{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/vm42r3qt8c/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Redfield, Janina"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2001-10-07 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Redfield, Janina (Interviewee)","Kent, John (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJanina Redfield was interviewed by John Kent on October 7, 2001, in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eShakhna “Janina” Wiesen Lipowicz “Redfield” was born in Boryslav in present-day Ukraine, then part of Poland. She was the first child born to Israel and Chana Horshowski Wiesen. She had a younger brother, Zygmunt. Janina recalls a normal childhood, coexisting with non-Jews and growing up comfortably in a loving family. She belonged to a Zionist youth organization and just before the Germans invaded in 1939, Janina married Fredek Jolles when she was 18 years old. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust greatly impacted Janina’s life, the Nazi regime completely upheaved her life and her family was forced to live in the ghetto that had been established and hid with different neighbors. Fredek was part of one of the first groups to be murdered by the Nazis, and Janina’s father died of typhus in the ghetto. Janina and her brother were forced to work in the forced labor camp until they were separated during an Aktion during which the Jewish people of Boryslav were detained in the Graszyna Cinema. Janina was spared because of her job in the kitchen at the forced labor camp. She escaped the labor camp and went to the ghetto to discover her mother and cousin missing. She eventually ran away from the labor camp and hid with neighbors, including in a hole that a neighbor had dug in their garden until the Soviet Army liberated Poland. Janina later learned that her brother had also been murdered. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eWhile in the forced labor camp, Janina met Isaac Lipowicz “Redfield” and reconnected with him after liberation. After leaving Poland, Janina and Isaac married and had their first child, Carl in 1947, in the Wasseralfingen Displaced Persons Camp. In the Displaced Persons Camp, Janina reached out to her uncle in Los Angeles, California, and Isaac reached out to his uncle and cousin in New Jersey. In 1949, the family and Isaac’s brother Henry finally emigrated and settled in the United States. In the United States, Janina and Isaac had one more child, Amy in 1953. The family lived in various cities, remaining close to Henry and his wife Ethel. In 1987, Isaac passed away and Janina moved to Atlanta to be with her daughter. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJanina had difficulty sharing her experiences and story of survival, but connected with other survivors and gave a collection of photographs and artifacts from their time in the Displaced Persons Camp to the Breman Museum. Janina passed away in 2017 and is buried beside Isaac at Pacific View Memorial Park in Corona del Mar, California.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThe interview focuses on Janina’s experience during the Holocaust and how she and her husband eventually settled in the United States. Janina begins by recounting her youth, she shares where and when she was born. She provides her family members' names and talks about her social life as a teenager in Poland. She describes what it was like growing up Jewish and celebrating holidays, particularly Passover. She talks about having non-Jewish friends and her interactions with non-Jewish neighbors before the War. She recalls the Soviet occupation and the invasion of the Germans.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJanina details what it was like when the Germans invaded and how they immediately began killing Jewish people, including her first husband, Fredek. She describes the conditions they lived in, particularly the starvation and the numerous Aktionen. She describes a close call when she and her mother were hiding with a neighbor, and the Nazis came and arrested two other women that were hiding there. Janina talks about hiding with various neighbors while her aunt, Rosa Horshowski, her great-aunt, Esther Feldinger, and two cousins were murdered. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJanina recalls her father’s death from typhus and shares that her mother began caring for her young cousin after his mother was killed. She describes what it was like in the forced labor camps, where she was with her brother Zygmunt. She recounts being separated from him during an Aktion during which the Jewish people of Boryslav were detained in the Graszyna Cinema. Janina shares that she was spared because of her job in the kitchen at the forced labor camp. She talks about escaping the labor camp and sneaking into the ghetto to discover her mother and cousin missing. She expresses that she was devastated and returned to the labor camp, eventually running away after more Aktionen. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJanina describes hiding with non-Jewish neighbors, who were sheltering a little Jewish boy by pretending he was their son. The neighbors dug a hole in the garden for Janina to lie in during the day and covered it with a board. Janina recalls the awful conditions she lived through, hunger, lice, flooding in the hole, and several close calls when she was almost discovered. Janina shares that she lived in this hole for a month, only coming out at night, until her neighbors told her that the town was burning and the Soviets had come to liberate them. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJanina talks about reconnecting with Isaac Lipowicz “Redfield” who she had met once before in the labor camp. She shares that he asked Janina to marry him but she was still struggling with the loss of her husband and everything that had followed and wanted to wait. Janina shares that after leaving Boryslav, they went to Wroclaw, Poland, and got married. She reflects on their time in various displaced persons (D.P.) camps in Europe, living with Isaac’s brother, Henry. She describes waiting to connect with relatives in the United States so that they could emigrate. She recounts how they finally got in touch with a cousin of Isaac’s, Paula Gottdenker, who lived in New Jersey. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJanina is asked to describe what it was like once again living under Soviet occupation once they had defeated the Germans, she shares that the Soviets were very suspicious of everyone, concerned they may be Germans. She details a story of being interrogated by Soviet soldiers and being summoned to go to NKVD, even though she told them she was Jewish. She shares that the Ukrainian people she lived alongside were especially discriminatory. Janina also recalls that she was not able to thank the neighbors who hid her in their garden because writing letters to them from America would’ve raised the NKVD’s suspicions. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJanina shares how she found out about concentration camps and her brother’s fate. She expresses that she still has nightmares about her brother. Janina talks about her husband, Isaac, and the violence he suffered before during a pogrom in 1941, perpetrated by Ukrainian people he lived alongside. Janina describes the feeling of waiting in the D.P. camps, and the illnesses she has suffered both physically and mentally as a result of her experiences. She talks about associating with other survivors and struggling with her desire to consume media about the Holocaust because it is very distressing for her. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJanina reflects on what it was like raising her infant son in the D.P. camp and what their living arrangements were like. Janina shares their joy in finally coming to the United States and moving into a boarding house where they were treated very well. She discusses moving to different states to be close to her brother-in-law and her husband working various jobs to support their family. She shares that she moved to Atlanta to be with her daughter after her husband passed away. She talks about her two children and what they do for a living. She expresses her struggles with faith after her experiences, but shares that her children both went to Hebrew school. She reflects on her survivor's guilt and how it has greatly affected her well-being. The interview concludes with Janina expressing the importance of her children and grandchildren, and giving advice to her grandchildren. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Bandera, Stepan Andriyovych (1909-1959) (personal name)","Dershowitz, Alan Morton (b. 1938) (personal name)","Feldinger, Esther (personal name)","Gottdenker, Paula (1914-1990) (personal name)","Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945) (personal name)","Horshowski, Chaskel “Lucia” (personal name)","Horshowski, Morris (unknown-1974) (personal name)","Horshowski, Rosa (approx. 1898-1942) (personal name)","Jolles, Fredek (personal name)","Pilsudski [Polish: Piłsudski], Józef Klemens (1867-1935) (personal name)","Redfield, Carl (b. 1947) (personal name)","Redfield, David (personal name)","Redfield, Ethel (personal name)","Redfield, Henry (born Henry Lipowicz 1905-1990) (personal name)","Redfield, Isaac (born Isaac Lipowicz 1907-1987) (personal name)","Rubin, Amy Redfield (b. 1953) (personal name)","Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich (b. Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili, 1878-1953) (personal name)","Truman, President Harry S. (1884-1972) (personal name)","Wiesen, Chana Horshowski (1901-1944) (personal name)","Wiesen, Israel (1896-1942) (personal name)","Wiesen, Norman (1908-1969) (personal name)","Wiesen, Zygmunt (1925-1944) (personal name)","Cisco Systems (corporate name)","Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (corporate name)","Otis Elevator Company (corporate name)","United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) (corporate name)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Boryslav, Poland (present-day Ukraine) (geographic term)","Bremen, Germany (geographic term)","Breslau, Poland (geographic term)","Czechoslovakia (geographic term)","Drohobych, Poland (present-day Ukraine) (geographic term)","Ellis Island (geographic term)","England (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Laguna Hills, California (geographic term)","Lawrence, Kansas (geographic term)","Limanowa, Poland (geographic term)","Linden, New Jersey (geographic term)","Long Beach, California (geographic term)","Los Angeles, California (geographic term)","Ludwigsburg, Germany (geographic term)","Newark, New Jersey (geographic term)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Palo Verde, California (geographic term)","Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (geographic term)","Seattle, Washington (geographic term)","The Soviet Union (geographic term)","Stalingrad, Russia (geographic term)","Stamford, Connecticut (geographic term)","Stuttgart, Germany (geographic term)","Vienna, Austria (geographic term)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic term)","Wasseralfingen, Germany (geographic term)","Wroclaw, Poland (geographic term)","Yonkers, New York (geographic term)","Antisemitism (topical term)","The Battle of Stalingrad (named event)","The Great Depression (named event)","The Holocaust (named event)","World War II (named event)","Aktionen (other)","Angina (other)","Arthritis (other)","Asbestos (other)","Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp (other)","Bar mitzvah (other)","Bat mitzvah (other)","Bolsheviks (other)","Communism (other)","Concentration camps (other)","Devaluation (other)","Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (other)","Displaced persons (DP) camp (other)","Forced labor camp (other)","Ghetto (other)","Graszyna Cinema (other)","Headaches (other)","Hebrew school (other)","Jewish Family Services (other)","Just Revenge (other)","Kosher (other)","Krakow-Plaszow [Polish: Kraków-Płaszów] concentration camp (other)","Lebensmittel-verteilung [German: catering and food distribution] (other)","The Magen David [Hebrew: Shield of David] (the Star of David) (other)","Matzah (other)","The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (other)","Nazi Party (other)","New Montefiore Cemetery (other)","NKVD (other)","Passover (other)","Petroleum industry (other)","Photography (other)","Pneumonia (other)","Pogrom (other)","Polish government-in-exile (other)","Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (other)","Red Army (other)","Sciatica (other)","Socialism (other)","Soviet liberation of Poland (other)","The SS (other)","Statue of Liberty (other)","Survivor's guilt (other)","Typhus (other)","USS General W. G. Haan (other)","Yiddish (other)","Zionism (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJanina Redfield was interviewed by John Kent on October 7, 2001, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShakhna \u0026ldquo;Janina\u0026rdquo; Wiesen Lipowicz \u0026ldquo;Redfield\u0026rdquo; was born in Boryslav in present-day Ukraine, then part of Poland. She was the first child born to Israel and Chana Horshowski Wiesen. She had a younger brother, Zygmunt. Janina recalls a normal childhood, coexisting with non-Jews and growing up comfortably in a loving family. She belonged to a Zionist youth organization and just before the Germans invaded in 1939, Janina married Fredek Jolles when she was 18 years old.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust greatly impacted Janina\u0026rsquo;s life, the Nazi regime completely upheaved her life and her family was forced to live in the ghetto that had been established and hid with different neighbors. Fredek was part of one of the first groups to be murdered by the Nazis, and Janina\u0026rsquo;s father died of typhus in the ghetto. Janina and her brother were forced to work in the forced labor camp until they were separated during an Aktion during which the Jewish people of Boryslav were detained in the Graszyna Cinema. Janina was spared because of her job in the kitchen at the forced labor camp. She escaped the labor camp and went to the ghetto to discover her mother and cousin missing. She eventually ran away from the labor camp and hid with neighbors, including in a hole that a neighbor had dug in their garden until the Soviet Army liberated Poland. Janina later learned that her brother had also been murdered.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eWhile in the forced labor camp, Janina met Isaac Lipowicz \u0026ldquo;Redfield\u0026rdquo; and reconnected with him after liberation. After leaving Poland, Janina and Isaac married and had their first child, Carl in 1947, in the Wasseralfingen Displaced Persons Camp. In the Displaced Persons Camp, Janina reached out to her uncle in Los Angeles, California, and Isaac reached out to his uncle and cousin in New Jersey. In 1949, the family and Isaac\u0026rsquo;s brother Henry finally emigrated and settled in the United States. In the United States, Janina and Isaac had one more child, Amy in 1953. The family lived in various cities, remaining close to Henry and his wife Ethel. In 1987, Isaac passed away and Janina moved to Atlanta to be with her daughter.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJanina had difficulty sharing her experiences and story of survival, but connected with other survivors and gave a collection of photographs and artifacts from their time in the Displaced Persons Camp to the Breman Museum. Janina passed away in 2017 and is buried beside Isaac at Pacific View Memorial Park in Corona del Mar, California.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview focuses on Janina\u0026rsquo;s experience during the Holocaust and how she and her husband eventually settled in the United States. Janina begins by recounting her youth, she shares where and when she was born. She provides her family members' names and talks about her social life as a teenager in Poland. She describes what it was like growing up Jewish and celebrating holidays, particularly Passover. She talks about having non-Jewish friends and her interactions with non-Jewish neighbors before the War. She recalls the Soviet occupation and the invasion of the Germans.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJanina details what it was like when the Germans invaded and how they immediately began killing Jewish people, including her first husband, Fredek. She describes the conditions they lived in, particularly the starvation and the numerous Aktionen. She describes a close call when she and her mother were hiding with a neighbor, and the Nazis came and arrested two other women that were hiding there. Janina talks about hiding with various neighbors while her aunt, Rosa Horshowski, her great-aunt, Esther Feldinger, and two cousins were murdered.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJanina recalls her father\u0026rsquo;s death from typhus and shares that her mother began caring for her young cousin after his mother was killed. She describes what it was like in the forced labor camps, where she was with her brother Zygmunt. She recounts being separated from him during an Aktion during which the Jewish people of Boryslav were detained in the Graszyna Cinema. Janina shares that she was spared because of her job in the kitchen at the forced labor camp. She talks about escaping the labor camp and sneaking into the ghetto to discover her mother and cousin missing. She expresses that she was devastated and returned to the labor camp, eventually running away after more Aktionen.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJanina describes hiding with non-Jewish neighbors, who were sheltering a little Jewish boy by pretending he was their son. The neighbors dug a hole in the garden for Janina to lie in during the day and covered it with a board. Janina recalls the awful conditions she lived through, hunger, lice, flooding in the hole, and several close calls when she was almost discovered. Janina shares that she lived in this hole for a month, only coming out at night, until her neighbors told her that the town was burning and the Soviets had come to liberate them.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJanina talks about reconnecting with Isaac Lipowicz \u0026ldquo;Redfield\u0026rdquo; who she had met once before in the labor camp. She shares that he asked Janina to marry him but she was still struggling with the loss of her husband and everything that had followed and wanted to wait. Janina shares that after leaving Boryslav, they went to Wroclaw, Poland, and got married. She reflects on their time in various displaced persons (D.P.) camps in Europe, living with Isaac\u0026rsquo;s brother, Henry. She describes waiting to connect with relatives in the United States so that they could emigrate. She recounts how they finally got in touch with a cousin of Isaac\u0026rsquo;s, Paula Gottdenker, who lived in New Jersey.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJanina is asked to describe what it was like once again living under Soviet occupation once they had defeated the Germans, she shares that the Soviets were very suspicious of everyone, concerned they may be Germans. She details a story of being interrogated by Soviet soldiers and being summoned to go to NKVD, even though she told them she was Jewish. She shares that the Ukrainian people she lived alongside were especially discriminatory. Janina also recalls that she was not able to thank the neighbors who hid her in their garden because writing letters to them from America would\u0026rsquo;ve raised the NKVD\u0026rsquo;s suspicions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJanina shares how she found out about concentration camps and her brother\u0026rsquo;s fate. She expresses that she still has nightmares about her brother. Janina talks about her husband, Isaac, and the violence he suffered before during a pogrom in 1941, perpetrated by Ukrainian people he lived alongside. Janina describes the feeling of waiting in the D.P. camps, and the illnesses she has suffered both physically and mentally as a result of her experiences. She talks about associating with other survivors and struggling with her desire to consume media about the Holocaust because it is very distressing for her.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJanina reflects on what it was like raising her infant son in the D.P. camp and what their living arrangements were like. Janina shares their joy in finally coming to the United States and moving into a boarding house where they were treated very well. She discusses moving to different states to be close to her brother-in-law and her husband working various jobs to support their family. She shares that she moved to Atlanta to be with her daughter after her husband passed away. She talks about her two children and what they do for a living. She expresses her struggles with faith after her experiences, but shares that her children both went to Hebrew school. She reflects on her survivor's guilt and how it has greatly affected her well-being. The interview concludes with Janina expressing the importance of her children and grandchildren, and giving advice to her grandchildren.