{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/w08w951f4z/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Light, Milton"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2008-12-29 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMilton Light interviewed by Sandra Berman on December 29th, 2008 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eMilton Light was born to a Jewish family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 17, 1922. He was one of four children born to Lena and Lithuanian-born William Light. In 1940, Milton graduated from high school and enlisted in the Army Air Corps. After completing basic training at Langley Air Force Base in Hampton, Virginia, Milton was stationed at Gander Lake in Newfoundland. Although the United States had not yet entered World War II, the Air Corps was helping the Royal Canadian Air Force patrol for and bomb German submarines off the Canadian and Newfoundland coasts. A few months after the United States entered the war in December 1941, Milton was stationed at Schofield Barracks on Oahu, Hawaii as a First Sergeant. Milton participated in cleaning up after the Japanese bombing attacks on Pearl Harbor. He was also sent to Saipan and Guam, where he helped coordinate the refueling of planes in the Pacific Theatre. After the war ended, Milton was discharged in October 1945. He returned home to Philadelphia. He soon moved to Atlanta, Georgia, with one of his sisters. In 1948, Milton married Louise Haughton. The couple raised four children and were members of the Progressive Club and Congregation Or VeShalom. Milton owned a grocery store for many years and later founded Grampa's Cookies, along with several other businesses in downtown Atlanta. Milton was active in the Jewish War Veterans and volunteered with the USO. He was a Shriner and member of the Legion of Honor. After his wife’s death in the 1980s, Milton continued to live in Atlanta, near his children and grandchildren. Milton passed away on November 5, 2015.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eMilton introduces his parents and background. He explains why enlisted in the Army Air Corp after graduating high school in 1940. Milton recalls hearing about the situation facing the Jews of Europe from his father, who had relatives in the Baltic States. He details his basic training at Langley Air Force Base in Hampton, Virginia. He talks about his subsequent training when his eyesight prevented him from becoming a pilot. Milton remembers participating in Jewish services during his training and his relationships with non-Jewish soldiers. He explains why he was stationed in Newfoundland, helping the Royal Canadian Air Force patrol for and bomb German submarines off the Canadian and Newfoundland coasts. Milton recalls hearing about the attack on Pearl Harbor. He talks about being stationed in Hawaii, helping to clean up after the attacks. He mentions his other service in Saipan and Guam during the war. Milton discusses his correspondences during the war with family and friends. He outlines his return home and move to Atlanta, Georgia, where he married and began a family. He talks about meeting many of the Holocaust survivors who moved to Atlanta. Milton offers his opinion of what should have been done to stop the Holocaust and of the atomic bombs dropped on Japan. He shares his perspective on younger generations of soldiers. Milton recalls his early career and socializing at the Progressive Club. He describes the segregation he witnessed in the South and his activities with the Jewish War Veterans. Milton explains why his family became members of Congregation Or VeShalom. He mentions visiting the World War II memorial in Washington, D.C. with other local veterans thanks to the Honor Flight Network. The interview concludes with Milton’s concerns about how the city of Atlanta has changed over the years and the economic challenges of the recession of 2007-2009.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28476"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Light, Milton (personal name)","the Holocaust (topical term)","anti-Semitism (topical term)","Pearl Harbor, Hawai'i (geographic term)","Bombing of Pearl Harbor (named event)","The Forward (topical term)","Army Air Corps (corporate name)","United States Air Force (corporate name)","Gander Lake (geographic term)","Newfoundland, Canada (geographic term)","World War II (named event)","Gaza War (named event)","Saipan, North Mariana Islands (geographic term)","Atlanta, Ga (geographic term)","Capital Fish Company (corporate name)","military (topical term)","civilian life (topical term)","Light, Louise (personal name)","Atomic bomb (topical term)","Hiroshima and Nagasaki (named event)","Holocaust survivors (topical term)","The Greatest Generation (topical term)","Civilian Conservation Corps (corporate name)","USO (corporate name)","Light's Quality Grocery (corporate name)","Blumenfeld, Daniel (personal name)","American Civil Rights Movement (named event)","The Columbians Incorporated (corporate name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMilton Light interviewed by Sandra Berman on December 29th, 2008 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMilton Light was born to a Jewish family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 17, 1922. He was one of four children born to Lena and Lithuanian-born William Light. In 1940, Milton graduated from high school and enlisted in the Army Air Corps. After completing basic training at Langley Air Force Base in Hampton, Virginia, Milton was stationed at Gander Lake in Newfoundland. Although the United States had not yet entered World War II, the Air Corps was helping the Royal Canadian Air Force patrol for and bomb German submarines off the Canadian and Newfoundland coasts. A few months after the United States entered the war in December 1941, Milton was stationed at Schofield Barracks on Oahu, Hawaii as a First Sergeant. Milton participated in cleaning up after the Japanese bombing attacks on Pearl Harbor. He was also sent to Saipan and Guam, where he helped coordinate the refueling of planes in the Pacific Theatre. After the war ended, Milton was discharged in October 1945. He returned home to Philadelphia. He soon moved to Atlanta, Georgia, with one of his sisters. In 1948, Milton married Louise Haughton. The couple raised four children and were members of the Progressive Club and Congregation Or VeShalom. Milton owned a grocery store for many years and later founded Grampa's Cookies, along with several other businesses in downtown Atlanta. Milton was active in the Jewish War Veterans and volunteered with the USO. He was a Shriner and member of the Legion of Honor. After his wife’s death in the 1980s, Milton continued to live in Atlanta, near his children and grandchildren. Milton passed away on November 5, 2015.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMilton introduces his parents and background. He explains why enlisted in the Army Air Corp after graduating high school in 1940. Milton recalls hearing about the situation facing the Jews of Europe from his father, who had relatives in the Baltic States. He details his basic training at Langley Air Force Base in Hampton, Virginia. He talks about his subsequent training when his eyesight prevented him from becoming a pilot. Milton remembers participating in Jewish services during his training and his relationships with non-Jewish soldiers. He explains why he was stationed in Newfoundland, helping the Royal Canadian Air Force patrol for and bomb German submarines off the Canadian and Newfoundland coasts. Milton recalls hearing about the attack on Pearl Harbor. He talks about being stationed in Hawaii, helping to clean up after the attacks. He mentions his other service in Saipan and Guam during the war. Milton discusses his correspondences during the war with family and friends. He outlines his return home and move to Atlanta, Georgia, where he married and began a family. He talks about meeting many of the Holocaust survivors who moved to Atlanta. Milton offers his opinion of what should have been done to stop the Holocaust and of the atomic bombs dropped on Japan. He shares his perspective on younger generations of soldiers. Milton recalls his early career and socializing at the Progressive Club. He describes the segregation he witnessed in the South and his activities with the Jewish War Veterans. Milton explains why his family became members of Congregation Or VeShalom. He mentions visiting the World War II memorial in Washington, D.C. with other local veterans thanks to the Honor Flight Network. The interview concludes with Milton’s concerns about how the city of Atlanta has changed over the years and the economic challenges of the recession of 2007-2009.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/112/754/small/Light_Milton.mp4_1620748148.jpg?1620733749","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Light_Milton.mp4"]},"duration":2400.695,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/112/754/small/Light_Milton.mp4_1620748148.jpg?1620733749","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/112/754/original/Light_Milton.mp4?1620733745","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2400.695,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Milton Light [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is December 29, 2008. I am here with Mickey Light, who has\nagreed to participate in the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project of\nthe William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. My name is Sandy Berman. I am very\nglad that you are here to participate in this project. I would like to begin by\nasking you a little bit about your background, where you were born, your\nparents' names and how you got to Atlanta.\n\nLIGHT: I was born in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Philadelphia [Pennsylvania]. My parents' names are William\nand Lena Light. I graduated in 1940 and went into the service soon after\ngraduation. That was prior to us entering the war. It was July 4, 1940. It was\nbefore Pearl Harbor. I knew we were going to get into a war sooner or later. I\nwanted my choice of the Air Force instead of going into the infantry or\nsomething like that.\n\nBERMAN: That is why you went in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so early? I mean, it was before Pearl Harbor.\n\nLIGHT: Right. There were rumblings. We were already hearing things in Germany\nand all. I figured it was coming. Rather than wait and be drafted, I figured I'd\njump in. I was just out of high school. You know how it is. I had not started in\ncollege. I thought, \"Well, let me go ahead and get it over with.