{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/vq2s46ht3s/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Friedman, Karl (2012)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2012-01-18 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta","Alabama Jewish History Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eKarl Friedman was interviewed with Sol Kimerling by Sandra Berman on January 18, 2002 in Birmingham, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eKarl discusses his family and their origins in Hungary and Germany and their arrival in Birmingham, Alabama in 1918.  He reflects on the respect and admiration his mother, Sidney (Sid) Stein Friedman, held in the Jewish and general community and how she transmitted her egalitarian and activism values to her children—himself, Maxine (Micky) Rubenstein and Elaine Royal—who all carried them out into the community as well.  He remembers his family’s struggle during the Great Depression.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKarl remembers his neighborhood and the black neighborhood that was right behind his house, which was a very poor area.  He recalls segregation and being raised by a black woman named ‘Aggie,’ who the whole family loved.  He also talks about experiencing antisemitism in his youth, education and later in his adult life.  He remembers to Ku Klux Klan and their role and activities in the community and the interaction of Jews with the Klan as well as the impact of the White Citizens’ Council and the National States’ Rights Party.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKarl describes where he was and how he learned that Pearl Harbor had happened and how he and, by extension, much of the country felt angry and wanted to “go get” the Japanese.  He speaks about joining the armed forces and becoming a fighter pilot, flying P-47 Thunderbolts.  He recalls his training and war time travels in the United States, during which time he was assigned to the Judge Advocate General’s Corps (JAG), and consequently became interested in the law.  He discusses enrolling in law school at University of Alabama—Tuscaloosa after the war, graduating in 1948.  He recalls the early years of his law firm, remembering how he caused a stir in the firm by hiring a young black woman to work in the office and later hiring a black attorney, J. Mason Davis, Jr., a first in the Birmingham legal community. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKarl recalls how the Jewish community organized behind the scenes to help during the Civil Rights Movement, the important rabbis including Rabbi Milton Grafman, and other members of the community such as Eugene Zeidman, Max Kimerling, Alex Rittenbaum, Dora Roth, Abe Berkowitz, and some of the other major players in those turbulent times, including Martin Luther King, Jr., Fred Shuttlesworth, George Wallace and Bull Connor, who he described as “a dumbbell,” but who was not antisemitic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKarl remembers his courtship of his wife, Gladys Cohen, and their marriage in 1948. He details his community service in the Jewish community—including the Levite Jewish Community Center, Temple Beth-El, the Anti-Defamation League, and United Jewish Appeal—and other civic organizations in the general community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKarl also recalls in detail his role in the Civil Rights movement including his relationship with Martin Luther King, Jr., the attempts by the Jewish community and others to integrate peacefully, the Children’s March in which he was instrumental in getting the children out of jail and the incident of the 19 Northern rabbis who came to Birmingham to “witness” and the return of Rabbi Richard Rubenstein a decade later, when he apologized to the Birmingham Jewish community for his behavior.  He also recalls his legal work on behalf of the black community including the difficulties and obstacles involved setting up a national bank together with black business and professional men, which ultimately came to involve the Attorney General of the United States, Robert F. Kennedy.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28340"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Karl Friedman (personal name)","Gladys Cohen Friedman (personal name)","Max Friedman (personal name)","Sidney 'Sid' Stein Friedman (personal name)","Elaine Friedman Royal (personal name)","Maxine Joy Friedman Rubenstein (personal name)","Karl B. Friedman (personal name)","Ben Roth (personal name)","Dora Roth (personal name)","Sol Kimerling (personal name)","Rita Kimerling (personal name)","Max Kimerling (personal name)","Eugene Zeidman (personal name)","Rabbi Milton Grafman (personal name)","Rabbi Morris Newfield (personal name)","Rabbi Abraham J. Mesch (personal name)","Rabbi Hillel Silverman (personal name)","Rabbi Richard Rubenstein (personal name)","Abe Berkowitz (personal name)","Arthur Shores (personal name)","Helen Shores Lee (personal name)","J. Mason Davis, Jr. (personal name)","Martin Luther King, Jr. (personal name)","Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth (personal name)","James Head (personal name)","Eugene \"Bull\" Connor (personal name)","George Wallace (personal name)","Leon Aland (personal name)","Colonel William S. Pritchard (personal name)","United States Attorney General Robert \"Bobby\" Kennedy (personal name)","Sylvan Laufman (personal name)","Autherine Juanita Lucy (personal name)","President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (personal name)","President Harry Truman (personal name)","Young Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA) (corporate name)","United States Air Force (corporate name)","Lakeview School (corporate name)","University of Alabama (corporate name)","University of Alabama-Birmingham (UAB) (corporate name)","Birmingham Jewish Federation (corporate name)","Levite Jewish Community Center (JCC) (corporate name)","Temple Beth-El (corporate name)","Temple Emanu-El (corporate name)","United Jewish Appeal (corporate name)","Anti-Defamation League (ADL) (corporate name)","White Citizens' Council (corporate name)","First National Bank (corporate name)","Liberty National Life Insurance Company (corporate name)","Steiner Brothers Bank (corporate name)","A. G. Gaston Motel (corporate name)","Jewish Community Centers Association of North America (corporate name)","United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (corporate name)","Kappa Nu Fraternity (corporate name)","Chabad (corporate name)","United Service Organization (USO) (corporate name)","Birmingham, Alabama (geographic term)","Tuscaloosa, Alabama (geographic term)","Little Rock, Arkansas (geographic term)","Welfare Island (Roosevelt Island), New York (geographic term)","Hungary (geographic term)","Pearl Harbor (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Fighter Pilot (topical term)","Tuskegee Airmen (topical term)","The Greatest Generation (topical term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","Equality (topical term)","Racism (topical term)","Segregation (topical term)","Poverty (topical term)","Ku Klux Klan (KKK) (topical term)","Racial Issues (topical term)","Civil Rights Movement (topical term)","Birmingham Children's March (topical term)","Boycott (topical term)","Northern Rabbis (topical term)","Civil Rights Leaders (topical term)","Little Rock Nine (topical term)","Jewish Community (topical term)","Zionism (topical term)","Great Depression (topical term)","Law School (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eKarl Friedman was interviewed with Sol Kimerling by Sandra Berman on January 18, 2002 in Birmingham, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKarl discusses his family and their origins in Hungary and Germany and their arrival in Birmingham, Alabama in 1918.  He reflects on the respect and admiration his mother, Sidney (Sid) Stein Friedman, held in the Jewish and general community and how she transmitted her egalitarian and activism values to her children—himself, Maxine (Micky) Rubenstein and Elaine Royal—who all carried them out into the community as well.  He remembers his family’s struggle during the Great Depression.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKarl remembers his neighborhood and the black neighborhood that was right behind his house, which was a very poor area.  He recalls segregation and being raised by a black woman named ‘Aggie,’ who the whole family loved.  He also talks about experiencing antisemitism in his youth, education and later in his adult life.  He remembers to Ku Klux Klan and their role and activities in the community and the interaction of Jews with the Klan as well as the impact of the White Citizens’ Council and the National States’ Rights Party.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKarl describes where he was and how he learned that Pearl Harbor had happened and how he and, by extension, much of the country felt angry and wanted to “go get” the Japanese.  He speaks about joining the armed forces and becoming a fighter pilot, flying P-47 Thunderbolts.  He recalls his training and war time travels in the United States, during which time he was assigned to the Judge Advocate General’s Corps (JAG), and consequently became interested in the law.  He discusses enrolling in law school at University of Alabama—Tuscaloosa after the war, graduating in 1948.  He recalls the early years of his law firm, remembering how he caused a stir in the firm by hiring a young black woman to work in the office and later hiring a black attorney, J. Mason Davis, Jr., a first in the Birmingham legal community. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKarl recalls how the Jewish community organized behind the scenes to help during the Civil Rights Movement, the important rabbis including Rabbi Milton Grafman, and other members of the community such as Eugene Zeidman, Max Kimerling, Alex Rittenbaum, Dora Roth, Abe Berkowitz, and some of the other major players in those turbulent times, including Martin Luther King, Jr., Fred Shuttlesworth, George Wallace and Bull Connor, who he described as “a dumbbell,” but who was not antisemitic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKarl remembers his courtship of his wife, Gladys Cohen, and their marriage in 1948. He details his community service in the Jewish community—including the Levite Jewish Community Center, Temple Beth-El, the Anti-Defamation League, and United Jewish Appeal—and other civic organizations in the general community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKarl also recalls in detail his role in the Civil Rights movement including his relationship with Martin Luther King, Jr., the attempts by the Jewish community and others to integrate peacefully, the Children’s March in which he was instrumental in getting the children out of jail and the incident of the 19 Northern rabbis who came to Birmingham to “witness” and the return of Rabbi Richard Rubenstein a decade later, when he apologized to the Birmingham Jewish community for his behavior.  He also recalls his legal work on behalf of the black community including the difficulties and obstacles involved setting up a national bank together with black business and professional men, which ultimately came to involve the Attorney General of the United States, Robert F. Kennedy.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/689/small/Karl_Friedman_2.png?1619297724","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Friedman_Karl_2012.mp4"]},"duration":5500.699,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/689/small/Karl_Friedman_2.png?1619297724","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/103/689/original/Friedman_Karl_2012.mp4?1608903486","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5500.699,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Friedman, Karl [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is January 18, 2012. I'm in Birmingham, Alabama with Mr. Karl\nFriedman, who has agreed to participate in the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral\nHistory Project of the William Breman Jewish Heritage and Holocaust Museum. My\nname is Sandra Berman, the archivist with the Museum. I'm really thrilled to\nhave this opportunity to speak with you and have you participate in our project.\nI'd like to begin by asking you a little bit about your own background and your\nfamily's background . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when they arrived in Birmingham and why?\n\nFRIEDMAN: My name is Karl . . . 'B' stands for 'Bernard' . . . Friedman. There\nwere seven of us . . . grandsons of the same grandfather. My father had an\ninteresting background. He was very religious, very Orthodox. His father was a\nsocialist in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary when he was young, and pretty much at odds with everyone\naround him. He had a wife and seven children. His wife died, his father married\nmy grandmother. They had seven children. My father, Max was the third from the\nbottom of the second litter. He was in the service in Missouri ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when he met my\nmother. On my mother's side, her father was a very Reform Rabbi. He was\noccupying an executive position in the administration of New York. He conducted\nservices in a home that was built for him and a chapel on Welfare Island in the\nmiddle of the East River. They met each other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Missouri. My mother was\nallegedly 18 years old. There was a question about some adjustment in her age\nbecause when my grandfather brought the family over here, there were some\nrestrictions on admission and what you had to do and what age. She adopted 1900.\nI think she might have been a couple of years older than that. She was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rebellious. She didn't like her family's background. They were very rich, very\nself-centered and egotistical . . . unpleasant people. Felt they were better\nthan everybody else. My mother ran away from home as a little girl twice, so my\ngrandfather decided to come to America. My parents met in Missouri, and they\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married in 1918. My father had a couple of jobs. He was a printer and an\nengraver. He was invited to come to Birmingham because we had a growing Jewish\ncommunity center . . . A gentleman by the name of Ben Roth asked my father to\ncome down here, got him a job with Roberts \u0026 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sons. He was also an athletic\ndirector at the YMHA. So that put him in Birmingham. We lived in a little house\non Cotton Avenue, which is on the north side of Elmwood Cemetery. We didn't have\nlights in the house . . . had oil lamps. We didn't have electricity. We did have\ninside ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plumbing. Myself and my older sister were born on the kitchen table in\nthat little house by a midwife, who was a friend of my mother's. I have another\nsister, Micky, who is younger and she was born in a hospital. My family moved\nfrom there to the Southside of Birmingham, not far from here, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adjacent to St.