{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/w37kp7wz8j/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Geffen, Louis and Anna"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1986-03-26 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Geffen, Anna Birshtein (Interviewee)","Geffen, Louis (Interviewee)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAnna Birshtein Geffen and Louis Geffen were interviewed by an unknown interviewer on March 26, 1986, in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eAnna Birshtein Geffen was born in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1906. She was one of six children born to Cathriel and Frieda Stafsky Birshtein. Anna’s father was the owner of Birshtein Studios, a furniture store in Norfolk. Anna grew up in an Orthodox home and graduated from The College of William \u0026amp; Mary with a degree in accounting and business administration. She worked for David Pender Grocery Company as an accountant and moved to Atlanta when the company expanded into Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLouis Geffen was born in New York in 1904. He was one of eight children born to Rabbi Tobias Geffen and Sarah Hene Rabinowitz Geffen. The family moved to Atlanta, Georgia, in 1910, where Louis’ father became the Rabbi of Congregation Shearith Israel. Louis graduated from Boys’ High School and Emory University. He paid for his legal studies at Columbia University Law School in New York by teaching in the religious school of the Hebrew Institutional Synagogue. Upon receiving his degree in 1927, Louis returned to Atlanta, where he practiced law until 1989. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eShortly after moving to Atlanta, Anna was invited to dinner by Rabbi Tobias Geffen, where she met his son, Louis. The couple married in 1934 in Norfolk, Virginia. They had one child, David, in 1938. The couple was very involved in Shearith Israel, Anna with its Sisterhood, and Louis serving as pro bono counsel for the congregation. From 1941 to 1946, Louis served as a judge advocate in the US Army, rising to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Returning to Atlanta in 1946, he began the practice of law once again. In the 1960's, Louis worked with his father and his son in preparing the English translation of the Jewish legal responsum authored in 1935 by Rabbi Tobias Geffen on the issue of whether \"Coca Cola was Kosher and Kosher for Passover.\" \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLouis and Anna were participants in many different organizations throughout their lives. Louis served as an officer of the Zionist Organization of America, as president of the Southeastern Region of Young Judea, a Vice Chairman of the Atlanta School Board, and Commander of the Jewish War Veterans Post 112. Anna helped with the operation and promotion of the Jewish National Fund’s Atlanta office. She was a poet and playwright, and created plays for Shearith Israel's Sisterhood and Hadassah. She helped found a chapter of Junior Hadassah in Virginia, and later served as editor of the Hadassah Regional Bulletin for the southeastern United States. Louis passed away in January 2001, and Anna passed away that same year in October. They are buried together in Greenwood Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThe interview discusses Shearith Israel’s Sisterhood and Anna and Louis’ upbringings. The interview begins with Louis talking about his father, Rabbi Tobias Geffen and his dedication to the synagogue. He shares his mother’s involvement in starting the Sisterhood at Shearith Israel. Anna discusses the Sisterhood’s involvement in funding and building a mikveh at the synagogue. Anna and Louis talk about the history of the synagogue’s buildings. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLouis reminisces about a non-Jewish friend he was close to growing up. Anna shares how she and Louis met, and how she came to Atlanta. They reflect on how the congregation has changed and grown. They reflect on Rabbi Geffen and the congregation’s relationship with other congregations in Atlanta. Anna shares more about the Sisterhood’s activities. Anna talks about her background. She shares about growing up in Norfolk, Virginia, and attending college. She discusses her career and working as a secretary at a school. She shares the relationship the students at the school had with the nearby congregation Or VeShalom. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAnna reflects on her Jewish upbringing growing up in an Orthodox household. She talks about her siblings and growing up as the only girl in her family after her sisters died. Anna talks about having her son, David, and the medical complications she experienced. She shares about David and his life. Anna talks about the educational endeavors at Shearith Israel. She shares how Louis has helped the Sisterhood, especially with his legal expertise. Louis talks more about his father and how he came to Atlanta. Anna talks about the Sisterhood’s fundraising efforts. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Alterman, Rosalie Hirsch (1913-2003) (personal name)","Birshtein, Cathriel (1884-1941) (personal name)","Birshtein, Hadassah (1918-1925) (personal name)","Cohen, Rabbi Joseph Isaac (1896-1985) (personal name)","Epstein, Rabbi Harry Hyman (1903-2003) (personal name)","Feldman, Eva London (1894-1971) (personal name)","Frank, Leo Max (1884-1915) (personal name)","Freedman, Kate Zimmerman (personal name)","Galanty, Fannye Heiman (1909-2006) (personal name)","Geffen, Anna Birshtein (1906-2001) (personal name)","Geffen, Louis (1904-2001) (personal name)","Geffen, Rabbi David (b. 1938) (personal name)","Geffen, Rabbi Joel Sylvan (1902-1988) (personal name)","Geffen, Rabbi Samuel (1907-2002) (personal name)","Geffen, Rabbi Tobias (1870-1970) (personal name)","Geffen, Rebbetzin Sarah Hene Rabinowitz (1879-1961) (personal name)","Goldberg, Abe (personal name)","Goncher, Ida Netkoff (1892-1969) (personal name)","Goodfriend, Cantor Isaac (1924-2009) (personal name)","Gutterman, Rabbi Zvi Elchanan (1884-1966) (personal name)","Hirsch, Harold U. (1881-1930) (personal name)","Lynch, Jr., Charles Joseph (1903-1996) (personal name)","Marx, Rabbi David (1872-1962) (personal name)","Massell, Sr., Benjamin Joseph (1886-1962) (personal name)","Raskas, Annette Geffen (1912-2001) (personal name)","Raskas, Ralph (1911-1995) (personal name)","Rocker, Perle Borisky (1907-1946) (personal name)","Rubin, Bertha Fisher (1914-2011) (personal name)","Simon, Lottie Geffen (1900-1991) (personal name)","Upshaw, Sr., Dr. Charles Bell (1890-1967) (personal name)","Wilensky, Bessie Geffen (1908-2005) (personal name)","Witt, Helen Seff (1906-1990) (personal name)","Ziff, Helen Geffen (1914-2003) (personal name)","Ahavath Achim Synagogue (corporate name)","Alpha Epsilon Pi (corporate name)","Atlanta Biltmore Hotel (corporate name)","Atlanta Jewish Community Center (corporate name)","Atlanta Jewish Federation (corporate name)","Big Star Grocery Stores (corporate name)","Birshtein Studios (corporate name)","The College of William \u0026amp; Mary (corporate name)","Colonial Stores, Inc. (corporate name)","Columbia University (corporate name)","Congregation Or VeShalom (corporate name)","David Pender Grocery Company (corporate name)","Emory University (corporate name)","Felton Beauty Supply (corporate name)","Formwalt School (corporate name)","Fox Theatre (corporate name)","Georgia State University (corporate name)","Girl Scouts (corporate name)","Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) (corporate name)","Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta (corporate name)","Jewish National Fund (corporate name)","Jewish Theological Seminary (corporate name)","Ladies' Charity (corporate name)","National Council of Jewish Women (corporate name)","New York University (corporate name)","Roxy Theatre (corporate name)","Shearith Israel (corporate name)","Shearith Israel Sisterhood (corporate name)","St. Paul United Methodist Church (corporate name)","The Temple (corporate name)","Western Electric Company (corporate name)","William Bremen Jewish Heritage Museum (corporate name)","Yiddish Tageblatt (corporate name)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Canton, Ohio (geographic term)","Cleveland, Ohio (geographic term)","Forest Hills, New York (geographic term)","Grant Park (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Jekyll Island, Georgia (geographic term)","Jerusalem (geographic term)","Kovno, Lithuania (geographic term)","Martin Luther King Drive (geographic term)","New Orleans, Louisiana (geographic term)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Norfolk, Virginia (geographic term)","Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (geographic term)","St. Louis, Missouri (geographic term)","University Drive (geographic term)","Virginia Beach, Virginia (geographic term)","Washington Street (geographic term)","Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania (geographic term)","The 1918 flu pandemic (named event)","World War II (named event)","Beth midrash (other)","Catholicism (other)","Cheder (other)","Conservative Judaism (other)","Hebrew school (other)","Kosher (other)","Ku Klux Klan (other)","Mikveh (other)","Orthodox Judaism (other)","Reform Judaism (other)","Rh factor (other)","Shabbat (other)","Shabbat goy (other)","Torah (other)","Sisterhood (other)","Yeshiva (other)","Yiddish (other)","Zionism (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAnna Birshtein Geffen and Louis Geffen were interviewed by an unknown interviewer on March 26, 1986, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAnna Birshtein Geffen was born in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1906. She was one of six children born to Cathriel and Frieda Stafsky Birshtein. Anna\u0026rsquo;s father was the owner of Birshtein Studios, a furniture store in Norfolk. Anna grew up in an Orthodox home and graduated from The College of William \u0026amp; Mary with a degree in accounting and business administration. She worked for David Pender Grocery Company as an accountant and moved to Atlanta when the company expanded into Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLouis Geffen was born in New York in 1904. He was one of eight children born to Rabbi Tobias Geffen and Sarah Hene Rabinowitz Geffen. The family moved to Atlanta, Georgia, in 1910, where Louis\u0026rsquo; father became the Rabbi of Congregation Shearith Israel. Louis graduated from Boys\u0026rsquo; High School and Emory University. He paid for his legal studies at Columbia University Law School in New York by teaching in the religious school of the Hebrew Institutional Synagogue. Upon receiving his degree in 1927, Louis returned to Atlanta, where he practiced law until 1989.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eShortly after moving to Atlanta, Anna was invited to dinner by Rabbi Tobias Geffen, where she met his son, Louis. The couple married in 1934 in Norfolk, Virginia. They had one child, David, in 1938. The couple was very involved in Shearith Israel, Anna with its Sisterhood, and Louis serving as pro bono counsel for the congregation. From 1941 to 1946, Louis served as a judge advocate in the US Army, rising to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Returning to Atlanta in 1946, he began the practice of law once again. In the 1960's, Louis worked with his father and his son in preparing the English translation of the Jewish legal responsum authored in 1935 by Rabbi Tobias Geffen on the issue of whether \"Coca Cola was Kosher and Kosher for Passover.\"\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLouis and Anna were participants in many different organizations throughout their lives. Louis served as an officer of the Zionist Organization of America, as president of the Southeastern Region of Young Judea, a Vice Chairman of the Atlanta School Board, and Commander of the Jewish War Veterans Post 112. Anna helped with the operation and promotion of the Jewish National Fund\u0026rsquo;s Atlanta office. She was a poet and playwright, and created plays for Shearith Israel's Sisterhood and Hadassah. She helped found a chapter of Junior Hadassah in Virginia, and later served as editor of the Hadassah Regional Bulletin for the southeastern United States. Louis passed away in January 2001, and Anna passed away that same year in October. They are buried together in Greenwood Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview discusses Shearith Israel\u0026rsquo;s Sisterhood and Anna and Louis\u0026rsquo; upbringings. The interview begins with Louis talking about his father, Rabbi Tobias Geffen and his dedication to the synagogue. He shares his mother\u0026rsquo;s involvement in starting the Sisterhood at Shearith Israel. Anna discusses the Sisterhood\u0026rsquo;s involvement in funding and building a mikveh at the synagogue. Anna and Louis talk about the history of the synagogue\u0026rsquo;s buildings.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eLouis reminisces about a non-Jewish friend he was close to growing up. Anna shares how she and Louis met, and how she came to Atlanta. They reflect on how the congregation has changed and grown. They reflect on Rabbi Geffen and the congregation\u0026rsquo;s relationship with other congregations in Atlanta. Anna shares more about the Sisterhood\u0026rsquo;s activities. Anna talks about her background. She shares about growing up in Norfolk, Virginia, and attending college. She discusses her career and working as a secretary at a school. She shares the relationship the students at the school had with the nearby congregation Or VeShalom.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAnna reflects on her Jewish upbringing growing up in an Orthodox household. She talks about her siblings and growing up as the only girl in her family after her sisters died. Anna talks about having her son, David, and the medical complications she experienced. She shares about David and his life. Anna talks about the educational endeavors at Shearith Israel. She shares how Louis has helped the Sisterhood, especially with his legal expertise. Louis talks more about his father and how he came to Atlanta. Anna talks about the Sisterhood\u0026rsquo;s fundraising efforts.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Geffen__Louis_1986.mp3"]},"duration":5153.48898,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/299/836/original/Geffen__Louis_1986.mp3?1768323519","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":5153.48898,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Geffen, Louis and Anna [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e This is a group interview of Mr. And Mrs. Louis Geffen at the NCJW [National Council of Jewish Women] office on March 26, 1986. Mr. Geffen, do you want to just begin? Then we'll ask you questions after.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=10.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I will start by giving you my name, which is Louis Geffen. I happen to be very fortunate that I am one of the eight children that were born to Rabbi and Mrs. Tobias Geffen, who had been the spiritual leaders of Shearith Israel Congregation. My mother did not live as long as my father did, so her longevity with the synagogue was a little shorter. But Rabbi Geffen came to Atlanta at the end of 1910 with a family, at that time of, five children . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=30.0,100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Four . . . Bessie was the last . . . you're right, five.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=100.0,106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Five children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=106.0,107.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm sorry. I started to count.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=107.0,110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e My memory is not as good as it used to be. Anyway, I'm giving you this background to maybe help you get a better picture of what was taking place at Shearith Israel at the time that we first came here since this is a rather lengthy period of time. My father was blessed by the Almighty to have the privilege of living until he was almost a hundred years. He lacked five and a half years of making the century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=110.0,151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Five and a half months.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=151.0,152.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Five and half months, I mean. He really was the Rabbi of the synagogue for a period of sixty years. The last few years was, he was considered by some of the leaders of the congregation as being emeritus, the status of emeritus but the rabbis of that era, those who came from Europe and who were affiliated with the synagogues, never retired officially because they went to shul every day, three times a day, as long as they were physically able to go. They studied and they taught, they did whatever they could, so they were leaders at all times. They just lived their rabbinic work, you might say, and they never did stop. But I guess officially, the last maybe seven or eight years, it was a status of emeritus. But I can tell you this that until maybe the last few months of his life he never missed a minyan, of attending the davening in the morning, afternoon, or evening. In fact, he usually was the first one in the synagogue. If anyone was supposed to pick him up and take him to the synagogue, if they weren't there, he always had to be there early, and if they were not there on time, he would start walking, climbing up the hill on Zimmer Drive where he lived in the later years. When Rabbi Geffen first came to Atlanta, there were a lot of things that had to be done at Shearith Israel because he was actually the second rabbi who had been a spiritual leader for the synagogue. This, as you can understand, meant that the synagogue had not developed too greatly, and it needed a lot of work, and besides that, it was a small congregation. It didn't have a lot members. They were all, the people that were there were very devoted and dedicated to the congregation. They were people of a religious nature, and they wanted to conform to the Orthodox practices that were part of that synagogue. In order to have some of the things that they felt were necessary, It meant that they had to get out and see that these things were done. It's true that most of these people, or maybe all of them, had not been in this country too long, and therefore their views on life and their characteristics were, you might say, influenced by their former life in the European countries from which they came. There are so many things that I can think about. I hadn't realized exactly what it was that we were going to discuss here, but probably, maybe it's better that we didn't, so I'll just sort of talk off the cuff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=152.0,373.