{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/vh5cc0wj6c/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Szczupak, Jacob"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2000-09-17 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Jacob Szczupak (Interviewee)","Albert Baron (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJacob Szczupak is interviewed by Albert Baron in Atlanta, Georgia on September 17, 2000.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eJacob Szczupak was born to a Jewish family in Warsaw, Poland on January 1, 1936. When World War II began, his father fled east to Belarus. Jacob and his mother soon joined him. In 1940, a younger brother was born. The family moved again to Ukraine before heading to the Caucasian Mountains. Jacob’s father worked on a collective farm and his mother worked in a vineyard. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Jacob’s father joined the Russian Army. As the Germans advanced, Jacob, his mother and brother headed south to Soviet Central Asia. They eventually settled on a collective farm in Kazakhstan.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAfter the war, Jacob, his mother and brother were reunited with his father. They settled in Legnica, Poland. Jacob’s youngest brother was born in 1947. Jacob completed school in Legnica. He began a career teaching Yiddish, Russian, and Jewish history and as a drama director. In 1967, Jacob married Laja “Lucy” Strazynska, whose parents had also survived the Holocaust. The couple eventually welcomed two children.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eBecause of political tensions and increased antisemitism in Poland, Jacob and Lucy decided to leave Poland. After brief stays in Austria and Italy, the couple finally came to the United States. In 1969, they settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Jacob taught Yiddish at the Jewish Community Center, synagogues, and Emory University. In 1984, he began teaching for the Cobb County School District. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn 1999, Jacob founded the Yiddish Lovers’ Club at Congregation Beth Jacob. In 2000, he retired from teaching, but continued to actively share his experiences. Jacob and Lucy continue to live in the Atlanta area, where they enjoy spending time with their children and grandchildren. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eJacob talks about his early memories of fleeing Poland for Soviet occupied territories. He recalls survival in Kazakhstan. Jacob remembers reuniting with his father and returning to Poland after the war. He recounts how his family learned what happened. Jacob explains why he and his wife made the decision to leave Poland. Jacob talks about how he came to Atlanta. He outlines building a new life in Atlanta. Jacob introduces his wife and children. He considers how the Holocaust has impacted him. Jacob recalls the antisemitism he encountered in postwar Poland. He shares his perspective of the Atlanta Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29253"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["1967 War (named event)","Ahavath Achim (corporate name)","Aid by non-Jews (topical term)","American—Jews (topical term)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Atlanta Jewish Academy (corporate name)","Atlanta Jewish Community Center (corporate name)","Atlanta Jewish Federation (corporate name)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (corporate name)","Blood libel (topical term)","Brest Litovsk, Belarus (geographic term)","Brest, Belarus (geographic term)","Caucasian Mountains (geographic term)","Child survivor (topical term)","Chilik, Kazakhstan (geographic term)","Cobb County, Georgia (geographic term)","Collaborator (topical term)","collective farm (topical term)","Communism (topical term)","concentration camp (topical term)","Coughlin, Chana Szczupzk (personal name)","Coughlin, Tom (personal name)","Crystal, Morris (personal name)","Eastern Europe (geographic term)","Education (topical term)","Emanuel Ringelblum Jewish Historical Institute (corporate name)","Emory University (corporate name)","Escape (topical term)","Refugee (topical term)","Eternal Life-Hemshech (corporate name)","Europe—Jews (topical term)","Extermination camp (topical term)","Forced labor (topical term)","Georgetown University (corporate name)","Georgia State University (corporate name)","German occupation (topical term)","German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact (meeting name)","Germany (geographic term)","Gestapo (corporate name)","Great Synagogue of Warsaw (corporate name)","Hebrew (topical term)","Hebrew Academy (corporate name)","Hiding (topical term)","Hitler-Stalin Pact (meeting name)","Holocaust education (topical term)","Immigration (topical term)","Invasion (topical term)","Israel (geographic term)","Jewish (topical term)","Jewish Community Center (corporate name)","Jewish Family and Children’s Services (corporate name)","Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta (corporate name)","Jewish Historical Institute (corporate name)","June War (named event)","Karakum Desert (geographic term)","Katherine and Jacob Greenfield Hebrew Academy (corporate name)","Kazakhstan (geographic term)","Kielce, Poland (geographic term)","Kizilorda, Kazakhstan (geographic term)","Kolkhoz (topical term)","Krakow, Poland (geographic term)","Kremenets, Ukraine (geographic term)","Kyzylkum Desert (geographic term)","Kzyl-Orda, Kazakhstan (geographic term)","Legnica, Poland (geographic term)","Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (meeting name)","Nazi (corporate name)","Occupied Poland (topical term)","Operation Barbarossa (named event)","Palestine (geographic term)","Partisans (topical term)","Persecution (topical term)","Personal narrative, Jewish (topical term)","Postwar effects (topical term)","Postwar experiences (topical term)","Pogrom (topical term)","Poland (geographic term)","Polish (topical term)","Polish—Jews (topical term)","Polish—non-Jews (topical term)","Population exchange (topical term)","Postwar effects (topical term)","Russia—Jews (topical term)","Red Army (corporate name)","Russian Army (corporate name)","Russian (topical term)","Shelek, Kazakhstan (geographic term)","Six Day War (named