\"\n\nBERMAN: Why the Air Force?\n\nLIGHT: It was the Air Corps then. That was the Air Corps. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were about three\nor four of us young fellows at the same age. That's what we decided on. That was\nthe glory or something at the time. Who knows?\n\nBERMAN: You were only eighteen, right?\n\nLIGHT: Right.\n\nBERMAN: Had you been aware of what was going on in Europe to the Jews of Europe\nat that time? Did that have any impact on you?\n\nLIGHT: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: How so?\n\nLIGHT: I was very much aware. We thought that we could help ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe. Back then,\nthere was... There wasn't censorship, but really the newspaper weren't telling\nthat much about the Holocaust. Very little was leaking out. The Jewish papers,\nwe saw more. My father use to get the Forwards, I remember. He use to read all\nthe time in Yiddish. He would tell me what was going on.\n\nBERMAN: Did you have any relatives?\n\nLIGHT: My father did, yes.\n\nBERMAN: So, he was quite aware ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what was happening. Where were your relatives\nin Europe?\n\nLIGHT: That's vague. They were from Lithuania. They were under Russian pogroms\nat the time. But I think Riga [Latvia], and Kovno [Lithuania], and that whole area.\n\nBERMAN: Were your parents in favor of you enlisting?\n\nLIGHT: No.\n\nBERMAN: What did they have to say about it?\n\nLIGHT: They had to sign for me, which they did. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Any parent at that point... What\nis a Jewish boy going into the Army? But I did.\n\nBERMAN: Did you feel a sense of patriotism?\n\nLIGHT: I guess. Who can say back then? I might have.\n\nBERMAN: Where did you do basic training?\n\nLIGHT: Langley Field, Virginia.\n\nBERMAN: What area of the Air Force did you go into?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LIGHT: I wanted to go to flight school. I washed out of that. Then I went into\nground crew. I was in sheet metal school, gunnery school. I went to two or three\nschools at the time, while I was in the Air Force.\n\nBERMAN: Flight school. What happened?\n\nLIGHT: My eyes.\n\nBERMAN: That must have been very disappointing. Describe to me what basic\ntraining was like.\n\nLIGHT: In the Air Force, it wasn't that bad. We learned a drill a little bit.\nReally we didn't have... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I never had a severe basic training like they do in the\nInfantry. We just had a basic... marching. We had maybe a couple weeks of\nmarching, and drilling, and how to go left face, and right face, and about turn,\nwhich we never... We didn't march or drill that much.\n\nBERMAN: Did you meet any other Jewish men in your unit?\n\nLIGHT: No, very... Maybe one or two.\n\nBERMAN: Did it feel at all uncomfortable ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being one of the few Jewish men?\n\nLIGHT: No, I was raised in a gentile [non-Jewish] neighborhood in Philadelphia,\nso I was around gentiles quite frequently. It didn't bother me. We had services\nwhen necessary. We use to get the minyan up for the whole day. On the whole base\nin Langley Field, we had enough to get a minyan up. We had a few officers and\nenlisted men, so on holidays we always had a minyan.\n\nBERMAN: Any feeling of discrimination or antisemitism that you remember?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LIGHT: Yes, but not personally. At that time, there were a lot of gentiles who\nhad never seen a Jew really. You hear these stories. They're true. [People would\nsay,] \"I thought you had horns,\" [or,] \"Some of my best friends were Jews.\" We'd\nget all this. Personally, I never... I got along with everybody.\n\nBERMAN: You are in the Army Air Corps in December 1941. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where were you when you\nheard about Pearl Harbor?\n\nLIGHT: Overseas. I was in Newfoundland. We were setting up an Air Base at Gander\nLake, which originally had been started by the [British]. Then, it was a lend\nlease with Britain, which we were... Our job was the base headquarters. We set\nup a whole base there, a squad. This eventually was the jumping off stop for the\nplanes that went into the bombing of Germany. They refueled at Gander, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we\nwere, and they flew on over the...\n\nI was in the ground crew. Then, I was an arial gunner at the time. We were also\non duty there with the Royal Canadian Air Force. This was before we [the United\nStates] were entered into hostilities. We were helping them to patrol and bomb.\nThey didn't know what they were doing, more or less. The Americans were more\ninstrumental in the bombing, although we couldn't take credit for it.\n\nThere were [German] submarines. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1940, there were submarines up around Nova\nScotia and Canada. They were coming to the surface and they were shelling\nferryboats of innocent people. I was aboard the aircraft where we sank one of\nthem. We do have one sub, but we couldn't claim credit for it. We were not at war.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me about that experience, being on an aircraft.\n\nLIGHT: That's thrilling. Death charges that we dropped at that time were like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\ngarbage can that's loaded with explosives. We set a fuse, and you drop them all\naround, and hope that when it explodes, it will hit a submarine. You had to be a\nlittle... Back then, you had to be lucky. The RCAF [Royal Canadian Air Force]\nwas missing. They forgot to set the fuses. They were new at this, which we all\nwere. We rode with them and I went on a few flights. I was on one flight where\nwe sunk a sub, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the Royal Canadian Air Force got credit for it, because\nthey were at war. That was very exciting. We could never tell about it.\n\nBERMAN: What was your job actually? To drop them?\n\nLIGHT: Just, I was part of the crew. We were all in it together. It was an\nautomatic... The bombardier dropped it. They have a bomb release. Then, we\ndidn't use the bomb slots like they did further on in the war when they were\nbombing Germany. This was what we called 'dead reckoning.' ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You flew over and you\ndropped it.\n\nBERMAN: How did things change after Pearl Harbor? What happened? How was the\nfeeling different?\n\nLIGHT: I was in Newfoundland then. I mean, I was... This was nowhere in the\nworld. This was like all snow and ice. Everybody there... First thing we heard I\nremember distinctly. Everybody was in the corner listening to a short-wave\nradio. [It said,] \"Pearl Harbor was bombed. Pearl Harbor was bombed.\" Everybody\nlooked around [asking,] where the hell was Pearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you never\nheard of.\n\nEverybody said, \"Let's go. Let's go.\" We couldn't even get out of there for\nthree months. We were snowed in. Everybody wanted to be a hero. [They said,]\n\"Let's go to Pearl Harbor.\" That's the first we heard. Then, eventually I went\nto Pearl Harbor. We went. They were still clearing the field. They were still\nclearing the Hickam Field and Pearl Harbor, when I went down there.\n\nBERMAN: When did you get there?\n\nLIGHT: In 1941.\n\nBERMAN: Is that where your next stop was?\n\nLIGHT: I came back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the States and helped reorganize a couple of squads. I was\na First Sergeant then. Then, I took a squad down to... We were stationed at\nPearl Harbor. We went to Schofield Barracks first. That's where the [Japanese]\nhit too, at Scofield Barracks. Hickam Field and Pearl Harbor -- I don't know if\nyou know -- they are together. There is just a fence between.\n\nThey were bulldozing the planes off into the water when I was there, the debris\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what was left. They didn't get a chance to get off the ground. Let me tell you\nthat. Their planes weren't that good. They weren't that good. There was just no\ndefense. We didn't... We had some old P-40s. That's all we had. We didn't have\nanything. A few of them got off. I think we shot down one Zero at that time.\n\nBERMAN: Were you... Some of the destroyers that had sunk were still just sitting there?\n\nLIGHT: They were sitting ducks. The whole Pearl Harbor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a huge mistake... of\nunpreparedness. The military still falls into that lurch today. You think that\nthey learned a lesson? No. The military is... That's another story.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me why. Why are you saying that?\n\nLIGHT: Because you got Generals. Every General has his own idea ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of strategy or\nwhat should be done. I mean, they spend more time in the war rooms than they do\non the front lines. In Pearl Harbor, it was a... The regulars at that time were\nall out dancing and having a good time. I mean, they were not on any war time\nnotice. Yet, they were talking war and peace in Washington with the Japanese\nDiplomats. But nobody seemed to have taken it serous. Even right now, it's a...\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With Israel, have you heard the news this morning?\n\nBERMAN: Not this morning.\n\nLIGHT: They... I mean, thousands... Now, it's Israel fault now, according to the\nAtlanta Journal. They showed pictures yesterday in the paper. Where do you think\nit showed kids? I can't stand that newspaper. Cut that out.\n\nBERMAN: It is okay. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After you went to Hickam Field in Pearl Harbor, can you lead\nme through your war time experience then?\n\nLIGHT: Yes. I'm trying to think back. We stayed at Hickam and then we moved to\nSaipan. We worked on the aircraft fighting down in the islands in Guam and down\nunder, but our headquarters was at Hickam. We used to come back to Hickam.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hickam was a refueling spot, ammunition. It was good duty. Hickam Field was very\ngood, the best duty I ever had. We enjoyed it.\n\nThere were ships coming into Pearl Harbor with supplies. They had the little\nFilipinos who use to work in the holds of the ship. They asked for volunteers\nand they paid five dollars an hour. That was big money back then, five dollars.