\nVincent's Hospital. That's when my mother had her first opportunity to bloom.\nShe took up so many controversial points that she was conspicuous to Jews and\nnon-Jews alike. She coordinated with the bishop of this diocese in interfaith\nwork. She treated black people just as they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were equal to everybody else. If I\nhad a birthday party, she invited black children. Some of the neighbors wouldn't\nhave their children come to my birthday party because it had black children. Our\nfamily life was open to a myriad of different people. There was an Indian chief.\nHe was a dentist. He would come to our house and bring paraphernalia and things\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk to the children sitting around in the street. We had a gentleman who\nwas gay. We knew it and we didn't care. My mother didn't care. We had a black\npriest that came for Sunday dinner. We had people from the arts. Mother had\nfriends who were in New York, were on radio and in movies. So we had substantial\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exposure to real life instead of life that was trained by parents alone. That\ncreated the style of life that my sisters and I have done . . .\n\nBERMAN: Can I ask you before we continue, to tell me your parents' names?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Max M. Friedman. My mother was Sidney Stein ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Friedman.\n\nBERMAN: When your grandfather emigrated from Hungary, do you know approximately\nthe year?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I can tell you that. My father was three years old. He was born in\n1890. So in 1893 he came to America.\n\nBERMAN: Was that because of what was going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on . . .\n\nFRIEDMAN: That section of the world was already congealed against Jewish people.\nSome overtly, some not. My mother's family determined to stay because they were\nthe best of the Jews, so they went to the ovens. My father's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people came over,\nand enjoyed the benefits of being American. I started becoming a lawyer 65 years\nago and I'm . . . active still. I'm the senior of this law firm and one of the\nfounders. I've had a successful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"career. I was a fighter pilot. When I came home,\nwent to law school and finished it, some older friends sort of grabbed me up to\ndo community work. My family was very poor during the Depression and there were\ntimes we couldn't buy food. But we had a grocer, who was kind enough to extend\ncredit. I'm sure he was getting credit from his suppliers, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too. We managed to\nsurvive, but my father died at 52. I was left to take care of my younger sister,\nwho is 12 years younger than I am. I had a lifetime commitment to raise her and\nshe's a superstar in this community. That's someone you need to interview, too.\n\nBERMAN: What's her name?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Maxine Joy Friedman ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rubenstein. I'm happy. I was married for 62 years\nto a wonderful lady who I had chased for eight years before she said yes. So I\nspent all of my life except for the last a couple of years with Gladys. She was\nan extremely bright scholar, Phi Beta Kappa, things like that. She was of a\nstrong ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"character. Honesty was so important to her. But we had, what I would\nconsider, an ideal marriage. It lasted until the end, which was very, very hard\non both of us. That was the last shaping of my life. It's much better, much\ndifferent these days. I'm over a bout the depression that I've had. I still take\nmedicine for that. I'm not well because I've ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got various things wrong, all of\nwhich the doctor tells me are old age, except one. I've got a real bad back.\nI've had a surgery that was only modestly successful. Today I have a good\nfriend. We spend a lot of time together. We've known each other for 50 years.\nShe was without a husband and I was without a wife. So she and I enjoy each\nother's companion. Is that enough?\n\nBERMAN: No, I've got lots of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"questions for you!\n\nFRIEDMAN: Fire away.\n\nBERMAN: I want to get back to growing up. Your mother was a real community\nworker and organizer. What got her in . . .\n\nFRIEDMAN: She was President of the PTA and room mother. She was a stamp lady. I\ndon't know if you know what that is.\n\nBERMAN: I do know what that is.\n\nFRIEDMAN: Do you? She was conscripted and had a desk and a chair at Lakeview\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"School where we went to school. When you wanted to get a restricted item, you\nhad to go there and make an application. My mother would approve it or\ndisapprove it. You couldn't get meat. This was the war years. You couldn't get\ntires, you couldn't get an automobile. You could only get a limited amount of\nsugar and butter. She had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the respect of everybody in the neighborhood. She was\na mover and shaker. She formed a Jewish committee of Jewish war veterans . . .\nwives and daughters, and had a network going all over the Southeast, mostly from\nBirmingham to Tuscaloosa and nearby, which we went to entertain soldiers and\nbring ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"games. She was very gregarious and that was infectious. If you ever ask\nanybody who is old as I am, they will know who 'Aunt Sid' was.\n\nBERMAN: You mentioned that when you were little, she did something very\nunorthodox by inviting the black children to your birthday parties . . .\n\nFRIEDMAN: Very unusual . . . unacceptable to most people.\n\nBERMAN: How did that shape ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you?\n\nFRIEDMAN: We lived in a neighborhood on a paved street. Behind us was a ghetto,\nworse than anything you ever saw in India or Mexico. Just horrible. It was full\nof problems. Wives and husbands mixed around with each other and had children\nout of wedlock. They lived in little huts ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with no electricity, no internal\nplumbing. They had outhouses. That really rankled my mother. She wanted to do\nthings about it. We never had a direct attack from the Ku Klux Klan, but\neverything she stood for, the Klan hated. The Klan was very active here then.\nStill is to a certain extent, but those who call themselves 'Klansmen' today ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are\nweird, usually violent. Back then, they were aristocrats. If you were going to\nrun for public offices and you didn't have the backing of the Klan, you didn't\nhave a chance. In fact, more than once, I saw the Klan come on horses into this\nneighborhood to get into that black ghetto to punish someone or kidnap somebody.\nThey bombed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a dairy that was on the Southside on 7th Avenue . . . because they\nhad black employees. That shaped my mother, who in turn shaped us. We are a\nfamily of equals. We don't think we are better than anybody else.\n\nBERMAN: Sol mentioned to me that you became involved in the Civil Rights\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Movement. I'd like you to expand on that and tell me about those years. What was\nit like here in Birmingham . . . in the 1950's and early 1960's?\n\nFRIEDMAN: It emanated from the fact that I was willing . . . I was drafted,\nalong with other people, to replace the ancient leadership of all of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our Jewish\norganizations. At Temple Beth-El there were 10 or 12 old guys who had been\nrunning it for 50 years. A very bright man named Max Hurvich decided it was the\ntime for a change and he picked one dozen of us and put us on the Board of\nDirectors. It changed. I became visible in 1964, front and back. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was president\nof Temple Beth-El for two years, president of the Jewish Community Center for\nfour years, chairman for the Federation's drive and president of what is now\nknown as the Birmingham Jewish Federation . . . it was called the 'United Jewish\nAppeal' then. I was the vice-president of the Zionist district. Some of his\nfamily was very active in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionism too. When we began to have concern about the\nstrife that was coming to us . . . I would say that we in the South knew and\nunderstood everything. Some liked the status quo . . . most liked the status quo\n. . . some didn't. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first involvement I had with this was at the Jewish\nCommunity Center. We had a restriction where we wouldn't have anyone but Jewish\npeople. We never specifically said we wouldn't have black people, but we would\nnot have approved any. I led that group to change those facilities, because the\nleadership ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our community were already alerted to the potential of\nantisemitism as a part of this racial strife. So there was a committee formed .\n. . Jewish Community Relations. Sol's wife, Rita, was actually the scrivener who\ndrafted the document. We met at my home . . . several people . . . we drafted a\ndocument to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help coordinate. They selected me as the president, which put in the\nforefront. I don't claim primacy . . . there were several Jewish people who were\nactively involved. But the community decided that these black-white issues\nshould not be mixed up with antisemitism because the black people were entitled\nto succeed on their own. There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were maybe half a dozen, maybe ten of us who\noutreached. I happened to be one of those. Many of the events descended to me\nbecause I was either president or chairmen or involved. If it's important I can\nname the half a dozen that were on the front line.\n\nBERMAN: I would love that.\n\nFRIEDMAN: There was Emil Hess, who was the president ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a very successful retail\nclothing store named 'Parisian.' There was Dora Roth, who was the head of our\nBirmingham Jewish Federation, then the United Jewish Appeal. Max Kimerling . . .\nfather . . . Alex Rittenbaum, who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"co-owned an installment selling company that\nhad people out on the road selling stuff. Rabbi Grafman of course . . . that's a\nhistory on to itself. Eugene Zeidman, who was a successful lawyer, who had a\nspeech impediment. But he prevailed in everything he did. Everything that I was\nmixed up in he was there, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too. People didn't give him the full appreciation that\nthey gave me and others. I liked him, some people didn't. Maybe some other names\nwill come to me. But that's probably the core.\n\nBERMAN: What were some of your activities?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I happened to have black ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clients. There were . . . I'm going to say\nfor these purposes . . . no black lawyers. There was a gentleman, Arthur Shores.\nThat's a whole history. You could learn so much about civil rights, if you would\ninterview his daughter, Helen Shores Lee. She is a senior judge here in\nBirmingham, in our district. She is preparing a biography about her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father. I've\nhad a lot to do with that . . . supplying information. There were a few white\npeople who were very visible . . . pro and con. I represented a gentleman by the\nname of James Head. He was 105 when he died last year. I represented him for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"55\nyears. He stood up to be counted. He had a business that sold furniture to\nlibraries. He went all over the state taking similar-minded people, going to\nlibraries, to mayors, persuading them to come out and deal with this thing\nbefore we had a war. Jim invited me to all the meetings that he went to . . .\nsome in people's homes. We had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one or two meetings in my home. I had a nice play\nroom in the basement of the house. Ten or 15 people could be comfortable there.\nWhenever we met, there was a police car parked in our front yards to protect the\npeople who were there. This will divert a little bit, but in 1964, that was when\nI went to Israel for the first time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While I was gone someone came to my house.\nMy front yard was 100 feet wide and eight feet tall. Someone with a can of a\nwomen's hairspray painted \"nigger lover\" in big eight-foot- high letters.\nObviously that disturbed the neighborhood, but my brother-in-law came forth and\nhad the yard replaced. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"marked me as a target. There were people who would\ncall our law firm and ask if Arthur Shores was there . . . things like that . .\n. called my home and used vile language with my daughters answering. There was a\nnightclub here, it was owned by a lawyer . . . I'll think of his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name in a\nminute . . . that was a headquarters for people who were anti-Semitic. The FBI\ncame into that situation and exposed it. I was part of that. I went to three or\nfour meetings with Martin Luther King. He was a gentleman in every respect. He\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"firm and decisive, and sometimes unreasonable. But he is entitled to be the\nnumber one person recognized in dealing with the war . . . not the law, but with\nthe war that we had.\n\nBERMAN: When you went to these meetings, what was the agenda? What was the\npurpose of the meeting? What were you hoping to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do?\n\nFRIEDMAN: To characterize . . . the Jewish group had decided not to be visible,\nbut we raised money. An attorney by the name of Abe Berkowitz, who has left his\nmark on our community for sure, at a meeting of the Jewish country club . . . at\nthe end of the annual meeting he made a talk about how we were going to attack\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"situation. He put his hat on the table and he said, \"Take the money out of\nyour pockets and put it in here and we'll start.\" We raised $600. That's nothing\ntoday. But $600 was a lot of money from a few people. Then the Jewish community\nfunded several of the different pieces of the litigation. We provided local\nrepresentation, but not in the courts. We didn't get into the courts. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll take\nthat back. One . . . the Anti-Defamation League . . . I was state chairman. The\nWhite Citizens' Council had replaced the Klan . . . very anti-Semitic, very\nanti-black. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They applied for a permit in a little city called Fairfield, which\nabuts Birmingham. They wanted to have a meeting in the park, a rally. Fairfield\nrefused it to them, though they had allowed other people to do that. The\nAnti-Defamation League asked me to represent them, and require that the city\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grant that permit, or quit granting to everybody. I think I filed a lawsuit. I\nprepared one and distributed it. But they caved. A lot of people said, \"Why did\nyou do that?\" I said, \"Because that's what Jewish people are supposed to do.\"\nI'm really strongly committed to the First Amendment. Getting back to Martin\nLuther King, he wasn't good for his promise. He had his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own agenda, and most\nblack people didn't know what his agenda was until something happened. He made\nan attack on the department stores, which I think was justified. In none of the\ndepartment stores, all of which were all Jewish-owned, were there black\nsalespeople, black executives . . . none in the banks, none in the insurance\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"companies. That was the focal point. They decided to boycott the stores. They\ndid, and there was a battle. Actually some overt things happened. Then the\ndepartment store people and our committee got together to decide how to cope\nwith it. Rabbi Grafman was signally important in this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"effort. The department\nstores were in a quandary, because all of their business came from Birmingham.\nIf they hired black people, white people wouldn't trade with them. That was the\nmood of the time. On the next ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occasion, we met with Martin Luther King and\nseveral of his people . . . none of which were Birmingham people. Arthur Shores,\nI've told you, was the only black lawyer. There was one other one in the state.\nDon't forget to let me tell you about Mason Davis, who I hired, if I get back to\nit. We made a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deal with him. If he would stay out of Birmingham for 30 days, we\nwould get solved with the department stores. We would present something to him.\nHe said he'd wait. We began to do things, meet . . . and began hiring people. It\nwas very difficult for the department stores. He didn't wait, however. The local\npeople, at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his insistence, gathered all the children from the public schools and\nhad a parade in downtown Birmingham. Bull Connor, then one of three\ncommissioners, he was in charge of law enforcement. He arrested 450 or 500\nchildren for truancy, which is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a violation of our law, probably is in every\nstate. They had those 400 or 500 children in a big yard on 6th Avenue South\nwhere the city jail was. They were outside. They had on the clothes they had.\nThey didn't have food, they didn't have anything. It was a terrible strife at\nthat time. Parents would go to the fence and hand them something and the police\nwould run them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away. They were prisoners, and docketed cases . . . each case\nfiled against each child in a police court. Gene Zeidman and I went to a\ngentleman, who was local president of a major bonding . . . insurance company.\nThe name will come to me soon too. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agreed with us to sign bonds to get all\nthose children out. Mr. Zeidman and I together and many others, our net worth\nwas not sufficient to make those bonds. So when Bull Connor learned of what we\nwere doing, making the bonds, he ordered the children released to their parents\nor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guardians. That was the end temporarily of that issue, but it damaged the\nconfidence we had in dealing with King because he just didn't do what he said he\nwas going to do. He did the right things, but it was not part of a coordinated\neffort. I know you know the story of the 19 rabbis. Shall I repeat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that?\n\nBERMAN: Yes, I would like to hear it from your perspective. But before we get\ninto that, tell me about your relationship with Bull Conner. How well did you\nknow him?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Bull Conner was a dumbbell. He was a member of the Klan. He wasn't\neven smart. His job . . . before television, he was a radio announcer that\nreported the goings on of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"professional baseball teams . . . and our local team,\nthe Birmingham Barons. Once we had a Negro team here, too. Another whole story.\nHe ran for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office and he became police commissioner. He was a focal point.\nEverything that was adversarial he created, like stopping the buses and\narresting the people who were sitting in and things like that. But the truth is,\nhe didn't have any problem with Jewish people. It was all a racial issue. The\nWhite Citizens' Council published a newspaper, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was full of antisemitism\nand racial things, and put them in slots all over town in stores and so forth .\n. . and had a few violent things. Hess and I went to visit Bull Connor in his\noffice. We told him about that and that it was hurting some of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his citizens. He\ntotally violated his own law. But he sent some group out there to their office\nby Fair Park. One weekend they went with some trucks, tore open the house, took\nall the presses, all the supplies and everything . . . took them away and left\njust a complete vacant house. That was the end of the White Citizens' Council\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here. I will tell you that the White Citizens' Council was extremely active\noutside of Birmingham. In all the little towns where there was a Jewish store or\ntwo Jewish stores . . . in those communities they were golf players together,\nthey had country clubs together, melded with each other. They stirred up the\nquestion of whether ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were part of that community or something else. Our\nCouncil was joined by . . . it was better than having strife and isolating you.\nAnd they did. Back to Bull Connor and Abe Berkowitz. That was a clash of\ncultures. Abe, and members of his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"firm, initiated litigation to change the city\nof Birmingham's formal government . . . instead of three commissioners they had\nmembers of the City Council and a President. The immediate change of the\ngovernment disposed of the three commissioners. They had to be physically\nejected. They wouldn't leave City ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hall.\n\nBERMAN: What happened to Bull Connor?\n\nFRIEDMAN: The next thing that happened to him was noteworthy. He had a\ngirlfriend in a hotel in downtown Birmingham and got caught. Some people were\ndisappointed in that. He fell from grace. Nobody cared about him. He didn't live\nthat much longer after that either. He did certainly left his mark. He was the\nfocus point.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tell me about Rabbi Grafman. What kind of a man was he?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I knew him from the day he arrived. Temple Emanu-El had had a great\nrabbi, Morris Newfield. He was nationally acclaimed. He was as anti-Zionist as\nany person I ever knew. He was peerless--undoubtedly the favorite rabbi in the\nState of Alabama. He spoke for the State of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alabama. He dominated. He outlived\nhis term. Temple Emanu-El had a series of knuckleheads that came in and out and\nin and out until they found Grafman. That was a ridiculous thing for Temple\nEmanu-El . . . some of the things that happened. This is a diversion. The rabbi\nat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Temple Emanu-El performed a wedding service in which a dog brought the ring\ndown. That was the things that were happening.\n\nBERMAN: So then Rabbi Grafman came.\n\nFRIEDMAN: He was heavily committed to Zionism. He had brought it into the\nsynagogue, and there was a rebellion. Some of the people were still of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that\nGermanic origin, that they were superior to everybody else. About two dozen\nfamilies left to form their own synagogue. They only lasted a year or so because\nthey couldn't have the money to run one. Most of them returned, but some of them\nnever did go back . . . one or two of them are still living today that never\nwent back. I had an aunt . . . a detestable ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person. I had no regard or respect\nfor her. I had to finance her life for the last ten years of her life because\nshe was my mother's sister. I don't know how these little things creep in.\n\nBERMAN: That's what makes a great interview.\n\nFRIEDMAN: Okay, back on track.\n\nBERMAN: Grafman . . . what you thought of him as a man and as a community leader.\n\nFRIEDMAN: He was a great rabbi, a great ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"speaker. He mis-stepped to begin with.\nHe recommended that we do things gradually. We'll do this this year, and we'll\ndo this next year. He laid out a program for maybe five years of how all these\ndifferences would be settled. Nobody liked that. It was rejected. It gave him a\nbad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name because it looked like he was not fully supportive of the Movement. But\nit was fleeting. He became a hero. One of the first things he did . . . there\nwas a Minister's Council here . . . it still exists . . . rabbis, Christian\nrepresentatives . . . he got blacks put on there. He was . . . I did mention him\nas one of the stellar superstars. He was all through ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. He was always the\nfirst one that someone went to for information. He had a trove of memorabilia,\nletters and articles and so forth. After he left, Temple Emanu-El stored them in\nthe basement. Rain got into the basement and destroyed a lot of it. But a\nportion of it had been sent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Grafman's son, and that's still available I\nguess. There was never a time when Grafman was unwilling to be up front. He\nhelped to persuade people of all colors and means to change their attitude.\n\nBERMAN: How did he approach it? Through town meetings, through ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"speeches?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No, we didn't have that. One of the approaches was there is a bullet\nhole in front of my house. I've told you about this before I think.\n\nBERMAN: No, no.\n\nFRIEDMAN: The hole is still there. If I ever have to sell the house while I'm\nliving, I'm going to take that window with me. There was a lot of violence. Some\nof the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"violence consisted of driving through black neighborhoods, where there\nwere prominent black people, and bombing their houses or setting them on fire .\n. . obviously, the White Citizens' Council or Klansmen. We formed, what we\ncalled the 'Vigilantes' . . . all black people, about 12 or 15 men. They began\nto patrol these neighborhoods ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with bats and guns. They quit raiding those neighborhoods.\n\nBERMAN: Was Rabbi Grafman the one who suggested some of these?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Let me characterize it. He was the spokesman, the number one \"go to\"\nfor Jews, for blacks and whites, anyone who wanted to come ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the arena . . .\nGrafman was daily involved. Then they had the letter from the jail that, of\ncourse, has received a lot of publicity.\n\nBERMAN: How was he received by the congregation? Were they happy that he was\ntaking . . . ?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Once they cleaned up the mess at Temple Emanu-El, the community was\n100 percent behind him. We had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonderful, very competent, skilled educator as\na rabbi for whom I had no affection until I became the President of the Temple.\nBut he was not an overt person. He was not a focal point.\n\nBERMAN: Who was this?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Abraham J. Mesch . . . He didn't know how to deal with children was\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problem. I can't say I told him how to be with children, but I told him how\nchildren grew up. I guess the best characterization of Grafman is that he was\nour chief white representative. I had a client, a black man, who owned a\nconstruction company that was in the process of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"building a church, had just\nfinished one and was building another one. The banks closed him out. The banks\nwere notorious about not having blacks or Jews. I'll divert a minute. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had two\nJewish businessmen, who were not warriors but were strong sympathizers of what\nwe were doing. There was a gentleman named Louis Meer. Mrs. Meer is Sol's aunt.\nIs that correct Sol?\n\nKIMERLING: Yes.\n\nFRIEDMAN: I remained her lawyer even after she lived in Israel for so many\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years. There was a Bernard Louis. Those were in the business of supplying\nbuilding materials. They helped my client through the end of his construction.\nThen he left Birmingham. He got an appointment in Appalachia, in one of the\nfederal welfare programs. That was done all over, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that white people just\nwouldn't accept black people. One of our committees dealt with the problem about\nno Jews and blacks in the banks and insurance companies. I'll think of the name\nof the committee or the arm of the committee. We had . . . most of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our committee\nwent to the heads of the banks, particularly the ones where Jewish people did\nbusiness and raised that issue. First National Bank, which was a dominant bank\nin the State of Alabama, hired someone . . . a Jewish fellow. We went to Liberty\nNational Life Insurance Company, which was a budding company here with a great\ninsurance . . . that has grown substantially. They hired ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some. We went every\nplace to get . . . Executive Suite was the name of the group that we represented\n. . . part of the committee.\n\nBERMAN: What was the incident when your house was fired upon?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I think it was just generalized. There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were physical attacks, there\nwere angry telephone calls and threats. They came from that business that I told\nyou that the lawyer owned. There was general fear, not complacency in the Jewish\ncommunity. We are much better organized now we know how to deal with things. We\nlearned some of it back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then.\n\nBERMAN: Were you home . . . did they just drive by the house . . .