event)","Sobibor (topical term)","Sochnut (corporate name)","Soviet Central Asia (geographic term)","Soviet Occupation (named event)","Soviet Union (geographic term)","Survivor (topical term)","Survivor-child relationship (topical term)","Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation (corporate name)","Synagogue (other)","Szczupak, Jacob (personal name)","Szczupak, Joseph (personal name)","Szczupzk, Laja Strazynska (personal name)","Szczupzk, Lucy (personal name)","Szczupzk, Maria Ann (personal name)","Szczupzk, Maria Leah Boksenbaum (personal name)","Szczupzk, Simon (personal name)","Szczupzk, Steve (personal name)","Szczupzk, Susan (personal name)","Szczupzk, Szlomo Laib (personal name)","The Forward (corporate name)","The Jewish Daily Forward (corporate name)","United States (geographic term)","USSR (geographic term)","US (geographic term)","Warsaw ghetto (topical term)","Warsaw ghetto Uprising (named event)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic term)","Wloclawek, Poland (geographic term)","Wola Brzyska, Poland (geographic term)","World War I (named event)","World War, 1914-1918 (named event)","World War II (named event)","World War, 1939-1945 (named event)","Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) (named event)","Yiddish (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJacob Szczupak is interviewed by Albert Baron in Atlanta, Georgia on September 17, 2000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJacob Szczupak was born to a Jewish family in Warsaw, Poland on January 1, 1936. When World War II began, his father fled east to Belarus. Jacob and his mother soon joined him. In 1940, a younger brother was born. The family moved again to Ukraine before heading to the Caucasian Mountains. Jacob\u0026rsquo;s father worked on a collective farm and his mother worked in a vineyard. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Jacob\u0026rsquo;s father joined the Russian Army. As the Germans advanced, Jacob, his mother and brother headed south to Soviet Central Asia. They eventually settled on a collective farm in Kazakhstan.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAfter the war, Jacob, his mother and brother were reunited with his father. They settled in Legnica, Poland. Jacob\u0026rsquo;s youngest brother was born in 1947. Jacob completed school in Legnica. He began a career teaching Yiddish, Russian, and Jewish history and as a drama director. In 1967, Jacob married Laja \u0026ldquo;Lucy\u0026rdquo; Strazynska, whose parents had also survived the Holocaust. The couple eventually welcomed two children.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eBecause of political tensions and increased antisemitism in Poland, Jacob and Lucy decided to leave Poland. After brief stays in Austria and Italy, the couple finally came to the United States. In 1969, they settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Jacob taught Yiddish at the Jewish Community Center, synagogues, and Emory University. In 1984, he began teaching for the Cobb County School District.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn 1999, Jacob founded the Yiddish Lovers\u0026rsquo; Club at Congregation Beth Jacob. In 2000, he retired from teaching, but continued to actively share his experiences. Jacob and Lucy continue to live in the Atlanta area, where they enjoy spending time with their children and grandchildren.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJacob talks about his early memories of fleeing Poland for Soviet occupied territories. He recalls survival in Kazakhstan. Jacob remembers reuniting with his father and returning to Poland after the war. He recounts how his family learned what happened. Jacob explains why he and his wife made the decision to leave Poland. Jacob talks about how he came to Atlanta. He outlines building a new life in Atlanta. Jacob introduces his wife and children. He considers how the Holocaust has impacted him. Jacob recalls the antisemitism he encountered in postwar Poland. He shares his perspective of the Atlanta Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/228/082/small/Szczupak_Jacob.m4v_1708111645.jpg?1708111646","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Szczupak_Jacob.m4v"]},"duration":2140.011,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/228/082/small/Szczupak_Jacob.m4v_1708111645.jpg?1708111646","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/228/082/original/Szczupak_Jacob.m4v?1708111643","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2140.011,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Szczupak, Jacob [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Albert: Today is Sunday, September 17, 2000. My name is Albert Baron. I am at\nthe home of Mr. Jacob Szczupak to interview Mr. Szczupak for the Legacy Project\nof the\n\nWilliam Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Atlanta, Georgia. What is the correct\nspelling of your name?\n\nJacob: Szczupak, which is S like sugar, Z ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"zebra, C city, Z zebra again, U united,\n\nP paper, A apple, K king.\"\n\nAlbert: Very good. What is the proper pronunciation?\n\nJacob: Szczu-pak.\n\nAlbert: Like a shoe?\n\nJacob: Shtu-pak.\n\nAlbert: Shoo-pak.\n\nJacob: No, not 'shoe-pack,' but it's all right.\n\nAlbert: I will call you 'Shoe-pack' if you do not mind. You were born where?\n\nJacob: I was born in Warsaw [Poland].\n\nAlbert: I understand that you have already been interviewed for the Shoah\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Foundation. Can you, however, briefly give us an overview of your life growing\nup in Poland --\n\nJacob: Okay.\n\nAlbert: -- as a child, or what you remember until your escape?\n\nJacob: Yes. I was born in Poland, in Warsaw. When I was a child, the war broke\nout. First, my father left Warsaw, went to the east, to Russia, found a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job in\nBrest Litovsk, which is Brest. He wrote us a letter, to my mother to come over.