\nI volunteered for a few months.\n\nI use to go down on my off times, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on Saturdays and Sundays. We'd make twenty,\nthirty dollars. To us, that was big spending money. We'd be down in the holds of\nthe ship with the Filipinos, helping them unload all the supplies coming into\nHawaii. Hawaii was a big supply depot, where the whole Navy, really... That's\nwhy we lost so many ships in there, because everybody was there.\n\nBERMAN: You were in Saipan and you were in Guam?\n\nLIGHT: Yes, just in and out, servicing planes or taking parts. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My [job]... after\na while mine was mostly administrative. I got into... I was a Sergeant Major. I\ngot into more paper work and display work after that. Then, I went back to\nHickam Field. I led all that ground work too. But I was proficient. I was in\nsheet metal, and gunnery, and everything. I went to school.\n\nBERMAN: Did you regret not seeing more action ever?\n\nLIGHT: No. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's nice to talk about it, but it's not nice to be in it.\n\nBERMAN: Did you ever have any regrets about not being in the European campaign?\n\nLIGHT: No, I saw enough of that. I saw these planes leaving Gander, going over\nthere. I didn't want any part of it. That was a rough flight from Gander to\nIreland. They used to fly over water with a land airplane. They couldn't... If\nsomething happened, they couldn't turn and come back. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They did once or twice,\nsome of the young pilots. They were kids twenty, twenty-three-years-old. They\nget about an hour [or] two out over the ocean and they would get scarred, with\nthe B-17. They would wire that they had trouble. [They were told to] come on\nback. After awhile, they told them, \"Don't come back anymore. Keep going.\"\nTwenty-three-year-old kids were flying these airplanes. Twenty-two-year-old kids\nwere flying these big B-17s over water. All you could see was water and you get\na little nervous, keep hearing noises.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, I don't have any regrets. Sometimes, back then, I might have, but now, no.\n\nBERMAN: As the war rolled on, where you hearing more and more about what was\nhappening to both your own family in Europe and to Jews in general?\n\nLIGHT: No. I had no... personally on my father's family, which I did not know.\nIt was my father's sister. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He hadn't heard[from them and he knew nothing. He had\nno correspondence or no way of getting in touch. He just assumed that they were\nlost in the... We did eventually find, my father found some of their children in\nIsrael years later.\n\nBERMAN: You did?\n\nLIGHT: My father found some of the children.\n\nBERMAN: Did you write a lot of letters home? Did you write often to your family?\n\nLIGHT: My mother wrote every week ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that was it. My parents... I was single. I\ndidn't have any...\n\nBERMAN: Did you save those letters?\n\nLIGHT: No. It would have been nice if I had saved them all. My sister wrote me.\nI don't know... And Ruth Kalnie -- I don't know if you know her -- she used to\nwrite me. And my mother... I must say, my father went to night school. In\nHebrew, he was well versed. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He used to write in the Torah. He went to night\nschool where he could learn to write English to write me.\n\nBERMAN: That is a wonderful story.\n\nLIGHT: I still have that letter.\n\nBERMAN: You do? That is wonderful. Describe a typical day of soldiering in Guam\nor Saipan. What did you do?\n\nLIGHT: You got up at six o'clock in the morning and you made your bunk up, where\nyou had to bounce a... I had a room, like a private room, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with one other, so\nmine wasn't so bad. Then you had to fall in. We had time to go eat breakfast. In\nthe administrative end, we didn't have that much pressure. We ate breakfast,\nwent to headquarters, and you started your work, processing and have meetings.\nYou had security meetings. I don't know. It's hard to think back. There was\nalways some kind of meeting, or emergency, or something ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially if we were in\nSaipan, or if we were in Hawaii at Pearl Harbor, or what to do, emergency.\nEverything was an emergency. For example, what to do if we got bombed.\n\nBERMAN: Did you keep track of some of your friends who enlisted with you?\n\nLIGHT: No, I wish I had of. We got separated. I wish. Some days, I wonder. I\ndon't think there are many of us left. I am eighty-six.\n\nBERMAN: You look great. Were you in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the war till the very end then?\n\nLIGHT: Yes, until 1945. I was one of the first to be discharged [in] 1945,\nOctober. We had points and I had all my overseas points. I forget. I think it\nwas 145 points. I had a bunch. We were the first group to come back on... They\nhad a battleship, the USS Maryland. We slept on deck. Anything to get back to\nthe States. I came back on the USS Maryland ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into San Francisco. Then we flew to\nPennsylvania. I was discharged in Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania.\n\nBERMAN: Were any of your family there to meet you?\n\nLIGHT: No, but they were there when I got home.\n\nBERMAN: What was that like?\n\nLIGHT: Very sentimental.\n\nBERMAN: Was it difficult to readjust to civilian life?\n\nLIGHT: Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're a hero for thirty days. You walked up and down... We lived in\na business section on a main avenue. I knew all the people up and down. They\nknew our people, so I spent a month just talking to people, walking up and down\nthe avenue. Everybody knew my family. Everybody knew me. Then, we had to get\ndown and make a living.\n\nBERMAN: What was it like in 1945 after the war with the economy? Was it easy to\nget a job?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LIGHT: I don't remember. Yes. I got [a job]. I had many offers of a job. What\nhappened [was that], with my sister, I drove to Atlanta. I have one sister\nliving here then in Atlanta. That was in 1945.\n\nBERMAN: Who is that?\n\nLIGHT: Ruth Glenn. We drove down here. I enjoyed [it]. I liked it. I got a job\ndown here. I went to work with Capital Fish Company and worked there for about a\nyear. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, I went back up North. I met a young lady down here, but I went back\nNorth for about a year. It kept calling me. I came back down. The same young\nlady, I got back with her. We got married and I started my family. [We] married\nin 1948.\n\nBERMAN: Who is that? Who did you marry?\n\nLIGHT: Louise Haughton. We married.\n\nBERMAN: How do you spell that last name?\n\nLIGHT: H-A-U-G-H-T-O-N. She was a Barnett. Sylvia Barnett, and Barney Barnett,\nSaul Barnett, that whole family. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She passed away almost 20 years [ago]. She died\nyoung [at] sixty-two years old.\n\nBERMAN: I am sorry.\n\nLIGHT: I got four beautiful kids.\n\nBERMAN: That is wonderful. Boys? Girls?\n\nLIGHT: Two of each.\n\nBERMAN: They all live here?\n\nLIGHT: They all live here. I got one living in Cumming [Georgia].\n\nBERMAN: That is close enough.\n\nLIGHT: Cumming and East Cobb [County]. My two boys live right around me in\nDunwoody [Georgia].\n\nBERMAN: That is wonderful. That is great. Did you ever want any of your boys ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or\nyour daughters to serve in the military?\n\nLIGHT: No. I can't even get them to join the Masonic Lodge. They are not\njoiners. They're sportsmen. They are all sportsmen.\n\nBERMAN: When you came home and you discovered the full extinct of the Holocaust,\nwhat was your reaction? Do you remember how you felt?\n\nLIGHT: Terrible. Horrible. We had... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All the time, we had heard so much about it\nand it all started coming on. A lot of it was shocking. It was shocking all this\nwent on. As we find out later, we knew more than was let out. [President\nFranklin D.] Roosevelt knew more than they gave out. They could have done more\nthan they did. That we know. Of course, that's my own personal beliefs that more\ncould have been done to help them, but it wasn't. They were sort of [saying or\nthinking], \"Well, we'll take care of that problem later.\"\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I think the government claim was that they could not divert troops from\nthe fighting. Do you think that is a true statement?\n\nLIGHT: No, they also said... We wanted them to bomb the tracks going in\nAuschwitz[-Birkenau] and all the railway tracks where they couldn't bring any\ntrains in there anymore. But they wouldn't have had to divert that many troops.\nThey had the troops when they entered Germany. We had plenty of troops then.\nBut, I don't know what could have been done or not before. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe they couldn't\nhave done anything. I don't know.\n\nBERMAN: Did you, yourself, know any Holocaust survivors? You moved to Atlanta in\nlike 1947 or 1948? There were a group of Holocaust survivors were coming to\nAtlanta then.\n\nLIGHT: I knew a lot of them.\n\nBERMAN: Did you know them? Did you talk to them about it?\n\nLIGHT: Yes, I did know them.\n\nBERMAN: Who did you know?\n\nLIGHT: We talked. They didn't want to talk too much. But there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a whole group\nthere. But by name, I don't know.\n\nBERMAN: Any Lanskys? Bessers? Storch?\n\nLIGHT: I had bumped into a lot of them in business. I was in the grocery\nbusiness. I talked to a lot of them. My mind... Names, I just can't think of.\n\nBERMAN: They did not want to talk about any of their experiences, or did they?\n\nLIGHT: They did and they didn't. We talked with them because of [unintelligible;\n23:05]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, outwardly -- which I don't blame them -- they didn't. Just like\nwhen I tell my grandkids that I don't like to talk about the war either. All my\nkids want to interview me for school projects, interview your grandfather. But,\nnow, I knew them all businesswise and some social. I knew Lansky. I knew... I\ncan't think of their names now. My mind sort of...\n\nBERMAN: That is okay. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have asked this question to all the other veterans that\nwe have been interviewing and I am getting different reactions. The atomic bomb\nwas used to end the war in Japan. Did you agree with that decision then and do\nyou still agree with it, have the same opinion?\n\nLIGHT: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Can you describe that?\n\nLIGHT: I think the main object of the atomic bomb was to shorten ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the war,\nbecause if we had to invade... I was overseas at that time. If we had had to\ninvade Japan, we would have lost thousands of American lives, no matter, because\nof the way Japan on the coast was situated and the barriers they had. It would\nhave been like D-Day. We would have lost a lot of troops. Equivocally, if we\nbombed and so many were killed, it still was saving the American lives, which I\nfirmly believed.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today, you have not changed?\n\nLIGHT: No.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think today there is a reason to use an atomic weapon?\n\nLIGHT: I don't think so because we are not in any war situation. [The] war we\nhave now is global. There's not any one place we can drop a bomb. It should\nbe... For instance, the Muslim problem. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have a lot of good Muslims, which I'm\nnot saying... In fact, trouble with the good Muslims [is that] they want to stay\ngood. They don't want to open their mouths. But, there's no one spot. They cover\nthe world. That's going to be our biggest problem of the future, the Muslims.\n\nBERMAN: Tom Brokaw wrote a book a number of years ago in which he described your\ngeneration as the greatest generation ever. Do you agree with that assessment?\n\nLIGHT: Yes. I think he's a glory gun. I don't like him. I didn't agree ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a\nlot of things that he wrote. It was the greatest generation because it all\nhappened to us. We had to do it. It wasn't... We weren't any greater than this generation.\n\nBERMAN: You do not think that there was more of a patriotic bent back in the 1940s?\n\nLIGHT: No, it was... We were called upon at that time to defend our country and\nwe did it.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think there would be the same response today?\n\nLIGHT: Yes. I am very active with the USO. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am down there when these kids come\nin and they leave. You wouldn't believe how energetic they are in their\nwillingness. They're ready to go. [They are] all young kids -- girls and boys --\nand they're ready to go. They're ready and they are not going to talk against\nthe Army. Everything is great. From the ones I talk to -- quite a few at the\nairport and with the USO -- they're all gung-ho, which was the same feeling that\nwe had. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Overall, I can say the young troops are vibrant. They're very... They're\nthe same as we were. I don't know if you can call them the greatest generation,\nbut they're doing a great job where they are.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think there should be some sort of service in the military or\ncommunity service for all young people, a mandatory kind of service?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LIGHT: We had... [President Franklin D.] Roosevelt had the CCC. That used to\ntrain a lot of them. They went right into the Army [from the] Civilian\nConservation Corps. That was good at that time. I think that we need something\nlike that today, with the unemployment and they keep saying the state of bridges\nand roads all along the United States... facing the government. They ought to\nget a Corps together and put some of these unemployed to work. Give them a basic\nsalary. They're all collecting unemployment anyhow. I think we need something\nlike the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CCC right now.\n\nBERMAN: Yes, and a way to give back to the community. You do really think that\nthe present generation is willing to make the same kind of sacrifices that your\ngeneration did?\n\nLIGHT: Yes. What I am saying [is] I don't think we were any different. They\ncalled us the greatest generation cause it fell upon us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We did what we had to do.\n\nBERMAN: Now, let us get to after the war and a little bit of your personal life.\nYou came to Atlanta in 1945?\n\nLIGHT: 1945, 1946, and again in 1947.\n\nBERMAN: What did you do? You worked for Capitol Fish and then?\n\nLIGHT: I went into the grocery business.\n\nBERMAN: What was the name of your grocery store?\n\nLIGHT: Light's Quality Grocery, I don't know. I was on Ashby Street.\n\nBERMAN: Did you stay in the grocery business?\n\nLIGHT: Yes, I was in the grocery maybe ten years.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: How did that go?\n\nLIGHT: Fine. I sold it and went into something else. I was an entrepreneur, was\nin a lot of things. I sold. I went on the road. I sold chemicals. I did a lot of\nthings in my life.\n\nBERMAN: Why did you get out of the grocery business?\n\nLIGHT: Somebody made an offer, one of the refugees.\n\nBERMAN: Who? Do you remember?\n\nLIGHT: Dan Blumenfeld. I learned a lot from him because I was like partners with\nhim for a while till we got the liquor license ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transferred and all. I got to\nknow him pretty well. He got killed. He got shot in that store.\n\nBERMAN: Was he one of the victims of the 1960s...\n\nLIGHT: Yes, on Ashby Street. They held him up and shot him.\n\nBERMAN: Horrible.\n\nLIGHT: It was. His wife's name was Falla -- it just came to me -- Blumenfeld.\n\nBERMAN: What was his wife's name?\n\nLIGHT: Falla, F-A-L-L-A.\n\nBERMAN: Did you belong to any clubs here in Atlanta?\n\nLIGHT: Any clubs? The original Progressive Club.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Was that a big part of your life here?\n\nLIGHT: Yes. My kids were young then. We use to use the club quite frequently\nwhen the kids were young.\n\nBERMAN: Did you join in any of the poker games that were held over there?\n\nLIGHT: Yes, upstairs. Yes, I did.\n\nBERMAN: What was that like?\n\nLIGHT: That was great. My wife used to raise hell at me all the time, [asking,]\n\"How much did you win? How much did you lose?\" I said, \"Don't worry about it. I\nbroke even. That was the story of my whole life. I broke even.\n\nBERMAN: Did they have slot machines up there?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LIGHT: No, they had them downstairs.\n\nBERMAN: Downstairs.\n\nLIGHT: In the bar, right alongside the bar. That supported the club. When they\ntook the slot machines out...\n\nBERMAN: When did the slot machines go?\n\nLIGHT: I don't remember what year, Sandy, but I remember the old Jewish ladies\nsitting there in the chair with all the wrappers on the floor, sitting there\npulling... like it was yesterday. It was mostly the old Jewish women playing the\nslot machines.\n\nBERMAN: Did you also belong to the Mayfair Club?\n\nLIGHT: No, we never did get to the Mayfair Club. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then the Progressive Club\nclosed down. Then, as a shock, years later you got a big dividend when they sold\nit. We had stock. I forgot about it. I had stock in there. I told my wife.\n\"Don't we have stock in that?\" She said, \"Yeah.\" I got about a couple thousand\ndollars when they sold that club.\n\nBERMAN: That is great. You know we are sitting in the building on the old\nMayfair Club grounds?\n\nLIGHT: Yes, I remember all the land. I remember Spring Street when it was all\nused cars and Pontiac Place was down...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Let me ask you about your reaction to Jim Crow when you first came down.\nYou were a Northerner boy.\n\nLIGHT: I was in shock.\n\nBERMAN: How so?\n\nLIGHT: First time I drove... I always had a car usually. When I got out of the\nArmy, there was a period when I first came down. When I came back, and I got on\nthe streetcar, and I was sitting, and that is when I first noticed, because I\nwas brought up where blacks and whites in Philadelphia... These ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ditch stickers\nwould come and sit down alongside a girl all dressed up and on purpose would sit\nnext to her. I saw all that but when I saw that the women at swimming go on and\nshe had to sit in the back. I noticed that right away. There were no seats but\nthere were seats up front, but I never said nothing. It was the only -- the one\ntime -- I ever rode the street car, but I did notice that.\n\nThen the first thing I noticed downtown, walking on the street, when the blacks\ngot off and walked in the street ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off the pavement, when we were walking, I saw\nsome blacks coming toward me and they got off. That caused me some disconcert.\n\nBERMAN: That must have been very unsettling.\n\nLIGHT: Because where I was from in Philadelphia, there was no... I use to walk\nto school with black kids and they were friends of mine.\n\nBERMAN: Did you get involved at all in the Civil Rights era?\n\nLIGHT: No, only when the Columbians came to town. Then I was with the JWV. We\nmarched on them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We got together. I don't know if you remember or heard about\nthat. We got together about that. There were about fifteen or twenty of us in\nmass and we didn't have nothing. We had sticks, no weapons. We ran them off.\nThey were hanging around somewhere. They were going to march or something. We\ngot there first. I forget now what it was. I know we had a slight confrontation.\nThat was it.\n\nBERMAN: They were a short-lived group I think.\n\nLIGHT: Right.\n\nBERMAN: Didn't you infiltrate one of their meetings or something? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you\ndescribe that?\n\nLIGHT: No, I didn't know too much about it. But that's how we found out where,\nabout them, and how we got and broke them up. We were very instrumental -- the\nJewish War Veterans -- in breaking them up.\n\nBERMAN: That must have been an interesting...\n\nLIGHT: That was in 1948, I think. I'm trying to think... 1947, 1948. I was\nmarried in 1948. It was right after I was married. My wife [was] telling me, \"Be\ncareful. Get out of there.\" She was always worried about me.\n\nBERMAN: Did you belong to a synagogue?