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/254/892/small/Redfield_Janina.mp4_1729866254.jpg?1729866254","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Redfield_Janina.mp4"]},"duration":7399.392,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/254/892/small/Redfield_Janina.mp4_1729866254.jpg?1729866254","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/254/892/original/Redfield_Janina.mp4?1729866249","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7399.392,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Redfield, Janina [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Let's start with your name and the name you had at birth also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=7.0,11.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: My name was Shakhna [sp] Wiesen. That's my maiden name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=11.0,19.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: When and where were you born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=19.0,21.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: I was born in Boryslav [Poland, present-day Ukraine] and I was born in 1921, June 20. I'm 80 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=21.0,31.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What's your current name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=31.0,33.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Janina Redfield.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=33.0,36.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Let's start with your early family life. Can you describe who are the people in your family and who came from there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=36.0,44.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Yes, I had a mother and father, young ones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=44.0,48.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Names?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=48.0,50.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: My father's name was Israel, my mother's name was Chana. I had a brother three years younger, he was Zygmunt, his name was Zygmunt. I had an aunt, and cousins, and uncles, and grandmother with my father's whole family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=50.0,76.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What did your family do in that city?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=76.0,80.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: My father was working in the industry, I told you, it's petroleum. He was employed by them and my mother didn't work. I went to school. I was in school, and so did my brother. Then in the 1939 . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=80.0,106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Maybe before we rush into the War, a little bit more of those first 18 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=106.0,110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: I was very happy and very comfortable and loved. Not the worry in the world. They took care of me, whatever. They weren't very wealthy people, but I never missed anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=110.0,130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Can you describe your family members? What were they each like personally?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=130.0,135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Very loving, very loving like typical Jewish mother and father. Children were first before anything, so even when the times were hard sometimes, like when you had the Depression here in the United States, there was apparently in Europe, too, we never knew about it. I never missed anything. Happy, a lot of friends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=135.0,169.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How would you describe yourself as a young lady?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=169.0,174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: I was pretty attractive. I had friends, a lot of friends. Happy, just not a worry in the world. That's what . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=174.0,191.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How would you describe the Jewish part of your family life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=191.0,196.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: My grandfather, I had the grandfather, my mother's father, who was very strict. He, because of him, out of respect to him, we observed strictly all the holidays and everything. As far as myself concerned and my brother, we belonged to, when I was a teenager, I belonged to a Zionist organization . . . I won't move . . . That's where we were going there, it was nice learning about Israel, about Jewish history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=196.0,243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was taught to you about whatever the significance was of Jewishness?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=243.0,249.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: As far as observing the holidays, it was just the way of life. Everything was observed very strictly, holidays. When it came Passover, changing of the plates, dishes and pots and pans, looking forward to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=249.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What understanding did you have of how Jews and non-Jews were different? Was there much of a segregated kind of culture there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=270.0,279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: No. All my life, I lived among gentile people and the relationship was such we didn't know. When there were Christian holidays, we used to go there to their houses. We were invited, we were treated with sometimes not kosher food even, and vice versa. When it came Passover, for instance, they were coming to us, we used to give them wine, we used to give them . . . I remember the matzah. Going to school with Christian friends and that's how it looked. Later on, there was, next door to my parents, lived a woman, an older woman with her son, and I called her grandma. Later on, during the German occupation, she pointed to our family, \"Juda, Juda.\" The Jews. She was . . . can you imagine? I had feelings for her because . . . My grandmother lived on the other side of Poland, so I was happy to have a grandma. I didn't know the difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=279.0,369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: When things started to change in Germany in the mid 1930's, what were you aware of in Poland?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=369.0,377.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: I was too young. Oh sure, from the newspapers. we heard about it. Later on, the western part of Poland . . . I lived, Boryslav is on the eastern part, close to Russia. Where the other part maybe you've heard, because I've met a lady there at that meeting group and she's from that western part of Poland. This was occupied by the Germans, and the Russians didn't come there because when Stalin, in 1939, made that pact with the Germans that's how far it went. Our part went . . . we were under the Russians in 1939 up to 1941, when the Germans took over and the war between the Russians . . . we didn't know, it was burning all around and we didn't know that they are German airplanes. My grandmother, my father's family was in that part of Poland. I lost them all. The one cousin, excuse me, survived the Auschwitz and he went to Israel. He was younger than I am, three years younger, and he died of cancer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=377.0,473.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was his name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=473.0,474.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: His name was . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=474.0,482.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Was it the cousin you mentioned earlier?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=482.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: The first cousin . . . No, I mentioned my uncle. Zygmunt, they were all called after my grandfather . . . I can't think. I am still in touch with his wife, once a year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=483.0,502.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: His last name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=502.0,503.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Wiesen, first cousin. His father and my father were brothers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=503.0,508.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What do you remember when the War actually started?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=508.0,511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: What do I remember?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=511.0,512.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was happening in your town?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=512.0,518.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Poland was . . . the German were starting to bomb and near Boryslav there were refineries, where they . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=518.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: The oil?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=534.0,535.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: The oil. They were bombing there. That's how the hell started. They moved in and I remember there were a few days with the German, and then that's when the Russians made the pact with them . . . the Germans left and the Russians took it over and it was . . . and it was already the Russians were awful, too. But people were losing their businesses, everything was taken away and a lot of people got arrested and so on. Some of the Jews who were before the war, little socialists and communists, those for the time being, they were okay. But other people, it was tough. At that time, as I said when I was 18, just before 1939, I married. I fell in love with a guy who worked in the petroleum industry. He was an [indistinct: 10.29 possibly 'athlete']. In spite of that I was very young, we were both very much in love.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=535.0,636.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: His name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=636.0,638.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: His name was Fredek Jolles [sp]. The very first . . . sorry. He was the very first when the German came in 19 . . . when they took over in 1941. They were taking men and women in groups for very hard labor, digging things and so on. Sometimes we didn't even know where they were taking them, and they were coming back sometimes. The one time . . . this was the first time he was assigned, and I remember even though he wasn't that religious, it was a Friday, November 28, and he said, \"I better go today if I can make it instead of going Saturday.\" He never came back. He was with the whole group, later on we were told that they were shot in the woods, in the forest there. Apparently, my girlfriend was visiting a few years ago and there was erected a monument there to. For being at the beginning, we just didn't want to know, we didn't believe, we couldn't believe that they are shooting young people who are capable of work and everything. I was hoping maybe he's somewhere in a labor camp somewhere because they were already labor camps all around. There are all kinds of things. People were taking advantage, the gentile people. They were writing false letters asking for food and people were sending. These people were dead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=638.0,785.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was your situation during those first two years? What were you doing from 1939 through 1941?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=785.0,792.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: I was working in an office and I spoke and learned . . . in this part of Poland. We had a lot of Ukrainian people and in the elementary school was taught Ukrainian. Which is very close to Russian, so it was easy for me to learn. I spoke Russian and wrote and everything. I was working in an office and . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=792.0,830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How about the rest of your family? What was their situation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=830.0,833.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Working, my mother didn't, but working. After my husband died, it was awful. It was . . . First of all, hunger. I still have the complex. I can't throw away food, I overeat. I'll never forget it; we were dreaming about food. It was that time, it was awful, even all around there was floods or something. What we were doing, they started to have Aktions, you heard about it. We used to come home, we used to run away somewhere, hiding. I'll tell you about . . . there were numerous Aktions. When we used to come back, the house was empty. They were robbing everything. They were taking away things, pots and pans even from the stove. One time I remember . . . there is so much to say that my thoughts are jumping ahead of me. I still had my mother and my brother, and we left, and were hiding in an attic. Then we saw that the Germans were all around so when it started to get dark, we went to a neighbor of ours who lived a little further away and she hid us. My brother was in the kitchen, there was a trunk, he was in that trunk. My mother and myself, we were under the bed. Now, the bed in Poland, they had those feather, heavy blankets. How do you call them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=833.0,980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Comforter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=980.0,981.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Comforter. She hid another two, our neighbors, two women. But they wanted to be on top of the bed and covered themselves with those comforters and sure enough, someone pointed out that something suspicious is there, so the German came. I was . . . I mustn’t move.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=981.0,1016.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN: You're fine, do whatever you want.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=1016.0,1017.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: When I was under the bed, my mother was next to the wall, and I was under the bed in the corner. I felt the end of his boot touching my nose. But he uncovered the bed and caught the two women, and they took them away and they left. That's how I survived with my mother that time and my brother. After that happened, the woman said, \"I can't keep you any longer. They know that I have the Jews.\" She was afraid. Some people really, some gentile people were shot. She told us to leave, so we left, and we went to a big building and there was another gentile family that we knew, neighbors, that they were friends before the war. They refused to give us any shelter, but she told me, \"Go ahead, go to the attic. Stay there.\" It was a big, big attic and in the back of the house was a park. We stayed there until the night and that was during an Aktion, a big, big Aktion. Then we jumped from the second floor, that's the height that it was, at night and left. Then we met some Jewish militiamen. There were unfortunately some, and I happened to know one of them and so he took us to a house which was already searched. We stayed there until the Aktion was through and another time survived. Let's come back to that, 1939, the Germans came. In 1941 took over, right? They took first, they gave us a little part of the city that all the Jews had to share. A room, a kitchen and all that, awful conditions. After that, they created the ghetto, a part of the city. There was already very controlled. In between, there was a big Aktion, and they whoever was on the street were caught. You saw the monument that was built, the long one, that this was a slaughterhouse, near a slaughterhouse. They shoot all the people there and you could hear the screams and cries wherever you were. I lost there, at that time, my uncle's, my mother's brother’s wife. She was shot there. Also, my grandmother's sister and her two grandchildren were shot there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=1017.0,1271.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Do you remember any names?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=1271.0,1273.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Yes . . . My aunt who was killed, her name was Rosa Horshowski. Her name is on a monument in New York on the New Montefiore Cemetery erected a monument in memory of the people who perished from Boryslav and Drohobych [Poland, present-day Ukraine]. I have a picture even somewhere, if you want that. My grandmother's sister with the two grandchildren, her name was Esther Feldinger, and the two little children were Heinberg [sp]. The mother of the two children survived, she was in Plaszow [Polish: Płaszów], you heard about Plaszow. She was in that camp, the forced labor camp that I was, but . . . they caught her, and they sent her to Plaszow. She lived not too long ago in Israel, she died not long ago, but she went through it. She lost . . . her husband was hidden, by the way, by some gentile people and they killed him there. That's the story of death. Can I stop for a while? [interview pauses, then resumes]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=1273.0,1381.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Up until this point, where was your father? You've mentioned your mother and brother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=1381.0,1387.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Right. The next one was my father. My father became very, very ill. I think he had typhus because at that time a lot of people were having. He was 45 years old, practically and he died. My mother was crying, and I said to my mother, \"Don't cry. I envy him.\" That's it. We were starving at that time. You wouldn't believe what we ate. Again, we were still among the gentile people, so we were asking the neighbor of ours, don't throw away the peels from the potatoes. We were boiling them, making pancakes out of them. Whatever we still were able to hide some things we were exchanging for food. I still had my mother and my brother; we went to the ghetto. Then my uncle, the one that I told you that survived by jumping into latrine, his name was Morris Horshowski, that's my mother's brother. That was before he lost his . . . No, he lost his wife. She was shot near the, I told you about, near the slaughterhouse in that big Aktion. There was a little boy, he had a little boy, my cousin, whose name was Chaskel. Lucia, we called him, Lucia. He was with him, so my mother took care of him, and they lived still in the ghetto where myself and my brother, we went. That's when they opened that forced labor camp. As I've mentioned, this town had the petroleum industry, so people were sent to work all around. They were groups and there was usually a German was walking with us, with a weapon and all that. You couldn't run away or anything. My brother and I, we were in the camp. I was working, sent to work, carrying potatoes, loading potatoes. Up until now, I have a very bad back. I suffer now terribly. I have to go to the doctor. My brother, he was younger, a youngster, teenager. Sometimes he skipped, I kept telling him, \"Don't do that, don't do that. You have to go where they send you.\" My mother was with that little boy and my uncle who was working around and one time there was an Aktion . . . they took us all. We had to leave, everyone. It was called Limanowa. Limanowa is the name of the forced labor camp that was in Boryslav. We had in one room several people, and double, it's not like beds, but wood . . . It was already a kitchen, the kitchen you have to be in line to stand for food. There was a shower that you can take once a week with other women and that's the way it worked and going to work. But then they were saying another Aktion will be so we had to go down. There was a big yard like backyard and a square, all around the buildings and in the center, like you see it in prisons, and we have to line up. At that time, I was working in, they had a kitchen, which was controlled by a German couple . . . They had an office, and they had supplies. This kitchen was providing food all over Boryslav because there were gentiles and Jews working there. They were cooking meals and bringing from this kitchen. It was called lebensmittel-verteilung [German: catering and food distribution] which meant that they are providing the food. I was there helping, peeling potatoes, carrying something, things like that. Going at night, they were coming, collecting people who run away from stations that they left them, the Jews, and taking them back to the camp. One night they surrounded the whole camp, and we had to leave and go to that court that I told you. My brother was there among the men because men were separate, and the women were separate. I was there and they took my brother away and they took me away, too. We were marching through the city to a . . . that used to be a theater, movies. A big, big room, like a theater like you have it here. They were just . . . whoever they could catch and all the people from the . . . At that time, I didn't know what happened to my brother. They took him elsewhere. The other people were in that theater, and I was there. They put a rope to separate us from the entrance and there were so many SS men, the one with the black . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=1387.0,1928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: [indistinct: 32.10]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=1928.0,1929.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: The Germans, usually they were coming to the city to have those Aktions. There were dogs, German Shepherds and whoever was close to that rope near the entrance, they were biting them. People were there, I lost so many friends that time. People were there just urinating and defecating where they stood. You couldn't . . . there wasn't even room enough to sit down, you just stood there. Then they were coming, and I thought, this is it. At that time, I lost totally hope. Still, we didn't know that they are taking people to be shot. Still, we thought that they are taking people to camps to work. But when I was working at that lebensmittel-verteilung, that German who was the head of it made a list that he needs the people who are working in this department. I was on the list; they called my name and there was another woman there. She was working there, too. We went, that's how I survived really, at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=1929.0,2048.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was the approximate date or season when that happened? What time of year?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2048.0,2060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: This was . . . my mother was still alive. My mother perished in 1943. This was in 1942, and I think it was the summertime. I came back and I remember from before I left, my friends were asking me to get in touch with some people that they thought that will help them to get out and things. I went been back to the place that I work and later back to the camp. The Aktion, they took away all these people. Where? We didn't know. I didn't know what happened to my brother here. When I came back, I was thinking, how am I going to tell my mother what happened to my brother? I was worried. I somehow was able to, instead of going to the camp, go by the side streets in the back of the street, took off the arm . . . We had to wear a Star of David on the arm, armband and finally made it to the ghetto. I thought how am I . . . When I came to the ghetto, my mother wasn't there anymore, and that little boy, was taken with my mother. That's it. From this point on, I just didn't care what's going to happen to me. Just went back to the camp and stayed there. I was working but then after that, after I saw what they were doing, the dogs, it was so horrible to see how they were just biting flesh. I was staying in the camp until there were another couple of Aktions that I was running away. I was running away, one time I was in the forest and when they were talking about liquidation I came to this neighbor of mine, was begging her. She took me in. She had a Jewish child, not hidden, just pretend a very small child that it's hers. Somehow, the other neighbors cooperated and didn't say anything. I was there and, but I couldn't stay in the house. Her husband dug a . . . overnight, there was a field . . . I would say about a hundred yards away from the house. Like a grave, he dug a hole. On the top, he . . . it was a garden, they grew potatoes there. On the top he put the boards and put dirt on the boards and planted those potatoes that he took out before he dug that grave. In that hole, he put a couple of boards flat. I had enough room to slide in and I was lying on those boards just face up. I couldn't sit, I couldn't stand, just lying there. The hole that I went in, he put an old [indistinct: 39.09 possibly 'pen'] and put dirt over it. I was in that hole maybe a month. They were bringing me some food which was in a pot, and I was going once at night, out. That food I was holding, and I used to get . . . millet, I remember, they used to cook, and it developed from the moisture . . . how would you call it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2060.0,2406.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Fungus?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2406.0,2407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Yes, it was a fungus. When I was swallowing it, I could feel it. That wasn't all, I had lice, started to have lice. Not far away from that hole, from that field was like a pond. Not even a lake, but a big pond and it started to rain very hard. Somehow, apparently later I figured out that the water reached a certain level that it seeped through to my grave. I was in the water, and I couldn't get out. It was day, these people would have been . . . you would have paid for it. I was in the water up to my knees, somehow my legs were a little lower than my head. I was just laying there like that until the night came. They took me inside and cleaned me up a little bit. Another time was . . . then I had to go back. Another time was in that hole I'll never forget it, there's so many things really that . . . The German decided to have exercises, running around. All of a sudden, I'm there in that hole, in that grave and I hear running around. I thought they are going to discover me. Another time it was something else, they left. A boy was having a cow there in that field that it was grazing, and that cow went where on top of where I was in. The board was rotten already, and the cow was heavy. All of a sudden, a leg of the cow got in and that boy was little far away, I don't know. I said, \"Oh no, this is it.\" Things like that. Somehow the cow got the leg out and the boy called the cow, and they left later. I couldn't wait till the night came. Things like that. It sounds maybe trivial, but every little thing would have been my death. Until the that we saw that they already . . . they told me that the town is burning, Drohobych where the refineries were because they were . . . the Russians coming. That was just when they came. Then I stayed. The Russian liberated us. We came, the few Jews. I had my uncle, the one who survived and a few friends, and we were just living like that. Not happy. It was . . . first of all, long time I was carrying a sense of guilt. Why am I alive? Why did I survive? Everyone is gone and I'm carrying this still with me. Later, I met my husband. I actually I met him once when I was still in the forced labor camp, but he went his way. The few Jews were together, and his brother was in Breslau [Poland] at that time. Went there and he said, \"We are going to be together.\" They wanted us together. I said, \"I'll be honest with you . . . \" I don't want to talk about this on camera. I couldn't marry him right then in Boryslav. We were friends. Let's put it this way. I said, \"I can't. I was married. I loved him. I can't start a new life here, okay?\" We left, we went to Breslau and there we were waiting. We lived there for a little while. We got married.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2407.0,2729.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was his name at the time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2729.0,2732.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Lipowicz. I told you, Isaac Lipowicz. Then we decided the few Jews that we knew, there was another physician, my brother-in-law's friend in his family, Doctor Goldberg, with his family, were very good friends of mine and an engineer. This is the whole group that I showed you the picture in the tent, the whole group. We decided that we are going to leave Poland. It was already kind of . . . it wasn't legal, but somehow, they looked through the fingers, the Russians and the Polish. We went through Czechoslovakia, and I was already pregnant. We went through, I remember in Vienna [Austria] one night they put DDT [dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane] everyone in . . . can you imagine the harm they could have done because I was pregnant? They sprayed as all with the DDT. Then we went to Ludwigsburg which is in Austria. In Austria, we stayed there two or three weeks in a casern. This was where they kept the army there before and they assigned us a big, huge room. Again, like bunk beds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2732.0,2847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN: Barracks?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2847.0,2849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Barracks, right. Two on the bottom, two on the top. We stayed there for a while and then we went further away to Germany and stayed in those tents. I remember that was during the Jewish holidays. It was in October because we had the services in a tent. From there they assigned us to a DP [displaced persons] camp where this Doctor Goldberg and my brother-in-law, Henry Redfield, Lipowicz then. They were the doctors of the dispensary there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2849.0,2899.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was the name of that particular camp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2899.0,2904.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Wasseralfingen. It's near Stuttgart. We stayed there for three years waiting to emigrate to United States. It was tough, we had to wait. The quota was very low until [President] Truman, at that time that passed that a hundred thousand refugees were allowed to come here. Maybe you're familiar with it? It wasn't only the Jews, there were a lot of other refugees. Through Bremen [Germany] we had to go through. That was nothing, that was heaven. Through all kinds of checks, medical X-rays. Even people who had a little tiny spot as maybe in the past sometimes they had maybe an inflammation of the lungs, pneumonia, this leaves a little calcium in your lungs, they were rejected. UNRRA [United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration] took over. We came here to the United States and my husband had an uncle and a cousin who left Vienna. Just before the War and she lost her parents. Her name was Paula Gottdenker. She stayed with that uncle, and they took over from then. My husband started to look for work and . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2904.0,3021.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Let's go backwards a little bit before starting the American part. What do you remember of Liberation Day? What was that like for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3021.0,3033.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: It was . . . you could see . . . I was by then, I was already in the house and in the yard, I could see the German soldiers running away and at the back of them I saw the Soviets, the Russian soldiers. That was it. Once they left and that was in 1940, we were liberated. Still the War was going on, this part was liberated in 1944.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3033.0,3075.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: About what month? Season?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3075.0,3078.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: I have this in my documents. I have this here; I can tell you exactly when it was because I know later on the War was going on. Actually, they were fighting, and what happened to Hitler and all that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3078.0,3101.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What exactly happened with you when the Soviets moved in?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3101.0,3106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: The few Jews . . . I had my uncle, I told you, they moved his little house. He had the little house, and we came there, and I don't know who was there during the occupation even, and I stayed with him . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3106.0,3126.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How did the Russians . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3126.0,3127.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: . . . And I went I went to work to, again, I was working . . . in the Russians' office. I was using the . . . I was making payrolls; I was using the . . . how?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3127.0,3147.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Abacus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3147.0,3148.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: That was my computer. That's how.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3148.0,3154.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How did the Russians treat you and the others?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3154.0,3158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: I'll tell you, before when I told, in the office, the head man, I said that I'm going to leave. He said, \"Why do you want to leave? What for? There's so many engineers here, young people, nice. You can marry one and stay with us.\" That was that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3158.0,3183.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Did they make any distinction between Jewish liberated people and gentile?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3183.0,3187.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: No, only there was . . . I went through . . . Another thing, there was Ukrainian people, they were collaborating with the German, and they were groups. Under [Stepan] Bandera was the name of the head of the group, they were sabotaging. Now, that little house that my uncle had was on the premises of a fire department. It was the fire department that they were going to in case of a fire in that petroleum industry . . . have you ever been to Long Beach [California]? That's what Boryslav looked like, those things that they're pumping oil. There was always standing a Russian soldier, it had a fence all around . . . but they knew my uncle and myself because we lived there. They were the firemen there in that fire station. One time, I came back from the city, I had friends, the friends that they are alive, so we used to congregate together in somebody's house. The men were playing cards or something like that, and the women were gossiping or things like that. That guy who stood there in front of the building, he said, \"Where are you going?\" I said, \"I live there.\" He was a soldier, so he took me in. Instead of going to the house, he brought me to the fire department. He was just one of those Ukrainian bandits. He lined us up and then he started asking, \"Who's Jewish here?\" Yes, this was after the liberation. The row of people were there and they didn't say anything about me. But I had to, they knew, they knew that I am Jewish. I said, \"I am.\" I don't know what happened that they let me go. They just took away; they robbed the whole fire station. They had all the equipment and everything and they left. Later on, I was summoned to go to NKVD. You know what's that? The secret police, the Russian. They were holding me there maybe an hour. They didn't believe me. I had to tell them who I am, what is going on, why am I at this hour. They just don't believe even though I told them I'm Yevrey [Russian: Jew], which means I'm Jewish. They suspect everyone. That was scary too, after the liberation already. That's what it was with the Russians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3187.0,3413.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: The Polish people who are also liberated. How did they react to the ending of the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3413.0,3423.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Polish people weren't as bad, but bad enough as the Ukrainian. The Ukrainian people were the worst because they were collaborating with the German. The German promised them to have a Ukraine, which is right now there, it's Ukraine, it's not Polish, the part of Boryslav. The Polish people, they were just . . . most of them also left Boryslav and went to the western part of Poland. It was communist but Polish government.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3423.0,3471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: When the War was over, do you remember how you reacted to that? What did you think of your future since your family was gone?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3471.0,3479.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Nothing. Nothing from one day to the next until everybody has decided to leave. No one wanted to stay there. Everybody was going to the western part of Poland. We went to Breslau; other people went to other cities. From there, just nothing. You couldn't make any plans. Yes, you see, I remembered one thing. I remembered my father had a brother in Los Angeles [California]. That's all I remember. He left Poland when I was ten years old. When I was in the DP camp, I wrote a letter. I had to, I wanted to come to United States. All I remember is Los Angeles and I wrote a letter, and they received the letter. Would you believe that? I was talking to my aunt. She died not long ago, my uncle's wife. Also, a Wiesen, my maiden name was Wiesen. I have a cousin there in Palo Verde [California], she gave me a journal, I should write all this, she couldn't believe . . . how I could find them just by writing Los Angeles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3479.0,3581.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: You didn't know the uncle's name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3581.0,3583.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Yes, I remember! Norman Wiesen, Los Angeles and they received. They were helping us when we were in the DP camp, sent us the packages . . . How do you call the packages?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3583.0,3602.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Care?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3602.0,3603.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Care packages. [interview pauses, then resumes]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3603.0,3613.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: During the last year or two when you were in hiding there on that farm, what did you know of what was going on around you and the rest of the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3613.0,3621.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: That it wasn't a farm, it was a private home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3621.0,3626.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Where the hole was dug?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3626.0,3627.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: It was a garden they make in a field. It was a big field that cows were there, coming with cows and whatever, and people took a part of it and made the garden because it was the war, potatoes and vegetables.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3627.0,3647.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: At night when you were able to get out of the hole, what did you and the others talk about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3647.0,3652.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: I used to come to the house. They used to take . . . she was very good to me. They didn't have enough food really. For instance, I give you an example, bread. I felt guilty so I said, \"Don't give me the bread.\" She didn't have teeth, I said, \"Just give me the . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3652.0,3680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Crust?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3680.0,3681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Crust around, cut the bread, you eat the bread, give me the crust, soups. Then another neighbor, there was a neighbor who, a gentile woman who had a Jewish husband, and she did hide him in the house, he was behind a wardrobe in the corner. She used to work, and she used to bring sometimes little food for me. She knew about me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3681.0,3713.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN: How did you know those people? How did you end up . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3713.0,3717.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Neighbor. Before the war, they lived not far away from us. Very poor people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3717.0,3722.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Do you remember the names of any of these people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3722.0,3724.