\n\nFRIEDMAN: . . . shot. One bullet only.\n\nBERMAN: Were you home?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I don't think so. I just woke up one day and found it. Probably at night.\n\nBERMAN: You mentioned the fear that was throughout the community. Can you\ndescribe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the whole atmosphere was like?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Jewish people, like other white people, were not uncomfortable about\nthe separation of the races. They had black employees, maids ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and servants and\nchauffeurs and things like that, but they just didn't accept black people. Part\nof that was justified. Black people for the most part were not physically clean.\nThey were lazy. If you got a black worker, you had to be lucky to get a good\none. But the superiority existed in all of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us . . . We did not take the\ninitiative to make things better, comfortable. They didn't realize the exposure\nthat they had . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". it was quite some time before there was a sufficient\nawareness. The rabbis were speaking about it, some great community citizens were\nspeaking about it. But everything that was violent was either downtown or in\nblack neighborhoods. There was not much going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on in Mountain Brook where I\nlived. It could have been neighbors that were not in sympathy with what I was\ndoing. I guess a lot of people wanted to give money, but didn't want to get\ninvolved. I think it was wise that we didn't have a broad statement from the\nJewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community.\n\nBERMAN: Because of the fine line that the Jews had to walk?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: How did the community . . . I've heard this story from a number of\ndifferent people, but from your respective when the 19 rabbis came down . . .\n\nFRIEDMAN: Hold that just a minute. When I was a young beginning lawyer, I had\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three partners who did not like the administrative part of the business. So\nbefore I was a full partner, I was the managing partner. They dumped on me. One\ntime I hired an employee. I used to go in the firm early in the morning and make\n50 cups . . . a pot for the ladies to have. The ladies who would go every hour\nor so and get some coffee and schmooze ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around a little bit, which was\ninefficient from my standpoint. I hired a young black girl. She was a very good\nstudent. She didn't have a job before this. She had just graduated from high\nschool. I hired her to come to work and I gave her several menial tasks, one of\nwhich was to do the coffee in the morning. Girls who wanted coffee at their desk\ncould call her and she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would bring it. She delivered . . . once the receptionist\nhad divided the mail she delivered the mail to the lawyer's offices. I didn't\nsay anything to any employee except my three partners. When she came to work,\nshe hadn't been there an hour before a delegation of white secretaries came in\nto see me. They asked me about it. I said, \"She's smart, well-educated and a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice-looking lady. I think she'll make a good employee.\" Their concern was . . .\none of them said, \"Is she going to use our bathroom?\" I said, \"Yes.\" They left\nand never did anything about it. Some years later . . . there had not been a\nblack lawyer in a white firm in 100 years. I fell in love with one. His name is\nMason Davis . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down the hall here. We hired Mason and he came with us. It\nshocked the community--a black lawyer. They knew who Mason Davis was, but they\nhad a place where Mason Davis ought to be. He's been very successful. He's\nbrought an image to our law firm that you wouldn't believe. Of course, now that\nis historical fact that doesn't apply any more. If you don't hire black people\nthese days, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're going to get into trouble with the law. I tried to form a\nnational bank when George Wallace was governor. There were several national\nbanks already here but there hadn't been one in the last 100 years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The banks\ndidn't want them either. They didn't want the competition. I had seven black\nmen, three of whom were personal clients . . . seven blacks and three whites. We\nknew that we would not get a state charter, so we had to go for a federal\ncharter. We started jumping through all the hoops. We put up the money and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything. We kept getting delayed. We decided . . . it was forceful that the\nbanks were applying pressure to the Comptroller of the Currency . . . anyway we\nweren't getting any place. The last big stumbling block before we had a chance\nwas to find a location. We had to have a location. There is a family here named\n'Aland,' very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"distinguished people . . . some still live here. They owned 'New\nIdeal,' which was one of the stores that had been under attack. It also had been\nin bankruptcy and came out. Mr. Leon Aland was the senior member of that family\nof that generation . . . parents were dead. The Alands owned two-thirds interest\nin a piece of property in a corporation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other third was owned by a\nprominent industrialist here. Mr. Aland had been running the business for years.\nWe negotiated a lease. It was a good lease for us . . . he had an empty store so\nhe liked it, too. Soon after it became known because we filed to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"show that we\nhad it . . . sent a copy of the lease . . . this industrialist, and his wicked\nlawyer, named Colonel William S. Pritchard . . . he was overtly anti-Semitic,\nvery much racially-oriented . . . and he was proud of it. He took his client\ndown to Mr. Aland, and said, \"You can't do that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're going to ruin things for\nus. You're going to help black people get into things they've got no business\nin.\" Mr. Aland stood his ground until Colonel Pritchard threatened him with a\nboycott. He said, \"Mr. Aland, we ain't having no niggers on 19th Street.\" Mr.\nAland said, \"Get out of my store.\" He called me. I said, \"I guess we should have\nanticipated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that.\" He said, \"They can go to hell as far as I'm concerned.\" I\nsaid, \"Tell you what do. Since you're the head of your family . . . there are\nfive of you . . . you need to be sure that they are satisfied for you to take\nthis risk.\" He said, \"I'll talk to them tonight.\" He called me the next morning\nand said, \"You were just right, they are scared to death. They don't want to\nlose any face or anything like that. They weren't ready to join the effort.\" I\nsaid, \"You tear up your copy and I'll tear up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mine.\" We later . . . there was a\n. . . Steiner Brothers Bank. That was an old business, one of the oldest\nbusinesses in the city. Steiner is obviously Jewish from an ancient family of\ncommunity leaders. They had built out a new bank in the middle of downtown\nBirmingham on 3rd Avenue or 2nd Avenue . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We entered the same type of lease\nwith him. He was young banker . . . the son . . . the oldest of the next\ngeneration. They went to see him. He said, \"I'm sorry I can't do anything. I\nalready signed the document. You should have told me before.\" We had that, but\nstill couldn't get out charter. We were going to consider folding the house and\nrunning. So we met in my office . . . in my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office we already had speaker\nphones. We were ahead of the curve. We had a meeting of guys and we outlined\nwhere we were. I said, \"We've got two choices. Stand and fight, or take and\ndivide up our money . . . what's left . . . and wave goodbye.\" Arthur Shores,\nwho one of the black men, said, \"Give me one more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chance.\" He called a telephone\nnumber, which was the desk of the Attorney General, Bobby Kennedy . . . not the\nJustice Department, but to Mr. Kennedy's office and got him on the phone like\nthat. He started telling him the problem. He said, \"Mr. Friedman is our lawyer .\n. . he'll outline it to you.\" I told him the whole story that we were getting\nblocked by them. He said, \"Mr. Friedman, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where can I contact you tomorrow?\" I\nsaid, \"This is my telephone number.\" I didn't get a call from him tomorrow, but\nI got a call from Mr. Teedy, who was a Deputy Comptroller of the Currency in\nMemphis. He said, \"We are ready to have another meeting with you. When can you\nbe available?\" I said, \"Now, if you want to get in the car.\" We agreed on a day\nthree or four . . . He came down and asked the same question he asked before,\nmade a few comments, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then he wished us well. A week later we were in\nbusiness. The business was not successful because black people wouldn't even\nsupport it. There weren't many wealthy black people, but they didn't come\nhelping us with our national bank. We sold it and made a nice profit. That's the\nstory of the time that just the way things were.\n\nBERMAN: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want to go back a little bit and talk about your perspective from when\nthe 19 rabbis came down to Birmingham.\n\nFRIEDMAN: My perspective is absolutely the truth. Day by day, hour by hour, I\nwas right in the middle of it. Anybody that tells you something different than\nwhat I'm telling you, they may have wishes, but I'm telling you facts. There was\na good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friend of mine, a client . . . I have lots of good friends who are\nclients because my clients become my friends permanently. Sylvan Laufman was a\nmerchant in Bessemer, Alabama. That's ten miles from here. He was in New York on\na buying trip and he called me in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evening. He said, \"There has just been a\nnews release about some rabbis coming to Birmingham.\" I said, \"What more do you\nknow?\" He said, \"They said they left at 11 o'clock and how many . . . \" We\nresearched and found out what plane comes out of New York that was going to be\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here. I put the committee together and we went out to the airport. Sure enough\nthere were the rabbis. Some looked like rabbis; some looked like bums, very\narrogant. At that time, the parking deck was not attached to the airport. There\nwas a street to cross to get to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. We were standing right there in the middle\nof that street as they came out. We tried to intercept them. Some of them were\ncourteous; some of them pushed us aside. We said, \"Just sit with us and let us\ntell you what the situation is. You may be able to do a valuable service.\" Then\nwe had some nasty remarks: \"We were just Southerners . . . we weren't your kind\nof Jews,\" and stuff like that. It was really angry. But we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did persuade two or\nthree of them to come back to my office where we had a conference room where we\ncould all sit down and talk. There was one infamous rabbi . . . because I didn't\nwant to forget his name I wrote it down on a pad over there . . . Richard\nRubenstein. He was the Executive Director of Hillel at Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh\nwas Rabbi Grafman's alma ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mater. Rubenstein was the biggest agitator. We\npersuaded these people to send to each synagogue a speaker. They did, they came\nand spoke. But they wouldn't get exposed to the facts that we knew. We already\nhad some avenues. It was an angry situation. They determined that we were\nnincompoops and they were scholars. They were going to do it their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way. They\ndid. They had a march without a permit, and got arrested and put in jail. We got\nthem out. The next night was Shabbos so that's when they spoke to us. But they\nalso checked into the hotel . . . A.G. Gaston Motel, the only black hotel/motel\nin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"town. That's where some of our meetings with Martin Luther King were. They\nstayed in the community, and their hotel was bombed. Next door to the hotel was\na large lot for mobile home sales. They got damaged, the side of the building\nwas blown ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in. None of them were injured because they just weren't there. Since\nthen, Rabbi Rubenstein came back on a speaking lecture tour for the Jewish\nCommunity Centers. Some of the old timers said, \"It's your turn now.\" We were\nprimed to really lay it on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. He was introduced . . . he started off with an\napology . . . he said, \"We were young, we were foolish\" . . . all that kind . .\n. he took away all purpose of what I was about to stream roller him with. They\nwere ill-advised, but they had a noble purpose--to help the underdogs. They\nsaid, \"We are witnesses.\" Originally 'witnesses' meant Christian people. But\nthey were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'witnesses'; that had come to 'witness' in Birmingham.\n\nBERMAN: I think Sol wanted to interject . . .\n\nKIMERLING: I can verify that because I introduced Rabbi Rubenstein at the Jewish\nCommunity Center as part of our speaking tour. The first thing he would do is to\napologize . . . especially to Karl and to Rabbi Grafman.\n\nBERMAN: Do you remember what year he came back?\n\nKIMERLING: I don't know.\n\nBERMAN: In this decade? In the Eighties?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No.\n\nKIMERLING: After he had written his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"book . . . something about \"Is there a God?\"\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes. Right.\n\nKIMERLING: That's what he came to speak on. It was in that period of time. He\ndefinitely came and apologized in front of the community.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think that . . .\n\nFRIEDMAN: These young people were part of the rabbinical committee . . . is that\nthe right word 'committee,' Sol? . . . of the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Synagogue. In my opinion,\nthat's a worthless organization. Not just because of that, but many occasions\nwhen they could have helped us in Birmingham, they hurt us . . . about which\nrabbis could come here, how big were we, they had to have this rabbi, when you\nfired a rabbi what you had to . . . it was aggravating . . . still is . . . can\nyou tell? I met ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another one in an interesting way. When I was introduced to\nRabbi Hillel Silverman, he told me \"You don't know me but I was in Birmingham.