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LIGHT: Or VeShalom the whole time. I was married by Rabbi Cohen. The old\nbuilding and then the new building. My wife was a past president of the\nsisterhood and I was on the board.\n\nBERMAN: Was that because your sister had married into the Gallanti family?\n\nLIGHT: Right, exactly. I was not Sephardic but, when I came down here, all the\npeople I knew through my sister were Sephardic. At that time, I was one of the\nfew Ashkenazis.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What did you think of Rabbi Cohen?\n\nLIGHT: I loved him.\n\nBERMAN: Describe him.\n\nLIGHT: He was a firm but gentle, sweet old man. That's the best I can say. [He]\nsaw no bad in anybody, but he couldn't control his two boys.\n\nBERMAN: He could not?\n\nLIGHT: No, he had problems with his two boys. Plus, Alan we had trouble with.\nThat's beside the point. I should not have even mentioned that. No, he was a\nsweet old man and his wife, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both of them very... the old-time rabbis.\n\nBERMAN: Did you know any of the other rabbis?\n\nLIGHT: Yes, I knew all of them. Rabbi [Robert] Ichay, he is past right now. I\ndon't know the new rabbi we have right now. I am not too active.\n\nBERMAN: Are you children still at Or VeShalom?\n\nLIGHT: Yes, in fact, I just got a dues statement.\n\nBERMAN: Did any of them marry Sephardic?\n\nLIGHT: All my kids ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are married to Sephardics. One is a non-Jewish, but the rest\nare all Sephardic. Yes, my two boys are Sephardic and my daughter married... I'm\nsorry, Ashkenazi. They all married Ashkenazi. None of them are married\nSephardic, but we still belong. One of my sons still belong to OV because we\nwere brought up, the kids were there so, my wife being past president... I still\nbelong there.\n\nBERMAN: Were you related to the Lights who owned ArtLite?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LIGHT: No. They're good friends, though. I know them very well. She's in Florida\nright now.\n\nBERMAN: She was in the service.\n\nLIGHT: She was supposed to go on the Freedom Flight with us a couple months ago.\nI was on that Freedom flight. In fact, Myra was on it, too. Myra and Don, the\nthree of us were on that. We flew to the World War II [Memorial] and back. It\nwas some day. We bum around together, Myra and Don and myself.\n\nBERMAN: Yes, that is why she gave me both of your names. Have we missed anything\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you would like to talk about?\n\nLIGHT: No, I've been in Atlanta since 1945 and I have seen the changes. I mean,\nplus the people who were born here, but from 1945, I've seen the changes. It is remarkable.\n\nBERMAN: Do you like the changes or not?\n\nLIGHT: I think we're getting too civilized. I liked Atlanta because I was coming\nfrom a big city, Philadelphia, New York area. I came down here because it was\npeaceful, nice and quiet, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"traffic wise, everything. In fact, they were just\nbuilding the viaduct over Spring Street. I liked it, but it is not like that\nanymore. It has big city problems, big city politics, big city traffic, but it's\nnot a... It's a city of opportunity, though. Atlanta is a good city of\nopportunity, even with all this, what's going on now. Thank G-d, all my kids are\nwell situated, making good livings. I don't have to worry about them, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's\ngoing to be tough the next year or two for people making a living.\n\nBERMAN: Yes, it is.\n\nLIGHT: I know my income has dropped, what I've lost in the stock market and my\ninvestments and all. I told my kids, \"All the money that I have, your money, I\nam spending it now. I'm spending your money... I don't know what's going to...\nWho knows how long you going to live?\" I was kidding my kids, \"What's going to\nhappen when I run out of money? You going to take care of me?\" My condo is paid\nfor, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so they don't have to worry about that. I got a beautiful two-bedroom\ncondo. My wife and I moved there. She was alive two years there. I love it.\nEverything is...\n\nBERMAN: It is in Dunwoody?\n\nLIGHT: Yes, it's a gated community, Brookridge, right next to Brookfarm. I got\nparking, and garbage, and mail, everything. I never have to leave the building.\nIt's a...\n\nBERMAN: That is great. It will come back. Your stocks will come back.\n\nLIGHT: I hope for my kids. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My grandkids are going to have a load to pay with the\nnational indebtness that we're going to have with these... They toss around\ntrillions and billions. I mean, it's like play money. I mean, \"Five billion?\nOkay, we'll loan you five billion,\" or, \"You need some money? Okay, here. Here's\nten billion.\" They're printing money, but there is nothing behind it except\nChina. We are borrowing money from China, actual cash money ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in trade. I don't\nknow what's going to be.\n\nWe used to be number one, manufacturing in the world and we are gradually losing\nall that importance. I don't know where the people are after the big bucks. I\nblame it all on Congress. I don't care what you say. We have people up there,\npoliticians that are no more qualified than I am to run a country. Yet, they're\nmaking these big billion-dollars decisions and trade decisions. They're making\nbig decisions and they are not qualified for it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they are in Congress.\n\nWe have to... We think that we elect these people to take care of us. Bologna.\nThese people are first of all taking care of themselves and their constituents.\nAs far as the reason they take care of their constituents is to get reelected.\nBuild a road here, build a bridge here, build a building here.\n\nI know in Dalton, Georgia... I forget the Representative's name. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/transcript/26297/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a big\ncommunity playhouse or something. They never use it. Gorgeous building that they\nbuilt for the city of Dalton. It's never been used. It just sits there. But\nthat's it, he built it for the people. Anyhow, politics is an issue, politics\nand religion.\n\nBERMAN: I would like to thank you. You were a great interviewee. I have\nthoroughly enjoyed it. Thank you.\n\nLIGHT: What else? That's it?\n\nBERMAN: That is it.\n\nLIGHT: I appreciate it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2370.0,2400.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Milton Light [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. World War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941 was the beginning of World War II for the United States, which until that time had remained neutral. A few days later, Germany declared war on the United States as well and we began fighting in the Pacific and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePearl Harbor is located on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. On December 7, 1941 the Japanese surprised the United States by attacking the United States’ fleet, which was docked in Pearl Harbor. Just before 8 a.m. on that Sunday morning, hundreds of Japanese planes descended on the base, where they managed to destroy or damage nearly 20 American naval vessels, including eight battleships, and over 300 airplanes. More than 2,400 Americans died in the attack, including civilians, and another 1,000 people were wounded.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Forward, formerly known as The Jewish Daily Forward, is an American news media organization for a Jewish-American audience. It was established in New York in 1897 and, at its heyday, was the most widely read Yiddish newspaper in the United States. Readership declined in the 1920s and 1930s. By 1983, it had become a weekly paper.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLithuania is the southernmost of the Baltic States. Lithuania was an independent country from the end of World War I until 1940. Before World War II, the Jewish population was 160,000, about 7 percent of the total population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePogrom is a Russian word meaning “to wreak havoc, to demolish violently.” The term is used to refer to the organized, and often officially sanctioned, violent riots against Jews in the Russian Empire and in other countries during the nineteenth and twentieth century. Traditional antisemitism mixed with economic, social, and political resentment of Jews to serve as a pretext for the massacre or persecution of Jews in Europe during the era of the Holocaust. Milton’s use of the word here seems to refer more specifically to the Soviet occupation of eastern Europe in the early years of World War II. Eastern Poland was occupied by the Soviets in 1939 and the Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) were occupied by the Soviets in 1940. Until the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, Jews in these areas were protected from Nazi policies but were not protected from Soviet antisemitism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRiga is the capital city of Latvia, located 476 kilometers (296 miles) north-northwest of Minsk. Before World War II, about 40,000 Jews lived in Riga, representing slightly more than 10 percent of the city’s population. By the time the city was liberated by the Soviet Army in October 1944, almost all of Riga’s Jews had been murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKovno (Yiddish: Kovne, Kovna, Kovni; Polish:  Kowno; German:  Kaunas and Kauen) is is a city in south-central Lithuania. Between 1920 and 1939, it was the country's capital and largest city. Prior to the Second World War, Kovno had a significant Jewish population of 35,000-40,000, about one-fourth of the city's total population. Only 2,000 Jews from Krakow survived the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLangley Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located in Hampton, Virginia, adjacent to Newport News. It was one of thirty-two Air Service training camps established after the entry of the United States into World War I in April 1917.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e A minyan refers to the quorum of 10 Jewish adults required for certain religious obligations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe idea that Jews have horns apparently began with a mistranslation of Exodus 34:29—“…and Moses didn’t know that his face shone when He [God] spoke with him.” The Hebrew word for the verb “shone” is “karan” and is phonetically close to the word “keren,” which can mean ‘horn.’  