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Yes, her name was Alouette [sp]. Yes . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3724.0,3730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Were there . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3730.0,3731.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: I didn't get in touch with her for one reason only, being that I knew how Russians are. When I came to the United States, I would have loved sending her something, but I was afraid that when the Russians, and she was staying there, will find out that she knows someone abroad somewhere in the United States or whatever country, that they might take her to NKVD, and she would be persecuted. I just didn't, you see, and I owe her my life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3731.0,3776.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Were there any radios, or newspapers, or information coming in?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3776.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Newspapers and radios, yes. People were sometimes having radios. It wasn't allowed, it wasn't legal but news from England used to come. The Polish government had there . . . I forgot the name of it . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3780.0,3802.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: In exile?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3802.0,3803.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Yes, in exile. Then it took that turn, that famous turn in Stalingrad [Russia], [interview pauses, then resumes] that severe winter that the Germans couldn't take, and they were losing the war. Gradually, they were going back and back, and we knew that the end is not far away. But in the meantime, they were just liquidating camps and also the big camps, the concentration . . . this was a forced labor camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3803.0,3848.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What did you know about concentration camps and . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3848.0,3851.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Nothing. I think people were . . . It's a matter of fact, people were trying to get the Warsaw [Poland]. I know a couple of people who were trying just to get . . . young girls, like I was a young girl who didn't look like Jewish girls, they used to bleach their hair, look more like gentile girls and were trying to get to Warsaw [indistinct: 1.04.44] possibly 'like in Warsaw there wasn't'] that horrible thing the whole month. We didn't know and we did know later. Toward the end, I think we knew because people were not coming back, because people were talking about my brother . . . This will upset me very much. It still does, because later on, I was told that he was taken, and they took him away in cattle cars in trains. Someone, they escaped, I don't know how this got to me. They told me that he lost his mind, and they shot him. I was having dreams a long time, I still have the nightmare.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3851.0,3961.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN: What was your brother's name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3961.0,3962.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Zygmunt. They were all called after my grandfather, my father's father who died when he was 40. My grandmother had eight children, so all the children who were born, they were called after him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3962.0,3980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Did you ever find out where your mother had been taken and that little boy?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3980.0,3986.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3986.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Was there any kind of a Jewish underground, or resistance, or information filtering in . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3990.0,3996.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: No, only I've heard about this. You read this? He was a friend of mine, this Lonek Kaufman [sp], and he was in that camp and apparently, he attacked . . . He must have belonged to a group of something, I wasn't there, and he was shot. He was 18 years old; he was my age. We went to school together. I was looking at trying to find some pictures for you, and I have other pictures of my friends. I have a bunch of pictures. The woman who hid me, she saved some pictures for me. I found his picture and it's inscribed even on the other side of the picture that it's him. They shot him. Beautiful boy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3996.0,4057.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: After that part of Poland had been liberated, did you go back to your home to see if anything still there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4057.0,4062.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Nothing. No, my husband was . . . his parents were very well off, and my brother-in-law had a practice. Nothing, it was leveled off. No homes, nothing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4062.0,4083.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was your husband like at the time you met him? Can you describe him a little bit?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4083.0,4087.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: My husband . . . I'll tell you what happened to my husband. Going back . . . the very first thing when the Germans came, already when they attacked the Russians in . . . 1941, and when they came already, they made a pogrom. They let the Ukrainian people have whatever they want to do . . . they came from villages, the peasants with scythes. That's what it's called?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4087.0,4144.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: For cutting wheat?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4144.0,4145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: They didn't have guns. They came with axes, and they were killing Jews. The sidewalks were red with blood and so many Jews were hit. All the Jews who were coming back from the temples, they were catching them and just cutting their throats and everything. My husband was on the street, they caught him, and they beat him. He fell unconscious and he was unconscious until the next day. They thought he's dead. The next day they stop, the German said to the Ukrainian, \"That's it.\" They took the Jews to clean the sidewalks, to wash from the blood and remove the corpses and all that. My husband regained consciousness. He went home and he was suffering terribly until the last day. He was exposed apparently to asbestos while he worked. He was too in forced labor camp, the same camp that they were sending the men all over and he had lung cancer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4145.0,4248.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What do you know about the history of why the Ukrainians hated the Jews that much? Do you know anything about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4248.0,4256.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: I'll tell you . . . because those people were mostly peasant. No education whatsoever, they were employed by the Jews. For instance, in the city that I lived, people were having oil businesses, the Jews, or they had shares in the petroleum industry. I had an aunt who was extremely wealthy, and she used to get income from the petroleum industry. They were . . . it used to come to sometimes a girl from the village. She didn't know anything, so she was a maid, she was helping to clean whatever, and they were very poor. They hated later on the one who help them, hated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4256.0,4330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN: Do you know what year that pogrom was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4330.0,4332.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Yes. At the very beginning, 1941. 1939, the War broke out. 1939 to 1941, right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4332.0,4351.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Can you tell a little more of your husband's story of what was going on with him throughout the war, since he's not here to tell it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4351.0,4360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: He was working, they were sending him out to work all over. As I say, must have been because the physician that when we went said you were exposed to asbestos and that's the type of cancer you have. All kinds of work and he was hiding during the Aktions in the forest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4360.0,4396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Then after liberation, how did the two of you meet up again . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4396.0,4401.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: There were just few Jews. It was a main street and a couple . . . we knew who lived where and we used to meet in those houses. Slowly people were coming, the few who survived from the concentration camps were coming back. Other people who went to Russia, some people, were able to leave. They wanted to, people who were socialists. In 1939, the Russian came and then they started the war, so they went with them. As a matter of fact, my brother was on the train. He wanted to leave, also go deep into Russia. Already the War was going on, but still was going on this. My mother came there to say good bye to him and my mother was crying. A Jewish mother, you know. My brother took whatever he had with him and jumped from the train, went back home to meet his dad.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4401.0,4493.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Let's talk about those three years when you were in the DP camp. What was that like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4493.0,4498.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: In the DP camp? Waiting, waiting. There was nothing to compare it, full of hope that they'll be something better. But guilt, guilt up to now. I'll be honest with you. It's been so many years, nightmares, I suffered from headaches for 30 years. There wasn't a drug on the market that I wouldn't get, I had samples. My brother in law was treating me. He was trying everything. Nothing helped. Right now, I have angina, I have arthritis, and terrible backaches. I have sciatica. But I am 80 years old, I lived to be 80.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4498.0,4566.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Let's talk about the guilt a little. What would you be guilty of?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4566.0,4569.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: That I survived, and they are not. I wasn't any better. There were rabbis, there were people who were . . . children, innocent. Why did I survive? That's the guilt. In a way, I'm glad I'm doing this. It's tough. I'm not going to sleep probably next week but okay, it has to be told.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4569.0,4609.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: After the war, when you started to know more about what had been going on around you, the other camps and so on, what was that like for you to hear these stories?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4609.0,4622.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Awful. This poor cousin of mine who went to Israel and he died of cancer. He was in Auschwitz. All these years, never told me any details. He couldn't talk about it . . . When I read, I read and as I told you . . . I don't know, this must be something, I should have gone to a psychiatrist or something. Up to now, I'm like a masochist. I read; I love to read. I have a card already, I went to the library, I'm getting books. The minute I see something . . . right now, I'm reading. It's something about Holocaust, anyway. The lawyer? What's his name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4622.0,4682.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: [Alan] Dershowitz?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4682.0,4683.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Dershowitz. I got his book. I'm looking forward to it. It's like, why am I . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4683.0,4691.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Just Revenge?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4691.0,4692.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: That's it, that's the book I have. You saw this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4692.0,4695.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: I saw it in there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4695.0,4696.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Right. I see a picture and I have to go and see the movie. I don't know why I am torturing myself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4696.0,4711.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Over the last 45, 50 years have you associated with other survivors much?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4711.0,4717.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: I have. I told you; I have a very dear friend, and we are in touch. We belonged together to this Zionist organization that I mentioned it to you when we were 13, 14 years old. Since then, we follow each other, somehow it happened. She came to the United States a year before me. Through her not too many, not too many. It's not that . . . I get along with almost anybody, but it happens so, all the time, even in Poland, I lived among gentile people. Then in California, again, very nice people. They gave me a dinner getaway, with gifts and all that. Very nice. I came here and I'm among gentile people. It's nice, I'm trying to be, but there is something missing. You have to have something in common. That's why my daughter took me to this concert. Unfortunately, I couldn't . . . I don't want to record this. [interview pauses, then resumes] I was born in Poland, before I was born, this was Austria and in 1920, Poland wanted to work with the Bolsheviks, the Russians, and there was a Marshal Pilsudski [Polish: Piłsudski], maybe you've heard of him, and the president was . . . I forgot, I can't believe it. Anyway, and it was Poland until 1939. 1939, I remember that June 20 or 21, because of my birthday. I was born June 20. We look at the sky and all of a sudden, we see hundreds of airplanes look like aluminum shining. We said, \"What's that? Probably exercises or something.\" It was the Germans attacked Poland at that time. That's how it started.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4717.0,4879.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Continuing with the DP camp, for three years you were waiting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4879.0,4885.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4885.0,4886.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Was there any thought of going to Israel since you had been a Zionist earlier?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4886.0,4892.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Before Israel had . . . No, Israel didn't have its independence yet. While we were still in Germany, we heard about what's going on, that people who were leaving, they were in Cyprus. They were imprisoned at that time, and it was the war going on. Don't forget, I had a little baby. That was the second choice. I wouldn't stay in Europe. I wouldn't go to Europe now. I wouldn't. My girlfriend went, she went to Boryslav, she went to other places in Europe. If somebody would pay even, I would not go to Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4892.0,4957.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What was it like then, raising a boy? It was a boy, the first child?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4957.0,4961.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4961.0,4963.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: In a DP came, what was the life like in there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4963.0,4965.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: It wasn't too bad, it wasn't. We used to get rations at black market. There was a black market. My husband was a . . . personally, it wasn't too bad because of my brother-in-law who was a physician, and our friend, Dr. Goldberg. We had a, you saw the picture of it, a little house they gave me because I was pregnant when we came there so they let me live downstairs. They were upstairs and my brother-in-law was getting patients sometimes, so we had an extra room. Otherwise, families were sharing. There were three families, there were three bedrooms and a kitchen. Every room had a family, and the kitchen had to be shared by all those people. But I was fortunate because of my brother-in-law to get that, and he allowed my husband to use his room that he was supposed to . . . there were people coming, but he had his cameras, and the lights, and all the everything. He was taking picture of people; people were eager to send to relatives to United States or wherever. The money wasn't worth much. There was devaluation at one point, but the black market helped.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4965.0,5062.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How much contact did you have with the German population during those three years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5062.0,5065.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Very little, just the hospital that my son was born. There was that, it was a midwife and two doctors, and the midwife delivered the baby. To the bakery, we had to go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5065.0,5084.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Even indirectly through the news and so on, did you have any sense of Germans, what their attitude had been about the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5084.0,5092.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: They didn't know anything. No. They didn't know what was going on. Up to now, they will tell you that they didn't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5092.0,5106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Do you believe that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5106.0,5108.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Absolutely not. They couldn't wait for the . . . because they took away those houses for the DP camp. They couldn't wait for us to leave to get back their homes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5108.0,5129.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Do you have any sense of how Jewish people were regarded after the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5129.0,5137.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Not very bad, not very nice. They regarded . . . people were really disappointed because the antisemitism was still very strong. You could hear, I mentioned it to you that my girlfriend went back to see Boryslav, as it happens, her grandmother's house is still standing, and a Ukrainian woman lives there. She told her, \"They didn't kill you? You are still alive? You are still here?\" In Warsaw, they were in Warsaw, a group because they were combining the group from Israel and the United States for that when they went to visit Poland. Behind them the Poles were just talking Polish and saying \"Look how many are here. They're still alive\" . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5137.0,5208.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Let's move on to the happier part of the story. What was it like getting to America? You got to L.A. [Los Angeles] or New York?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5208.0,5218.