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell them about your mother and starting the Sisterhood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=373.0,378.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e One of the important needs of the congregation was to have the women take a more important part in the activities. As you can understand, they were not needed. They could come to the daily minyan if they wanted to, but first place, they were too busy in their homes with other things. Besides, that was not customary from their way of life to which they were used to. On the other hand, it was also important for them to take an active part of the congregation and so they decided, and I think it was primarily the idea that my mother had, was to develop some kind of organization of women to be helpful to the synagogue. I believe that they were called, what was it that they . . . when they first started?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=378.0,449.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e They sent out this invitation to have 75 people, 75 attendants, and they only paid the $1.20 a year in dues. I have to intersperse that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=449.0,460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, this is the way the organization began. Even if you couldn't pay any dues, if the women weren't able, if they couldn't afford it, and there were some who could not afford it, they just paid whatever they could or if they couldn't pay anything, they still were welcome to participate and maybe through their activities, the work that they did, they were able to contribute to this little organization and it's remarkable that this little group of women, I don't remember exactly how many there were . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=460.0,503.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e About 75, they were first called the Ladies' Charity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=503.0,506.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I think the primary purpose was this, that there were families who were really in dire need of, you might say, food or maybe paying their rent. I can think of certain families whose ancestors were some of these people. That were really in dire need. They just, they didn't have food to put on the table. Many of them were very proud and they wouldn't ask for charity. These women, there were a few of them, and I have to say that my mother was one of the instigators of it, because she knew many of them would come and tell her personally their problems, and because they were embarrassed to talk to others about it, but they felt that the Rebbetzin, they could talk to her. She was a confidant, maybe not a . . . now we go to psychiatrists and psychologists. She felt that there was a great need for this and in a quiet way, they would gather together a few dollars and either one of the women or my mother or someone would work it out that the person would receive this in such a manner that they would not have to be embarrassed at all by it. This is, I think, that was the primary reason for the establishing of this particular organization. But then as these women began to meet and to see each other and to sort of get around and begin to become more active in the work of the synagogue, they realized that there were other things that they could do. They didn't have any kitchens there so they would do the cooking at home, maybe, and bring the food in. They weren't able to do things that we might do nowadays. They did other things, and little by little, they began to start on various ideas that would contribute to the building up of the synagogue. Sometimes it was getting a little money together to do some painting or some cleaning or to help with some of the special [indistinct: 11:20 possibly 'sukkahs'], as they call them, in honor of some of the holidays. In this way, the women became very active in the activities of the synagogue. This went on for a number of years in a very small way because the congregation still was not a very large synagogue and so that naturally they did not have too many people that they could call on to participate in these activities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=506.0,719.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e The first project really was the mikveh. I think they'll find that interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=719.0,725.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Why don't you tell us?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=725.0,726.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e You go ahead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=726.0,729.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Mine is information that was given to me. I'd be glad to tell you all about it. Yes, one of the very first projects, I have it written down, so if you all don't mind, I'll read it. \"One of the very first projects of extreme importance to the ladies present was the building of a community mikveh. No time was lost with ideas to raise the money for this much-needed religious feminine need. The shul on Hunter Street had a large basement room which was used quite often for daily services. This area lent itself to a mikveh and a contractor was employed who lost no time in digging in, building the mikveh according to religious specifications. Installing two bathrooms, dressing rooms, toilet facilities, and a rest area. Any woman in the community who wished to use the mikveh had but to call and make arrangements to come. When the mikveh was not in use by either the women or the men, men did use the mikveh in those days, it did not become idle. The groups of young boys who would get together at the synagogue for recreation and sports were permitted to use the mikveh for swimming and playing in the water. Consequently, there were a large number of these boys who learned to swim there, including the Rabbi's sons.\" I had this as part of a program that I made for the Sisterhood, and then I had some suggested scenes to take place during the reading of this and telling of this, which I don't think you all need to worry about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=729.0,832.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's start with some questions that you all might have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=832.0,837.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How large was this mikveh? I have never heard of one large enough to swim in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=837.0,843.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I wouldn't say that it was a real swimming pool. If we did learn, it was just about two strokes, that's about all you could take.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=843.0,852.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember things going on at the time, stories about how they raised money or human interest stories?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=852.0,861.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I'll tell you, one of the things that . . . one way that we were able to do certain improvements for the synagogue itself . . . I might say this, that this synagogue was originally a church. It was the St. Paul Methodist Church, I think it was St. Paul, which is I think near Grant Park at the present time. This church was purchased before my father came to Atlanta. That was the first synagogue, a real synagogue, that Shearith Israel had. They did have at one time a smaller room over on Gilmore Street or Bruton [sp] Street or something like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=861.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e They wouldn't know about [indistinct: 15:08]. They're too young.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=907.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e This one, this was a church and it was a very nice looking building. It was a wooden construction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=912.0,920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Where was it located?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=920.0,921.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e On Hunter Street, which is now Martin Luther King Drive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=921.0,925.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Hunter and what cross street?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=925.0,927.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Hill Street, do you know where that was or do you know where it is? It was . . . I want to start and tell you, this is an interesting story as far as how we were able to make some of our improvements. This shul was the second building from the corner of Hill Street and Hunter Street. In that corner there, there was a big boarding house. Presumably, the woman that ran this was not of the highest reputation. She was the next door neighbor of the synagogue. And whenever things got bad, all of a sudden, her . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=927.0,973.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you mean the house of ill repute?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=973.0,974.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't say that. Things would get a little bad, she needed money, so all of a sudden, her house, a fire started there. I don't want to say she did it, but . . . because of the construction of the synagogue, and there wasn't too much space in between, the synagogue usually would catch fire, too. One time, it was very, very serious because this happened, I think, two or three times. Of course, the synagogue collected a little insurance, and so they were able to enhance the beauty . . . they had a little extra money that way. We also raised money by a different, having a . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=974.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e God will provide, that's what the saying is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1020.0,1023.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e But one time this fire was so bad that the whole roof of the synagogue caught fire, and this was in the middle of the night. My father and a few of the other members who lived in the neighborhood ran into the synagogue while the fire was going on to save the Torahs. They were afraid the Torahs would be burned, and they did rescue all the Torahs. It's a strange thing, there was a little Catholic boy that lived right next to us, he was one of my best friends, and we have kept up our friendship all these years. He was also our shabbes goy, if you know what that is. He used to come into the house and he was . . . there's a whole story about him, I'm not going to tell you that now, but, and we taught him Yiddish, he could speak Yiddish, and he wanted . . . his name was Charles Lynch, and he wanted . . . what would his name be in Jewish? We gave him a name of Chatzkel. Do you know how difficult the word, the 'ch' is for a non-Jew to say, and he finally learned how to say it. Whenever he writes me a letter, or if I write him, he will always sign his letter, Chatzkel, and I was known as Leib, or Leibel, and always calls me Leibi when he addresses me in a letter. One of the letters I got not long ago, in this letter he refers to the . . . he says, \"I can recall as a little boy, that terrible fire,\" because they lived right across the street from the shul. They could see the flames burning and everything else, and he said, \"and I remember how your father and some of the other members of the congregation ran in and saved the Torahs, rescued the Torahs.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1023.0,1147.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It's unusual for a Catholic person to . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1147.0,1150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the other story you were going to tell about him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1150.0,1156.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e About Charles Lynch?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1156.0,1157.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1157.0,1158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e He lives in Jekyll Island [Georgia] now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1158.0,1159.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e He's retired.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1159.0,1160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e He's retired. He was with the Western Electric for many years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1160.0,1164.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It was very interesting about this little boy, he was between . . . he was a little older than I was, but he was younger than my older brother, Joel. The three of us, sort of, we were pals, but it was unusually . . . this boy was being raised by some aunts, and they were very pious Catholics. Of course, in those days, and even some later times, too, the Catholics didn't want to mix too much with the Jewish people, and certainly they wouldn't want a Jewish rabbi, a minister of another faith, to pray for them or anything like that. But there was such a friendship that was built up between the . . . I think it was primarily because this little boy was, he wasn't exactly an orphan, but his mother died shortly after he was born but his father immediately remarried out of the Catholic faith. These aunts, these great-aunts, or aunts and uncles, they were . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1164.0,1242.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e They raised him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1242.0,1243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e They didn't like it, so they just, they wouldn't let him take this little boy. Thank you. They raised him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1243.0,1252.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How long after Leo Frank was this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1252.0,1254.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e What?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1254.0,1255.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How long after?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1255.0,1256.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e This was before Leo Frank, the beginning, I think it was 19 . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1256.0,1259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did that have an effect on your relationship at all?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1259.0,1265.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1265.0,1266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What year did the synagogue begin?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1266.0,1267.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I would like to disperse something that I [indistinct: 21:12 possibly 'heard Mr. Geffen or someone say'] the two aunts that raised this young boy, they were nurses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1267.0,1280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e One of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1280.0,1281.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e One of them was a nurse?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1281.0,1282.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e That was really a cousin, not . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1282.0,1284.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and they, Mrs. Geffen was very friendly with them because they were next-door neighbors. During the flu epidemic, which was so bad . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1284.0,1296.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e In 1919.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1296.0,1298.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e In 1919 or 1918, and so many people were ill and all. Mrs. Geffen was able to get the aunt that was a nurse to go to some of the Jewish homes that had such severe illnesses, to Goldstein's, they were almost at the point . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1298.0,1313.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I wouldn't mention any names, now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1313.0,1316.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It was so difficult to get a doctor, that doesn't matter. To me that such a wonderful thing that she could get . . . and do it and they really saved some of their lives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1316.0,1327.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e What I want to add to that also, that here was Mrs. Geffen, not because she was my mother, who had eight . . . she already had . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1327.0,1336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, she had her eight children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1336.0,1337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, by that time, this was in the early 1920's, who had eight children and this flu epidemic, in those days, they didn't know how to combat the flu epidemic. She was running from house to house to help people. You couldn't get doctors, you couldn't' get nurses or anything, and this one particular case of this woman that lived on the block who was very, very sick and they didn't think she would make it. My mother went to this nurse, and she said to her, she said, \"I'm not leaving here until you promise me, you're going to go over there and take care of her.\" She did and saved her, saved this woman's life. This is the way people in those days lived. They helped each other and it was a feeling of cooperation and even though in those days they said there was this antisemitic feeling between Jews and non-Jews, somehow, especially in our particular neighborhood, we did not feel it. I suppose many of you, your families, probably had similar experiences. Of course, maybe in business, or we were youngsters just growing up we didn't realize what some of the problems were that were confronting the Jewish population in those days but as individuals we did not have to be worried about that. I'll tell you this other one little thing about this little Poor Charles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1337.0,1434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell them about \"kum lernen [Yiddish: come learn],\" when your father called you all in to learn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1434.0,1439.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, see we used to . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1439.0,1442.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I think that's interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1442.0,1443.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e That was what I was thinking about, but we all were had also the good fortune of being Instructed and taught by our father. He did the Judaic training, the Torah and the Talmud and so forth. We didn't always appreciate it or realize what he was doing for us or trying to do for us, we would be out there playing or something, and my father would say, he'd call out and say, \"Kum lernen.\" That meant come on and study, see? This Charles Lynch, it used to . . . it meant that we had to leave him. He couldn't go up there and join in the kum lernen. He still remembers that, and he uses that expression sometimes. He says, I remember when we were playing, and then your father would say, \"kum lernen,\" I don't know if he really says, \"kum lernen\" he says, come learn, come study. This is an unselfish, characteristically, this boy showed from his . . . when he was just a little tot, he had a cousin, a man that also lived in this home. This fellow . . . no, this was an uncle, used to give him a penny a day spending money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1443.0,1524.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e That was a lot of money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1524.0,1525.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e This old man, he had come from Ireland. He called it a copper. He was giving them a copper, so this Charles would come to . . . we didn't get a penny a day. My father, he got eight kids, and he was making the big salary, I think $50 a month or something, from the shul so he couldn't give each of us a penny day. This little boy, there was a little store at the corner, and they sold some little candies, they called it baked beans . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1525.0,1561.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Boston Baked Beans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1561.0,1562.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . That's what you could get the most for a penny, you get about 25 or 30 in a little cup. There was a woman that ran this store. We'd go up to the corner of the store and then we'd go back to, they had a real nice yard, we used to play in the yard there, and he would take this candy out. It was his money, he bought it. He handed it to my brother Joel, and he would say, \"You divide it among us.\" That showed a real unselfishness. It showed a really characteristic of an individual.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1562.0,1599.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Mrs. Geffen are you from Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1599.0,1600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I'm from Virginia, Norfolk, Virginia. He made a Georgia cracker out of me. I've been here long enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1600.0,1608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you meet?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1608.0,1610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I was with the chain store company that used to be Colonial, and now Big Star, and so many changes. I was with the Pender's Grocery Company. I was an accountant with them. A bank in New York had bought, both the Pender chain, which was in Virginia and North Carolina, and the one here in Georgia. They started with the president of the Pender Chain and sent him down, and then different department heads and employees like me and send us to Atlanta to sort of bring them up to a modern stage because we had done a better job than they had at least the bankers thought so and it so happened that in the early years I had my father's youngest brother was a rabbi and he was here in Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1610.0,1667.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e He wasn't a rabbi at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1667.0,1668.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, he wasn't a rabbi then. He came to America as a young man, he came much later than my father did, and he came to Georgia because his wife was supposed to have had a very wealthy uncle who was going to give her a dowry. They came hoping to get that dowry, but unfortunately it was a man with a push car. He didn't have a business as they had described it, and there was a big disappointment. But Rabbi Geffen, he really helped him to become . . . He was already a shochet then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1668.0,1705.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e He had studied to be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1705.0,1707.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, he had studied to be a shochet and he studied to be a rabbi. He helped him get a position as a shochet and all that. He had three children in Georgia, and, in fact, they all live up north. It so happened that he was visited . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1707.0,1728.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e He later became a rabbi.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1728.0,1729.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, he became a rabbi and my mother was instrumental in his getting another wife. His wife had died in that flu epidemic we were talking about. He was visiting in Norfolk because my father was an older brother. When he heard that I was going to Atlanta, he said, \"You have to get in touch with Rabbi Geffen.\" We knew the story about Rabbi Geffen, but I didn't know what the family, how many children. I don't think Uncle Bernard knew either, did he?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1729.0,1763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e He'd been away from Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1763.0,1766.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e He'd been away from Atlanta for a while, and Rabbi Geffen had gone to New York, but on different occasions, and I don't think that they had a lot of discussion with the family. After about a week that I here, I got in touch with them, I've been to the office of the company and showing them my different records that I brought in and then I decided to call to Rabbi Geffen and I did to give him [indistinct: 29:50] for my uncle. He said, \"You're going to have to come over for dinner.\" This was on Sunday morning. I was a little tired of the goyim by the end of that week. They did put me up at the Biltmore Hotel in a beautiful suite and all the company I can't complain about that. He said, \"I'll send one of my sons to get you.\" He came, and that started it. I won't go into all the details. I've got a whole love story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1766.0,1818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You moved down here alone?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1818.0,1820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I beg your pardon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1820.0,1821.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You came down here alone from Norfolk?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1821.0,1823.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I came on the train. You came on a train then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1823.0,1828.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What year was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1828.0,1829.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e That was the year before we married, 1933.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1829.0,1832.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What did your mother think about that? What did your mother say about your coming down as a single woman?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1832.0,1837.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e My mother, she believed in yichus, I had had so many boyfriends and they weren't good enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1837.0,1842.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, she means about you coming down by yourself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1842.0,1845.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e She didn't care about that. She knew I'd take care of myself. But when I told her that . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1845.0,1849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e But he didn't trust her to hold them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1849.0,1851.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . I was interested in a rabbi's son, then she was kind of excited with him. You got to be great for nothing then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1851.0,1857.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You were born in Norfolk?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1857.0,1859.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1859.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What year was the congregation actually begun, did you say?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1860.0,1864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e The what, dear?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1864.0,1865.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Was the congregation actual begun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1865.0,1868.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I think it was 1904.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1868.0,1870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Who was the original rabbi?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1870.0,1872.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e This rabbi's name was Rabbi [Zvi Elchanan] Gutterman, G-U-T-T-E-R-M-A-N. It's a strange coincidence that this Rabbi Gutterman, when he left Atlanta, he went to Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania and became the rabbi there and he remained there the rest of his life just like Rabbi Geffen remained in Atlanta the rest of his life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1872.0,1900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e In fact, Rabbi Goodman has a grandchild that lives here [indistinct: 31:44] isn't it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1900.0,1905.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e She's not a grandchild, she's a niece.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1905.0,1907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e She's some relation to him, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1907.0,1910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How large was the congregation or how much did it grow in the years that your father was rabbi?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1910.0,1919.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It had ups and downs because of the change in the population and due to the fact that when it was over on the south side, the congregation, the Ahavath Achim [AA] Congregation, had gotten over to Washington Street much earlier. Therefore they . . . Besides, it was the large congregation in the city of Atlanta when my father came to Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1919.0,1956.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It still is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1956.0,1958.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I know, but I say that that's why there was the . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1958.0,1962.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e The big shul and the little shul.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1962.0,1965.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Besides that, the little shul, as Shearith Israel was called, it actually had [preceded] it. A few of the people that started it had left the Ahavath Achim and they were always very upset about that because they wanted to have only . . . that was supposed to be the only synagogue of that type in here in Atlanta","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1965.0,1988.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e AA was older?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1988.0,1990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it was much older, but there were some things that were taking place there. There was beginning to be some kind of a change in their religious attitudes, so that few of the people there were not satisfied so that's when they started the Shearith Israel. Because the Shearith Israel, the meaning of the words, \"shaarid [Hebrew: remnant]\" is the remnant of Israel. That's why they got the name, because they went away from this other synagogue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1990.0,2029.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Those were the only two?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2029.0,2030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e If you all would like, I'd read you the second, the part that I call the second era, which is the move to Washington Street, would you all like to hear that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2030.0,2039.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e That was the second location from Hunter to Washington Street?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2039.0,2042.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it's not Martin Luther King's Drive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2042.0,2044.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I'll read this part rapidly, \"Despite the fact that the men and women worked hard in the shul on Hunter Street, everyone soon realized that a move from Hunter Street was imperative. This is now known as Martin Luther King Drive. In order to retain their membership, many of whom had moved to Washington Street, an area surrounding it where the Jewish population was now centered, something definitely had to be done, so with no money in either treasury, and I say either because that means the Sisterhood and the congregation, but optimism in their hearts, the men and women of the synagogue searched for a new location. At 500 Washington Street, they found a large old home on a very substantial piece of ground and here they felt they could locate. On a proverbial shoestring with the help of the members and very special people in the community, the purchase was made. Everyone worked hand in hand with the Rabbi and his family, using all sorts of methods to meet the weekly payroll, and finally a beth midrash was completed.\"  You know what that is? It's a chapel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2044.0,2115.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e May I intersperse something? We built the back part first, which was we wanted to have a place, because one of the most important activities of the congregation was the daily minyan, morning, afternoon, evening. There they studied, they had the services there, they studied there. They would have their little gatherings, social gatherings and so forth. And we felt that what had happened was that the people had moved away from the area around Hunter Street, Fair Street, and Woodward Avenue, if you're familiar with those areas, to the extent that the synagogue was just going down and members were just leaving the congregation. This is hard to believe; we made a contract. Ben Massell, in those days, if you know something about his history, he made three fortunes and lost them. Then he made a big fortune, but this was right after he lost one of his other fortunes. The business and everything was bad. He made a deal with us to build that backport part for the sum of $5,000. He furnished the architect, the contractor, the material, all the labor, everything. This was for $5,000. Of course, a dollar was worth a lot in those days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2115.0,2207.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e That was his mitzvah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2207.0,2210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It wasn't so much a mitzvah for him, but he was looking for business. He had some people around; he wanted them to be working.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2210.0,2219.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you all considered a more Orthodox shul than was Ahavath Achim?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2219.0,2224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2224.0,2226.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e In those days, they were considered just as Orthodox, supposed to be, and they were. They were conducting their services and so forth. In those day, this was before the period when Rabbi [Harry] Epstein had come, they had had various rabbis of supposedly the same type of background that Rabbi Geffen had, but unfortunately these men were not . . . there was something lacking in their personal relationship with the members of the synagogue and they were not very successful in being able to retain their leadership there. They changed frequently. They had a number of changes that took place. But due to the fact that they had the large membership and also, they had people of substantial means there. Naturally, they were more successful in carrying out their activities. But when it came to the opinions or the decisions or problems that arose of Orthodox problems, even from the Ahavath Achim, the leading balabatim or the members that wanted to know what was the right thing to do, they would come to Rabbi Geffen. Besides that, they knew that Rabbi Geffen did not care whether you were a member of his synagogue or not. If you had a problem, whether it was a religious problem or a personal problem, whatever it was, if you came to him, he was always ready to help. Not only for the city of Atlanta, but for the whole South, because in those days many of the small southern communities did not have rabbis. They had religious people living there, and whenever any problems would arise, they would want someone to help them. He was always available.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2226.0,2358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Was there ever any contact with the Reform Jewish community? Because The Temple was formed in about 1865.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2358.0,2365.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, he had some contact with Rabbi [David] Marx. In the first years there were some problems because Rabbi Marx was very, very negative in his relationship with the . . . there was really no conservative. You either were Orthodox or you were Reform in those days. He did not see eye to eye, or he didn't he just felt that they were beneath his dignity . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2365.0,2403.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e He wanted Jews to assimilate?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2403.0,2406.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't know if he wanted them to assimilate. When you say assimilate you mean . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2406.0,2411.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Lose their identity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2411.0,2414.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Be more Americanized you mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2414.0,2415.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2415.0,2416.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e But not to become a Christian scientist then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2416.0,2418.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2418.0,2420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e He, I don't know, he was such a marvelous man, but he sort of leans in that direction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2420.0,2429.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e He was, of course, always anti-Zionist, and he was really anti-religion, too, as far as the traditional view of Judaism was concerned. He did not respect these people, but after a while he began to realize that Rabbi Geffen stood for other things, too. It so happened that in the course of Rabbi Geffen's leadership in the community, especially in the work of what became the Federation, a man by the name of Harold Hirsch, who was a member of the Temple, and a leading Reform Jew, and he was also one of the leading Atlanta citizens, in every respect. He used to meet my father at some of the meetings of the Federation. This was before the Federation became a Federation, a complete Federation. He was always very, very interested in what was going on in Shearith Israel and he was also interested in Rabbi Geffen's personal life and problems that he had. I think that some of this rubbed off on Rabbi Marx. But besides that, there were certain occasions when Rabbi Geffen appeared at certain places together with Rabbi Marx and Rabbi Geffen did not back down from any situations where there was any confrontation. In fact, there were a few cases where there were weddings that were taking place between families, where some of them wanted Rabbi Geffen to be there and others wanted Rabbi Marx, where they were both to be there and they were going to participate in the wedding ceremony. Rabbi Geffen told them that he would not participate unless it was done in accordance with the way he wanted a Jewish Orthodox ceremony to be held. At first, Marx, he objected to some of that. Rabbi Geffen did not attend. Later on, Rabbi Marx began to even put on a yarmulke at some of these ceremonies because he wanted . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2429.0,2585.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It was unusual.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2585.0,2588.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e At the beginning, he didn't even like the idea of being on the same podium with him, with Rabbi Geffen. He later changed and he became very, very friendly with him. His attitude was completely changed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2588.0,2601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I will continue if you want. We were talking about the beth midrash and, \"That was built in the rear of the land purchased and consisted of a large area for synagogue worship, two meeting rooms, restrooms, and a small kitchen for the women. This was to be the temporary headquarters for the synagogue until the sanctuary would be built. When the move was made from Hunter Street to Washington Street, it was a proud day for Shearith Israel. In the small kitchen, the women made the most delicious foods and desserts, which all enjoyed at the completion of the day's ceremonies. Again, the Sisterhood was prominent in bringing all of this about with the help of God. We recount here how the Sisterhood acquired its very first complete set of kosher dishes and utensils. Now you'll remember they didn't have any extra money to buy all these things. The Jewish Educational Alliance, which was the forerunner of the Jewish Community Center, had a group of Girl Scouts, led by Mrs. Helen Seff Witt,\" you all know her, I know her. You don't? She's very popular. She's a lovely person. \"Helen, the daughter of Rabbi Geffen, who is now Ziff, Rosalie Alterman, and Bertha Rubin . . .\" You all know all these? Rosalie and Bertha. Bertha unfortunately lost her husband. \". . . Were members of this Girl Scout group. An opportunity came for the group to attend Camp [indistinct: 44:55] for a week, and everyone was excited with the prospect of tasting real outdoor life. However, there was no kosher facility, and Mrs. Geffen could not permit Helen to attend unless something could be done. The Sisterhood had only makeshift utensils and dishes, having no money with which to purchase these necessities. Through a miracle, it was found that a Conservative synagogue which had begun on Washington Street was not having much success and therefore was forced to close its doors. Knowing that they had a kosher kitchen, Mrs. Geffen approached them about securing their kitchen necessities. They named the price, but again a problem, no money. It was scarce and tight in those days, as you all know. However, with the aid of the girls who sold raffles, and the help of the Sisterhood ladies who solicited contributions, the necessary money was raised for the purchase. When the camp period was over, where the girls had a marvelous time, the dishes and utensils were turned over to the Sisterhood, and it was the first complete set of dishes they had ever had, so everyone benefited.\" I wanted to tell you all about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2601.0,2774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Mrs. Geffen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2774.0,2775.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2775.0,2776.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e This is so interesting about the synagogue. I wondered if we could shift a little bit and concentrate on you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2776.0,2785.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Concentrate on her.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2785.0,2786.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Especially since you're leaving the room. One of the things we have been involved in is talking to many Jewish women here in Atlanta, so I wondered if I could ask you a couple of questions in regard to you personally and having come here, one of the things that struck me earlier . . . [interview pauses, then resumes] [indistinct: 46:50]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2786.0,2814.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I wasn't self-employed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2814.0,2815.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You were employed and having childcare . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2815.0,2816.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I was the only Jewish person in a big chain store organization that had 500 stores in Virginia and North Carolina. We had big offices. It was really primarily a Catholic, it was funny, here he had a good Catholic friend, and I was with a Catholic organization. But when I had finished my accounting at William \u0026 Mary, several of the men there had taken refresher courses, and they asked me to come over there and see about a position. I did and I got the position. I was sort of independent; I guess you would say. I had a very nice office and a secretary of my own and everything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2816.0,2855.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Was it unusual for someone during your time to go to college, to become an accountant?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2855.0,2861.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, quite a few of my friends did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2861.0,2864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e In Virginia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2864.0,2865.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I started at the school in Norfolk and then went on to William \u0026 Mary and finished there. They had a school there first, like they have Georgia State here, because two of my brothers were at New York University in New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2865.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2880.0,2881.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It wasn't unusual, all my girlfriends had some college education. Some of them didn't finish, but most of them went into teaching. I wasn't interested in teaching at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2881.0,2890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What did you major in?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2890.0,2893.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Accounting and business administration. I loved business and afterwards I was sorry I didn't go to New York and go into journalism because I really found that I liked to write.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2893.0,2904.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you balance, consciously balance, career and family from the time you were married on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2904.0,2913.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, after I married, I couldn't work on shabbes. Mr. Geffen was the Commissioner on the Board of Education, and there was an opening at the old Formwalt Street School, and I took a position there as the school secretary and advisor to handle the office, which I enjoyed very much because I had a lot of secretary experience before the accounting. In fact, I went into all phases of business at that time and enjoyed it very much. I always liked business. My father [indistinct: 49:10] used to say, that I could add two and two quicker than somebody else, but I just liked figures and things like that. It was just natural for me to continue in the business world. When I was the secretary, I don't know if any of you all remember the old Formwalt School, all these wonderful people that are at the Spanish synagogue, Or VeShalom, they lived in that area. They were people of very poor means, you were talking about poor. They had brought Rabbi [Joseph] Cohen, Or VeShalom, and they formed a synagogue. It was the women that were so instrumental then in building up that synagogue. I remember we had a principal there, Ms. Solomon, who was a daughter of a minister. She was not Jewish; she had a Jewish name. She was such a wonderful person and there were so many poor people in that area and when they came to school in the morning, she would go from class to class and check on the attendance of the children and if certain children weren't there, she'd say to the teacher, \"You find out.\" We were in that area, close enough for the teacher to go and discover, and they'd find that the boy didn't have a shirt to wear that morning. The shirt had been soiled the night before, and the mother had washed it and hung it up, but it wasn't dry. They had Perle Borisky was a marvelous teacher there and Fannye Galanty, she was one of the teachers in that school. Those teachers, before they began their teaching, it was so important to get the children dressed and ready and Abe Goldberg, does anybody remember him? The wonderful Abe Goldberg, all they had to do, Ms. Solomon and Perle and Fannye would call him up, and he'd get the shoes that they needed, and the shirts, and if it's winter, a coat for them, it was amazing. At no cost, he would go to any of these stores, Louis can confirm all that, and they'd bring, they'd go to the houses of the children and put on the shirt or put on the shoes or the coat that they needed and brought them to school. They would walk in and she had taught them courtesy, even though they were poor, and they would come in and say, \"Thank you, Ms. Solomon. Thank you, Ms. Solomon.\" They were so grateful and do you know that the Spanish women of whom I had the greatest, greatest fondness, they were so wonderful, they themselves came over there and brought foods from their house because those children hadn't had any breakfast. How could they start? They'd say to Ms. Solomon, \"We brought in food for them.\" It was just amazing, and they didn't have a lot themselves. I doubt if their children had a good full meal that morning, but they made sure. There were some other wonderful people there. You talk about people, not only with the synagogue, they are the people, women of the Or VeShalom Synagogue, but the other Jewish women that lived there, they did so much. I remember Mrs. Fitterman, Or VeShalom, she was just wonderful. Who was the lady that we saw last week? That's at the home now, been there a long time, I forget her last name. She did so many . . . there were so many I just can't recall all the names. But it's an amazing story, nowadays, you have to go through family services, this is a public school, and a Christian woman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2913.0,3170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Was the population Jewish?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3170.0,3171.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e What's that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3171.0,3172.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the percent of the population of the school that was Jewish? How many of the students percentage wise were Jewish?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3172.0,3178.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't think there were that many, but they had a lot . . . they had two ungraded classes for different ages. Children who could not learn, what do they call them now, Louis?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3178.0,3194.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Exceptional children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3194.0,3195.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't know, they do have a professional name for them . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3195.0,3198.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Retarted?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3198.0,3199.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e But they weren't actually retarded, and they were beautiful children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3199.0,3206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Probably learning disabled.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3206.0,3208.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I remember Miss Bennett, Miss Pearl Bennett, who had the older group of those children, and it's amazing, the courtesies that she taught them. What they could learn, how to get along with other people. One I'll never forget, it's a marvelous story, there was a young man there, he was tall and handsome and when he finished at that school, he didn't go on any further, he went on to New York and one day he came back to Atlanta and he came into Miss Bennett's class and she said, \"How are you getting along?\" I'm sorry I can't recall the name, and he said, \"I'm doing fine.\" She said, \"What are you doing?\" He went, in New York at that time all the theaters had, what do you call them, that stood at the front . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3208.0,3262.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e They were greeters or something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3262.0,3263.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, they stood out front in a uniform and saw people going in. They had a specific name. He had learned so much courtesy from her that when he went and applied for position at that theater, which was a prominent theater, they don't do those things now, and he would sort of usher people in . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3263.0,3283.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Like the Roxy or something . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3283.0,3285.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e One of the nice big theaters there and he was making a very nice salary and because of his courteous manners. She was so proud of that. I think she wrote a story in one of school papers about the fact that don't forget these ungraded, I call it ungraded, [indistinct: 55:05].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3285.0,3306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e They were ungraded, that's what they called them at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3306.0,3309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e They were, they were ungraded, they called at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3309.0,3311.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Excuse me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3311.0,3313.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, go ahead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3313.0,3314.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What grade did you teach?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3314.0,3315.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't teach, I was in the office. I was handling the whole office there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3315.0,3322.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Getting back to your life again for a minute, did you come from a very religious family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3322.0,3328.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, they were very religious. My father was quite a student of the Torah and everything. My mother, her father was a rabbi. In fact, my son, David Geffen is named for his great-grandfather. My father . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3328.0,3351.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You fit into this family very . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3351.0,3355.