Michelangelo compounded the error in his sculpture of Moses, which portrays Moses with two horns.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen World War II began in September 1939, Newfoundland was administered by a Commission of Government. Newfoundland had given up self-government in the 1930s in return for financial support from the United Kingdom. When the British declared war on Germany, Newfoundland was automatically brought into the conflict. As Germany advanced across western Europe in 1940, Newfoundland became key to Allied defenses and the security of North America. With British approval, the Commission of Government authorized Canadian forces to help defend Newfoundland’s air bases for the duration of the war.  Under its Leased Bases Agreement with Britain, the United States also had permission to establish military bases in Newfoundland. In a very short time, Newfoundland boasted five military and civilian aerodromes, two naval bases, two seaplane bases, and five army bases. Tens of thousands of Canadian and American military personnel were posted throughout Newfoundland and in Labrador.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGander Lake is located in the central part of the island of Newfoundland. It is the third-largest lake in Newfoundland. In 1936, construction began on what was known as the Newfoundland Airport on the northeastern shore of Gander Lake. Originally intended as a purely civilian airport, construction was completed in 1938. When World War II began the next year, the airport’s large size and strategic location made it invaluable to the Allies as an important refueling stop for transatlantic aircraft. With approval from Britain and Newfoundland’s Commission of Government, The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) landed at Gander in February 1940. By 1943, Gander was the largest RCAF base and one of its most active, hosting a population of thousands, including personal from the Royal air Force, the United States Army Air Force and the Canadian Army. Throughout the war, the airport played an important role in hemispheric defense, and relayed meteorological and navigational information to all Allied bases in Labrador, Greenland, and Baffin Island. At wars end, the airport was handed back over to Newfoundland’s Commission of Government and RCAF Station Gander was disbanded in March 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn September 9, 1939, eight days after Germany’s invasion of Poland, Canada’s Parliament voted almost unanimously to declare war on Germany, which the country did the next day. Initially, it was to be a “limited liability” war effort that would consist primarily of supplying raw materials, foodstuffs, and munitions and the training of Commonwealth air crews, mainly for the Royal Air Force. The expulsion of the British from the Continent and the fall of France in the spring of 1940 totally changed the circumstances, however. Canadians were deeply enmeshed in the war. What became known as the Battle of the Atlantic marked one of Canada’s largest commitments. The Royal Canadian Air Force participated heavily in bombing campaigns over Germany. The Canadian army fought in Sicily and Italy and Canada was assigned one of the five invasion beaches at Normandy in June 1944. By the end of the war, more than 1,000,000 Canadians (about 50,000 of whom were women) had served in the three services. Although total casualties were lower than in the previous war, still some 42,000 were killed or died in service, and 54,400 were wounded.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the struggle for control of the Atlantic Ocean (the Battle of the Atlantic) during World War II, German submarines, called U-boats, and other warships prowled the Atlantic Ocean, sinking Allied transport ships carrying men and supplies between North America and Europe. Early in the war, German U-boats began torpedoing ships within sight of Canada’s East Coast and even in the St. Lawrence River. East Coast cities soon found themselves involved in the battle, since Allied convoys (groups of ships that crossed the Atlantic together under the protection of naval escorts) were frequently leaving busy ports like Halifax and Sydney, Nova Scotia, and St. John’s, Newfoundland. Canada’s Merchant Navy, along with the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) and the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), played a key role in the Allied efforts to gain control of the Atlantic.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHickam Field, adjacent to Pearl Harbor U.S. Naval Base, was established in 1935 as Hawaii’s principal army airfield and bomber base. When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, 51 airplanes were on the ground at Hickam Field. While the attack on Pearl Harbor was primarily targeting battleships and carriers, the airfields were also hit to prevent a counterattack against the Japanese bombers and torpedo planes. By the end of the attack, nearly half of the airplanes at Hickam Field had been destroyed or severely damaged. The hangars, the Hawaiian Air Depot, barracks, a mess hall, and several base facilities—the fire station, chapel and guardhouse—had also been hit. Hickam’s casualties totaled 121 men killed, 274 wounded and 37 missing. Despite the damage inflicted by the Japanese, they ignored the vital repair facilities and gasoline storage tanks at Hickam, Pearl Harbor and elsewhere on Oahu. Hickam Field emerged from the attack stronger than before and played an important role in World War II and since. Today, Hickam is the headquarters of the Pacific Air Force.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSchofield Barracks is a United States Army installation on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, located adjacent to Wheeler Army Airfield (now part of the Barracks). The 17,725-acre Schofield Barracks site was established in 1908 to provide a base for the Army's mobile defense of Pearl Harbor and the entire island. Prior to and during World War II, Schofield Barracks served as the base of the soldiers and servicemen who maintained Pearl Harbor. Schofield Barracks was not a primary target of the Japanese attack on December 7, 1941. However, it suffered considerable collateral damage because of its close proximity to Wheeler Field, which was a priority target. Today, the Barracks still stands and is home to the 25th Infantry Division, the U.S. Army Hawaii, and the 8th Theater Sustainment Command.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Curtiss P-40 Warhawk is an American single-engine, single-seat, all-metal fighter and ground-attack aircraft that first flew in 1938. Although the P-40 was not the best fighter in the arsenal of the U.S. Army Air Corps, it was the most numerous type available during World War II, as it was less expensive to build and maintain than other better performing fighters. A total of 11,998 P-40s were built before production was finally terminated in 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mitsubishi A6M \"Zero\" was a long-range fighter aircraft operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1940 to 1945. The single-seat, low-wing monoplane was armed with two 7.7-millimeter machine guns, two 20-millimetre cannons in its wings and could carry two 132-pound bombs under its wings. When it first appeared, the Zero could outmaneuver every airplane it encountered. The lightweight airplane had extra fuel tanks, enabling it to fly further than similar fighters. The Allies did not field fighters that could defeat it in aerial combat until 1943. Many Zeros were converted to kamikaze craft in the closing months of the war. In all, nearly 10,430 of them were built.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Gaza War, also known as Operation Cast Lead in Israel and as the Gaza Massacre or the Battle of al-Furqan by Palestinians, was a three-week (December 27, 2008–January 18, 2009) armed conflict between Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and Israel. Between 2005 and 2007, Palestinian groups in Gaza fired thousands of rockets into Israel, killing many civilians. Thousands of Palestinians and Israelis were killed in subsequent incidences. On June 19, 2008, an Egyptian-brokered six-month cease-fire went into effect, but violence again erupted in November after Israel launched a military incursion into Gaza. Palestinian casualties during the war were significant and Israel was ultimately victorious militarily, but worldwide public sympathy sided with Palestine. In May 2009, United States President Barrack Obama met separately with Israeli President Shimon Peres and Palestinian president, Mahmoud Abbas, in an effort to negotiate a peaceful resolution. President Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton publicly supported a two-state solution and a cessation of Israeli settlements in the West Bank.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Journal-Constitution (AJC) is the only major daily newspaper in the metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. In 1982, The Atlanta Journal (founded in 1883) combined staff with the Atlanta Constitution (founded in 1868) to become the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Today, it is Atlanta’s only major daily paper.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSaipan is the largest of the Northern Mariana Islands, a U.S. commonwealth in the Western Pacific. The Battle of Saipan was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on the island of Saipan from June 15 to July 9, 1944. The island was strategically important as an airbase from which the U.S. could launch its new long-range B-29 bombers directly at Japan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGuam is an island and an unincorporated territory of the United States in the Pacific Ocean.  It was held by the United States until one day after Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) when it was captured and occupied by the Japanese for two-and-a-half years.  It was recaptured on July 21, 1944, a date commemorated as Liberation Day.