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: No, Newark [New Jersey] because our cousin, my husband's cousin, Paula Gottdenker, she lived in Newark, and my husband's uncle lived in Linden, New Jersey. We came . . . she made a mistake. We wrote her that we are going to arrive on a certain date. The trip was awful because I was very, very sick from the very beginning, the minute we left Europe, the channel until I saw the Statue of Liberty. It took ten days. There was a big storm, and it was an army, General Haan ship. When we came, she thought that we are going to come the next day, so she didn't come. We didn't come through Ellis Island; we came to the port just in New York. Then we were told to go to New Jersey on the Hudson Tube, that's the train from . . . You are familiar, maybe? No. There is a train from New York to New Jersey. It was so wonderful; they told us where to go and on the train, someone spoke Yiddish. They told us how to go to Newark . . . They are happy memories. Newark is pronounced in Polish, \"Nev-vark\". You see, it was difficult. I took some lessons while in Germany. My brother-in-law was studying because he had to get his license in New York. We engaged a German who spoke English, knew some English and on the black market or wherever I used to get some coffee, that's how we paid him. I knew maybe 10 or 15 words, English words. Anyway, we came here to Newark, and we went to the Jewish Families Service in Newark, in New Jersey. We came there and they called up my cousin and she came over. From this point on, we stayed in a hotel for a couple of nights, and she found a rooming house. For us, it was very difficult to get an apartment or rooming house with a child. No children, at that time, no. Anyway, a rooming house. It was wonderful, one bedroom. There were people who were working during the day and coming at night. It was a Jewish woman with a husband and a boy. My boy's age, Carl, my son's name is Carl. We had our bedroom, and we shared in the basement a kitchen and one refrigerator, everyone had a shelf that was assigned. Naturally, they helped themselves to everybody else's. We stayed there and the little boy, that's funny. I was very happy, I thought my son will learn, he spoke German, by the way. We didn't know where we will be going. This Paula, our cousin, she was from Vienna. I didn't know English. We had to teach the child some language, so he should be able, so he spoke German. At that time, I thought, good, this little boy will teach my son English. Before we knew, the little boy started to talk German. But it was wonderful. We stayed in that rooming house. The people were awfully nice. They were helping us. I had pneumonia, viral pneumonia, I got . . . there was a gentleman, an engineer who used to during the week he worked there. He lived in that rooming house and then he was going to Philadelphia [Pennsylvania] for the weekend, and he bought me a bedpan, I wasn't allowed to go to the bathroom and lent me a radio. After I've been through so many horrible things, can you imagine? Someone was so nice to us. We appreciate them. Then we were friends with some other people a long, long time. They took us all over and helped us. I have nice memories. It wasn't . . . as I say, in the rooming house, one room I had and one shelf in the refrigerator, but it was wonderful. It was wonderful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5218.0,5582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What did your husband do in America?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5582.0,5585.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: He was a photographer, right? The very next day he started, through the Jewish Family Service, started to look for work the very next day. This is another funny story, but I don't want to waste time talking about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5585.0,5608.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN: This tape is for you also; please just say anything you'd like to say.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5608.0,5612.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: You'll laugh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5612.0,5613.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: We want happier stuff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5613.0,5616.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: This cousin, she was working. She was working in a hospital. She taught . . . later on, mind you, Paula Gottdenker, when she left Vienna, I don't know whether she had already finished her university studies, but she did her Ph.D. degree in Lawrence, Kansas, and she taught later in Seattle [Washington] at the university. Also died not long ago. . . . She got me on the phone and told, \"Tell your husband, tell Isaac, he should meet me. It's just one block away and it's next to a liquor store and it's called Shepo's [sp].\" Then I went with my husband to meet her, but don't you see? We didn't know how to spell things the right way. To us, it was 'Chappos' or something, it wasn't Shepo's. We were walking around the block looking for Chappos. That's the memories we have. But finally, we found each other. My husband got, at first, in touch with some photographers. He was doing retouching for them. They were taking . . . He was a very fine . . . he was a portrait photographer. That wasn't enough. We were getting some help from the Jewish Family Service. They found him a job. He was working very, very hard. There was a German Jew who came here before the war, and he had an umbrella factory in a building that had three stories, and he had to carry men's umbrellas. He had to carry the wood all the way to the third floor. Mind you, his physical condition was horrible as he had suffered. His legs were awful, beaten. He was working there for a while. Later, he was so anxious, he got a job in a . . . he needed clearance from FBI [Federal Bureau of Investigation]. In order that . . . it came to Korea, where they made some parts for the army because he had to be . . . we weren't citizens yet, we had the blue card. We got our citizen papers in 1955, but he got the job. He was working there and then they started to say that the company is going to move to Stamford, Connecticut. My husband has decided to why not try? He will try to do something in photography. He opened a studio and work so hard. Fixed everything up, made the partition, made the darkroom, everything and it didn't work out. We didn't have any money. You had to have money to sustain. To send people to weddings, bring the work in, things like that. He didn't know enough English to start doing . . . anyways, someone had to be in there, and in the meantime, my brother-in-law, who was a widower, he lost his wife, also, she was killed. He got his license as a physician, and he met my sister-in-law. She lives now, Ethel Redfield, still in California. I left her there. It's a building that they . . . She's alright. She's older than I am, she won't move. I love her dearly. This was the only thing that really I felt very bad about leaving her and moving here. They got married and he opened an office in Yonkers. She lived in Yonkers, New York. They wanted us to move there. While my husband had that photography studio, I begged him, \"please . . . \" My girl, my daughter, Amy was very young still. She was only three years old. 1959, yes. I got a job in a . . . there was a zipper factory there. They were doing work for the government. They were making zippers for parachutes. I worked in the office as a . . . I have even the letter of recommendation, as a statistical clerk. My math was still intact. I learned computer, they didn't have that time yet, computers, but a comptometer I learned. On the comptometer, I was working in quality control with engineers and summaries, I used to get reports from the plant from the people who were working there. They were bringing the statements to me, and I was making summaries and charts and all kinds of things like this. I was making with Indian ink; I was making charts and they were being photographed and copied and things like that. As I said, it was a quality control and basis of that the production was going on. But my husband, he was very unhappy. He wanted me to be with the children. Anyway, my brother-in-law opened his office in Yonkers. Through some acquaintances, he was able to get him a job in Otis Elevator. Mind you, he dropped his . . . it wasn't easy for him. In this profession he was working as a drill press operator. Made a living and he was working there for a while. We moved to Yonkers, and we lived in Yonkers for 25 years until we moved. Then my brother-in-law retired. My husband was older than I am, and my brother was older than my husband. He decided to leave, both of them, my sister-in-law, they didn't have any children. They were looking for a place to retire so they moved, they found in Laguna Hills, they liked the place. Then again, it was the only brother who was left alive. He talked us . . . my daughter was still in college at that time. We were waiting until she will finish, she got married. We moved to California, from Yonkers to California. That's our life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5616.0,6162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What got you to Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6162.0,6163.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Excuse me?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6163.0,6164.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What got you to Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6164.0,6165.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: My daughter. My husband is dead already 14 years. I am in poor health; I look like that. I was all alone, my sister-in-law, God bless her, she's . . . 89 and she lives in a . . . they provide food for her . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6165.0,6193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN: Assisted living.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6193.0,6195.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Assisted living. She has . . . it's a big building and it's a very nice area and it's called . . . It doesn't matter, I can't think of it now. Isn't that funny? She doesn't have to bother with cooking or anything, so it's easier for her. She has a condominium there. It's a big building, it's on the floor, an apartment. Sold her manor and doesn't worry about it, except you know how to stretch her life. She would like to live a little longer. I love her dearly, really, and I miss her.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6195.0,6237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Over the years, what have you communicated to your children about your past and your husband's past? What have you wanted them to understand?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6237.0,6248.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: What do I want them to understand? First of all, my children are very grateful in spite of the fact that we were very overprotective and always bothering them. They couldn't do things like other people were doing. We were always . . . couldn't help, if there was a celebration, we couldn't enjoy it. She was always asking my husband, \"Daddy, why don't you smile once in a while?\" The most important thing for us was for them to get an education. I'm very proud to say my son finished his college. He has a degree in engineering, he's a senior vice president of Cisco Systems. My daughter has finished her college and while she was still in college, she fell in love . . . I can't say that, this is her life. It's better I don't, because they're different. Anyway, she is working right now as a director in the Internet something. She told you what she's doing? No?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6248.0,6352.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN: I think so, I have her card.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6352.0,6353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Right. I'm very proud of both of them and trying for them to be decent people. That's the most important thing. That's that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6353.0,6370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: How satisfied are you with what you've done with your adult life after the War?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6370.0,6381.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: My big achievement, the children. That's it. I survived alright.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6381.0,6389.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: If the War hadn't happened, did you have any other expectations for what you were going to do? What were your expectations when you were 18?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6389.0,6402.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Yes. You see my first husband had a very good position. I was young, I was a teenager. My God, I was dreaming. Would have been just like a young girl. We'll have a house, we'll have a maid, we'll have this, we'll have that. I was thinking about something like that . . . Like here, a young girl. Who would think about it? That I would have to go through? I always liked to read a lot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6402.0,6456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Can you talk about what Jewishness has meant to you after the war. Did it change at all from . . . ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6456.0,6464.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: During the war, I'll tell you, there were times that I said, why can't I be a dog, a cat, an animal or something? But just not a person, not a Jew. That's how I felt. They robbed us of everything. You felt about yourself, nothing. You have nothing. After the War just surviving, and the children. The children . . . that was the main thing for both of us, my husband, myself. When they left, we were lost. We were absolutely lost. I keep telling my daughter, \"Your children will leave someday too, make just the two of you. It's the most important thing, to go on.\" We were lost, my husband and I.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6464.0,6532.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Did you continue with any kind of Jewish identification later on in America?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6532.0,6539.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: No, I'm sorry to say no. Didn't join any. Right now, I'm, because of my daughter, my little granddaughter had a bat mitzvah when I moved here, so I went with her bat. It's here, we go to the . . . I went to the temple for the services. My husband didn't want to go, he was very bitter. How could, if there is a God, how could that happen to people, so many innocent people? He wanted to have my both children had Jewish education. They went both to Hebrew schools. My son had a bar mitzvah, and he was supporting this. But not active life . . . didn't belong to any organizations or anything, no. Working, coming home, that's that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6539.0,6616.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: You had talked about the survivor guilt. How did you answer to that? How did you answer for yourself? Why you survived and what life is worth afterwards?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6616.0,6633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: I felt guilty that I should have . . . in a way, it is tough for me and whatever it's going to be the few days, okay. I think this is important. But, just go on. It was a coincident. It was just, I don't know, call it faith. I don't know. Why am I here? Why did I survive? I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6633.0,6674.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Some survivors, they might not have an ultimate answer, but they figure I'm alive and so I'm going to do something with my life, something special, or . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6674.0,6686.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: We were broken, both of us, even though I was younger still. It was very difficult to pick up the pieces, very. I thank God for the children. If we wouldn't have the children, I don't know? Yes, my daughter still tells me, \"Look, you have friends. Look, they're going, they're doing, they're this.\" We had no interest whatsoever in anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6686.0,6722.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: What is important to you now in your next several years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6722.0,6727.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Just the children, just the children. All around, you see those things? I didn't care, my son did it for me. He just doesn't know what to do for me. Frankly speaking, I told them, if I would have just one little room, my husband would be still with me, I would be very happy. I'm very lonely. I am a person who doesn't want to interfere. The children have their own lives to live. I'm trying to do my best. Unfortunately, I don't feel so well now. I would like to help my daughter. Certain times, like her husband is away and she's working; to prepare something but it's getting harder for me. [I'm] trying to do the best I can. That's all there is to it, the few years. It's just my daughter's trying very hard. I really feel sorry for her. She wants me to . . . she constantly says when I am in a bad mood . . . I had a couple of weeks of . . . were very bad. I was depressed and I said, \"What did I do? What did I do? Maybe I shouldn't have moved.\" It's very difficult for me to ask for help, always has been. I'm very independent person. There in California, I was able to go, and they had the public transportation, I was able to take a bus or something. Here I'm cut off and they're busy. Anyway, even on a weekend, my daughter wants to be with me. She knows I'm alone, but I'm taking her away from her children. I feel bad about it. I said, \"This is your first thing. You have to be with them. They'll hate me.\" That's how the situation looks now. My husband drove and I felt I didn't think he's going to die that soon. I was a coward, to be honest with you. I was. If I would've wanted to drive, no matter, no one stood in my way, but I didn't care to do it. This maybe would be more open to me everything if I wouldn't have to ask them to help me in that respect. I'm not used to it. I'm a very, very independent person. It's getting worse now, see?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6727.0,6915.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Is there anything you'd want to say to your grandkids who will watch this, too?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6915.0,6920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Yes, I would like them to love their parents and to do this, what my daughter is doing for me. To have respect and to help when they will need the help. Someday they will and they should take an example. My daughter is awfully good to me and so is my son. But as you know, a daughter is closer to a mother. Just love each other. That's all I have to say. I have a grandson, too. His name is David.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6920.0,6965.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Hello, David. Anything else you'd like to say?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6965.0,6967.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Yes, and I love him very much. I hope he'll be happy in his life. That's all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6967.0,6975.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Anything else you want to add that I didn't ask about? Any other memories or things you'd like to say?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6975.0,6983.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: They should respect each other. That's what I want to say. They shouldn't forget what we went through. I don't know. Maybe someday the world will be better. Right now, unfortunately. I hope the future will be better for them than it was for us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6983.0,7013.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Thank you for telling your story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=7013.0,7015.