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e My mother was . . . we had to go to cheder, we had to . . . Hebrew school, we started at the age of five, and after public school we had to go every day. Then there was a Sunday school on Sunday, there was a different group that taught that, but the cheder every day was very important. My mother at one time didn't think that we were learning enough, and she imported a man from Palestine. It was Palestine then, Mr. Racanti [sp], and brought him to Norfolk. In fact, got a bride for him. They lived upstairs in the house that we were living over there and he taught us. I'll tell you he was such a marvelous teacher, and he taught us conversational Hebrew. I'm sorry to say that I used to speak Hebrew more fluently than I speak English. That's the way he taught us that. Our Hebrew training was marvelous, but over a period of time, if you don't use any language, I was a good student of Spanish and other things, but you don't have occasion to use it, so you learn it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3355.0,3427.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How many children were there in your family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3427.0,3429.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I had, unfortunately, there's some misfortune in the family, but I did have three brothers. I have two left now, and I was the only girl left. My mother, unfortunately had two other girls who died very unnatural deaths, which was a very sad thing. Somebody asked me about my mother, about me coming alone to Atlanta. I want to tell you something, after those things happened, one was an infant of nine months, and one was a little girl named Hadassah that was killed by a drunken driver in front of our house. It took my mother a long time to get over it. I was about 18 at the time. If I went out on a date,  first place I had to give her the whole history of the family, if she didn't know it. But if I wasn't home by 12 o'clock, she would call to find out. She'd ask me to call and tell her how things were going. We recounted that the other night, I had a date with a young man who was a very nice fella and they liked him and all that, but something happened to the car, we were a little delayed on the road coming home from Virginia Beach. I'll tell you, when we came to our house, the front porch was lit up, and the house was lit up, and it was after midnight. I had noticed this young man, he said, \"Anna, there's a police car that's following us. I wonder why.\" He said, \"I haven't done anything.\" When we got to the house and he pulled up behind us, my mother and father were on the front porch, and my father, this policeman said, \"Mr. Birshtein, is this your daughter?\" I tell you, I felt like I wanted to go through the ground, but I could understand. I'll tell you she went through two such tragic incidents, which is a horrible thing. I was the only girl left, so that's why things were the way they were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3429.0,3560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What business was your father in?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3560.0,3562.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e My father had Birshtein Studios. He made the most gorgeous furniture for all the people in Virginia. They were a little careful about the type of furniture, all hand carved. In fact, I have some of the things in my house. But when my brothers took over the business, my father died as a fairly young man, he got a brain tumor, unfortunately. Just about the time he went into the military service in 1941. My brothers changed it to a fabric and leather goods, and made it was quite a big establishment. One of the brothers has since passed away, and the other one sold the business, but Birshtein Studios it was known as on Bush Street, I don't know if you're familiar with Norfolk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3562.0,3614.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell us something about your own children, your own family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3614.0,3619.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e One thing I have to tell you. I do have one son and three wonderful grandchildren. I, unfortunately, after I married, I found out that I had an Rh negative problem. The first child isn't involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3619.0,3635.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm Rh positive, and she's negative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3635.0,3637.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and when David was born, there really was no problem, but in those days the women didn't get up, he was born in 1938, and the women didn’t get up and walk out of the hospital in two days like they do now. They had to stay in bed for two weeks; they suggested that they don t throw you out of hospital like they do now. I had Dr. Upshaw, I don't know if anybody had, he was supposed to be the leading obstetrician in Norfolk, but I'll tell you . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3637.0,3670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3670.0,3671.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I mean in Atlanta. He said, “I don't like the fact that you're still sort of anemic and you better have a blood transfusion.” That was the worst thing that could be done, but he didn't know too much about the Rh business. You've got to be careful what blood. At the Geffen home, so many of the medical students that went to Emory, both young men from all over, from New York and other areas, they all came to the hospital and had their blood checked, and none of them matched. But Mr. Geffen's and I, his blood and mine, at least Dr. Upshaw said, it worked out well. They gave me a transfusion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3671.0,3716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e In those days I didn't check for the positive and negative. We had the same type.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3716.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It was discovered in that year. That started the antibodies. When I lost a little girl and then twin boys . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3720.0,3728.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Several years later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3728.0,3729.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, several years later and then I found out. We found out through a young officer that was at the camp with him who came into Atlanta. When he saw that little girl, she was the first one, and he said, that's an Rh baby. Then the doctors got busy here and it was just too late. It was during the war. I do; I say I have a wonderful son. One thing about my son, I'll add that . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3729.0,3761.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e You want some water?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3761.0,3762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you. My husband's birthday is November the 1st.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3762.0,3765.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Don't tell them what year, now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3765.0,3767.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm not telling the year, let them guess. November the 1st, any year, but I was pregnant. This was before; we'd been married almost four years. I got so large and probably had some fluid and so the doctor said, \"Mrs. Geffen, I want you to get into bed and stay there as much as possible the last month of your pregnancy.\" I resented that. Here, my husband's birthday was coming up, and I couldn't even go out and get him a birthday present. It was terrible. The day before his birthday, I was in bed. I got up only for bathroom privileges and all. I wrote him one of these long poems about the four years that we'd been together. I don't think I said anything about the time we met, but maybe I did. I've got that poem, he's got it. I wrote that and I had someone mail it for me to his office so he would get it on November the 1st. That morning of November the 1st I began to have labor pains. He stayed home and he called the doctor, the doctor said I think you'd better bring her to the hospital. They don't play around, didn't play around them. He took me to the hospital and then he went on to his office. About sometime in the afternoon, my labor sort of slowed up, and Dr. Upshaw came in and he said, Mrs. Geffen, \"I don't think you're going to have that baby today.\" I said, \"What do you mean I'm not going to have that baby today? You put me in bed for a month and my husband's having a birthday today and I'm going to not have that baby today?\" I said, \"I sure will.\" He said my labor started up again so fast. That evening David was born so that was my birthday present to him. Now wasn't that nice? He's November the 1st. That's our great day in history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3767.0,3886.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Same birthday.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3886.0,3887.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, same birthday.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3887.0,3888.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you work after David was born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3888.0,3891.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I've worked all kinds. Honey, I've done all kinds. I've worked as a bookkeeper and accountant in cotton waste business, and I worked at Felton Beauty Supply as one of their accountants and then I was with the Jewish National Fund before I retired. I had a big job there, but fortunately they brought somebody in that took over some of the headaches.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3891.0,3915.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e She ran the place for a while.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3915.0,3917.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e They wouldn't bring in a director, and I didn't want a job as a director particularly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3917.0,3923.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It was forced upon her.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3923.0,3924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, but I'd started working there and then the young man that was in charge, he left, they just let it ride for four year, Cantor [Isaac] Goodfriend and I kept it alive. I had all the fraternities, the AEPI [Alpha Epsilon Pi] boys come in from when I needed some help with the big mailings. They all came in to help. They didn't get any money for it, they just came in as a courtesy to me, and I put him to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3924.0,3951.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How are things different for David growing up in Atlanta from, you grew up under your father's tutelage?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3951.0,3962.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e One thing I can say, it's first in women's view, David, he really was a wonderful grandchild, not because he's my son, but he knew that his grandmother needed some shopping help and he gave every Thursday afternoon to her, even though he was supposed to be at the fraternity house, and he went over in the car and took her shopping and then brought her home with all her things and put them on. I think that's a wonderful trait in a young person, and that's the way he was. Of course, he thought that his grandfather was the greatest man next to his father. David, I don't have to tell you . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3962.0,4007.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e One thing was that he did have a problem because he was the only child growing up in a home where we, at least I, had several brothers and other members of the family, but we had eight brothers and sisters, so our family, growing up, It was just like having your own little group. We didn't have to worry too much about going out and getting friends because we had our friends among our own family there and then we did have . . . it's a little bit different when you are a child of a rabbi. Growing up in a community where you have all kinds of people. David did not have to be worried about that part of his growing up because even though his grandfather . . . he was still known as part of a rabbinical family because his grandfather was a rabbi. He had more opportunities to associate with others and to participate in other activities that we were not able to do for several reasons, primarily economic reasons. When we were going to college, we were invited to join a fraternity, but we were not able to, and he of course did. He was part of a fraternity. I think now he doesn't fit much of fraternities as he looks back upon them. I think a lot of people have changed their opinions about it. He also had the opportunity to take part in a lot activities in the community that we did not participate in. I guess maybe it's because the attitude was a little bit different than it was when we were growing up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4007.0,4128.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did any of your brothers become rabbis?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4128.0,4132.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Two of them. One of them was an active rabbi for a period of time, but then he went into the Jewish Theological Seminary as one of the executives. He was director of their community relations and so forth. He had one of the top positions at the Theological seminar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4132.0,4157.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Where's the other? Which was the other rabbi?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4157.0,4160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Sam, my brother, Sam. He's a rabbi. He still is in Forest Hills, New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4160.0,4166.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Would you all like to hear something about the educational area? That is really . . . the Sisterhood was more or less responsible for that too. \"With the move to Washington Street and the completion of the sanctuary, There were facilities for the education of the children of members, but there were no individual classrooms, just areas divided in various parts of the sanctuary, and it was here that the Shearith Israel Sunday School, or rather the religious school, came into being. Samuel Geffen, who was still in Atlanta at that time, was happy to help, and he lost no time in founding both the Sunday School and the Hebrew School. Prior to that time, the children received private instruction, now they would learn as a group. The Sunday School was a tremendous success from its onset. The children enjoyed getting together for class, and the many programs instituted by Bessie Geffen Wilensky,\" She lives in New Orleans [Louisiana],\" Annette Geffen Raskas . . .\" I put their name Geffen in the middle so you all would know. \". . . She played the piano at the assemblies, and the children were taught by wrote the many wonderful Hebrew songs of that day. Many young people volunteered as teachers and a large number of the graduates are today's Atlanta's most prominent citizens. When Samuel Geffen went to New York for rabbinical study, Bessie took over the superintendent reigns. Subsequently when she married and moved, Annette was on hand to take over. When she too moved to St. Louis [Missouri] after her marriage to Ralph Raskas, Louis took on the reins and so it went on until he was called into military service during World War II. During all of this time, the Sisterhood had very generously undertaken the expense of this education phase, which also included parties for the children on all the holidays, and prizes for the outstanding ones at the end of each school year. Gratuities were given to each teacher, and even though the amount was small, it was accompanied by sincere thanks of the Sisterhood for the excellent work that was being done.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4166.0,4300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e In other words, the teaching was done, they were volunteers and they just gave them opportunity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4300.0,4308.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e \"It is to be noted here that when Louis Geffen returned to Atlanta after the completion of his law studies at Columbia University, he became of immeasurable help to the Sisterhood officers, helping them to write their speeches, teaching them parliamentary law, and helping them in any way that he could. As a result, the women proudly made him a member of the Sisterhood, In honor of which he prides to this day since he's the only male member accorded this honor.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4308.0,4339.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Are you the only member of your family who remained here in Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4339.0,4343.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, for many years, but I have . . . the oldest sister, who is the oldest in the family. She lived in South Carolina for many years and then her husband passed away, and she remained there a few years but then she came back to Atlanta. We are the only two that are left here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4343.0,4364.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Where is your son?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4364.0,4365.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4365.0,4368.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Israel, Jerusalem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4368.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did your parents remain here in Atlanta until their death?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4371.0,4375.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4375.0,4376.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e They're both buried here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4376.0,4377.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e How did they happen to come to Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4377.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's an interesting . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4380.0,4382.