"The question should not be put to me why I did it. My question is why more Christians didn't do it.\"","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=907.0,1027.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escapes--Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=907.0,1027.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism in Poland before World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1027.0,1151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":". . . not dreaming then. Maybe he was dreaming. In 1935 . . . I think it was 1933. We were riding the streetcar and a bunch of hooligans grabbed the hat off my father's head and threw it out of the streetcar.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1027.0,1151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism--Poland--20th century","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1027.0,1151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Piotrkow ghetto and Nazi invasion in Lodz, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1151.0,1565.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Until February 1940, we stayed in Lodz. I stayed in Lodz.Then we saw that some building was going on around our house. We saw that the Germans are trying to build something, build holes every five meters [16 feet], and putting in poles. We didn't realize. Then we heard that there's going to be a ghetto in Lodz.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1151.0,1565.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish ghettos","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Piotrków, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Third Reich","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Łódź (Poland)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1151.0,1565.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forced labor in Piotrkow ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1565.0,1689.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it was the same pattern [of] gathering people to work. Here, there was maybe a more organized way of getting people to work because they had three or four big factories in Piotrkow. [There were] two glass factories, and one was a lumberyard, and one was a steel mill. They really needed skilled people to work.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1565.0,1689.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Factories--Poland--History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forced labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish ghettos","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Piotrków, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1565.0,1689.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The deaths and killings of Goodfriend's family members and the impact on him","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1689.0,2646.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Little by little, we felt that life was becoming unbearable. [There was] a lot of sickness, namely contagious diseases because of\nthe sanitary conditions. There wasn't a house that they didn't have typhoid sickness. It didn't miss our family as well.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1689.0,2646.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Factories--Poland--History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forced labor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish ghettos","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi propaganda","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Piotrków, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sickness","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Volkischer Beobachter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=1689.0,2646.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish farmer and other people who helped Goodfriend and his family ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2646.0,2798.827"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had two aunts and a child [who] were hiding with a Polish farmer who used to be a customer of my grandparents. He came a day before the Germans liquidated the ghetto. He came and he saw this beautiful little girl. She was three years old then. It was my cousin and her mother.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2646.0,2798.827"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869/index/47928/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish ghettos","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"labor camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/43102/file/115869#t=2646.0,2798.827"}]}]}]}