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/transcript/72166/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"REDFIELD: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=7015.0,7399.392"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoryslav (Ukrainian: Борислав, Polish: Borysław) is a city located on the Tysmenytsia (a tributary of the Dniester), in Lviv Oblast (region) of western Ukraine. Boryslav was an important town in the oil industry in which field many Jews held important positions. German forces occupied Boryslav on September 12, 1939 and immediately let the local Ukrainians begin to terrorize the Jews. The Russian Army arrived on September 12, 1939 as they had received Borysław and the territory around it as part of their agreement not to enter the war against the Germans. Life under the Russians wasn’t easy but on July 1, 1941 the Germans returned and it got infinitely worse. The day after German forces arrived in Boryslav, a hastily formed Ukrainian militia, supported by local peasants and some German soldiers, organized a pogrom. Up to 350 Jews were murdered before the German military restored order. Boryslav was an important oil-producing area in Poland. The oil industries were taken over by the Carpathian Oil Company. Many Jews were housed in work camps on the industry sites. In September 1942, there were 1,760 Jews working in the oil industry in Boryslav. For their protection, they wore a special badge on their chests bearing the letter “A” for needed workers [German: Arbeitsjuden] or “R” for armaments workers [German: Rüstungsarbeiter]. The badges enabled them to travel to their workplaces. In November 1941, a Jewish residential quarter (an open ghetto) was established. On November 20, the death penalty was introduced for Jews leaving their place of residence without permission. The Jewish community of Boryslav suffered from typhus outbreaks and severe hunger during the winter of 1941-1942. On November 29/30, 1941 the Germans rounded up 1,500 Jews from lists drawn up by local Ukrainians and took them into the woods and shot them. On the morning of August 6, 1942, an Austrian unit of the Schutzpolizei (German state police), Ukrainian Auxiliary Police, and Jewish Police began to round up a list of Jews who had been selected by the Judenrat for deportation. They were detained in the Graszyna Cinema. The Aktion was temporarily halted because many Jews had escaped into the outlying forests or hidden in the city. The operation resumed later that day, and many Jews were arrested or killed. Those detained were housed in the overcrowded movie theater, as well as in the former headquarters of the Polish Socialist Party. Four hundred were sent to the Janowska Street labor camp near Lwow and at least 5,000 were sent to the Belzec extermination camp. Hundreds more were killed and buried in a mass grave in the nearby woods. Following the August 1942 Aktion, the Germans established two separate open ghettos in Boryslav. The health and living conditions were very bad and they were severely overcrowded. On October 21-24, 1942, the Germans conducted an Aktion in which Jews from outlying communities were brought to the Boryslav ghetto. After the population was assembled, the Schutzpolizei and Ukrainian militia deported over 1,500 Jews to Belzec. Another Aktion occurred in November. Over the course of three weeks, approximately 1,500 Jews, who were mainly the families of armament workers (like Clara), were arrested and held in the Graszyna Cinema while Jews found in hiding places were shot. On November 29-30, the 1,500 were deported to Belzec and the Janowska Street labor camp. In November 1942, the remaining able-bodied Jews were separated for forced labor and the remainder (about 2,000 Jews) was deported or murdered. In November 1942, a forced labor camp (Zwangsarbeiteslager, ZAL) was established for prisoners working in the oil industry. By January 1943, 443 Boryslav Jews worked in the ZAL. A number of illegal Jews had also managed to be smuggled into the ZAL. Several hundred others, working for other German offices, still lived in the ghetto. By July 1944 they too had been dispersed to other labor camps or murdered. The ground on the mass graves outside the city heaved so much the Germans had to bring in earth-grading equipment to keep them covered. On February 16/17, 1943 the last 600 non-essential Jews were murdered and thrown into pits leaving only 1,200 workers in what had become a labor camp. Following the Aktion in February 1943, the final liquidation of the Boryslav ghetto took place from May 25 to June 2, 1943. Throughout that spring and early summer, hundreds were killed or deported, and small executions continued for months as Jews were found hiding in the woods nearby. When the Russian Army liberated Boryslav on August 7, 1944, between 200 and 400 Jews came out of hiding and a few more returned from Russia or survived the camps. During 1943-1944, a partisan unit mostly composed of escapees from the Boryslav ghetto was active in the area and hiding in the forests. Other Poles and Ukrainian residents also helped hide Jews in the area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=21.0,31.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsrael Wiesen (1896-1942) worked in the oil industry in Boryslav, Poland (now present-day Ukraine). He was married to Chana Horshowski Wiesen, and they had two children, Janina and Zygmunt. He died of typhus in the Boryslav Ghetto in 1942. His daughter Janina was the only survivor of their immediate family and eventually moved to the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=50.0,76.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChana Horshowski Wiesen (1901-1944) was born in Komarno, Poland (now present-day Ukraine). She was married to Israel Wiesen, and they had two children, Janina and Zygmunt. Chana was murdered during the Holocaust. Her daughter Janina was the only survivor of their immediate family and eventually moved to the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=50.0,76.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZygmunt Wiesen (1925-1944) was born in Boryslav, Poland (now present-day Ukraine) to Israel and Chana Horshowski Wiesen. Zygmunt was murdered during the Holocaust. His sister Janina was the only survivor of their immediate family and eventually moved to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=50.0,76.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=106.0,110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929, when the American stock market crashed, and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century. The Great Depression is often seen as the major turning point in 20th-century world history. In Europe, World War I had a long-term impact on the economy and financial stability. Postwar inflation spiraled into hyperinflation by the 1920’s and European banks struggled to stay open. Exasperating the situation were skyrocketing unemployment rates. The Great Depression had immediately visible political and social ramifications in Europe, including increased antisemitism and nationalism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=135.0,169.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=196.0,243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzo\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=249.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKashrut\u003c/em\u003e is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term \u003cem\u003ekashér\u003c/em\u003e, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=279.0,369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMatzo\u003c/em\u003e, or \u003cem\u003ematzah\u003c/em\u003e, is an unleavened flatbread that is part of Jewish cuisine and forms an integral element of the Passover festival.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=279.0,369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Vissarionovich Stalin (b. Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili, 1878-1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920’s until his death. He is considered one of the most powerful and murderous dictators in history. His five-year plans, first launched in 1928, led to agricultural collectivization and rapid industrialization, thereby creating a centralized command economy. Resulting disruptions to food production contributed to a famine in 1932–1933 which killed millions, including in the Holodomor in Ukraine. Between 1936 and 1938, Stalin eradicated his political opponents and those deemed \"enemies of the working class\" in the Great Purge, after which he had absolute control of the party and government. Under his regime, an estimated 18 million people passed through the Gulag system of forced labor camps, and more than six million were deported to remote regions of the country, which together resulted in millions of deaths. In 1939, his government signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany, enabling the Soviet invasion of Poland. Germany broke the pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941, leading Stalin to join the Allies of World War II. Despite huge losses, the Soviet Red Army repelled the German invasion and captured Berlin in 1945, ending the war in Europe. Following the War, the country experienced another famine and a state-sponsored antisemitic campaign culminating in the \"doctors' plot\". In 1953, Stalin died after suffering a stroke, and was succeeded as leader of the Soviet Union by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin's rule and initiated the \"de-Stalinization\" of Soviet society. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=377.0,473.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (also known as the Hitler-Stalin Pact and German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact) was a non-aggression pact between Germany and Russia signed August 23, 1939. Russia, which had a treaty with Poland to defend it if it was attacked, reneged in secret. Russia agreed to stand aside if Germany attacked Poland and not declare war on Germany. The pact provided that the two countries would not attack each other, independently or in conjunction with other powers; would not support any third power that might attack the other party to the pact; would remain in consultation with each other with regard to their common interests; would not join any power or group of powers that threatened the other; and would solve all differences between them through negotiation or arbitration. The public pact was accompanied by a secret protocol, reached on the same day, which divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Hitler, knowing that he wasn’t going to have to fight Russia if he invaded Poland, invaded Poland just one week later. The Pact ended on June 22, 1941, when Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=377.0,473.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was about 2-1/2 miles away from the main camp. It had the largest total prisoner population. This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp and where the four gas chambers and crematoria came to be located. The Monowitz camp also known as Auschwitz III or Buna, was about 4 miles east of the Auschwitz Main Camp. It was a complex built to house slave laborers for the German chemical firm IG Farben.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=377.0,473.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSocialism is a political philosophy and movement that encompasses a wide range of economic and social systems that are characterized by the social ownership of the means of production vs. private ownership. It calls for public rather than private ownership or control of property and natural resources.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=535.0,636.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommunism is a political theory derived from Karl Marx. It advocates for replacing private property and a profit based society with public ownership and communal control of most major means of production and natural resources. It’s an ideology that falls on the far left of the political spectrum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=535.0,636.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAktion\u003c/em\u003e is the German term used for any non-military campaign to further Nazi ideals of race, but most often referring to the assembly, and deportation of Jews to concentration or death camps. In many cases, the Germans planned deportations and other operations so that they would coincide with the Jewish holidays. (Plural: \u003cem\u003eAktionen\u003c/em\u003e.)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=833.0,980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “ghetto” originated in sixteenth-century Venice from the Jewish quarter, where authorities compelled the city’s Jews to live. The term’s usage spread across Europe and referred to areas within cities where members of minorities (typically Jews) lived and were often restricted to by the authorities as a way to separate them from the majority Christian population. During World War II, Nazi Germany established ghettos in segregated city districts to further isolate and imprison regional Jewish populations. Starting in 1939, the Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. Jews living in ghettos experienced miserable conditions and overcrowding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=1017.0,1271.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosa Horshowski (approx. 1898-1942) was the aunt of Janina Redfield. She was married to Morris Horshowski, and they had a son Chaskel “Lucia” Horshowski. Rosa was murdered during an Aktion in Boryslav, Poland (now present-day Ukraine). She is honored with her name inscribed on the New Montefiore Cemetery’s New Drohobyczer and Boryslawer Benevolent Association Holocaust memorial to those who perished during the Nazi occupation of Drohobycz and Boryslaw. Her husband Morris survived and moved to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=1273.0,1381.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew Montefiore Cemetery is a Jewish cemetery located in West Babylon, New York. The cemetery was established in 1928 and burials started shortly afterwards. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=1273.0,1381.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDrohobych or in Polish: Drohobycz was in Poland at the time of the war, now it is in Ukraine. The Russians occupied it for eighteen months but on June 30, 1941 the Germans re-occupied it. There followed a brutal three-day pogrom in which local Poles and Ukrainians murdered over 400 Jews. Persecutions by the Germans followed in rapid succession. On November 30, 1941, 300 Jews were executed in the nearby Bronica forest. Hundreds more died from hunger and disease in the severe winter of 1941/1942. Thousands of Jews were put to work. At the end of March 1942, 2,000 Jews were deported to Belzec death camp. Another Aktion started on August 8, 1942 and another 2,500 Jews were sent to Belzec. Another 600 were murdered on the spot. A ghetto was established in September 1942 for the remaining 9,000 Jews (including 1,000 from surrounding villages). In a third Aktion on 23-24 October 1942 a further 2,300 Jews were deported to Belzec and 200 hospital patients were murdered. Deportations continued through November and on February 15, 1943. The ghetto was combed for non-working Jews and 750 Jews were taken to the Bronica Forest and murdered. Another 800 Jews were murdered in the forest in March 1943. The last Jews in the ghetto were rounded up and murdered toward the end of May. The last Jews were sent to Plaszow labor camp in April 1944. The Russians liberated the city in August 1944. There were only about 400 Jews left in the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=1273.0,1381.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Plaszow camp [Polish: Płaszów; also known as the “Krakau-Plaszow” camp] was initially a labor camp, constructed in a southern suburb of Krakow, Poland on the site of two Jewish cemeteries. Built in late 1942 and further expanded until mid-1944, it was transformed into a full-fledged concentration camp when Jews from the Krakow ghetto were sent there. Mass executions, random violence and beatings were an almost daily feature of life Plaszow. At its peak, an estimated 25,000 prisoners were in the camp and at least 8,000 died there. The approaching front line caused the evacuation of Plaszow and its sub-camps to begin in the summer of 1944. Most inmates were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Mauthausen and Stutthof concentration camps. Only a few hundred prisoners remained alive in the camp when Soviet soldiers liberated it in January 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=1273.0,1381.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTyphus is a disease spread by lice, fleas or mites. During World War II, typhus epidemics killed many individuals in POW camps, ghettos and in concentration camps who were held in unhygienic conditions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=1387.0,1928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Horshowski (unknown-1974) was a Holocaust survivor from Boryslav, Poland (now present-day Ukraine). He was married to Rosa Horshowski, and they had a son Chaskel “Lucia” Horshowski. Rosa was murdered during an Aktion in Boryslav and Chaskel was also murdered. Rosa and Chaskel are honored with their names inscribed on the New Montefiore Cemetery’s New Drohobyczer and Boryslawer Benevolent Association Holocaust memorial to those who perished during the Nazi occupation of Drohobycz and Boryslaw. Morris survived and moved to the United States, he is buried at the New Montefiore Cemetery. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=1387.0,1928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChaskel “Lucia” Horshowski was born in Boryslav, Poland (now present-day Ukraine) to Morris and Rosa Horshowski. After his mother was murdered during an Aktion in Boryslav, he was cared for by his aunt Chana Horshowski Wiesen. Chaskel was a small child when he and his aunt were murdered during the Holocaust. He is honored with his name inscribed on the New Montefiore Cemetery’s New Drohobyczer and Boryslawer Benevolent Association Holocaust memorial to those who perished during the Nazi occupation of Drohobycz and Boryslaw. His father Morris survived and moved to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=1387.0,1928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLimanowa is a town in southern Poland, in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. It is the capital of Limanowa County. During World War II, German soldiers invaded and established a ghetto in Limanowa. The town suffered heavy casualties as a result of the occupation; 472 people were shot as hostages and conspiracy participants, 123 as concentration camp prisoners, 91 people died in the Third Reich, 47 died fighting in the war, and 3,053 people from Limanowa's Jewish population were murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=1387.0,1928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=1387.0,1928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eMagen David\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Shield of David], or as it is more commonly known, the Star of David, is the symbol most commonly associated with Judaism today. During the Holocaust, the symbol was used by the Nazis to identify and isolate Jews. In September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or \u003cem\u003eMagen David\u003c/em\u003e, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2060.0,2406.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWroclaw [Polish: Wrocław] [German: Breslau] is a city in southwestern Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia. It is the third largest city in Poland. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the University of Wroclaw, previously the German Breslau University, has produced nine Nobel Prize laureates and is renowned for its high quality of teaching. Wroclaw also possesses numerous historical landmarks, including the Main Market Square, Cathedral Island, Wroclaw Opera, the National Museum and the Centennial Hall, which is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. During the invasion of Poland, which started World War II, in September 1939, the Germans carried out mass arrests of local Polish activists and banned Polish organizations, and the city was made the headquarters of the southern district of the Selbstschutz, whose task was to persecute Poles. For most of the war, the fighting did not affect the city. During the war, the Germans operated four subcamps of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp in the city. In 1945, the city became part of the front lines and was the site of the brutal Siege of Breslau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2407.0,2729.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsaac Redfield (born Isaac Lipowicz 1907-1987) was a photographer and Holocaust survivor. He was born to Chaim and Regina Gottdenker Lipowicz in Poland. Isaac married fellow Holocaust survivor, Janina Wiesen after the War and they had two children, Carl Redfield, who was born in the Wasseralfingen Displaced Persons Camp in Germany, and Amy Redfield Rubin. Isaac and Janina moved to the United States in 1949 and lived in Newark, New Jersey, Yonkers, New York, and Lake Forest, California. Isaac and Janina had three grandchildren and four great-grandchildren. Isaac passed away in 1987, and Janina in 2017. They are buried together at Pacific View Memorial Park in Corona del Mar, California.