\"\nHe at one time was the rabbi for Ruby who killed . . . Oswald. We talked a\nlittle bit . . . then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my great niece was being bat mitzvahed. He had children\nthat, in 1964, went with Gladys and myself to Israel. It was a son and a\ndaughter-in-law. He had authored ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a siddur that had his name on it or something\nlike that. A delightful couple. He and I talked about that, too. We didn't get\ninto the nitty gritty because it wasn't a good arena to be in . . . in his\nsynagogue and for a bat mitzvah. I don't think that the seniors of the\nrabbinical assembly acted wisely . . . but they encouraged them, \"Light a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fire .\n. . here you are, you can be a soldier for G-d.\" They weren't. Anyone who tries\nto soften that to you is misleading you.\n\nBERMAN: How many days did they actually stay?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Three. Three days. They did enough damage in three days for three years.\n\nBERMAN: Before we leave civil rights, is there any other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anecdotal incidents,\nanything with Martin Luther King, anything with any of the other high profile\ncivil rights leaders or anybody else in the community that . . .\n\nFRIEDMAN: Most of the black leaders are dead. There was not complete harmony\namong the black leaders either. They had different views. Shuttlesworth, who has\nbeen honored . . . about whom a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"book was written . . . I'd say he was famous,\nbut he was the most cantankerous individual I've ever dealt with. We sat around\nthe table and we agreed on a thing: we're going to do this Friday night, and\nwe're going to do this Sunday morning. He went and did his thing. He was part of\nthe group . . . but he did something different. Of course, he got his home fired\nup twice, but he was a non-conformist. Sometimes he was more of an\nobstructionist than he was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"helper.\n\nBERMAN: How did the Jewish community as a whole stand on the integration of the schools?\n\nFRIEDMAN: We were avidly in support of that. When I was in law school, there\nwere no black students in the University in Alabama . . . or any university,\nexcept black. One day between ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"classes . . . you'd have a class at 10:00 and one\nat 11:00, then you wouldn't have one until 1:00 . . . there was a vestry\ndownstairs where you'd gather, get a soft drink, sit down, talk, play bridge,\nwhatever it was. I was . . . standing with about five or six guys that I felt\nall of them were my good friends. We studied together and so forth. The question\ncame up about a black student applying for law school. Everybody was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saying\nnegative things. I said . . . two of the guys were George and John Huddleston .\n. . George became a congressman. His brother was the most avid against that. I\nsaid, \"It doesn't make sense . . . if the guy is as smart as you are, if the\nguy's got the same education and he's got all the credentials, there is no\nreason why he shouldn't come in.\" John Huddleston pointed to me and said, \"That\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"says what you people are.\" They crawled all over him. They were my friends, but\nfor him to say, \"Jewish people were just that way.\" It was quite a shock, but it\nwas standard. I didn't have an active role in the Autherine Lucy case. But by\nthe time that became public, people had chosen clearly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the sides, that you were\neither for blacks or you were not for black being in public schools. There was a\ngreat exodus from Birmingham of people who were financially able to move over\nthe mountain and build a house . . . like a flood of people moving out of\nBirmingham. I don't think that we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rose as a group to combat that because we knew\nwhat was coming anyway. There already had Little Rock. They gave us a chance to\nshowcase our governor. They shot him too late.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just one final question about Rabbi Grafman . . . did he sermonize on\nthe relationship between Jews and social justice?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Absolutely.\n\nKIMERLING: Always.\n\nFRIEDMAN: He was in the forefront of that. But our rabbi was too . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Mesch.\n\nBERMAN: Do you remember any . . . ?\n\nFRIEDMAN: He wrote letters to the editor, he was interviewed . . . all that kind\nof stuff. He was a sterling star.\n\nBERMAN: How long was he rabbi at Emanu-El? Do you remember his tenure . . . how\nmany years he was there?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Eighteen or 20 years or something like that. But they had a string of\ndodos between Rabbi Newfield and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Grafman. We had them in Temple Beth-El\ntoo did we, Sol?\n\nKIMERLING: You're right.\n\nBERMAN: Did you know George Wallace?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes, I was in law school with him.\n\nBERMAN: What was he like as a young man?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Smart, clever, warm, friendly.\n\nBERMAN: Did you ever suspect he would be in that kind of spotlight?\n\nFRIEDMAN: He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ran for governor and lost. He didn't get the black vote. Not that\nit was significant. It wasn't significant then. He laid out a program of hate\nand he ran on the superiority of white people. He was very critical of black\npeople. He did things for white ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, like where a highway was supposed to be,\nhe put it where white people were. We had a hard time . . . the federal\ngovernment caused us to have highways where black people were. But smart.\n\nBERMAN: Did you ever have a conversation about any of this with him?\n\nFRIEDMAN: After law school, I had very few contacts with him but I had some . .\n. but that was not a moment for me to talk. For ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"example, we have a friend, whose\ndaughter was rear-ended by an 18-wheeler. She was entering the highway in\nAlbuquerque. She was in a coma. There was a question whether they should keep\nher alive or not. But anyway she began to recover and she was in the hospital\nhere at UAB . . . at the same time, he was shot and he was recovering there.\nThey were communicating with each other. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before that, they didn't have a way to\nget her back here because the usual airplane situation doesn't accommodate\nsomeone with all the tubes. He sent an Alabama State Guard plane to bring her\nback, which was appreciated by all who knew the Staff ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family. They were in the\nhospital together. When she got out of the hospital I hired her just to give her\na job in the firm, doing little things like Maple was . . . She got a call from\nhim at least once a month at the office. They would call her and say, \"The\nGovernor's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"calling.\" She would talk to the Governor. I'm sure he had a prompt to\ndo it, so I've got to give him a plus on that. But that doesn't rise him up even\nto evil. He was the worst.\n\nBERMAN: I want to go back a little bit earlier to World War ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"II. Since you were a\nfighter pilot, I'd like you to talk about your wartime service if you don't\nmind. Did you enlist or were you drafted?\n\nFRIEDMAN: You would have to know the atmosphere, everybody was so angry, we were\navid, \"They can't do that to us. We're the United States. We are going to do\nsomething about it.\" Fifteen of us in the Kappa Nu ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fraternity in Tuscaloosa\nsaid, \"We are going to enlist.\" Part of this is personal. We all did. When I\nwent up there I wasn't tall enough and I didn't weigh enough to be eligible. I\nwas furious because I was the only one who was that small. Sol will tell you . .\n. when you're small you see the world from a different view. I said, \"When can I\ntake it again?\" He said, \"Whenever you want ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to.\" I went back home to the\nfraternity. . . I had a friend you had elevator shoes. I got his shoes. I ate\nseven bananas and drank a quart of milk. I came back over there and they knew,\nthey laughed, they didn't weigh me or anything. They just let me in. I went\nthrough basic training and then I got into the Air Force, by fortunate event. We\nwere not mixed ever in the service . . . blacks and white . . . there were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just\nnot mixed. In World War II they were not mixed. It wasn't until Truman came that\nyou had amalgamation. But we knew about the fighter pilots, the Tuskegee . . . ?\n\nBERMAN: Tuskegee Airmen.\n\nFRIEDMAN: We knew about that but it was an anomaly.\n\nBERMAN: Where were you when you heard about Pearl Harbor? Do you remember exactly?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes, I sure do. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were sitting Kappa Nu fraternity. I was sitting\nnext to Wallace Cohen, who is a dear friend of mine and his . . . incidentally\nhe's moved to the Somerby now and he's doing a little better. I never knew where\nPearl Harbor was. It didn't have a resonance with us . . . with anybody else\neither. Then it came out in and Roosevelt made his presentation and declaration\nof war. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"papers were full of it and pictures, and all that kind of stuff. I\nam probably more patriotic than most people you know. I think my government is\nright, even when they're wrong. I'm blind about that, and people laugh at me\nabout it. But it had a personal sense of urgency to me to get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even. Of course, I\nwas young and not mature. I didn't know anything about war except what my father\ntold me about World War I. I would say that there was a high level of enthusiasm\nby Jewish people and by everybody to get in the service. There were a lot of\npeople that had legitimate excuses. There were conscientious objectors who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never\nmet the test of what I would consider conscientious. There was a lot of that,\ntoo. Then there were problems . . . if they had with little children, whether\nthey were going to be drafted or not. There were a lot of politics about getting\nyou into this service or that.\n\nBERMAN: So were you in the European theatre or the Pacific?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I was in the United States. When we got in and got trained, things\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already backing up. We were winning in Europe. They quit making pilots . .\n. kept training us. We were prepared to go to Ipswich in England, which was a\nfighter base. We had all kinds of shots . . . but we never got over.\n\nBERMAN: You talked about patriotism. Do you feel that, like Tom Brokaw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said,\nthat your generation was the \"greatest generation\"? That your generation was\nmore patriotic than today's generation?\n\nFRIEDMAN: No, I didn't live in World War I, so I don't know what the mood was of\npeople then. In both of these wars, we were late in getting in. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We sang the\nStar-Spangled Banner . . . Pledge of Allegiance. We were trained that way. But\nif you ask me if it was the \"greatest generation\" . . . the greatest I've ever\nknown or read about. There was a great strong government commitment in doing\nthings . . . in every city and every hamlet had a USO place for soldiers to come\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get what they needed.\n\nKIMERLING: There is a whole history of Jewish community, the young women going\nto the camps around here and entertaining the soldiers and having dances with\nthem . . . and then coming to the YMHA in Birmingham for events.\n\nBERMAN: If you would describe yourself using a few adjectives, which ones would\ncome ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first? American? Southerner? Jewish?\n\nFRIEDMAN: First, I'm lucky. I'm the luckiest guy you've ever interviewed. I had\nall my troubles when I was too young to realize it was troubles. I really love\nbeing Jewish. I'm not very observant, but I believe in who we are and what we\ndo. I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"proud when I see statements from others about the goodness of Jewish\npeople. I'm happy to be lucky, and I'm thrilled to be Jewish. All my friends\nknow that I'm not a practicing Jewish person like all of us would like to be. I\ndon't care about 'Southern.' I don't like the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"designation. I'm proud to be\nAmerican. I'm not proud about the Civil War. We still have some nuts that\nbelieve that they should have won. I think it's despicable. But we got traces of\nit. Right now when we talk about \"them,\" \"them\" is New York, or Washington.\n\nBERMAN: How do you feel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about Birmingham? The direction it's moving? Do you\nthink it's positive?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Yes. More literate, more involved. We have some problems . . . some of\nthem are of a bad historical reputation. We know we're not going to outlive the\ncivil rights situation. It's in the history books. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can't consistently select\ngood people for our representatives. Part of that is that a lot of people are\nunwilling to expose themselves to the animosity and the anger that is raised\nwith every election. I know people who are already committed to 'anybody but\nthis president.' They prejudge everything. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I couldn't ever say that I'm proud to\nbe a Southerner. It is just where I happen to live. There's no pride due to be there.\n\nBERMAN: That's interesting because I don't get that response that often.\nRegionalism for a lot of people has played a very important part in their . . .\n\nFRIEDMAN: I love Alabama and I love Birmingham. But are at the bottom the pole\nwith respect and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"admiration, we're just not there. I wish I could say that there\nwas some kind of great surge going forward, but it's not. It's creeping. It's\nbetter than it was. We're well fixed for bringing in business. We do a good job\nof that. Every governor has been committed to that . . . the committees, too.