\nI should point out that, at this time, as everybody knows now, Soviet Union and\nGermany had good relations, so the mail was running more or less ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smoothly. We\nleft Poland. We crossed illegally the border between Poland and Russia, Soviet\nUnion in 1939. I don't remember. I remember it was very cold and probably it was\nsomewhere in November. We arrived in Brest ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Litovsk. In Russia, we spent -- We\nwere there until we moved from Brest to Kremenets, which is in Ukraine. As a\nchild, I do not recall. I think because of the danger. The Germans were ready to\ninvade Russia. From Kremenets, we went ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Zaukasia [Yiddish]--this is the\nCaucasian Mountains--where my parents start to work. My father was working in a\nfield, in a kolkhoz, in a collective farm, and my mother was working in a grape,\nwine yard. When Germans attacked Soviet Union, we were there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After a few weeks\nof the invasion, my father volunteered to go and fight the Germans in the\nRussian army. After the Germans attacked also Zaukasia, we went across from\nCaspian Sea to the Asian part of Russia. We wandered there. It's a long story to\ntell. We wandered ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through their desert, Karakum, Kyzylkum Desert. We landed in a\nkolkhoz again, collective farm [unintelligible; 00:04:13], if I can recall the\nname, where my mother worked in the field by potatoes, collecting, picking up\npotatoes. From there, we moved to a little town, Chilik, which was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Kizilorda\n[region], not far from Kzyl-Orda. It was in Kazakhstan. In 1945, it was great\nnews for us. We found -- It's a miracle how we found it. It's a separate story,\nhow my mother found my father, and my father found my mother. They start to\nwrite each other. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because all this time, my mother did not know if my father is\nalive or not somewhere. If you're interested, I might tell you how they found\neach other. It's an interesting story. Okay, it was somewhere in the end of\n1944. My mother wrote a letter to the chairman of this collective farm, where\nthey used to work, and asked him, \"Listen, [unintelligible; 00:05:29], maybe you\nknow ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something about my husband. If you would know, I would appreciate it. And\nhere is my address,\" et cetera. Somehow, two months later, my father from the\narmy wrote him, too. In this way, thanks to this chairman of the collective\nfarm, the addresses were exchanged. I remember it was January 1945. It was the\nsame time when Warsaw was liberated by the Russians. My mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came from work,\nand start to yell, and start to rejoice, and scream in Yiddish, \"Kuba\", my\nnickname is Kuba, \"Kuba, deyn tata lebt! Daddy's alive!\" That was a very joyful\nmoment. In 1946, my father was demobilized from the Russian army. In 1946, we\ndecide to go back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland. We settled in the southwestern part of Poland,\nwhich historically used to belong to Poland, then for several hundred years\nGermans had in their hands those lands. We settled in a city named Legnica\n[Poland]. Okay, and that's the story.\n\nAlbert: That is your story of --\n\nJacob: It's very brief story.\n\nAlbert: I have one question. Were you alone with your parents? Do you have\nbrothers, sisters?\n\nJacob: My brother, the middle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother, was born in, in Brest Litovsk in 1940. He\nwas born. His name is Simon. He lives now in Alexandria, not far from Washington\nD.C. My youngest brother was born 1947. He was born already after the war --\n\nAlbert: -- the war.\n\nJacob: -- in Poland. He lives in Atlanta. His name is Joseph.\n\nAlbert: Now, interestingly, why did your family go to Poland after the war? Why\ndid they choose Poland, and not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as most people, went to what was then Palestine\nof course, which is now Israel? Why would you choose --\n\nJacob: Okay. A lot of Jews --\n\nAlbert: And what kind of reception did you get when you went to Poland?\n\nJacob: A lot of Jews who rescued their lives in Russia, some went to Israel,\nsome went to Poland to find their relatives, to find --\n\nAlbert: Who is still alive.\n\nJacob: ----what's happened. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all knew what happened. There was, from my\nfather's side and mother's side, more or less about three hundred members of\ntheir family. All of them perished. Some perished in Sobibor, some in\nAuschwitz[-Birkenau], some were shot. An interesting story, my father, in 1947,\nwent to the place where he was born and lived, eastern part of Poland, to find\nout because he had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their two acres of land and also to find out about the\nfamily. It's a very -- He came from there back, and the first time in my life, I\nsaw my father crying, sitting by the table and crying. He found out that the\nwojt [Polish: wóyt; mayor] -- In Polish, you calling it 'wojt.' I wouldn't say\nit's a sheriff; maybe it's a manager of the village because my father original\nwas born in a village, Wola Brzyska. In the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"village, he met an older man, this\nmanager of the village. He start to talk. He ask him, \"What's happen to my\nfamily?\" He said, the manager, that as soon as he found out what's happened to\nthe Jews in the rest of Poland, he made in a cellar under his barn, a place for\nnine Jews left in this village. Among those Jews ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were my father's mother, which\nis my grandmother, and my aunt. They were there until 1944, until a few months\nbefore the liberation, hidden in this place. Of course, he told them, \"Listen,\nduring the day, you should be quiet. During the night maybe you can quietly\ntalk.\" In nineteen -- This gentleman had two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children. His son was in the\npartisans fighting the Germans. His daughter cooperated with the Gestapo. Winter\nof 1944, she went once to the barn to pick up something and she heard a funny\nnoise. She came to the father and said, \"Who do you have there? Are you hiding\nJews?