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2732.0,2847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzechoslovakia was a state in Central Europe, created in 1918 when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. Between 1939 and 1945, the state ceased to exist, as Slovakia proclaimed its independence and Carpathian Ruthenia became part of Hungary. After World War II, Czechoslovakia was reestablished under its pre-1938 borders, except for Carpathian Ruthenia, which became part of the Ukrainian SSR (a republic of the Soviet Union). The Communist Party seized power in a coup in 1948. From 1948 to 1989, Czechoslovakia was part of the Eastern Bloc with a planned economy. In 1989, as Marxist–Leninist governments and communism were ending all over Central and Eastern Europe, Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their communist government during the Velvet Revolution, which began on 17 November 1989 and ended 11 days later on 28 November when all of the top Communist leaders and Communist party itself resigned. On 31 December 1992, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the two sovereign states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2732.0,2847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVienna is the capital city of Austria and sits on the Danube River. The city has been called the “City of Music” because of its musical legacy with many famous classical musicians including Beethoven, Brahms, Haydn, Mozart, and Schubert living and working in the city. The city has a rich architectural history with Baroque palaces and gardens. During World War II, Viennese Jews were harassed and hounded, their homes and businesses plundered. All synagogues and prayer houses in the city were destroyed. Adolf Eichmann held office in the expropriated Palais Rothschild and organized the expropriation and persecution of the Jews. Of the almost 200,000 Jews in Vienna, around 120,000 were driven to emigrate and around 65,000 were killed. After the end of the war, the Jewish population of Vienna was only about 5,000. After the war, Vienna was part of Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria until September 1945. That month, Vienna was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an Allied Commission. The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the Austrian State Treaty was signed in May 1955 and came into force on 27 July 1955. By October, all soldiers had left the country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2732.0,2847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, commonly known as DDT, is a colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless crystalline chemical compound, an organochloride. Originally developed as an insecticide, it became infamous for its environmental impacts and impact on human health. DDT is an endocrine disruptor, and it is considered likely to be a human carcinogen. DDT was first synthesized in 1874 by the Austrian chemist Othmar Zeidler. DDT was used in the second half of World War II to limit the spread of the insect-borne diseases malaria and typhus among civilians and troops. The WHO's anti-malaria campaign of the 1950’s and 1960’s relied heavily on DDT and the results were promising, though there was a resurgence in developing countries afterwards.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2732.0,2847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLudwigsburg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is the largest and primary city of the Ludwigsburg district with about 94,000 inhabitants. It is situated within the Stuttgart Region, and the district is part of the administrative region of Stuttgart. Jewish families began living in Ludwigsburg during the 19th century and in 1884, a synagogue was built and later destroyed by storm troopers during Kristallnacht, the pogrom of November 1938. A 1959 memorial and newer memorial plaques commemorate the Jewish Holocaust victims. During World War II, the city suffered moderate damage compared to other German cities. It was the home of the prisoner-of-war camp Stalag V-A from October 1939 until April 1945. After the war, there was a large displaced persons camp that housed several thousand, mainly Polish, displaced persons until about 1948. From 1945 until the middle of 1946, there was also an Allied internment camp for war criminals in Ludwigsburg and the U.S. Army maintained the Pattonville barracks on the edge of town. The land was returned to Germany in 1994. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2732.0,2847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA casern, also spelled cazern or caserne, is a military barracks in a garrison town. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2732.0,2847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. In late 1945 and the summer of 1946, a series of horrific assaults against surviving Jewish communities occurred in postwar East Central Europe, particularly in Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Russia and Romania. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. Often, shelter was improvised and DPs found themselves housed in everything from former military barracks, summer camps and airports to castles, hotels and even private homes. Initially, the Allies herded Jewish DPs and non-Jewish DPs together, but conflicts arose. The need to recognize Jews as a unique and stateless group of DPs was urgent, and became obvious to the Americans. They created the first exclusively Jewish DP camp at Feldafing, which began absorbing Jews from Dachau in the summer of 1945. Most DP camps had been designated as either Jewish or non-Jewish by the end of 1945. In 1946 and 1947, the number of DPs in the camps rose substantially and conditions were often overcrowded and harsh. New organization and policies eventually took shape that substantially improved the DPs camps. Refugees were given some authority to manage their own affairs and some survivors began to establish new political and cultural lives. Many DPs married and started families while in the camps. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2849.0,2899.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Redfield (born Henry Lipowicz 1905-1990) was a doctor and Holocaust survivor. He was born to Chaim and Regina Gottdenker Lipowicz in Poland. After moving to the United States in 1949, he lived in Newark, New Jersey, Yonkers, New York, and Lake Forest, California. He remained close to his brother and sister-in-law Isaac and Janina Wiesen, also Holocaust survivors. In the US, he married Ethel Redfield. Henry passed away in 1990, and Ethel in 2010, They are buried together at Pacific View Memorial Park in Corona del Mar, California.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2849.0,2899.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWasseralfingen is a borough in Aalen, Germany. Aalen is a town located in the eastern part of the German state of Baden-Württemberg, about 43 miles east of Stuttgart and 30 miles north of Ulm. Following World War II, a displaced persons camp was established in Wasseralfingen by UNRRA. There is a memorial stone at the Schillerlinde tree above Wasseralfingen's ore pit dedicated to four prisoners of the subcamp of Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp killed there. Also in Wasseralfingen, in the cemetery a memorial with the Polish inscription \"To the victims of Hitler\" which commemorates the deceased forced laborers buried there. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2904.0,3021.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStuttgart is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the Neckar River in a fertile valley known as the Stuttgarter Kessel (Stuttgart Cauldron) and lies an hour from the Swabian Jura and the Black Forest. It is known as a manufacturing hub, Mercedes-Benz and Porsche have headquarters and museums there. Stuttgart prospered despite setbacks in the Thirty Years' War and devastating air raids by the Allies on the city and its automobile production during World War II. By 1952, the city had recovered and became the major cultural, economic, industrial, financial, tourism and publishing center it is today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2904.0,3021.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry S. Truman (1884-1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as the 34th vice president. He implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain Communist expansion. He proposed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the Conservative Coalition that dominated Congress. Only upon Roosevelt’s death was he told about the ongoing Manhattan Project and the atomic bomb. Truman authorized the first and only use of nuclear weapons in war against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Truman's administration engaged in an internationalist foreign policy by working closely with Britain. Truman staunchly denounced isolationism. He energized the New Deal coalition during the 1948 presidential election, despite a divided Democratic Party, and won a surprise victory against Republican Party nominee Thomas E. Dewey. Truman presided over the onset of the Cold War in 1947. In 1948, he proposed Congress pass comprehensive civil rights legislation. Congress refused, so Truman issued Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981, which prohibited discrimination in federal agencies and desegregated the U.S. Armed Forces. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2904.0,3021.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBremen, Germany is the capital of the German state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen. It is a two city state that includes Bremen and Bremerhaven. It is the 11th largest city in Germany and the second largest in northern Germany. The port in Bremen and the port in Bremerhaven on the Weser River are the second largest ports in Germany after Hamburg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2904.0,3021.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePneumonia is an infection of the lungs cause mild to severe illness. Today pneumonia is treated with antibiotics and in some pneumonia can be prevented with vaccines.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2904.0,3021.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was founded in 1943. Its mission was to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees who would come under Allied control. UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria and played a major role in repatriating survivors to their home countries in 1946-1947. It largely shut down operations in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2904.0,3021.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaula Gottdenker (1914-1990) was a biomedical professor at the University of Washington School of Medicine and the University of Kansas. She was born in Vienna, Austria and immigrated to the United States in 1939. Upon her death, she bequeathed the University of Kansas over $150,00 with the stipulation that the money be used for scholarships for financially needy women at least 50 years old and unmarried.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=2904.0,3021.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Soviet Union liberated Poland from German occupation in 1945, but the Soviet victory led to the establishment of a communist dictatorship in Poland and the loss of Polish territory. After Germany's surrender, Soviet troops occupied most of eastern Europe, including Poland. As a consequence of decisions made by American President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill, and Soviet Communist Party Chief Joseph Stalin at the Yalta Conference, the Soviet Union retained the Polish territory that it had annexed after it partitioned Poland in 1939 under the provisions of the German-Soviet Pact. The Soviet authorities suppressed independence and anti-communist resistance with the use of Russia’s secret police force, the NKVD. The NKVD was tasked with identifying Poles who were loyal to the government-in-exile, part of the underground Home Army, or otherwise posed a threat to communist ideology.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3021.0,3033.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust. Adolf Hitler applied for entrance into the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, Austria twice and was twice rejected, once in 1907 and again in 1908. For the next five years, Hitler struggled to earn money by selling small paintings, mostly images of buildings and other landmarks in Vienna that he copied from postcards. By 1914, Hitler was serving in World War I and would later enter politics. In his autobiographical manifesto, Mein Kampf, Hitler claimed that his antisemitic views formed during his time as a struggling artist in Vienna. His frustrated art career became part of the myth making—by Hitler himself and by his followers—that helped drive his fateful rise to power in Germany. Hitler was drafted for Austrian military service at the beginning of World War I but turned down due to lack of fitness. After moving to Germany, he enlisted as a German soldier in the summer of 1914 and was deployed to Belgium in October. Over the next two years, Hitler served first as an infantryman and then as a private. He won two decorations for bravery, including the Iron Cross First Class and was wounded twice. He was recovering from his second injury when the war ended.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3078.0,3101.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn abacus, also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool that was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Arabic numeral system. An abacus consists of a two-dimensional array of slidable beads.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3147.0,3148.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStepan Andriyovych Bandera (1909-1959) was a Ukrainian far-right leader of the radical militant wing of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, the OUN-B. Bandera was born in Austria-Hungary, in Galicia, into the family of a priest of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, and grew up in Poland. In 1931, he became head of propaganda of the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), and later became head of the OUN for Poland in 1932. In 1934, he organized the assassination of the Polish interior minister, Bronislaw [Polish: Bronisław] Pieracki, and was sentenced to death after being convicted of terrorism, subsequently commuted to life imprisonment. Bandera was freed from prison in 1939 following the invasion of Poland, and moved to Krakow [Polish: Kraków]. In 1940, he became head of the radical faction of the OUN, the OUN-B. In 1941, he formed the Ukrainian National Committee. Bandera negotiated with the Nazis to create the Ukrainian National Army and the Ukrainian National Committee in March 1945. After the war, Bandera settled with his family in West Germany. In 1959, Bandera was assassinated by a KGB agent in Munich. Bandera remains a highly controversial figure in Ukraine. Many Ukrainians hail him as a role model hero, or as a martyred liberation fighter, while other Ukrainians, particularly in the south and east, condemn him as a fascist, or Nazi collaborator, whose followers, called Banderites, were responsible for massacres of Polish and Jewish civilians during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3187.0,3413.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLong Beach is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The Port of Long Beach is the second busiest container port in the United States and is among the world's largest shipping ports. The city is over an oilfield with minor wells both directly beneath the city as well as offshore. The city is known for its waterfront attractions, including the permanently docked RMS Queen Mary and the Aquarium of the Pacific. Long Beach also hosts the Grand Prix of Long Beach, an IndyCar race, and the Long Beach Pride Festival and Parade. California State University, Long Beach, one of the largest universities in California by enrollment, is within the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3187.0,3413.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs [Russian: \u003cem\u003eNarodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del\u003c/em\u003e; abbreviated NKVD] was a ministry of the Soviet government responsible for security and law enforcement. Established in 1917, it was originally tasked with conducting regular police work and overseeing the country's prisons and labor camps. The NKVD became known for its role in political repression and played a crucial role in the Joseph Stalin’s dictatorship. Many Poles saw the Soviets as enemies. Although they had liberated Poland from Germany, they had also invaded and occupied part of Poland from 1939-1941. Eager to install a communist government in Poland, Russia’s secret police force, the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs [Russian: \u003cem\u003eNarodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del\u003c/em\u003e; abbreviated NKVD], was tasked with identifying Poles who were loyal to the government-in-exile, part of the underground Home Army, or otherwise posed a threat to communist ideology.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3187.0,3413.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLos Angeles, California is located southern California. It’s the state’s largest city and the second largest city in the United States. It has long been known as the center of the United States film and television industry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3479.0,3581.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalo Verde (Spanish for \"Green Stick\"; Mojave: Hanyomalivah) is a census-designated place in Imperial County, California. Its name comes from the native desert tree, Palo Verde, sharing its name with the Palo Verde Valley, the valley it is located.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3479.0,3581.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNorman Wiesen (1908-1969) was the brother of Israel Wiesen. He was born in Boryslav, Poland (now present-day Ukraine) and immigrated to the Los Angeles, California in approximately 1931. In 1937, he married Gittla “Gertrude” Hauser, and they had two children. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3583.0,3602.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Polish government-in-exile, formally known as the “Government of the Republic of Poland in Exile,” was formed in the aftermath of the invasion of Poland in September of 1939 and the subsequent occupation of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union, which brought an end to the Second Polish Republic. After the invasion, the Polish government moved to France. When France fell in 1940, the government-in-exile moved to London, where it stayed for the duration of World War II. The government-in-exile exerted considerable influence in Poland through the structures of the Polish underground State, as the underground resistance organizations in Poland were known, and through its military arm, the Armia Krajowa (Polish: Home Army.) As the first of the Allies to occupy Poland, the Soviets were able to influence the interim government formed in 1945—a government that won Allied recognition over the government-in-exile still based in London. The new communist government solidified its political power in a sham election held in January 1947. Prior to the election, many members of the opposition were arrested or prohibited from running. In the purge that followed the election, the new communist regime replaced any remaining opposition members in office with trusted Stalinists. Poland officially became part of the Soviet sphere of influence. The government-in-exile remained in London until its dissolution in 1990.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3802.0,3803.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVolgograd, formerly Tsaritsyn (1589-1925) and Stalingrad (1925-1961), is the largest city and the administrative center of Volgograd Oblast, Russia. Volgograd is the 16th-largest city by population size in Russia, the second-largest city of the Southern Federal District, and the fourth-largest city on the Volga. In 1925, the city was renamed Stalingrad in honor of Joseph Stalin, who then ruled the country. During World War II, Axis forces attacked the city, leading to the Battle of Stalingrad, arguably the largest and bloodiest battle in the history of warfare. In 1961, Nikita Khrushchev's administration renamed the city Volgograd as part of de-Stalinization. Volgograd today is the site of The Motherland Calls, a 279 foot high statue dedicated to the heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3803.0,3848.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “concentration camp” refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy. In Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945, concentration camps (Konzentrationslager; briefly “KL” or “KZ”) were an integral feature of the regime. The Nazis differentiated between concentration camps, which were used to contain slave laborers and prisoners of the Nazi state, and extermination camps, whose primary purpose was the systematic killing of prisoners. Shortly after coming to power in 1933, the Nazis began to set up a series of concentration camps across Germany. Those were mostly local initiatives: facilities that the SA, SS, and police established on an ad hoc basis, where they would detain and abuse real and imagined enemies of the regime. By 1934, there were over 100 of these early camps in operation. When the Nazi regime came to power, they systematically persecuted both Jewish and non-Jewish Germans perceived to be opponents of the regime. Political opponents (Communists, Social Democrats, liberals) were some of the first victims housed in “temporary” detention centers like Lichtenburg. Jews, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jehovah's Witnesses, clergy who opposed the Nazis, and any others whose behavior—real or perceived—could be interpreted as being in opposition to Nazi political and racial ideologies were also persecuted and incarcerated. The Nazi regime refused to tolerate criticism, dissent, or nonconformity from the German people. Non-Jewish German political activists were treated harshly but other political opponents remained potentially valuable members of the German race. The goal behind their internment in and subsequent release from concentration camps was often a kind of reeducation that would see them fall into line with the regime’s political and racial ideologies. Between 1933 and 1939, tens of thousands of Germans were sentenced by the criminal courts. If authorities were confident of a conviction in court, the prisoner was turned over to the justice system for trial. If the outcome of criminal proceedings were unsatisfactory, the acquitted citizen or the citizen who was sentenced to a suspended sentence would still be taken into “protective detention” and incarcerated in a concentration camp. The first concentration camps were established in 1933. Various authorities set up the makeshift “camps” in empty warehouses, factories, and other locations. Camps were established in Oranienburg, north of Berlin; Esterwegen, near Hamburg; Dachau, northwest of Munich; and Lichtenburg, in Saxony. By the end of July 1933, almost 27,000 people were housed in these camps. Most of the prisoners were political opponents of the Nazi regime. By the end of 1934, most of these early camps were disbanded and replaced by a centrally organized concentration camp system under the exclusive jurisdiction of the SS.