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's a story too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4382.0,4383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Everything is a story. It seems that my father, originally, when they came to America, they came from New York, which most of the immigrants in those days, that's where they ended up. My mother had . . . her mother, I think, had already come to America, or maybe, I believe so, and she had some brothers in New York City, but they were all in business. They didn't like the idea that my father was a rabbi. They weren't interested in that type of enterprise, but nevertheless, that's where they were. My father came to America. It was, in those days, it was very, very difficult for any type of rabbi, especially these rabbis of his . . . he was a young man then, and there were two children, I'm number three, my sister and my brother Joel. He was just an infant, and my sister was just a couple of years old then. They were in, he got some little congregation on the east side of New York, but they were not very happy there. My father then went to; he was doing some traveling and he was in Ohio. While he was there, this was a city, it was Canton, Ohio. He really still had this little congregation in New York, but there were two little synagogues in Canton, and they were having difficulties getting along with each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4383.0,4496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Which isn't unusual.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4496.0,4497.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e They did not have a rabbi at the time, so my father spoke to them. He was not applying for the position or anything. But then after he spoke, he was traveling for yeshiva from his hometown. The man had used to travel something had happened to him, so they asked him to see if he would visit some of these communities and raise a little money for that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4497.0,4522.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Where was his hometown?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4522.0,4523.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Kovno, Lithuania. That was where he came from. Then he had some relatives in Cleveland [Ohio], so after he finished in Canton, he went over to Cleveland. He then received a call from Canton, and they told him, they said, we have elected you as our rabbi for both congregations. He said, \"My family is in New York. I still owe my allegiance to this other congregation.\" They said, we'll wait until after the holidays then. He went back and decided, I guess that they didn't like New York, so they came back to Canton. One time he was visiting in Pittsburgh [Pennsylvania], at some kind of a Zionist conference and there was an old rabbi there that he went to visit, and he was telling this rabbi that he didn't like the climate in Canton, Ohio, and he would like to get another position if he knew of anything, because this man had been in the United States much longer. He said, \"I was reading the Jewish paper just that just came out,\" the Yiddish Tageblatt, they said, \"There's an advertisement in that paper that there's a community in the south in Atlanta, Georgia That's looking for a rabbi.\" He said, \"Take this ad,\" he said, \"Answer it maybe if you're interested in going south. He answered that and that's the way it was.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4523.0,4623.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e We farblunget here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4623.0,4625.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I have to tell you they have a picture when they arrived in December of 1910 they had come from Canton, Ohio that had so much snow and cold weather and they were dressed in heavy coats and leggings and everything and they came here and like the weather we have in here now that's what they . . . the first thing they had to do was just take off everything, they couldn't stand it. They were just so hot. I tell you, there's a lot to say about the Sisterhood. The rummage sale, seeing all these things. The women kept up the shul and the Sisterhood by selling rummage. I'd like to read you all that part if you'd like listen, I'll tell you, to me it's so interesting and I got involved in it too because it was going on when I came here. \"Another interesting phase of the Sisterhood revolved around the annual rummage sales. These must have been the forerunner of the present-day garage sales. Mrs. Ida Goncher, Ms. Eva Feldman and Ms. Geffen played major roles in setting these up, securing the rummages, the place for its sales and the donations to help make it a success. The rummage was picked up from various places, stored in the Geffen basement, sorted out, and priced for sale, all of this done prior to the date that the sale would be held. A real estate man was good enough to give the ladies the use of an unrented store. However, there was no electricity. The sale was held on a Saturday night in an area inhabited mostly by blacks, and the day on which most of them were paid. Already used to all sorts of inconveniences, the ladies brought sufficient candles to light up the store dimly and when the doors were opened the customers came in for the bargains. Sales were brisk even though the returns were small. The money went into the treasury to be carefully preserved by Mrs. Kate Zimmerman Freedman, who was the treasurer at that time. Silver teas were another source of revenue for the sister. They were beautiful affairs. The ladies all wore their loveliest dresses, and their beauty added extra shine to the beautiful silver bowls in which the contributions of those attending were placed. All sources of possible revenue were explored to secure the necessary funds for the Sisterhood to carry on its important work. They worked hard and they worked well. They also had interesting monthly meetings, Donor Fests, skits written and produced by the members and as a result the meetings and the special events were very well attended.\" I have a reference to me about a skit that I wrote about the book Loving Knishes. You remember that cookbook? That was a tremendous hit. I tell you the reason I put it in there because I had a hilarious segment which featured Mrs. Goncher and Mrs. Feldman in very special roles and they brought down the house, they made it. Gertrude Creek [sp] was the star of the skit and both ladies brought the house down with the parts they play, indicating that . . . yes, their parts were not limited to just cooking, cleaning, selling tickets, securing ads, planning social events. They had this [indistinct: 1:20:35] ability, too. They had the perm balls they used to have every year. I don't know if any of you are young enough . . . old enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4625.0,4843.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e By the way, your grandfather was very active in the [indistinct: 1:20:48].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4843.0,4849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e He loved that. We used to be in the back of the Fox Theatre, in that beautiful hall. I don't know what they even charged. The women went from door to door, no such thing as now calling up, and picked up canned goods and stuff that they could sell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4849.0,4865.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e They used to have a bazaar together with them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4865.0,4867.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, they had a bazar with it, and it was just fabulous. That went on for a period of about, what? About 15 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4867.0,4874.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Longer than that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4874.0,4875.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and that was what kept them alive. I have a story about the Hitler era and what the women did when all these refugees came in and then they finally . . . the move over to University Drive . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4875.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e What year did they move to University?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4890.0,4894.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e 1957, he was instrumental in getting the area and buying the building. It so happens that the building that . . . You tell them . . . the building was a school building.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4894.0,4905.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It was a . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4905.0,4910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Originally the Ku Klux Klan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4910.0,4916.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It was the headquarters of the Ku Klux Klan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4916.0,4922.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e The building Shearith Israel was in?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4922.0,4923.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e No the building the school was in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4923.0,4924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Not the synagogue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4924.0,4925.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e That beautiful four column building.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4925.0,4926.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e It was a wooden construction. Then we put brick all on the outside.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4926.0,4932.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I have to read this part, \"both University Drive and Washington Street had services for a period of years until finally the synagogue in which we are now housed was built in 1957 and 1958 and dedicated and moved into in 1958. And again, a proud day for Shearith Israel, a move that could not have been accomplished without the help of the Sisterhood.\" I'm just not writing that here because it was true, and \"here we relate the big role played by the Sisterhood. When the synagogue was being built, the Sisterhood had accumulated the sum of $15,000, which was a fortune in those days, under the watchful eye of Mrs. Kate Freedman and Mrs. Henne Geffen, who was the Rebbetzin. They'd been saving every penny so that when a kitchen was built in a new facility, it would be large and spacious and have plenty of room for meat and milk dishes and utensils, ovens, and so forth. One can imagine the great pride of Mrs. Rosalie Alterman, who was the president at that time when she was able to present a check for the $15,000 to the building committee for this specific purpose.\" That's the way they . . . since that time, of course, they've added to it and everything, it's just amazing. Then I had listed the Sisterhood presidents, but there's so many things you couldn't even write. I could have just written and written. I contacted my sisters-in-law and he told me much that I didn't know, before I came except what I heard. Sisterhood, at that time, and I think they're still very important, but it's kind of lost its meaning. I don't know if you find that to be true in the AA and the other synagogues. I know at the Or VeShalom the women there work hard and they do a lot of cooking although when I saw one of them the other day, they greet me so fondly because they remember and how close we were years back. They said they didn't get the women to come like they used to and you hate to hear that unless it's the fact that so many women work and they just don't have the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4932.0,5071.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=5071.0,5072.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I worked but I used to . . . [indistinct: 1:24:33] when I came over and I put programs on I wouldn't take on an office in the Sisterhood because I didn't feel like I'd do it justice . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=5072.0,5083.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e You had outside help in your home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=5083.0,5084.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, we had a maid and a girl . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=5084.0,5090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Now you can't have the maid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=5090.0,5091.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Now you can't have the maid. I did; I came over and really worked with the women. He was working with them and I was too. It was just wonderful, so I wouldn't underestimate the sisterhood of any particular synagogue. You asked about Shearith Israel, but I'm quick to tell you that the sisterhood, in my opinion, is one of the most important things about the synagogue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=5091.0,5119.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Congregation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=5119.0,5120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, absolutely. I think they do more than the men. The men do a lot of work, but the Sisterhood really, they just put themselves out so much and did so much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=5120.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e I think it's a different phase of the activities of the organization . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=5130.0,5135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, that's true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=5135.0,5136.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . That the women are instrumental in helping to build . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=5136.0,5138.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e So many are career women.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=5138.0,5139.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e Anymore today? It doesn't matter. Men do some of the kitchen things and the women are on the boards and they run the ritual committee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=5139.0,5151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eANNA GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=5151.0,5152.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/transcript/88717/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLOUIS GEFFEN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=5152.0,5153.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Council of Jewish Women is an organization of volunteers and advocates, founded in the 1890's, who turn progressive ideals in advocacy and philanthropy inspired by Jewish values. They strive to improve the quality of life for women, children and families.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=10.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Tobias Geffen (1870-1970) was an Orthodox rabbi and leader of Congregation Shearith Israel in Atlanta from 1910-1970. He is widely known for his 1935 decision that certified Coca-Cola as kosher. He also organized the first Hebrew school in Atlanta, and standardized regulation of kosher supervision in the Atlanta area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=30.0,100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSarah Hene Rabinowitz Geffen (1879-1961) was the Rebbetzin of Shearith Israel and one of the founders of its sisterhood. She was married to Rabbi Tobias Geffen, and they had eight children: Lottie Geffen Simon, Rabbi Joel Sylvan Geffen, Louis Geffen, Rabbi Samuel Geffen, Bessie Geffen Wilensky, Annette Geffen Raskas, Helen Gefen Ziff, and Abraham Geffen. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=30.0,100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Congregation Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960's, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002. As of 2022, the current Senior Rabbi of the congregation is Ari Kaiman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=30.0,100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBessie Geffen Wilensky (1908-2005) was born in Canton, Ohio, to Sarah Hene Rabinowitz and Rabbi Tobias Geffen. She was active in Shearith Israel’s congregation and Sisterhood until she married Dr. Moses Carl Wilensky in 1938. They lived in New Orleans, Louisiana, and had three children: Jane, Jacob, and David.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=100.0,106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShul\u003c/em\u003e is a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=152.0,373.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDavening\u003c/em\u003e is the act of reciting Jewish liturgical prayers during which the prayer sways or rocks lightly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=152.0,373.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=152.0,373.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Sisterhood is a group of women in a synagogue congregation who join together to offer social, cultural, educational, and volunteer service opportunities. Its male counterpart is called either a \"Brotherhood\" or a \"Men's Club.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=373.0,378.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e refers to the quorum of 10 Jewish adults required for certain religious obligation. While traditionally only males counted toward the quorum, in many non-Orthodox streams of Judaism adult females count in the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e. A \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e is needed in Jewish communal prayer for certain components of the regular daily or \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e services, reading from the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ehaftarah\u003c/em\u003e portions in synagogue, and saying \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e, among other things. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=378.0,449.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRebbetzin (Yiddish: רביצין) or Rabbanit (Hebrew: רַבָּנִית) is the title used for the wife of a rabbi.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=506.0,719.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003esukkah\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003esuccah\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003esukkot\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003esukkos\u003c/em\u003e, or \u003cem\u003esukkoth\u003c/em\u003e, is a temporary hut constructed for use during the week-long Jewish festival of \u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e. It is topped with branches and often well decorated with autumnal, harvest or Judaic themes. It is common for Jews to eat, sleep, and otherwise spend time in the \u003cem\u003esukkah\u003c/em\u003e. In Judaism, \u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e is considered a joyous occasion and the \u003cem\u003esukkah\u003c/em\u003e itself symbolizes the fragility and transience of life and one's dependence on God.