\" He said, \"No, I think you thought maybe it's rats, maybe cats are\nfighting each other.\" \"No,\" she said, \"I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to the Gestapo and tell them\nthat you are hiding some in the cellar.\" She left. As soon as she left, he got a\nhorse. He ran to the forest. He came. He saw his son. He told his son what's\nhappened. His son organized a young army, a group of, a team of soldiers, of\npartisans to rescue the Jews. But as soon as they came out from the forest and\nsaw -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what they saw. They saw that the Germans surrounded the barn and\nthe barn was burned. They burned alive. That's one of quite a few stories from\nthe life of my family. For example, my grandfather from my mother's side -- You\nsee, the three hundred members of the family, we don't know exactly how ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they\nwere killed. Where they were killed, we don't know, but they are -- There is\nsomebody told us that they saw my grandfather, from my mother's side. He was a\nvery strong man. He was awarded with medals and orders for the First World War,\nwhen he was fighting First World War as a soldier. He was a very strong man. The\nGermans took him to work on, to build a building. He was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"carrying on his\nshoulders bricks to the fourth floor. It was a rainy day. It was outside, on a\nladder he had to climb. On a rainy day, it was very slippery. He fell down from\nthe fourth floor and he was killed. That's how he was killed during the war. The\nrest of the family, we don't know.\n\nAlbert: One question that I do have that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is of quite interest to a lot of people\nbecause of all the stories we heard about the atrocities committed by the Poles,\nespecially after the war -- Now, you went back to Poland, but you went to a\nsmall town. Is that correct?\n\nJacob: Not too small. It was -- According to European standards, it was a medium\nsized town.\n\nAlbert: But how was the reception by the Poles knowing that you were Jews coming\nback --\n\nJacob: Okay.\n\nAlbert: ----.to reclaim your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"land, your homes, your properties.\n\nJacob: Okay, very --\n\nAlbert: Were they receptive or --\n\nJacob: Very good question. As I mentioned previously, this town was a part of\nthe western part of Poland, taken back from the Germans. A lot of Germans were\nresettled and sent back to East Germany. The inhabitants--the Polish and Jewish\ninhabitants--were newcomers from the east or from central ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland. The\nantisemitism existed there, but not as -- in such a scale like it was in Warsaw,\nor in Krakow, or in Kielce.\n\nAlbert: Okay.\n\nJacob: It was different and right after the war Poland [was] a communist\ncountry. [It] was an exceptional -- exceptionally treated as a government,\ntreated the Jews. It was the only communist ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country in Eastern Europe, that\nallowed to have two Yiddish theaters, newspapers, 22 Yiddish schools, and three\nhigh schools, which I was a graduate from. I was teaching in a Yiddish high\nschool in Legnica. There was a very rich cultural life after the war. It was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until 1967, 1968, which was related to the Six Day War and Jews started--not\nonly Six Day War--to be persecuted from above mostly.\n\nAlbert: Now, was that -- You mentioned 1967. Is that when or why you decided to\nleave Poland --\n\nJacob: Yes.\n\nAlbert: -- for Atlanta?\n\nJacob: No, not [Atlanta. It was] just to leave Poland.\n\nAlbert: Just to leave Poland.\n\nJacob: Just to leave.\n\nAlbert: Where did you go?\n\nJacob: My father passed away in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1965 and we left. We left first, as all Jews\nfrom Poland, we left through Vienna [Austria]. As a teacher of Yiddish and\nRussian, we talked to Sochnut, the organization Sochnut. They called us and my\nwife, and we had a little boy with us, a child. They asked us where we want to\ngo. I said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Well, Israel I know does not offer at this time, it does not offer,\ndidn't offer Yiddish, but I know that United States offers teaching Yiddish and\nthey need Russian teachers.\" They ask me, \"How do you know?\" I said, \"Before I\nleft Poland, I went to the American Embassy in Warsaw. I spoke to one of the\nworkers in American Embassy. He told me that you needed here forty-thousand\nRussian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teachers and Yiddish. [In] the United States, a lot of Jews, keneinahora\n[Yiddish: no evil eye], six million Jews, they are teaching Yiddish.\" I wrote.\nBefore I left Poland, I wrote to the Daily Forward. Then, his name was Morris\nCrystal, the editor. He said, \"Come over. We'll talk about it. We'll talk about\nwhat you can do with your Yiddish here.\" That's the prime ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reason we decide to\ncome to United States. We were in, we were sent then to Rome, Italy. In Rome,\nthey checked us, what kind of people we are, et cetera. [They] hired us a case\nworker, a woman, who was looking for a sponsor. She finally she found a sponsor:\nAtlanta. Atlanta needed a Hebrew teacher, not a Yiddish teacher. But it was an\nelderly woman. She spoke to me in Russian because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she barely could speak Yiddish\nand she couldn't speak Polish, so we talked in Russian. In Russian, there two\nwords for Yiddish: Zhydovka [Russian: Yiddish] and Staroyevreyskiy [Russian: Old\nHebrew]. Staroyevreyskiy means Hebrew. Zhydovka means Yiddish. She\nmisunderstood. She told me that. I said, \"Matysik [Polish female surname], I'm\ngoing to Atlanta. They need me there. Why not?\" I came here and I was\ndisappointed because Atlanta did not need me, but I'm happy to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here.\n\nAlbert: Now what year or when did you arrive in Atlanta?\n\nJacob: We arrived in Atlanta, the 16th of July, the day the Americans went to\nthe moon, 16th of July 1969.