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress is a four-engine heavy bomber aircraft developed for the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). From its introduction in 1938, the B-17 evolved through numerous design advances and was primarily employed by the United States Army Air Forces in the strategic bombing campaign of World War II against German industrial and military targets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTorah [Hebrew: teaching] is a general term that covers all Jewish law including the vast mass of teachings recorded in the Talmud and other rabbinical works. A special scribe, known as a sofer, writes the ‘Sefer Torah,’ the sacred scroll on which the first five books of the Bible are written. A sofer [Hebrew: scribe] is the specially trained craftsman who, according to strict standards regarding proper writing and materials, writes the holy texts onto parchment using the traditional form of Hebrew calligraphy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. The war in the Pacific Theater did not end until August 15, 1945, when Japan officially surrendered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Adjusted Service Rating System was the system that the United States Army used at the end of World War II. In September 1944, eight months before Germany’s surrender, the War Department announced that soldiers would be demobilized based on a points system that counted length of service, overseas deployment, combat duty and parenthood. Points were also awarded for each battle served in and each decoration earned. Soldiers with 85 points of more were first in line to head home. Female military personnel needed fewer points.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe USS Maryland (BB-46), also known as \"Old Mary\" or \"Fighting Mary\" to her crewmates, was a Colorado-class battleship commissioned in 1921. She was moored at Pearl Harbor when the Japanese struck on December 7, 1941, but received relatively minor damage. Following repairs and overhaul, Maryland was deployed to the South Pacific in 1942. She took part in operations to capture the Gilbert and Marshall Islands in late 1943 and early 1944 in the pre-invasion bombardments of Tarawa and Kwajalein in late 1943 and early 1944, when she was torpedoed by a Japanese aircraft. After repairs in Pearl Harbor, the battleship returned to action for the Palaus operation in September 1944. During the Leyte invasion in October, she bombarded enemy positions ashore and fired on Japanese warships during the Battle of Surigao Strait. While operating off Leyte in late November, Maryland was damaged by a \"Kamikaze\" suicide plane. Maryland was repaired in time to participate in the Okinawa operation during March and April 1945, was again hit by enemy air attack on April 7, but remained in action for another week. By the time repairs were completed in August, the Pacific War had ended. After spending the last months of 1945 transporting servicemen home from the mid-Pacific, Maryland went to Bremerton, Washington, for inactivation. She was decommissioned in April 1947 and remained in \"mothballs\" until July 1959, when she was sold for scrapping.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFort Indian Gap, also referred to as \"The Gap\" or \"FIG\", is a U.S. Army post located in Lebanon and Dauphin counties, in eastern Pennsylvania, in the United States. When it first opened in 1933, it was used by the National Guard. During World War II, it became an Army training post. When the war ended, it became a separation center for officers and enlisted men returning from overseas mostly from Europe. More than 450,000 men were demobilized here and returned to civilian life. At its peak, the center processed more than 1,000 soldiers per day.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMilton’s wife, Louise Haughton Light (1927-1989), was the daughter of Frances Barnett and Kenneth Haughton.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDunwoody is a city located in DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. It is a northern suburb of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCumming, Georgia is a city in Forsyth County, Georgia, United States, north of Atlanta. It is part of the Atlanta metropolitan area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFreemasonry is a fraternal organization that traces its origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons in the fourteenth century. Masons are members of the organization. The degrees of masonry are Apprentice, Journeyman and Master Mason. The basic local organizational unit of freemasonry is the lodge. There are many different freemason organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. President Roosevelt’s (FDR) legacy regarding the Holocaust remains controversial. Throughout the 1930’s, political leaders with ties to the Jewish community, including New York Governor Herbert Lehman, advised FDR of the growing refugee crisis in Europe. By 1942, after the U.S. had entered the war, information regarding the mass murders of Jews had begun to reach the Allies. In November 1942, the State Department confirmed that the Germans planned to annihilate Europe’s Jews. Eleven Allied governments, including the United States, issued a declaration condemning the atrocities and vowing postwar punishment of the perpetrators. In December 1942, FDR met with prominent figures in the Jewish community, who expressed their horror at the news and provided him with a report on mass murder in specific countries, but the president did not promise any new rescue action. In July 1943, FDR met with a Polish resistance member, Jan Karski, who described what he had witnessed in the Warsaw ghetto. Then, in 1944 the War Refugee Board released a report which detailed the use of gas chambers in the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp. Nevertheless, the United States’ wartime priority remained focused on military victory rather than humanitarian considerations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA seminal moment in the Roosevelt Administration’s response to the Holocaust was a January 16, 1944 meeting at the White House involving the President and Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr. At the meeting, Morgenthau presented a lengthy and blunt report to FDR on what he and other Treasury officials believed to be the State Department’s obstruction of efforts to rescue European Jews. As a result, FDR established the War Refugee Board (WRB) to coordinate governmental and private rescue efforts. The Board is credited with saving at least 200,000 Jews, but critics argue that if FDR had acted earlier, and more boldly, even more lives could have been saved. By the time the WRB released a report in November 1944 written by escapees of the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp, which detailed the use of gas chambers for the mass murder of Jews, the Auschwitz-Birkenau gas chambers had already ceased operations. Yet, some Jewish leaders, the World Jewish Congress, and the WRB pressured the U.S. War Department to bomb the gas chambers. The proposal was denied. There was much uncertainty about the death toll that might be inflicted as well as concerns about how German propaganda might exploit any bombing of the camp's prisoners. The War Department also believed it would divert Allied strategic air forces from vital military targets and argued that the best way to save Jewish lives would be to defeat Nazi Germany as quickly as possible.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLola Borkowska Lansky (1926-1999) and Meyer Lansky (1902-1983; born Meyer Suchowlansky) were Polish survivors who immigrated to the United States and settled in Atlanta. Rubin had a successful career as a real estate owner and manager. Lola co-founded Eternal Life-Hemshech, a membership organization for survivors living in Atlanta, and in 1965 led the campaign to have the Memorial to the Six Million at Greenwood Cemetery, a Holocaust monument erected. Lola and Rubin’s testimonies and papers are housed at the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbraham (Abe) Besser (c.1926- ) was a Polish survivor who immigrated to the United States in 1949 a and settled in Atlanta, where he opened a successful construction company. Abe built Eternal Life-Hemshech’s Memorial to the Six Million at Greenwood Cemetery. Abe and his wife, Marlene Gelernter Besser are also the benefactors of the Besser Holocaust Memorial Garden at the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta. Abe’s testimony is housed at the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDora Gutman Storch (1923-2009) and Marty Storch (1924-2007) were both Polish survivors who immigrated to the United States in 1949 and settled in Atlanta, where they opened a grocery store with Marty’s brother, Jack (also a survivor). Dora and Marty were founding members of Eternal Life-Hemshech. Dora and Marty’s testimonies are housed at the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945. Nagasaki, Japan was bombed on August 9, 1945. Japan sued for peace on August 15, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Normandy landings (codenamed ‘Operation Neptune’) were the landing operations on June 6, 1944 (termed ‘D-Day’) of the Allied invasion of Normandy (known in its entirely as ‘Operation Overlord’) during World War II. It was the largest amphibious landing to that time in history combining land, sea and air elements.  The cost of the Normandy campaign was high on both sides. From D-day through August 21, the Allies landed more than two million men in northern France and suffered more than 226,386 casualties: 72,911 killed/missing and 153,475 wounded. German losses included over 240,000 casualties and 200,000 captured. On D-Day alone, German casualties were estimated at being between 4,000 and 9,000 killed, missing, or wounded. Allied causalities were documented for at least 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed dead.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Iraq War, also called the Second Persian Gulf War, (2003-2011) was a protracted armed conflict in Iraq that consisted of two phases. The first of these was a brief, conventionally fought war in March-April 2003. A United States-led force of troops from the U.S., Great Britain and several other countries invaded Iraq and overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. This was followed by a longer second phase in which the U.S-led occupation of Iraq was opposed by an insurgency. The U.S. began to reduce its military presence in Iraq in 2007 after violence began to decline, but did not formally complete its withdrawal until December 2011.