\nNow they are sending a lot of people going to Europe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to enlarge our relationship\nthere. Let me tell you this. The other night there was a community affair here\nfor the Jewish day school. They had an auction to buy things. I bought a little\ntrinket. It was a beautifully little hand-made menorah in colorful . . . made by\na child, of clay. I bought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it and turned it over, it said, \"Made in China.\" But\nwe do have an active community trying to get people to buy Jewish products and\nshop in Jewish stores. We have some aggression going on there. We publicized the\nfact that you can get kosher food here. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grocery stores would help us by giving\ndiscounts or coupons for synagogue activities.\n\nBERMAN: One of the funniest things I've heard in doing these interviews in\nBirmingham was about the kosher butcher who wasn't really kosher. Do you\nremember that incident?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I know who he was. He got ostracized.\n\nBERMAN: How was he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discovered?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I don't know that. But I know when. It was all over the Temple in a\nday or two. His family was not notorious for wholesomeness.\n\nBERMAN: So is there a kosher butcher here today?\n\nKIMERLING: No.\n\nBERMAN: Where does the kosher food come from? Atlanta?\n\nFRIEDMAN: Atlanta and Chicago. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Families get together and order a truck load of\nstuff. But there is a kosher restaurant that just opened up a month ago. All of\nus hope that it is successful. They catered this program that night, and they\ndidn't make a good face for themselves. I've eaten there and it takes an\nadjustment. I hope it succeeds. We have kosher-style places now.\n\nKIMERLING: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disagree with Karl. I hope it fails.\n\nBERMAN: Is it that bad?\n\nKIMERLING: Well, no. But it was sponsored by Chabad. I have no interest in this\nChabad succeeding any more so in Birmingham or elsewhere. He's for community no\nmatter who they are. I do sometimes draw my lines. He's a better citizen.\n\nFRIEDMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that some of the things that Chabad does . . . in particular\nthe ones in Israel are ridiculous. I think they're evil.\n\nKIMERLING: Yes.\n\nFRIEDMAN: But I was responsible for them coming here.\n\nKIMERLING: I know. One of our disagreements.\n\nFRIEDMAN: I believe that every segment of Judaism, including people who are\natheistic Jews, has a place in the community.\n\nKIMERLING: I don't disagree with that. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agree with you.\n\nFRIEDMAN: The Haredi in Israel are ruining my image of Judaism I'll tell you that.\n\nKIMERLING: They are ruining . . .\n\nBERMAN: They ruining a lot of our images. I have one more question. Growing up,\nliving here all your life, how important has community been to you . . . your\nJewish community?\n\nFRIEDMAN: I would guess after my family, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was probably next. I've been\nfortunate to be successful as a lawyer, spent the multitude of my years here.\nI'm proud of the community. I love it here. I would never leave. We have our\nfaults, but there is no person or no program that's faultless. I'm happy where I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/transcript/21477/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"am.\n\nBERMAN: On that note, we can conclude. You're my best interviewee in a long time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5490.0,5520.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA division within Judaism especially in North America and Western Europe.  Historically it began in the nineteenth century.   In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture.   While the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah and women rabbis), music is allowed in the services and most of the service is in English. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWelfare Island (now known as ‘Roosevelt Island’) is a narrow island in New York City’s East River.  It lies between Manhattan to the west and Queens on Long Island to its east.  In the nineteenth century the island housed several hospitals, including a mental institution, and a prison.  In the twentieth century the island became a residential areas and is now served by a bridge. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRoberts \u0026amp; Sons Printing and Binding Company.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Young Men’s Hebrew Association was set up in various cities of the United States for the mental, moral, social and physical improvement of Jewish young men.  The first YMHA was started in New York in 1874 and spread across the country in the following years.  They still exist today and are more like social clubs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Southside community is situated on the slopes of Red Mountain, just south of the central business district.  It is one of the oldest residential neighborhoods and is home to the University of Alabama—Birmingham and its adjacent hospitals.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930’s or early 1940’s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhi Beta Kappa is the oldest honor society for the liberal arts and sciences in the United States, with 284 active chapters.  It was founded in 1776 at College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia.  The symbol of Phi Beta Kappa is a golden key engraved with the image of a pointing finger, three stars, and the Greek letters from which the society takes its name.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Parent Teacher Association (PTA) is a national organization with affiliations in local schools throughout the United States composed of parents, teachers and staff, and devoted to the educational success of children and the promotion of parent involvement in schools.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, ration coupon books and tokens were issued dictating how much of product could be bought. Rationing often includes food and other necessities for which there is a shortage, including materials needed for the war effort such as rubber tires, leather shoes, clothing, and gasoline.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn American idiom used to refer to business and civic leaders and those who have made great accomplishment.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or Knights of the Ku Klux Klan today) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-black secret society, whose methods included terrorism and murder.  It was founded in the South in the 1860’s and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920’s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960’s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past it members dressed up in white robes and a pointed hat designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Southside community is situated on the slopes of Red Mountain, just south of the central business district.  It is one of the oldest residential neighborhoods and is home to the University of Alabama—Birmingham and its adjacent hospitals.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Beth-El was founded in 1907 and was originally on the Northside of Birmingham and was affiliated with Orthodox Judaism.  Today it is affiliated with Conservative Judaism. The current sanctuary was built in 1926 on Highland Avenue on the Southside.  Its current rabbi is Rabbi Randall Konigsburg.  (2016)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere are Jewish federations in most major cities. Their function is to fundraise for the Jewish community centrally and disperse it throughout the Jewish community (locally, nationally and internationally) rather than each Jewish institution trying to raise money individually.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Jewish Appeal (UJA) was a Jewish philanthropic umbrella organization that collected and distributed funds to Jewish organizations in their community and around the country.  UJA existed from 1939 until it was folded into the United Jewish Communities, which was formed from the 1999 merger of United Jewish Appeal (UJA), Council of Jewish Federations and United Israel Appeal, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Levite Jewish Community Center began as the Young Men’s Hebrew Association (YMHA) and was founded in 1887. It was a center for the Eastern European Jews of the Northside. Throughout the years, it served as a meeting spot for all sorts of Jewish organizations and was the site of many social events. In the 1950’s, it became the ‘Levite Jewish Community Center,’ and moved to $1,000,000 complex on Montclair Road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Parisian Dry Goods and Millinery Company was founded in 1877 by two sisters, Estella and Bertha Sommers, in downtown Birmingham. The Parisian department store chain spread throughout Alabama and the Southeast, eventually reaching as far north as Michigan. The Proffitt's Inc. department store chain bought the Parisian franchise in the 1990’s and sold it in 2006 to Belk's Inc., which discontinued the Parisian brand. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMilton Louis Grafman (1907-1995) was an American rabbi who led Temple Emanu-El in Birmingham, Alabama from 1941 until his retirement in 1975.  He then served as Rabbi Emeritus from 1975 until his death in 1995. He was one of eight local clergy members who signed a public statement entitled “A Call for Unity,” criticizing the Birmingham Campaign, to which Martin Luther King, Jr. responded in his “Letter from Birmingham Jail.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHelen Shores Lee became a judge in Jefferson County in January 2003. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe lawyer who owned the nightclub was Monsoud Zanaty.  He was an emissary of an Araba state, and he ad Abe Berkowitz shared office space.  Mr. Zanaty, annually, purchased Israel bonds.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs an intelligence-driven and a threat-focused national security organization with both intelligence and law enforcement responsibilities, the mission of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners.  The FBI focuses on threats that challenge the foundations of American society or involve dangers too large or complex for any local or state authority to handle alone.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) is best known for his role as a leader in the Civil Rights Movement and the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs.  A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career.  He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, in 1962, and organized nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that attracted national attention following television news coverage of the brutal police response. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous \"I Have a Dream\" speech.  On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence.  In 1965, he and the SCLC helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches and the following year, he took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing.  King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many United States’ cities.  King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal.  Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, and as a United States federal holiday in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ADL was founded in October 1913 by the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith, a Jewish service organization in the United States. It is an international Jewish non-governmental organization based in the United States. Describing itself as \"the nation's premier civil rights/human relations agency,\" the ADL states that it \"fights anti-Semitism and all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals and protects civil rights for all,\" doing so through \"information, education, legislation, and advocacy.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhite Citizens’ Council (WCC) was an American white supremacist organization formed on July 11, 1954.  After 1956, it was known as the Citizens’ Councils of America.  It had about 60,000 members, mostly in the South, and was opposed to racial integration during the 1950’s and 1960’s when it retaliated with economic boycotts and strong intimidation against black activists, including depriving them of jobs.  By the 1970’s its influence had faded.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe First Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances.  It was adopted on December 15 1791 as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArthur Shores (1904-1996) was a black American civil rights attorney.  He began his legal career in 1937 and was the attorney before the United States Supreme Court in Lucy v. Adams to prevent the University of Alabama from denying admission to Autherine Lucy solely based on race or color.  He also campaigned to integrate Birmingham’s public schools.  His home was fire-bombed on August 20 and September 4 in retaliation for black parents registering their children at white school.  During the 1960’s, he became the first black member of the Birmingham City Council.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJ. Mason Davis, Jr. (1935-   ) is currently a member of the Sirote law firm in Birmingham. He began his legal career in 1960 and was hired by Sirote and Permutt in 1984.   He has had a long career representing clients in business, antitrust, securities and production liability litigation.  He has also served the wider Birmingham community ably in the area of civil rights and community leadership and taught law at the University of Alabama School of Law.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTheophilus Eugene “Bull” Connor (1897-1973) was the Commissioner of Public Safety for the city of Birmingham, Alabama, during the years of the Civil Rights Movement.  His office gave him the responsibility for administrative oversight of the Birmingham Fire Department and the Birmingham Police Department.  Through his covert actions to enforce radical segregation and deny civil rights to African-American citizens, he became an international symbol of bigotry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Birmingham Children’s March was a three-day protest march by hundreds of school students from May 2 to 5, 1963.  It was organized by Reverend James Bevel.  The children were supposed to walk downtown and talk to the mayor about segregation.  In the course of the protest hundreds of children skipped school and tried to walk downtown, during which time they were arrested, set free, and then arrested again the next day resulting in many hundreds of children being held in the city jail, where the facilities were not adequate.  The marches were stopped by the head of police Bull Connor, who brought fire hoses to ward off the children and set police dogs after the them.  Footage and photographs of the violent crackdown circulated throughout the nation and the world, causing an outcry.  