\n\nAlbert: You have been here since 1969. That is a pretty good time. Now, let me\nask you about your life here in Atlanta. You were educated where?\n\nJacob: I was educated in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland. I got my master's degree in Russian in Poland.\nIn Poland, as I mentioned before, I was teaching Yiddish. I was writing in the\nmagazines in Yiddish. I was a drama director in Yiddish and in Polish. I was\nawarded -- I got once first prize and then a third prize for performing, for\nputting some plays on the stage. I was also working actively as an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assistant\nprincipal for summer youth camps in Poland. Over there, even during the youth\ncamps, through the summer camps, I used to teach the kids Jewish history and\nYiddish. Culturally, I had a very rich life over there, culturally.\n\nAlbert: When you arrived in Atlanta in 1969 --\n\nJacob: Yes.\n\nAlbert: -- were you sponsored?\n\nJacob: Yes.\n\nAlbert: By a local ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family that assisted you?\n\nJacob: There was Jewish Family -- I was sponsored by Jewish Family and\nChildren's Services from the Jewish Community Center, yes.\n\nAlbert: Did you speak English at the time?\n\nJacob: None.\n\nAlbert: Russian?\n\nJacob: Russian, yes. Yiddish, yes, and I tried to communicate in Yiddish. Some\nworkers in the Jewish Community Center understood Yiddish; some spoke a little\nYiddishs some did not speak Yiddish; some did not want to speak Yiddish.\n\nAlbert: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have been teaching, have been a teacher here in Atlanta all that time?\n\nJacob: Yes, when I came, I strived to continue to be a teacher, but without\nEnglish I couldn't, so I was working in different places, and trying to\nnostrificate [to recognize a degree from a foreign country] my diploma, my\nmaster's degree diploma, which was nostrificated. After taking several courses\nat Georgia State University, my diploma was nostrificated at Georgetown University.\n\nAlbert: Okay.\n\nJacob: I start to teach. I was teaching ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part-time and evening courses giving the\nJewish Community Center, at the synagogues Yiddish. I was teaching for two years\npart-time at Emory University. I was teaching there Yiddish, Russian, Polish.\nThen, finally in 1984, the Cobb County School System -- My application was there\nfor quite a few years. The Cobb County School System opened an opportunity ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for\nsuch people as I am. They opened a magnet school program for foreign languages.\nI start to teach there Russian and world history. Beside this, I was still\ncontinuing to give lectures. About this I forgot. [I was] not only teaching\nYiddish, but I used to give lectures in schools, synagogues, churches,\norganizations about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust, primarily about the Holocaust, from my life,\nand from common knowledge what's happened to the Jews, et cetera.\n\nAlbert: Tell me a little bit about your family. You were married?\n\nJacob: Yes, I'm married to my wife. Her name is, in United States, Lucy. From\nhome [her maiden name], she's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Strazynska. Her original [first] name in Poland\nwas Laja, a Yiddish name. She had quite a few problems with this name back in\nPoland. Of course, we all had problems before the war, especially after the war,\nwe had problems. We got married. We got married in a very peculiar time. We\ninvited a lot of friends, Jewish friends to our wedding, which it was June 18,\n1967. It was right a few days ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the Six Day War. A lot of our friends did\nnot come, could not come, because they were restricted to travel, because of the\nSix Day War and the beginning of persecution of the Jews.\n\nAlbert: You were married where?\n\nJacob: In Wloclawek, in Poland.\n\nAlbert: Okay. You had children?\n\nJacob: I have two children.\n\nAlbert: Tell us a little bit about --\n\nJacob: Both of them, both of my children finished Hebrew Academy. Both of them\nare living in Atlanta area. Both of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them are married. My daughter, Chana,\nmarried to a gentleman named Tom. They have a daughter, our granddaughter,\nMiriam Shifra, Maria Ann. My son is married to Susan. Her Yiddish name is\nShoshana. They're living right now in Roswell. They're expecting also a child,\nso it'll be the second grandchild of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ours.\n\nAlbert: Just to go back a little bit about the surviving and the Holocaust\nperiod, what impact actually did the Holocaust have, you feel, on your life, on\nyou personally?\n\nJacob: Gosh, you are the first person who is asking me this. I'm extremely\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sensitive to anything good or bad, what's happened to every single Jew in this\ncountry, in any country, and in Israel. Please, believe me--I shared this with\nmy wife--every six weeks, every two months, I have a dream that I am in a\nconcentration camp, or I am going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"die, or I'm running from enemies. I never\nbeen in concentration camp. I visited quite a few times Auschwitz[-Birkenau],\nbut it's -- Even in dreams, it comes. I'm writing also poetry. I'm writing\npoetry in all three languages, primarily in -- and most of my poetry is related\nto the Holocaust. What's my feelings about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it? I cannot say it with words. It's\npainful to me. It's painful if anyone anywhere wants to say something\ndiminishing about the Holocaust, about the Jews. I am very sensitive about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. I\ncannot -- Matter of fact, I was not prepared to even to answer this question eloquently.\n\nAlbert: Jacob, tell me. How did you acquire your knowledge of the Holocaust, of\nwhat really happened while you were living in Russia? When you came back to\nPoland, you saw the devastation. You saw the [unintelligible; 00:25:30]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did\nyou acquire all this knowledge --\n\nJacob: All the knowledge.\n\nAlbert: -- and the emotions that you feel discussing the Holocaust?