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTom Brokaw (1949-  ) is an American television journalist and author. He is the author of The Greatest Generation (1998) which chronicles the story of D-Day (the Allied invasion of France in June, 1944) through the words and stories of individual men and women. As a result, “the greatest generation” is mentioned often in discussion of American soldiers in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe USO (United Service Organizations) is a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization whose mission is to support American troops and their families with programs and services. During World War II, the USO began a tradition of entertaining the troops that still continues. The USO is not part of the United States government, but is recognized by the Department of Defense, Congress and President of the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a voluntary public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unmarried men ages 18–25 and eventually expanded to ages 17–28. It was one of the earliest New Deal programs, established to relieve unemployment during the Great Depression. Projects included planting trees, building flood barriers, fighting forest fires, and maintaining forest roads and trails. Recruits lived in work camps under a semi-military regime; monthly cash allowances of $30 were supplemented by provision of food, medical care, and other necessities. The CCC, which at its largest employed 500,000 men, provided work for a total of 3,000,000 during its existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAshby Street (named for Civil War General Ashby Turner) is now known as Rev. Dr. Joseph E. Lowery Boulevard. The street is a major north to south thoroughfare west of downtown Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Progressive Club was a Jewish social organization that was established in 1913 by Russian Jews who felt unwelcome at the Standard Club, where German Jews were predominant. At first the club was located in a rented house until a new club was built on Pryor Street including a swimming pool and a gym. In 1940 the club opened a larger facility at 1050 Techwood Drive in Midtown with three swimming pools, tennis and softball. In 1976 the club moved north to 1160 Moore’s Mill Road near Interstate 75. The property was eventually sold as the club faced financial challenges and the Carl E. Sanders Family YMCA at Buckhead opened in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mayfair Club opened in 1938 at 1456 Spring Street in Midtown Atlanta. The two-story club was a focal point of Jewish life in the city for more than 25 years. The club was founded in 1930 and first met at the Biltmore Hotel. Eleanor Roosevelt, Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir, mayors Ivan Allen and William Berry Hartsfield, senators Herman Talmadge and Richard Russell, and Governor Carl Sanders visited the club. Fire destroyed the Mayfair Club on December 4, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. The name seems to have originated in the song “Jump Jim Crow,” a song-and-dance caricature of blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in blackface in 1832. As a result of Rice’s fame, “Jim Crow” became a pejorative expression meaning “Negro” by 1838 and the later segregation laws became known as “Jim Crow” laws. Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the southern states of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly “separate but equal” status for black Americans, although in reality this was not so. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. Private businesses, political parties and unions created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring blacks from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc. In the middle twentieth century, the Supreme Court began to overturn Jim Crow laws on constitutional grounds. Rosa Parks defied the Jim Crow laws when she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, which became a catalyst to the Civil Rights movement. Her actions, and the demonstrations that followed, led to a series of legislative and court decisions that contributed to undermining the Jim Crow system. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended Jim Crow laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Columbians Incorporated were the nation's first neo-Nazi political organization, which arose in Atlanta during the summer of 1946. Describing themselves as a \"patriotic and political\" group, its founders applied for a charter as a nonprofit organization from the state, which they received in August 1946. The group pursued a campaign of intimidation against the city's minorities, patrolling those neighborhoods most vulnerable to racial transition, and threatening with violence those residents who dared cross the city's \"color line.\" Although they attracted some support from Atlanta's working-class whites, the Columbians were uniformly condemned by the city's press and targeted for arrest by its political establishment. After two incidents in October 1946 involving violence and demonstrating by members of the group, elected officials, members of the press, and local ministers all condemned the organization as a public menace requiring immediate attention. In November, state officials moved to revoke the group's charter. By summer 1947, the group had dissolved, following the conviction of its leaders on charges of usurping police power and inciting to riot. Although the Columbians' existence may have been brief, their appearance nonetheless dramatized the racial tensions that characterized the postwar South. George Bright, one of the men tried in the 1958 bombing of the Temple in Atlanta had once belonged to the Columbians.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America (also referred to as the ‘Jewish War Veterans,’ or the ‘JWV’) is an American Jewish veterans' organization, and the oldest veterans group in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Or VeShalom was established by refugees of the Ottoman Empire, namely from Turkey and the Isle of Rhodes.  The Sephardic/Traditional congregation began in 1920 and was based at Central and Woodward Avenues until 1948 when it moved to a larger building on North Highland Road.  The current building for Or VeShalom is on North Druid Hills Road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA sisterhood refers to a group of women in a synagogue congregation who join together to offer social, cultural, educational, and volunteer service opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSandra is referring to the extended Galanti family that immigrated to Atlanta from Turkey in the early twentieth century. The family are long-time members of Congregation Or VeShalom and includes many successful business owners. Milton’s oldest sister, Sylvia (1918-2010) married Ralph Galanti (1909-1970), who owned Economy Delicatessen on Auburn Avenue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa and the Middle East and their descendants. The adjective “Sephardic” and corresponding nouns Sephardi (singular) and Sephardim (plural) are derived from the Hebrew word ‘Sepharad,’ which refers to Spain.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAshkenazi Jews (also known as Ashkenazic Jews or, by using the Hebrew plural suffix -im, Ashkenazim) are the Jews of Central and Eastern Europe and their descendants.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Joseph Cohen (1896-1985) received his training for the rabbinate in Turkey and accepted his first pulpit in Havana, Cuba in 1920, where he was spiritual leader of the Congregation Union Hebraic de Cuba. In 1934, he moved to Atlanta, Georgia, and was installed as Rabbi of Congregation Or VeShalom three days after his arrival. In addition to his rabbinical duties, he served as the teacher and principal of Or VeShalom's Hebrew school. Rabbi Cohen was also active at the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education, the Adult Institute of Jewish Studies, the Atlanta Jewish Federation, and was the first president of the Atlanta Rabbinical Association. Rabbi Cohen retired in 1969 and died in 1985.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Robert Ichay (1929-2012) led Or VeShalom for 33 years. Upon retirement in 2002, he was named Rabbi Emeritus. While leading Or VeShalom, Rabbi Ichay helped grow the congregation to more than 500 families, up from less than 200. He also helped lead the congregation into a new building in 1971, less than two years after he arrived in 1969. He was born in Tunisia and educated in England and Zimbabwe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstelle and Arthur Light operated ArtLite, an office supply store on Piedmont Avenue that was in business from 1964 until 2019. for more than 45 years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMilton seems to be referring to the Honor Flight Network. The Honor Flight Network is a non-profit organization that organizes and brings World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam War veterans from all over the country to Washington D.C. Veterans are taken on an all-expense paid trip to tour the memorials which honor their service.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMilton is referring to the Great Recession, an economic downturn that devastated financial markets as well as the banking and real estate industries. The crisis led to increases in mortgage foreclosures and caused millions of people to lose their savings, jobs and homes. Although its effects were global in nature, it originated in the United States in December 2007 and continued through the summer of 2009.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/annotation_set/506/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDalton is a city in northwest Georgia, United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=2340.0,2370.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/index/47913","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Milton Light [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/index/47913/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Introduction, family, enrollment in Air Corps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754#t=0.0,323.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/40919/file/112754/index/47913/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I would like to begin by asking you a little bit about your background, where you were born, your parents’ names and how you got to Atlanta.  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