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3848.0,3851.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWarsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland. Warsaw was known for its elegant architecture and boulevards until it was bombed and besieged at the start of World War II in 1939. Much of the historic city was destroyed and its diverse population decimated by the Ghetto Uprising in 1943, the general Warsaw Uprising in 1944, and systematic razing. The city's primary educational and cultural institutions comprise the University of Warsaw, the Warsaw University of Technology, the SGH Warsaw School of Economics, the Chopin University of Music, the Polish Academy of Sciences, the National Philharmonic Orchestra, the National Museum, and the Warsaw Grand Theatre, the largest of its kind in the world. The reconstructed Old Town, which represents a variety of European architectural styles, was listed as a World Heritage Site in 1980. Other landmarks include the Royal Castle, Sigismund's Column, the Wilanów Palace, the Palace on the Isle, St. John's Archcathedral, Main Market Square, and numerous churches and mansions along the Royal Route. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=3851.0,3961.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePogrom\u003c/em\u003e is a Russian word meaning \"to wreak havoc, to demolish violently\" that historically refers to violent attacks on by local non-Jewish populations on Jews. Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire were large-scale, targeted, and repeated anti-Jewish rioting that first began in the 19th century. \u003cem\u003ePogroms\u003c/em\u003e began occurring after the Russian Empire acquired territories with large Jewish populations from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ottoman Empire during 1772–1815.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4087.0,4144.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAsbestos is a naturally occurring, carcinogenic, fibrous silicate mineral. Inhalation of asbestos fibers can lead to various dangerous lung conditions, including mesothelioma, asbestosis, and lung cancer. As a result of these health effects, asbestos is considered a serious health and safety hazard. Asbestos is an excellent thermal and electrical insulator, and is highly fire resistant, so for much of the 20th century, it was very commonly used around the world as a building material until its adverse effects on human health were more widely recognized and acknowledged in the 1970’s. Many buildings constructed before the 1980’s contain asbestos. The use of asbestos for construction and fireproofing has been made illegal in many countries. The latency period (from exposure until the diagnosis of negative health effects) is typically 20 years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4145.0,4248.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAngina is a type of chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. As a result, the heart may beat faster and harder to gain more blood, causing noticeable pain. Angina is a symptom of coronary artery disease.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4498.0,4566.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArthritis is the swelling and tenderness of one or more joints. The main symptoms of arthritis are joint pain and stiffness, which typically worsen with age. The most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis causes cartilage, the hard, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones where they form a joint, to break down. Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which the immune system attacks the joints, beginning with the lining of joints.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4498.0,4566.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSciatica refers to pain that travels along the path of the sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve travels from the buttocks and down each leg. Sciatica most often happens when a herniated disk or an overgrowth of bone puts pressure on the lumbar spine nerve roots. This causes inflammation, pain, and often some numbness in the affected leg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4498.0,4566.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust was the systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4622.0,4682.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlan Morton Dershowitz (b. 1938) is an American lawyer and law professor known for his work in U.S. constitutional law and American criminal law. From 1964 to 2013, he taught at Harvard Law School, where he was appointed as the Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law in 1993. Dershowitz is a regular media contributor, political commentator, and legal analyst. Dershowitz has taken on high-profile and often unpopular causes and clients such as Mike Tyson, Patty Hearst, Leona Helmsley, Julian Assange, and Jim Bakker. In 1995, Dershowitz served as the appellate adviser on the murder trial of O. J. Simpson as part of the legal \"Dream Team\" alongside Johnnie Cochran and F. Lee Bailey. He was a member of Harvey Weinstein's defense team in 2018 and of President Donald Trump's defense team in his first impeachment trial in 2020. He was a member of Jeffrey Epstein's defense team and helped to negotiate a 2006 non-prosecution agreement on Epstein's behalf. Dershowitz is the author of several books about politics and the law. An ardent supporter of Israel, he has written several books on the Arab-Israeli conflict.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4682.0,4683.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJust Revenge\u003c/em\u003e is a fictional historical legal thriller about the Holocaust written by Alan Dershowitz and published in 1999.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4691.0,4692.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBolsheviks were a far-left, revolutionary Marxist faction founded by Vladmir Lenin. It was majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party, which became known as the Communist Party after the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4717.0,4879.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJózef Klemens Pilsudski [Polish: Piłsudski] (1867-1935) was a Polish statesman who served as the Chief of State (1918-1922) and became the First Marshal of Poland in 1920. Until his death in 1935, he remained the most influential politician in Poland. Although Pilsudski openly rejected discrimination and antisemitism, winning him the support of many Polish Jews, his government did little in practice to relieve restrictions placed on Jewish economic and social life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4717.0,4879.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDevaluation refers to the significant decline in the value of currencies in war-torn European countries following World War II, particularly in countries like France and Germany, due to massive inflation caused by the war's economic strain, leading to situations where citizens often resorted to bartering as their monetary systems became unstable. This was often accompanied by official government devaluations to try and stabilize their economies post-war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=4965.0,5062.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNewark is the most populous city in the state of New Jersey and a principal city in the New York metropolitan area. The Newark areas was settled in 1666 by the Puritans from the New Haven Colony, making it one of the oldest cities in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5218.0,5582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLinden is a city in southeastern Union County, New Jersey. It is part of the New York Metropolitan Area, located about 13 miles southwest of Manhattan and bordering Staten Island, a borough of New York City. Linden is a regional hub of Polish immigration and features a significant number of establishments featuring the food and culture of Poland. Linden holds an annual Polish Heritage Day Festival to showcase local Polish cuisine, pottery, dance, traditional fashion, and other Polish arts for visitors. In 2021, the mayor of Linden hosted a state visit by Poland’s president Andrzej Duda, and first lady Agata Kornhauser-Duda to the Polish community in Linden.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5218.0,5582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Statue of Liberty is a neoclassical sculpture located on Liberty Island in the New York Harbor of New York City. The copper statue was designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and was given to the United States from the people of France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5218.0,5582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe USS\u003cem\u003e General W. G. Haan\u003c/em\u003e (AP-158) was a General \u003cem\u003eG. O. Squier-class\u003c/em\u003e transport ship for the US Navy in World War II. She was named in honor of US Army Major General William G. Haan. Following World War II, \u003cem\u003eGeneral Haan\u003c/em\u003e transported passengers, many of whom were Jewish refugees from Germany to the United States and Australia. On October 2, 1949, General Haan departed Naples with 1,303 displaced persons from Eastern Europe for resettlement in Australia, and on December 18, 1949, she left Bremerhaven for New York City with mostly Polish passengers. She completed another voyage to Melbourne on February 21, 1950, with 1,301 more refugees.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5218.0,5582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEllis Island is an island located in New York Harbor, that is situated between New York and New Jersey. It is owned by the United States government and was the busiest immigrant inspection and processing station in the United States from 1892-1954. Today it is part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument and is now a national museum on immigration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5218.0,5582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Uptown Hudson Tubes are a pair of tunnels that carry Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) trains between Manhattan, New York City, to the east and Jersey City, New Jersey, to the west. The tubes do not enter Uptown Manhattan; the name reflects their location north of the Downtown Hudson Tubes that connect Jersey City and the World Trade Center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5218.0,5582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5218.0,5582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCarl Redfield (b. 1947) is the oldest child of Isaac and Janina (Lipowicz) Redfield, Holocaust survivors from Poland. Carl was born in the Wasseralfingen Displaced Persons Camp in Germany. He came to the United States with his parents in 1949, and grew up in Newark, New Jersey and Yonkers, New York. He attended Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Boston University Questrom School of Business, and Harvard Business School. He was Senior Vice President of Manufacturing and Logistics at Cisco Systems from 1993 to 2008.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5218.0,5582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhiladelphia is Pennsylvania's largest city. It has a deep connection to the founding of the United States because it is home to Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were signed. It is also home to the Liberty Bell and other American Revolutionary sites. The city was founded in 1682 by William Penn.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5218.0,5582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLawrence is a city and the county seat of Douglas County, Kansas. It is in the northeastern sector of the state between the Kansas and Wakarusa Rivers. Lawrence is a college town and home to both the University of Kansas and Haskell Indian Nations University. Lawrence was founded by the New England Emigrant Aid Company (NEEAC) and was named for Amos A. Lawrence, an abolitionist from Massachusetts, who offered financial aid and support for the settlement. Lawrence was central to the Bleeding Kansas period (1854-1861), the site of the Wakarusa War (1855), and the Sacking of Lawrence (1856). During the American Civil War, it was also the site of the Lawrence massacre.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5616.0,6162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSeattle is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States in the state of Washington. It is surrounded by water, mountains, and evergreen forests, and contains thousands of acres of parkland. Seattle is home to the headquarters of many major companies including Boeing, Microsoft, Amazon, and Alaska Airlines. Seattle is also known for its music scene, including jazz in the early to mid-20th century and the rock and grunge scene in the 1990’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5616.0,6162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the principal federal law enforcement agency of the United States. The bureau is focused on domestic intelligence and security of the federal government.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5616.0,6162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePossibly refers to the Blue Card which is a national non-profit organization solely dedicated to providing financial assistance to destitute Holocaust survivors residing in the United States. It was established by the Jewish Community in 1934 in Germany to help Jews being affected by Nazi persecution through loss of jobs and other forms of oppression. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMemoirist could also mean a green card, which is an identification card indicating the holder’s status to live and work in the USA permanently. It allows a non-U.S. citizen to gain permanent residence in the United States. The card is known as a \"green card\" because of its historically greenish color.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5616.0,6162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStamford is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, 34 miles outside of New York City. As of 2023, Stamford is home to eight Fortune 500 companies and numerous divisions of large corporations. This gives it the largest financial district in the New York metropolitan region outside New York City and one of the nation's largest concentrations of corporations. Dominant sectors of Stamford's economy include financial management and real estate, tourism, information technology, healthcare, telecommunications, transportation, and retail. Its metropolitan division is home to colleges and universities including UConn Stamford and Norwalk Community College.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5616.0,6162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYonkers is the third-most populous city in the U.S. state of New York and the most populous city in Westchester County. It is a centrally located municipality within the New York metropolitan area. Downtown Yonkers is centered around Getty Square, where the municipal government is located. The downtown area, which houses local businesses and nonprofit organizations, is a retail hub for the city and the northwest Bronx. Major shopping areas are in Getty Square on South Broadway, at the Cross County Shopping Center and the Ridge Hill Mall, and along Central Park Avenue. The city has a number of attractions, including Tibbetts Brook Park, Untermyer Park and Gardens, the Hudson River Museum, the Saw Mill River, the Science Barge, Sherwood House, and access to the Hudson River.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5616.0,6162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmy Redfield Rubin (b. 1953) was the second of two children born to Isaac and Janina (Lipowicz) Redfield, Holocaust survivors from Poland. Amy’s parents and brother, Carl immigrated to the United States in 1949, and she was raised in Yonkers, New York. She graduated from the University at Albany - State University of New York in 1975. She married Jonathan Rubin. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5616.0,6162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Comptometer was the first commercially successful key-driven mechanical calculator, patented in the United States by Dorr Felt in 1887. Although the comptometer was primarily an adding machine, it could also do subtractions, multiplication and division. Its keyboard consisted of eight or more columns of nine keys each. Special comptometers with varying key arrays were produced for a variety of special purposes, including calculating currency exchanges, times and Imperial weights. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5616.0,6162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOtis Worldwide Corporation (branded as the Otis Elevator Company, its former legal name) is an American company that develops, manufactures and markets elevators, escalators, moving walkways, and related equipment. Based in Farmington, Connecticut, Otis is the world's largest manufacturer of vertical transportation systems, principally focusing on elevators, escalators, and moving walkways. The company pioneered the development of the \"safety elevator\", invented by Elisha Otis in 1852, which used a special mechanism that locked the elevator car in place against hoisting rope failure. The Otis Elevator Company was acquired by United Technologies in 1976, but it was spun off as an independent company 44 years later in April 2020 as Otis Worldwide Corporation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5616.0,6162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLaguna Hills (laguna being Spanish for 'lagoon') is a city in southern Orange County, California. Its name refers to its proximity to Laguna Canyon and the much older Laguna Beach. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=5616.0,6162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCisco Systems, Inc. (using the trademark Cisco) is an American multinational digital communications technology conglomerate corporation headquartered in San Jose, California. Cisco develops, manufactures, and sells networking hardware, software, telecommunications equipment, and other high-technology services and products. Cisco Systems was founded in December 1984 by Leonard Bosack and Sandy Lerner, two Stanford University computer scientists. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6248.0,6352.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: daughter of commandments] is a rite of passage for Jewish girls aged 12 years and one day according to her Hebrew birthday. Many girls have their \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e around age 13, the same as boys who have their \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e at that age. The \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah \u003c/em\u003egirl is now duty bound to keep the commandments. Synagogue ceremonies are held for \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e girls in Reform and Conservative communities, but it has not won the approval of Orthodox rabbis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6539.0,6616.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew school can be either the Jewish equivalent of Sunday school (an educational regimen separate from secular education, focusing on topics of Jewish history and learning the Hebrew language), or a primary, secondary, or college level educational institution where some or all of the classes are taught in Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6539.0,6616.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892/annotation_set/1617/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah \u003c/em\u003e[Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: \u003cem\u003eb’nai mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003equorum\u003c/em\u003e for public worship. He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003emitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/137721/file/254892#t=6539.0,6616.0"}]}]}]}