\n\nJacob: Okay. In Russia, obviously, we knew very little what's going on in\nPoland, for quite a few reasons. Supposedly, nobody knew, or the Russians did\nnot want to talk about it, or didn't want to spread the message. After, when we\ncame to Poland -- As I mentioned, Poland was an exceptional communistic country\nthat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"allowed to prosper Jewish culture. Of course, not from the religious\nperspectives, which is a different chapter of this history, but it was still. In\nPoland, the Jews who survived the Holocaust, if they survived in concentration\ncamps like the parents of my wife, or they survived in forests, or hidden, or\nmost of them who survived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia, every year we celebrated--if we can say the\nword 'celebrated;' maybe 'commemorated'--the uprising in Warsaw ghetto. The\nuprising in Warsaw ghetto, by the way, it was the first ever uprising in Europe\nagainst Germans. We celebrated because of the uprising in Warsaw ghetto. Every\nyear, we used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gather, we used to come to conferences, we used to come to\nmeetings commemorating the heroes and the fallen brothers of ours. Together with\nthis, every year, from young children, pre-school to the adults, we all learned,\nwe all read documents, we listened to witnesses. There was a Jewish institute,\nhistorical institute in Warsaw, right in the place where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used to be on Tlomackie\nStreet 5, the main synagogue. Over there [was] the Jewish institute. They were\nvery busy working on collecting all the documents and facts about this\nHolocaust. We children, in school, were learned about it. We felt it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daily in\nclasses of Yiddish or Jewish history. We heard from our parents, or from our\nJewish neighbors, or from everywhere. The pain, even though, I was growing up in\nRussia and after the war, in Poland, but the pain is still, even in my\ngeneration, the second generation of the Holocaust survivors is still with us.\nThat's how it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was. It was everywhere. Everywhere in Poland, we tried to keep the\npain alive.\n\nAlbert: From what we got or we understood from movies and people that came from\nor went back to Poland is that the Poles, even after the war and after the\nHolocaust, when the Jews came back to Poland, they were being persecuted by the\nPoles. They were even, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a matter of fact --\n\nJacob: Of course.\n\nAlbert: -- many from stories that we were told, that many were killed.\n\nJacob: Of course.\n\nAlbert: Now, is this true? Did you find that to be true?\n\nJacob: That is true. A famous thing was in Kielce that fifty-four Jews were\nkilled. It was a fact. What happened to my father-in-law in Wloclawek, when he\ncame back to Poland -- He was a butcher. In 1949, they accused him of killing a\nChristian child for blood of matzah. He had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to the bishop of this city\nasking for help. The bishop came, and he stood in front of his store, and talked\nto the crowd of the Poles that they should go back, it's not true, it's a\n[unintelligible; 00:29:48],\" like we saying in Yiddish. I felt it as a child. I\nwas in a Yiddish school. Wherever I felt it, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism was from young\npeople and from older. There were good Poles--what I'm talking about [when I\nsay,] 'good Poles,' [are] human beings that were friends of mine--and there were\nbad Poles. The same thing happened when I was a child in Russia. If I had to go\nto visit my mother where she was working, I had to pick up some side streets, as\na child, a six, seven year old child, not to meet the guys, the boys who were\nthrowing stones at me, or calling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me \"dirty Jew,\" or whatever. Antisemitism was\nthere, of course, but as I mentioned before, perhaps I and my brothers, we did\nnot feel it as strong as the Jews who settled in central Poland or in south\nPoland. We, in the newer taken cities from the Germans, because there were new\nsettlers, newcomers from other parts of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland, including Jews. Most of the Jews\nsettled in those new territories, so that's where it was.\n\nAlbert: You mentioned that you have two grown-up children. When did you actually\ndiscuss--and I am sure you have--your life during the Holocaust period? Before\neverything that's happening now with the Shoah Foundation and these interviews --\n\nJacob: Yes.\n\nAlbert: -- did you sit down with your children and tell them really what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened?\n\nJacob: If it was possible, daily, since they were little. Since they were little.\n\nAlbert: Okay.\n\nJacob: It was occasions during a holiday, Yom Kippur, or Pesach. Always there\nwas a place that I put in. My kids, as I mentioned before, both of them finished\nHebrew Academy. They had projects and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their projects were pretty rich, in my\nopinion, with the knowledge that I gave them to this project because of the\nHolocaust, what's happening. I'm not saying that I talked to them enough. There\nis nothing enough. We cannot say enough talking about those horrible times. But\nmy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids know where they came from, who they are, the survivors. They know not\nonly that they are Jews, but why they are Jews and why they should be proud to\nbe Jews. Both of us, my wife and me, especially my wife--I don't know if she\nlistens--my wife is the one who, most of the Yiddish songs she was teaching the\nkids, rather ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than me, even though I'm more -- She was teaching. Even the\nkleynikah [Yiddish diminutive for little girl], the angikah (Yiddish diminutive\nfor young girl), the young little Maria, she starts to sing a little Yiddish\nsongs, too. But that's beside the point. I don't know it's for the recording of this.\n\nAlbert: Is there anything you want to add to this tape, to kind of end?