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=506.0,719.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003emikveh\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003emikvah\u003c/em\u003e is a pool of water, gathered from rain or from a spring, which is used for ritual purification and ablutions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=719.0,725.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSt. Paul United Methodist Church is located in the historic Grant Park neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia. In 1870, a new church named St. Paul Methodist Episcopal South was built on Hunter Street (now Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive) and began with 63 members. After the turn of the century, the congregation had grown so large that they began planning to build a new stone church in the residential neighborhood of Grant Park, the current location of St. Paul UMC. The congregation moved to Grant Park in 1907, and Congregation Shearith Israel purchased the former building on Hunter Street for use as a synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=861.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGrant Park is a historic neighborhood of Atlanta that was formed around the greenspace of the same name, the fourth largest park in the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=861.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: teaching] is a general term that covers all Jewish law including the vast mass of teachings recorded in the \u003cem\u003eTalmud\u003c/em\u003e and other rabbinical works. “\u003cem\u003eSefer Torah\u003c/em\u003e” refers to the sacred scroll on which the first five books of the Bible (the Pentateuch) are written, but it is often shortened simply to \"\u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e\" in casual speech and writing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1023.0,1147.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA s\u003cem\u003ehabbas/shabbes/shabbat goy\u003c/em\u003e [Yiddish] is a non-Jew who is employed to perform certain types of work that observant Jews are not permitted to do on the Sabbath. Tasks typically included extinguishing the lighted candles or lamps on Friday night and making a fire in the oven or stove on Sabbath mornings during the cold weather.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1023.0,1147.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1023.0,1147.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Joseph Lynch, Jr. (1903-1996) was born on Hunter Street (now Martin Luther King Jr. Drive) in Atlanta, Georgia, to Charles Joseph Lynch, Sr. and Mary Mamie McElhinney. He was raised by his relatives after his mother died in 1903. He graduated from Marist High School and Jefferson College. He worked for Western Electric for 45 years. He married Catherine Lafferty in 1927, and they had 5 children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1023.0,1147.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJekyll Island is an island located in Glynn County, Georgia. It is one of the Sea Islands and one of the Golden Isles of Georgia barrier islands. The island is owned by the State of Georgia and run by a self-sustaining, self-governing body. It was long used seasonally by the indigenous peoples of the region. The Guale and the Mocama, the indigenous peoples of the area, when Europeans first reached the area, were killed or forced to leave. Plantations were developed on the island during the British colonial period. The island was developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was evacuated during World War II by order of the US government. In 1947, the state of Georgia acquired all the property for security and preservation. It is now a popular tourist destination.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1158.0,1159.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWestern Electric Co., Inc. was an American electrical engineering and manufacturing company that operated from 1869 to 1996. A subsidiary of the AT\u0026amp;T Corporation for most of its lifespan, Western Electric was the primary manufacturer, supplier, and purchasing agent for all telephone equipment for the Bell System from 1881 until 1984, when the Bell System was dismantled.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1160.0,1164.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Joel Sylvan Geffen (1902-1988) was the director of field activities and community education for the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York. He was born in Kaunas, Lithuania, to Sarah Hene Rabinowitz and Rabbi Tobias Geffen. The family moved to the United States in 1904 and to Atlanta in 1910. He graduated from Emory University and was ordained by the Jewish Theological Seminary. He led congregations in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Troy, New York, before working for the seminary. He received an honorary doctorate from the Jewish Theological Seminary. He also co-founded a Hebrew-speaking camp in the Berkshires in Massachusetts, and in 1982, a \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e Center there was named for him. He married Sylvia Mintz, and they had two daughters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1164.0,1242.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Max Frank (1884-1915) was a Jewish factory superintendent in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1913, he was accused of raping and murdering one of his employees, a 13-year-old girl named Mary Phagan, whose body was found on the premises of the National Pencil Company. Frank was arrested, tried, convicted and sentenced to death for her murder. The trial was the catalyst for a great outburst of antisemitism led by the populist Tom Watson and the center of powerful class and political interests. Frank was sent to Milledgeville State Penitentiary to await his execution. Governor John M. Slaton, believing there had been a miscarriage of justice, commuted Frank’s sentence to life in prison. This enraged a group of men who styled themselves the “Knights of Mary Phagan.” They drove to the prison, kidnapped Frank from his cell and drove him to Marietta, Georgia where they lynched him. Many years later, the murderer was revealed to be Jim Conley, who had lied in the trial, pinning it on Frank instead. Frank was pardoned on March 11, 1986, although they stopped short of exonerating him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1252.0,1254.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1918 flu pandemic (January 1918-December 1920) was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic, It infected people across the world, including remote Pacific islands and the Arctic, and killed 50 to 100 million of them—three to five percent of the world's population—making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history. In the United States it was commonly known as the \"Spanish Flu.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1284.0,1296.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNorfolk is a city in Virginia. With coastline along multiple bodies of water, Norfolk has many miles of riverfront and bayfront property, including beaches on the Chesapeake Bay. The coastal zones are important for the economy. The largest naval base in the world, Naval Station Norfolk, is located in Norfolk along with one of NATO's two Strategic Command headquarters. Additionally, Norfolk is an important contributor to the Port of Virginia. The city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point, where many railroad lines started.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1600.0,1608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColonial Stores, Inc. was founded in 1901 and was one of the nation’s largest supermarket operators for much of the twentieth century. At one point, the company had over 500 stores operating in 11 states, including Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Maryland, Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana. By the 1970s, the company had been sold, renamed, and began to close locations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1610.0,1667.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBig Star was an American supermarket chain founded in 1937 as part of the David Pender Grocery Company. The Big Star stores were self-service supermarket operations that began to replace the small full-service stores Pender's had operated up to that point. By the late 1940’s, the entire company had rebranded under the Colonial Stores name. The Big Star name was revived around 1968 for a new discount chain owned by Colonial; eventually, all stores were closed or converted to the Big Star name.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1610.0,1667.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Pender Grocery Company was a grocery store chain from Norfolk, Virginia. The first store opened in 1900. In its early years, the company used horse-drawn wagons to deliver goods to customers. In 1919, Pender opened a second grocery store in Norfolk, later expanding to more locations in Central and Eastern Virginia. Pender retired on January 1, 1926, making the David Pender Grocery Company a publicly owned corporation, which later became a subsidiary of National Food Products Corporation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1610.0,1667.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eshochet\u003c/em\u003e is an adult male Jew who is trained and accredited by a rabbinic authority in the Jewish dietary laws. Specifically, a \u003cem\u003eshochet\u003c/em\u003e slaughters animals in a way prescribed by Jewish dietary laws to avoid pain to the animal as much as possible, and to safeguard the health of the consumer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1707.0,1728.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Biltmore Hotel on West Peachtree Street in Atlanta opened in 1924. The 11-story hotel and the 10-story apartment buildings were located in Midtown. There were towering radio masks on each end of the building, with vertical illuminated letters on them that spell out “BILTMORE.” In 1967 it was sold to Sheraton Hotels and became the Sheraton-Biltmore Hotel. The building has now been renovated and turned into office space and condominiums and is still called the “Biltmore.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1766.0,1818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYichus\u003c/em\u003e is a Hebrew-based Yiddish word meaning \"lineage\". In some past and present Jewish communities, good yichus, meaning descent from a family of high reputation, is necessary for a person to be considered as a potential marriage partner. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1837.0,1842.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Zvi Elchanan Gutterman (1884-1966) was born in Lithuania and studied at the Knesset Yisrael Yeshiva of Slabodka. During World War I, he immigrated to the United States, where he served as the first rabbi of Congregation Shearith Israel from 1904 to 1906. He moved to Scranton, Pennsylvania, and served as a rabbi there for over fifty years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1872.0,1900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilkes-Barre is a city in Pennsylvania. It is located in the Wyoming Valley in the northeastern part of the state. The city sits on the Susquehanna River and it was founded in 1769. The area was originally inhabited by the Shawnee and Lenape Native American tribes. The city’s growth in the 19th century was due in part to the mining of anthracite coal, but the coal industry collapsed after World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1872.0,1900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=1919.0,1956.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA beth midrash (Hebrew: \"house of learning\"; pl.: batei midrash), also beis medrash, bais midrash, or beit midrash, is a hall dedicated for Torah study, often translated as a \"study hall”.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2044.0,2115.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Joseph Massell, Sr. (1886-1962) was a civic and community leader in both the Jewish and general communities of Atlanta. In the early 1900s, he and his two brothers, Sam and Levi, founded the Massell Realty Company, which had a hand in the development and sale of several landmark properties in Atlanta. Civic leader Ivan Allen, Sr., was known to say, “Sherman burned Atlanta and Ben Massell built it back.” Ben Massell was the uncle of former Atlanta mayor Samuel A. Massell, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2115.0,2207.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew word “\u003cem\u003emitzvah\u003c/em\u003e” refers to precepts and commandments as commanded by G-d. It is used in rabbinical Judaism to refer to the 613 commandments given in the Torah at Mount Sinai and the seven rabbinic commandments instituted later for a total of 620. In its secondary meaning, the Hebrew “\u003cem\u003emitzvah\u003c/em\u003e” refers to a moral deed performed as a religious duty.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2207.0,2210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Hyman Epstein (1903-2003) served as rabbi of Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia from 1928 to 1982, when he became rabbi emeritus. Under Rabbi Epstein, the formerly Orthodox congregation began to shift to Conservative Judaism, and officially joined the United Synagogue of America (now the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism), in 1952.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2226.0,2358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2358.0,2365.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families. As of 2022, its Senior Rabbi is Peter S. Berg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2358.0,2365.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Dr. David Marx (1872-1962) was a long-time rabbi at the Temple in Atlanta, Georgia. A native of New Orleans, he led the congregation’s move toward the practices of Reform Judaism. He served as rabbi from 1895 to 1946. When he retired, Rabbi Jacob Rothschild took the pulpit that Rabbi Marx had held for more than half a century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2365.0,2403.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2429.0,2585.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta was formally incorporated in 1967 as a merger of three precursor organizations: the Atlanta Federation for Jewish Social Service (founded in 1905), the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund (founded in 1936), and the Atlanta Jewish Community Council (founded in 1945). It is a regional branch of the Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA). The Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community. Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2429.0,2585.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold U. Hirsch (1881-1930) was a well-known attorney who was active in philanthropic organizations in the Atlanta area. He received his law degree in 1904 and soon became one of Atlanta's most prominent lawyers, helping Coca-Cola trademark its signature logo and bottle design in a number of copyright infringement cases. He was also involved in the creation of the law school at Emory University and one of the founding members of the faculty. Hirsch was very involved in philanthropic endeavors, particularly those in the Jewish community. He was a member of the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (the Temple), the Federation of Jewish Charities, the United Jewish Charities, and the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith. He helped found The Atlanta Committee for German-Jewish Relief and served as chairman of the organization.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2429.0,2585.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish men cover their heads during prayer with a small skullcap called a yarmulke (Yiddish), kippah (Hebrew) or yamaka (Yiddish). Orthodox Jewish men wear it at all times to remind themselves of G-d’s presence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2429.0,2585.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) operated from 1910 to 1948 on the site where the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium was later located. The JEA was once the hub of Jewish life in Atlanta. Families congregated there for social, educational, sports and cultural programs. The JEA ran camps and held classes to help some new residents learn to read and write English. For newcomers, it became a refuge, with programs to help them acclimate to a new home. The JEA stayed at that site until the late 1940s, when it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2601.0,2774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Community Center was officially founded in 1910, as the Jewish Educational Alliance. In the late 1940's it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to the suburb of Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2601.0,2774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1912 by Juliette Gordon Lowe, Girl Scouts of the United States of America is a youth organization that aims to empower girls and help teach values such as honesty, fairness, courage, compassion, character, and citizenship through various activities. Membership is organized by grade level.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2601.0,2774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHelen Seff Witt (1906-1990) was born in Atlanta, Georgia, to Max and Beckie Seff. She was active in Hadassah throughout her life, including serving as the vice president of the Southern Region of Junior Hadassah. She married Fritz Witt in 1943.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2601.0,2774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHelen Geffen Ziff (1914-2003) was born in Atlanta, Georgia, to Sarah Hene Rabinowitz and Rabbi Tobias Geffen. She was active in Shearith Israel’s congregation and Sisterhood until she married Samuel Ziff in 1939 and moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota. They had three children: Daniel, Ruth, and Joel. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2601.0,2774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosalie Hirsch Alterman (1913-2003) was born in Atlanta, Georgia, to Lena and Ephraim Hirsch. She married Georgia Alterman, and they had four children. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2601.0,2774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBertha Fisher Rubin (1914-2011) was born in Atlanta and was active in the Jewish community and organizations throughout her life. She married Elliot Rubin in 1936, and they had two children. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2601.0,2774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2601.0,2774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2601.0,2774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe College of William \u0026amp; Mary is a public research university in Williamsburg, Virginia. It was founded in 1693 by a royal charter issued by King William III and Queen Mary II. It is the second-oldest high education institution in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2816.0,2855.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorgia State University is a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia. It was founded in 1913 and today has seven campuses around the Atlanta metro area. It is part of the University System of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2865.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew York University or NYU is a private research university in New York City, New York. It was established in 1831 by the New York State Legislature. As of 2019, it is the largest private university in the United States by enrollment.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2865.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew) or \u003cem\u003eShabbos/Shabbes\u003c/em\u003e (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah\u003c/em\u003e blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2913.0,3170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFormwalt School was an elementary school located on Formwalt Street just southwest of downtown Atlanta. The school and street were named for Moses W. Formwalt (1820-1852), the first mayor of the city of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2913.0,3170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Or VeShalom was established in Atlanta, Georgia by refugees of the Ottoman Empire, namely from Turkey and the Isle of Rhodes. The Sephardic congregation began in 1920 and was based at Central and Woodward Avenues until 1948 when it moved to a larger building on North Highland Road. Or VeShalom’s current synagogue is located on North Druid Hills Road. As of 2022, the congregation’s rabbi is Josh Hearshen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2913.0,3170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Joseph Isaac Cohen (1896-1985) was born in Constantinople (now Istanbul), Turkey. He was trained for the rabbinate in Turkey and accepted his first pulpit in Havana, Cuba in 1920. In 1934 he moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where he was installed as the rabbi of Congregation Or VeShalom, a Sephardic synagogue. Rabbi Cohen officially retired in 1969, but remained active at both the synagogue and in the community until his death. He married Luisa Palatchi in 1925 in Cuba. Together they had two sons, Allan and Ned. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2913.0,3170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePerle Borisky Rocker (1907-1946) was born in Atlanta, Georgia, to Carrie and Joel Borisky. She graduated from Girls' High School in Atlanta, Atlanta Normal Training School, and attended Emory University in Atlanta, Columbia University in New York City, and Cornell University in Ithaca. She was a teacher in the Atlanta public school system. She married Stanley Rocker in 1936.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2913.0,3170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFannye Heiman Galanty (1909-2006) was a native of Atlanta, Georgia. She worked as a school teacher and tutor. She belonged to Ahavath Achim Synagogue. She was married to Irving Galanty and they had two daughters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=2913.0,3170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Roxy Theatre was a movie palace in Atlanta, Georgia. It was torn down in 1972 to make way for the Westin Peachtree Plaza. It should not be confused with the Coca-Cola Roxy Theatre, originally the Buckhead Theatre, a different building in Buckhead.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3283.0,3285.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi David Geffen (b. 1938) was ordained at Jewish Theological Seminary rabbinical school in 1965. Geffen immigrated to Israel in 1977 with his family. He writes for The Jerusalem Post, having published more than 350 articles and book reviews and another 75 in the World Zionist Press Service. He also authored the American Heritage Haggadah in 1992. Geffen returned to the US in 1993 to serve as rabbi of the Temple Israel congregation in Scranton, Pennsylvania, a position he held until 2003. David Geffen is the grandson of Tobias Geffen who was the rabbi of Congregation Shearith Israel in Atlanta, Georgia from 1910 to 1970.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3328.0,3351.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cheder is a traditional elementary school teaching the basics of Judaism and the Hebrew language.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3355.0,3427.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah Birshtein (1918-1925) was born in Norfolk, Virginia, to Frieda Stafsky and Cathriel Birshtein. She was killed by a drunk driver.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3429.0,3560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVirginia Beach is a coastal city in southeastern Virginia. It lies where the Chesapeake Bay meets the Atlantic Ocean. The city is a resort city with miles of beaches and hundreds of hotels and restaurants along its oceanfront. Cape Henry, which is located in the northeast corner of Virigina Beach, was the first landing of English colonists who eventually settled in Jamestown.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3429.0,3560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCathriel Birshtein (1884-1941) was the owner of Birshtein Studios, a furniture store in Norfolk, Virginia. He was married to Frieda Stafsky Birshtein, and they had six children: Samuel, Anna Geffen, Mayer, Ida, Oscar, and Hadassah. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3429.0,3560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe positive or negative sign next to the blood groups is known as the Rhesus (Rh) factor. The Rh factor is an inherited protein that can be found on the surface of red blood cells. If your blood type is positive, then your blood cells have the Rh protein. If your blood type is negative, then your blood cells lack the Rh protein. The Rh factor was discovered around 1940 by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener. The Rh factor is important in pregnancy as it can affect the development of the unborn child.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3619.0,3635.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Charles Bell Upshaw, Sr. (1890-1967) was an Atlanta obstetrician and gynecologist for more than 50 years. He was the son of Elizabeth Adair and Elbert Mason Upshaw. He was a graduate of Young Harris College and Emory University Medical School, where he received his medical degree in 1917. He was also a clinical professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Emory Medical School for 45 years. He was honored by the Medical Association of Georgia this year for 50 years of practice in Georgia. He married Belle Porcher LeRoy in 1922, and they had a son, Dr. Charles B. Upshaw Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3637.0,3670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3671.0,3716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCantor Isaac Goodfriend (1924-2009) served at Ahavath Achim in Atlanta from 1966 until his retirement in 1995 as Cantor Emeritus. Cantor Goodfriend was born into a Hassidic family in Poland. At the age of 16, he was interned in a German labor camp in Piotrkow, Poland. Escaping in 1944, he was hidden by a Polish farmer and was the only member of his family to survive the war. After the war, he attended the Berlin Conservatory of Music, McGill Conservatory of Music in Montreal, Conservatoire Provincial de Quebec, and later in Ohio at the Music School Settlement and Baldwin Wallace College. Before coming to Atlanta he served as cantor at Shaare Zion in Montreal, Canada in 1952, and later at Cleveland, Ohio’s Community Temple.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3924.0,3951.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlpha Epsilon Pi (ΑΕΠ, nicknamed \"AEPi\") is a Jewish college social fraternity founded at New York University in 1913. As of 2022, it has over 186 active chapters located on university campuses around the world. AEPi’s Georgia Tech chapter was formed from a local club called the \"Sigma Gamma Club\" that operated on campus before becoming official.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=3924.0,3951.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Theological Seminary of America is a Conservative Jewish education organization in New York City. Founded in 1886, It is one of the academic and spiritual centers of Conservative Judaism and a major center for academic scholarship in Jewish studies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4132.0,4157.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Samuel Geffen (1907-2002) grew up in Atlanta, the son of Sara and Rabbi Tobias Geffen. He attended Boys’ High and Emory University. He was a concert violinist and lawyer before becoming a Rabbi. Then he received two degrees, Rabbi and Master of Hebrew Literature from the Jewish Institute of Religion in New York City. He was the spiritual leader for over 40 years of the Jewish Center of Forest Hills West in New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4160.0,4166.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eForest Hills is a neighborhood in the central portion of the borough of Queens in New York City. Forest Hills has a longstanding association with tennis: the Forest Hills Stadium hosted the U.S. Open from 1915 through 1977, and the West Side Tennis Club offers grass courts for its members. The area's main commercial street, Austin Street, contains many restaurants and chain stores.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4160.0,4166.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew Orleans, Louisiana sits on the Mississippi River near the Gulf of Mexico. The city is nicknamed the \"Big Easy\" and is known for its live-music scene and cuisine that reflects the French, African and American cultures that influenced the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4166.0,4300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnnette Geffen Raskas (1912-2001) was the daughter of Rabbi Tobias Geffen and Sarah Rabinowitz Geffen. She earned a bachelor's degree in biology in 1934 and a master's degree in biology in 1935 from Emory University in Atlanta. After graduation, she taught biology at an Atlanta high school. In 1939, she married Ralph Raskas, who was the chairman of Raskas Foods Inc., based in St. Louis, Missouri. She moved to St. Louis and became involved in the family business and community activities. She taught high school biology at Atlanta Hebrew Academy and served 10 years as vice president of education for the St. Louis chapter of Hadassah. She also did work with the Women's Division of the Jewish Federation and the Literary Club of St. Louis. Annette and Ralph had three children, Heschel, Stanley, and Judy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4166.0,4300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSt. Louis is located in east-central Missouri near the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. Native Americans originally inhabited the area for generations before European settlers came. French fur traders founded the city in 1764 and named it for King Louis IX of France. By the 1800s, the city became a major port city on the Mississippi River. Today, the city is the second largest city in Missouri.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4166.0,4300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRalph Raskas (1911-1995) was chairman of Raskas Foods Inc., a dairy and food products business in St. Louis, Missouri. He received a bachelor's degree from Washington University and attended law school. He was active in local dairy associations and a number of Jewish organizations. He was president of Epstein Hebrew Academy in Olivette, was a founder of the Block Yeshiva High School in Olivette, and was president of Bais Abraham Congregation in University City. He was married to Annette Geffen, and they had three children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4166.0,4300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4166.0,4300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColumbia University is a private Ivy League university located in New York City. The university was founded in 1754 and was known as King’s College. It is the oldest higher education institution in New York and the fifth oldest in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4308.0,4339.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJerusalem is located in western Asia and is one of the oldest cities in the world. It is considered to be a holy city for the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both Israel and Palestine claim Jerusalem as their capital. The status of the city remains one of the core issues in the on-going Israeli-Palestinian conflict.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4368.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCanton is a city in Stark County, Ohio and its county seat. Founded in 1805 alongside the Middle and West Branches of Nimishillen Creek, Canton became a heavy manufacturing center because of its numerous railroad lines. However, its status began to decline during the late 20th century, as shifts in the manufacturing industry led to the relocation or downsizing of many factories and workers. Canton is known for being the home of the Pro Football Hall of Fame and the birthplace of the National Football League. The McKinley National Memorial and the William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum commemorate his life and presidency. Canton was also chosen as the site of the First Ladies National Historic Site largely in honor of his wife, Ida Saxton McKinley.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4383.0,4496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYeshiva\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: sitting] is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a \u003cem\u003eTalmudic\u003c/em\u003e college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4497.0,4522.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaunas (previously known in English as Kovno, Yiddish: Kovne, Kovna, Kovni; Polish: Kowno; German: Kaunas and Kauen) is the second-largest city in Lithuania after Vilnius, and an important center of Lithuanian economic, academic, and cultural life. In the Russian Empire, it was the capital of the Kaunas Governorate from 1843 to 1915. During the interwar period, it served as the temporary capital of Lithuania, when Vilnius was seized and controlled by Poland between 1920 and 1939. During that period Kaunas was celebrated for its rich cultural and academic life, fashion, and construction of countless Art Deco and Lithuanian National Revival architectural-style buildings. It contributed to Kaunas being designated as the first city in Central and Eastern Europe as a UNESCO City of Design, and also to becoming a World Heritage Site in 2023.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4523.0,4623.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCleveland is a city in Northeast Ohio, in Cuyahoga County. It is on Lake Erie, across the American-Canadian maritime border. It is the second-most populous city in Ohio. Cleveland was founded in 1796 near the Cuyahoga River, its location on the Great Lake and near the river made it a major industrial center. It has many cultural institutions including the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the Cleveland Museum of Art, and the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4523.0,4623.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePittsburgh is the second-most populous city in Pennsylvania behind Philadelphia with a 2020 population of over 300,000. It is in Western Pennsylvania and at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers. It is called “the Steel City” for its steel industry and the “City of Bridges” for its 446 bridges.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4523.0,4623.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eYiddish Tageblatt\u003c/em\u003e was the first daily newspaper in Yiddish published in New York, by Kasriel Hirsch Sarasohn, between the years 1885 to 1928.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4523.0,4623.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFarblunget\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003efarblondjet\u003c/em\u003e is a Yiddish adjective that aptly describes the state of aimless wandering, or being hopelessly lost and unsure where to turn next.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4623.0,4625.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIda Netkoff Goncher (1892-1969) was a member of Shearith Israel and Beth Jacob. She was active in Shearith Israel’s Sisterhood, Pioneer Women, and Hadassah. She married Sam Goncher, and they had four children.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4625.0,4843.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEva London Feldman (1894-1971) was a member of Shearith Israel and its Sisterhood. She was married to Max Froim Feldman and they had four children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4625.0,4843.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Fox Theatre is located on Peachtree Street in Midtown Atlanta. The theater was originally planned as part of a large Shrine Temple as evidenced by its Moorish design. The theater was ultimately developed as a lavish movie palace, opening in 1929. The auditorium replicates an Arabian courtyard under a night sky of flickering stars and drifting clouds. The Fox Theatre now hosts cultural and artistic events, and concerts by popular artists.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4849.0,4865.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4875.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836/annotation_set/2272/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or Knights of the Ku Klux Klan today, also referred to as the KKK) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Black secret society, whose methods have included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860s and then died out and has come back several times, most notably in the 1920s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past its members dressed up in white robes and pointed hoods designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/164773/file/299836#t=4910.0,4916.0"}]}]}]}