On May 10 an agreement was reached and city leaders agreed to desegregate businesses and free all who had been jailed during the demonstration. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Birmingham Barons are a minor league baseball team based in Birmingham, Alabama.  They were established in 1885 and originally named the ‘Coal Barons.’ \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Birmingham Black Barons played in the Negro National Leagues from 1920 to 1960 when the Major Leagues were successfully integrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis group was not the White Citizens’ Council but the National States’ Rights Party, which was a far right, white supremacist party.  It was founded in 1958 in Knoxville, Tennessee and was based on antisemitism, racism and opposition to racial integration with black people.  Party officials argued for states’ rights against the advance of the Civil Rights Movement.  The national chairman was J.B. Stoner, who served three years in prison for bombing the Bethel Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. The party moved to Birmingham and its members wore white shirts, black pants and tie and an armband bearing the thunderbolt version of the Wolfsangel (the double lightning bolt symbol worn by the SS). The party produced a newspaper, Thunderbolt.  In 1958, the party was linked to the men who participated in the bombing of the Temple in Atlanta. They even ran candidates in the 1960 presidential election. The party declined in the 1970’s as its chief ideologue Edward Fields began to devote more energy to the Ku Klux Klan.  hen Stoner went to jail in the 1980’s the party disbanded.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBirmingham had a form of government that consisted of a three-person commission.  In 1963 the three commissioners were Eugene (Bull Connor), Art Hanes and J.T. “Jabo” Waggoner, Sr. (all staunch segregationists).  The November 1962 called for a referendum to change the form of government from a commission to a mayor and a nine-member city council.  The referendum passed and was followed by an election for mayor and city council members who took their oaths of office on April 15, 1963. However, the commissioners did not go quietly.  They filed a legal challenge to the election and refused to leave City Hall.  For a while there were two parallel governments and Bull Connor remained in control of the city’s police and fire departments.  On April 23 the Alabama Supreme Court ruled against Connor, Hanes and Waggoner and they left City Hall.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Emanu-El is a Reform Jewish congregation. The community first held Rosh Ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur celebrations in 1881. Before the synagogue was built, the community met at the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Land for the synagogue was purchased in 1884 and the building was inaugurated in 1889.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Morris Newfield was rabbi of Temple Emanu-El in Birmingham, Alabama from 1895 to his death in 1940.  He was a prominent religious, interfaith, social leader and social reformer for the entire community. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism, broadly defined in the modern era as the opposition to the ethno-nationalist and political movement of Jews and Jewish culture that supports the establishment of a Jewish states as a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890’s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed.  The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e In 1890 B’nai Israel split off from Temple Emanu-El when several members founding Rabbi Maurice Eisenberg’s approach far too traditional.  The split was very short lived when the leadership changes and they reunited with Temple Emanu-El.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’ is an open letter written on April 16, 1963 by Martin Luther King, Jr. from the Birmingham jail.  King had been arrested on April 12 after marching in Birmingham in defiance of a court order banning the same.  An ally smuggled a newspaper into King which contained a statement by eight white clergymen who spoke against King and his methods.  The letter provoked King and he wrote a response that defended the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. It said that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than wait potentially forever for justice to come through the courts.  The letter was widely published and became an important text for the American Civil Rights Movement during the early 1960’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Abraham Mesch was the spiritual leader of Temple Beth-El in Birmingham, Alabama, from 1934 until his death in December 1962.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Appalachia’ is a term used to describe a cultural region in the eastern United States that stretches from the southern New York state to northern Alabama, Mississippi, and Georgia.  While endowed with abundant natural resources Appalachia has long been associated with and struggle with poverty.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMountain Brook is a city and suburb of Birmingham, Alabama.  It extends along the ridges known as ‘Red Mountain’ and ‘Shades Mountain.’ \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Corley Wallace, Jr. (1919-1998) was an American politician and the 45th Governor of Alabama, having served two nonconsecutive terms and two consecutive terms as a Democrat: 1963–1967, 1971–1979 and 1983–1987. He made unsuccessful runs for president in 1964 and 1968. He is remembered for his segregationist attitudes during the mid-twentieth century period of the civil rights movement. He tried to stop desegregation in schools by physically standing in the way of black students at several universities in 1963.  Federal marshals and the Alabama National Guard under federal command forced him to step aside.  He later renounced these views at the end of his life.  A 1972 assassination attempt left Wallace paralyzed, and he used a wheelchair for the remainder of his life\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ideal Department Store was founded in 1929 and was renamed ‘New Ideal’ in 1935.  When the store closed, in 2015 the building was bought by Atlanta investors and there are plans to convert it into mixed commercial and condominium space.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Steiner Brothers were Burghard and Sigfried.  Originally from Austria they immigration to the United States where they excelled in business and real estate investments, founding the Steiner Brothers banking house in 1888.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Francis “Bobby” Kennedy (1925-1968), commonly known by his initials ‘RFK,’ was the brother of John F. Kennedy the xx President of the United States.  During his brother’s tenure as President he served as the United States Attorney General from 1961-1964 and then as a Senator from New York from 1965 until his assassination in 1968.  Kennedy ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 1968 election, during which he was assassinated in Los Angeles, California at the Ambassador Hotel on June 5, 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1963 as Birmingham struggled in the throes of the Civil Rights era, Martin Luther King Jr. made pleas to the Birmingham clergy, including rabbis, to support his marches.  When the Jewish rabbis counseled patience and moderation and asked him to wait for desegregation laws to take effect, King called them out on their perceived passivity in a “Letter from a Birmingham Jail.”  The letter gained national attention and a few weeks later a group of 19 conservative rabbis from the North, outraged by the images they saw on the TV of black protestors being beaten, arrived in Birmingham.  They didn’t tell anyone in the Jewish community they were coming, which angered the rabbis and many Jews in Birmingham.  After talking with King in the Birmingham jail, they toured black churches making speeches of support.  Then they left.  The whole episode appeared high-handed to the Birmingham Jewish community, and they feared an antisemitic backlash from the Ku Klux Klan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSylvan Laufman’s wife’s family owned Sokols Department Store in Bessemer, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard Rubenstein (1924-  ) became a rabbi in the early 1950s.  He attended Harvard Divinity School earning a Ph.D. in 1960.  He was an active rabbi for only a few years moving on the various organizations, foundations, and socially conscious organizations.  He was a professor in various universities as well as the president of University of Bridgeport in Connecticut.  He was also the director for the Center of Holocaust and Genocide Studies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life is a Jewish campus organization.  Its mission is to enrich the lives of Jewish students so they may enrich Jewish people and the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe A.G. Gaston Motel was built in 1954 by Arthur George Gaston (1892-1996) who was a pioneering black entrepreneur who established several business including a bank, radio stations, insurance company, funeral home and construction firm.  The Gaston Motel was designed to be a place of luxury for minorities during the days of segregation.  It was the epicenter of Birmingham’s civil rights protests and demonstrations.  During the spring of 1963 Martin Luther King, Jr. stayed in Room 30, from which he organized the protests.  On May 10, 1963 King held a press conference in the Gaston’s courtyard, and a pair of bombs exploded near King’s room two days later.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Community Centers Association of North America is the leadership organization for the Jewish Community Center Movement, which includes more than 350 Jewish community centers, YMHA, YWHA and camp sites in the United States and Canada.  They strive to help Jewish community centers serve their communities better in finances and operations, marketing, early childhood services, membership and outreach.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnited Synagogue of Conservative Judaism is an organization that creates the spiritual, intellectual and managerial network that connects all its communities with a common mission and purpose.  It enables communities to create the conditions for a vibrant Jewish life, empowering Jews in North America to seek the presence of G-d, to seek meaning and purpose in Torah and mitzvot, to engage with Israel, and to be inspired by Judaism to improve the world and the Jewish people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHe is referring to Rabbi Hillel Silverman of Congregation Shearith Israel, which was Ruby’s synagogue in Dallas, Texas. He was the rabbi from 1954 to 1964.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacob Leon Rubenstein (1911-1967) was born in Chicago, Illinois to Polish-Jewish immigrant parents Joseph and Fannie Rubenstein.  Ruby had a difficult childhood in an unstable family.  Ruby was in the Air Force until 1946 after which he moved to Dallas, Texas and changed his name to ‘Jack Ruby.’  Ruby was connected to mobsters Carlos Marcello and Santos Trafficante.  Ruby became a nightclub operator in Dallas, including the Carousel Club.  On November 24, 1963 Ruby murdered Lee Harvey Oswald in the basement of the Dallas Police Department on camera as he was being transported to another jail.  A Dallas jury found Ruby guilty of murdering Oswald and Ruby as sentenced to death.  He appealed and the decision was overturned.  He never got another trial because he became ill and died of lung cancer in prison.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLee Harvey Oswald is the accused assassin of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963.  Oswald was, in turn, assassinated by Jack Ruby in the basement of the police station in Dallas while Oswald was being transferred from the Dallas city jail on November 24, 1963. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘daughter of commandment.’  A rite of passage for Jewish girls aged 12 years and one day according to her Hebrew birthday.  Many girls have their \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e around age 13, the same as boys who have their \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e at that age.  She is now duty bound to keep the commandments.  Synagogue ceremonies are held for \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e girls in Reform and Conservative communities, but it has not won the universal approval of Orthodox rabbis.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReverend Fred Shuttlesworth (1922-2011), born Freddie Lee Robinson, was a United States civil rights activist who led the fight against segregation and other forms of racism as a minister in Birmingham, Alabama.  He was a co-founder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), was instrumental in the 1963 Birmingham Campaign, and continued to work against racism and for the alleviation of the problems of the homeless in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he took up a pastorate in 1961.  He returned to Birmingham after his retirement in 2007.  He helped Martin Luther King Jr. during the civil rights movement.  The Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport was named in his honor in 2008.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Huddleston, Jr. (1920-1971) was a Democratic congressman from Alabama serving in his father’s (George Huddleston, Sr.) district from 1954 to 1964.  In 1957, he voted against the Civil Rights Act.  In 1964, he was toppled by Republican John Buchanan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAutherine Juanita Lucy (1929-  ) was the first black student to attend the University of Alabama in 1956. She and her friend, Pollie Myers, applied and were accepted to the University of Alabama, but their admittance was rescinded when the authorities discovered that they were not white.  Backed by the NAACP, Lucy and Myers charged the University with racial discrimination and a court case ensued that took almost three years to resolve.  Lucy was finally admitted but denied access to the dining hall and dormitories.  Lucy again filed charges and she was suspended.  The Federal Court in Birmingham ordered Lucy reinstated after which the university expelled her permanently, claiming she had slandered the University.  Lucy and the NAACP felt that further legal action was pointless and did not contest the decision.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Little Rock Nine was a group of nine black students who enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957.   They were: Ernest Green, Elizabeth Echford, Jefferson Thomas, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls LaNier, Minnijean Brown, Gloria Ray Karlmark, Thelma Mothershed and Melba Pattillo Beals. The students initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas.  President Eisenhower intervened and they were finally admitted although they were escorted by the 101st Airborne Division and suffered intense physical and verbal abuse afterward. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Mesch was the rabbi of Temple Beth-El from 1935 to his death in 1962.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGovernor George Wallace was shot by Arthur Bremer on May 15, 1972 in Laurel, Maryland, while campaigning for the Democratic Presidential nomination as an independent. He survived but was paralyzed and in a wheelchair for the rest of his life.  He died in 1998.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKappa Nu Fraternity was founded on November 12, 1911, by six men at Rochester University (Rochester, New York).  It was a local organization, and by 1917, there were five loosely connected groups who decided to hold a convention in Rochester and set up the Organization of Kappa Nu as a National Fraternity.   In 1959, Phi Alpha merged into Phi Sigma Delta, and in 1961 Kappa Nu merged into Phi Epsilon Pi.  In 1969-1970, Phi Sigma Delta and Phi Epsilon Pi merged into Zeta Beta Tau, which had begun as a Zionist youth society in 1898.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States (1945-1953).  He succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945 on the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt and was president during the final months of World War II.  He made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.  He was elected in his own right in 1948.  He was a Democrat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ‘Tuskegee Airmen’ is the popular name of a group of black military pilots (fighter and bomber) who fought in World War II.  The Tuskegee Airman were the first black aviators in the United States Armed Forces.  During World War II, the military was still segregating and black military pilots trained separately.  The 99th was the first black fighter squadron and the 332nd Fighter Group.  They were deployed overseas to North Africa in April 1943 and later to Sicily and Italy. Their planes were painted with red bans on the noses of the P-51s as well as a red rudder or tail. They were nicknamed the “Red Tails.” The fighter group earned 96 Distinguished Flying Crosses.  Of the 355 men who were deployed overseas 68 pilots were killed in action or accidents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 7, 1941 the Japanese surprised the United States by attacking the United States’ fleet in Honolulu, Hawaii. The ships were all docked in Pearl Harbor. The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was the beginning of World War II for the United States, which until that time had remained neutral.  A few days later, Germany declared war on the United States as well and we began fighting in the Pacific and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as ‘FDR,’ he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of the war. He was a Democrat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTom Brokaw (1949-  ) is an American television journalist and author.  He is the author of The Greatest Generation (1998) which chronicles the story of D-Day (the Allied invasion of France in June, 1944) through the words and stories of individual men and women. As a result, “the greatest generation” is mentioned often in discussion of American soldiers in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem of the United States.  The lyrics are from a poem written by Francis Scott Key after witnessing a battle in the War of 1812.  He was inspired by the large American flag flying triumphantly above the Fort McHenry during the American victory.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the Flag of the United State and the Republic.  It was composed by Colonel George Balch in 1887 and revised in 1892.  It was formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942.  The last change in language came on Flag Day 1954 when the words “under G-d” were added.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe USO (United Service Organizations) is a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization whose mission is to support American troops and their families with programs and services. During World War II, the USO began a tradition of entertaining the troops that still continues. The USO is not part of the United States government, but is recognized by the Department of Defense, Congress and President of the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil War, widely known in the United States as the ‘Civil War’ or the ‘War Between the States,’ was fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. In January 1861, seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often called the ‘South,’ grew to include 11 states, and although they claimed 13 states and additional western territories, the Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by a foreign country. The states that did not declare secession were known as the ‘Union’ or the ‘North.’ The war had its origin in the issue of slavery.  After four years of bloody combat, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring national unity and granting civil rights to freed slaves began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe menorah, which has seven branches, is an ancient symbol of the Jews. It has come to be connected with Hanukkah.  The Talmud states that it is prohibited to use a seven-branched menorah outside of the Temple so the Hanukkah menorah (hanukiah) has nine branches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/\u003cem\u003eKashrut\u003c/em\u003e is the set of Jewish dietary laws. Food that may be consumed according to halakhah (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English. Kosher refers to Jewish laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. Food that is not in accordance with Jewish law is called ‘treif.’ The word ‘kosher’ has become English vernacular, a colloquialism meaning ‘prope,r’ ‘legitimate,’ ‘genuine,’ ‘fair’, or ‘acceptable.’ Kosher can also be used to describe ritual objects that are made in accordance with Jewish law and are fit for ritual use.                \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHis name was Bernie Bloomston and he owned Bloomston’s Meat Market.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChabad is a Hasidic movement in Orthodox Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/annotation_set/291/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHaredi Judaism is the most theologically conservative form of Judaism.  Haredi Judaism is often translated as ultra-orthodox Judaism, although Haredi Jews themselves object to this translation. They simply refer to themselves as Jews and consider more liberal forms of Judaism to be unauthentic. They live in insular communities with limited contact to the outside world, and their lives revolve around \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e study, prayer and family. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5430.0,5460.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Friedman, Karl [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family Background and History","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=27.0,220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to begin by asking you a little bit about your own background and your family's background . . . when they arrived in Birmingham and why?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=27.0,220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ben Roth","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Karl B. Friedman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Karl Bernard Friedman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Max Friedman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Missouri","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reform Rabbi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roberts \u0026 Sons","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sidney 'Sid' Stein Friedman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Welfare Island","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Young Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=27.0,220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Friedman Family in Birmingham, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=220.0,274.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We lived in a little house on Cotton Avenue, which is on the north side of Elmwood Cemetery. We didn't have lights in the house . . . had oil lamps. We didn't have electricity. We did have inside plumbing.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=220.0,274.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cotton Avenue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Elaine Friedman Royal","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Elmwood Cemetery","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maxine Joy Friedman Rubenstein","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"St. Vincent's Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=220.0,274.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sidney Friedman Treating Everyone Equally","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=274.0,391.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's when my mother had her first opportunity to bloom. She took up so many controversial points that she was conspicuous to Jews and non-Jews alike. She coordinated with the bishop of this diocese in interfaith work. 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So there was a committee formed . . . Jewish Community Relations. Sol's wife, Rita, was actually the scrivener who drafted the document. 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He made an attack on the department stores, which I think was justified.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1584.0,1893.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arthur Shores","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham Children's March","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boycott","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Department Stores","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eugene Bull Connor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gene Zeidman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Milton Grafman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1584.0,1893.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eugene \"Bull\" Connor, the White Citizens' Council, and Jewish Relations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=1893.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But before we get into that, tell me about your relationship with Bull Conner. 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Did you enlist or were you drafted?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4647.0,4915.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Enlisting","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fighter Pilot","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ipswich, England","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kappa Nu Fraternity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pearl Harbor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"President Franklin Delano Roosevelt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"President Harry Truman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Segregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tuscaloosa, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tuskegee Airmen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States Air Force","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wallace Cohen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4647.0,4915.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feelings on the \"Greatest Generation\"","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4915.0,5001.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You talked about patriotism. Do you feel that, like Tom Brokaw said, that your generation was the \"greatest generation\"? That your generation was more patriotic than today's generation?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4915.0,5001.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Patriotism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Greatest Generation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tom Brokaw","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Young Men's Hebrew Association","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=4915.0,5001.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Describing Himself ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5001.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you would describe yourself using a few adjectives, which ones would come first? American? Southerner? Jewish?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5001.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civil War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Southern","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5001.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feelings on Birmingham and the Direction it's Going","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5100.0,5291.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How do you feel about Birmingham? The direction it's moving? Do you think it's positive?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5100.0,5291.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Historical Reputation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Day School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kosher Food","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Literacy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5100.0,5291.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Not-So-Kosher Butcher and Kosher Food in Birmingham","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5291.0,5439.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the funniest things I've heard in doing these interviews in Birmingham was about the kosher butcher who wasn't really kosher. Do you remember that incident?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5291.0,5439.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bernie Bloomston","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bloomston's Meat Market","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chabad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chicago, Illinois","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kosher Butcher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kosher Food","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kosher Restaurant","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5291.0,5439.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Importance of the Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5439.0,5500.699"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have one more question. Growing up, living here all your life, how important has community been to you . . . your Jewish community?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5439.0,5500.699"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689/index/47500/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/34801/file/103689#t=5439.0,5500.699"}]}]}]}