\n\nJacob: Yes, I would like to add. I was in quite a few ways disappointed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the\nwork of the Jewish Community Center, Federation in Atlanta. First, I have to say\nsomething that's not their fault. When I came, the first time, I was enrolled to\nAhavath Achim Synagogue. We went over there for -- I was shocked. Back in\nPoland, you came to pray, if you could pray ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the war, and I remember my\nmother was, she has to have the prayer book in Hebrew and in Yiddish, all the\nHebraic and Yiddish praying. But praying in English, to me it was weird. Like it\nwould be weird for me to listen to a praying in Poland in Polish or right now\neven, they have some prayer books for Russian Jews in Russian. Maybe because I'm\nfrom the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old times and that's -- Secondly, this is a veytik [Yiddish: pain].\nThis a pain. Until today, the Jewish Community Center, the Jewish Federation, as\na whole--I'm not talking about [Eternal Life-]Hemshech; I'm not talking about\n[unintelligible; 00:34:50) organization; but as a whole--does very little about\neducating about the Holocaust over the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids, preserving what it was there. Even\nwhat was bad or was good, the preservation of the past, including Holocaust, but\nalso including history of what's life of Jews in Poland, or in Turkey, or in\nSyria, it doesn't matter. I don't see this. Yiddish literature or Jewish\nliterature -- Very little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/transcript/64924/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involvement. I hope I'm wrong. Thank you.\n\nAlbert: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=2130.0,2160.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWarsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is on the River Vistula in east-central Poland. The Jewish community in Warsaw [Polish: Warszawa] was the largest in Poland, composing about 30 percent of the entire population of the city (about 337,000 Jews). Before World War II, Warsaw was a major center of Jewish life and culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1994, Steven Spielberg founded the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation, a nonprofit organization established to record testimonies in video format of survivors and other witnesses of the Holocaust. Between 1994 and 1999, the Foundation conducted nearly 52,000 interviews in 56 countries and in 32 languages. Interviewees included Jewish survivors, Jehovah's Witness survivors, homosexual survivors, liberators and liberation witnesses, political prisoners, rescuers and aid providers, Roma and Sinti survivors, survivors of Eugenics policies, and war crimes trials participants. In 2005, the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation transferred the collection to the University of Southern California.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrest, formerly Brest-Litovsk, is a city in Belarus at the border with Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (also known as the Hitler-Stalin Pact and German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact) was a non-aggression pact between Germany and Russia signed August 23, 1939. Russia, which had a treaty with Poland to defend it if it was attacked, reneged in secret. Russia agreed to stand aside if Germany attacked Poland and not declare war on Germany. The pact provided that the two countries would not attack each other, independently or in conjunction with other powers; would not support any third power that might attack the other party to the pact; would remain in consultation with each other with regard to their common interests; would not join any power or group of powers that threatened the other; and would solve all differences between them through negotiation or arbitration. The public pact was accompanied by a secret protocol, reached on the same day, which divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Hitler, knowing that he wasn’t going to have to fight Russia if he invaded Poland, invaded Poland just one week later. The Pact ended on June 22, 1941, when Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoth the Russian and German armies invaded Poland in September 1939. On September 28, Germany and the Soviet Union reached an agreement partitioning Poland and outlining their zones of occupation. A demarcation line for the partition of German- and Russian-occupied Poland was established along the Bug River, between Krakow and Lvov. It is estimated that the number of refugees who crossed from the German-occupied part of Poland to the areas annexed by the Soviet Union totaled about 300,000. The Russians left the border freely open to traffic until the end of October 1939. From then until the end of 1939 a small number of persons still crossed the border. After that, it was completely sealed. Some refugees still attempted to sneak across the heavily guarded border, often at great danger. Those caught trying to cross between occupation zones or trying to flee without papers faced arrest and arbitrary violence at the hands of both Russian and German border guards. The demarcation line would remain in effect until June 22, 1941, when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in a military campaign codenamed Operation “Barbarossa.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKremenets [Polish: Krzemieniec] is a city in western Ukraine. From 1920 to 1939 the town was in Poland. In September 1939, Kremenets was captured by the Red Army. Waves of Jewish refugees from the German occupied part of Poland arrived. In 1941, more than 8,500 Jews lived in Kremenets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the codename Operation “Barbarossa,” Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, in the largest German military operation of World War II. Although the Soviet Union had been Germany’s ally in the war against Poland, the destruction of the Soviet Union and conquest of territory in the East had long been one of Hitler’s proclaimed goals. The attack on the Soviet Union marked a turning point in both the history of World War II and the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA kohlkoz, and its close cousin, the solhkoz, are large collective farming communes. In the late 1920s, Stalin’s regime had begun implemented plans for transforming Soviet agriculture from predominantly individual farms into a system of large state collective farms. The Communist regime believed that collectivization would improve agricultural productivity and would produce grain reserves sufficiently large to feed the growing urban labor force. The anticipated surplus was to pay for industrialization. Collectivization was further expected to free many peasants for industrial work in the cities and to enable the party to extend its political dominance over the remaining peasantry. Kohlkoz were created after individual farmers were forced off their land and the state appropriated it. Thereafter, the farmers lived in the commune and got paid a share of the farm’s product and profit according to how many days they worked. The peasant could have a garden on about one acre of land to feed him family, although it was inadequate. The rest of the product was sold to the government for very low prices. A sohlkoz is very similar but the workers did get paid a (very low) salary. Kohlkohzes were disbanded after 1991 and people were allowed to own their own land again although state farms still exist.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSoviet Central Asia was the part of Central Asia administered by the Soviet\u003cbr\u003eUnion between 1918 and 1991. The area included Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrghyzstan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Kyzylkum Desert, the “red desert,” is the 15th largest desert in the world. It is located in Central Asia. Today it is divided between Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. To the south, in Turkmenistan, it is the Karakum Desert, known as the “black desert” because of the black soil beneath the sandy surface.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShelek, formerly Chilik, is a town in Almaty Region of south-eastern Kazakhstan. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKyzylorda, formerly known as Kzyl-Orda, Ak-Mechet, Perovsk, Leninsk, and Fort-Perovsky, is a city in south-central Kazakhstan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Kyzylorda region is a region in southern Kazakhstan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLegnica is a city in southwestern Poland. On the eve of World War II, only 236 Jews lived in Legnica. After World War II, Legnica became one of the centers of Jewish settlement in Poland. Numerous Jewish social and educational institutions operated in Legnica. However, Jewish life in the town ceased to exist after 1968. Legnica was a town with limited sovereignty between 1945 and 1993. It was not fully under the authority of the Polish government as it was the home base for staff of the Northern Group of Soviet Army troops. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine was a geopolitical entity under British administration. It was carved out of Ottoman Syria after World War I, and consisted of the territories of modern-day Israel and Jordan. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 to 1948. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Jewish immigration to Palestine was limited by the British in an attempt to appease the Arab population. At the end of World War II, Britain continued to strictly limit immigration to Palestine. However, Jewish resistance organizations managed to smuggle hundreds of thousands of survivors from Europe into Palestine via “illegal” immigrant ships. When the British Mandate over Palestine expired on May 14, 1948, the State of Israel declared its independence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSobibor [Polish: Sobibór] was an extermination camp established in March 1942 near Lublin in southern Poland and went into operation in May 1942. It had gas chambers that used engine exhaust to murder the Jews. Prisoners selected for labor removed their bodies and threw them into mass graves. About 250,000 Jews were murdered there before Sobibor was closed and razed in July 1943. The Jews came from Poland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Slovakia. The Russians liberated the area in the summer of 1944 but did not liberate the actual camp because it was gone and a farm had been established on the site as camouflage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was about 2-1/2 miles away from the main camp. It had the largest total prisoner population. This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp and where the four gas chambers and crematoria came to be located.  The Monowitz camp also known as Auschwitz III or Buna, was about 4 miles east of the Auschwitz Main Camp. It was a complex built to house slave laborers for the German chemical firm IG Farben.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrzyska Wola is a village in south-eastern Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn response to the German occupation throughout occupied Europe, partisans banded together to engage in guerrilla warfare against the Germans. Some Jews who managed to escape from ghettos and camps formed their own fighting units. These fighters, or partisans, were concentrated in densely wooded areas. They were able to derail hundreds of trains and kill over 3,000 German soldiers. Life as a partisan was very difficult. People had to move from place to place to avoid discovery, raid farmers' food supplies to eat, and try to survive the winter in flimsy shelters built from logs and branches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany people in German-occupied areas collaborated with German authorities. Antisemitism, nationalism, ethnic hatred, anti-Communism, and opportunism often induced collaboration with the Nazi regime. Such collaboration was a critical element in implementing the Final Solution and the mass murder of other groups whom the Nazi regime targeted. Collaborators committed some of the worst atrocities of the Holocaust era. Nationalists in western Ukraine were among the most enthusiastic, hoping that their efforts would enable them to establish an independent state later on. At the end of World War II, Ukrainian nationalism and hopes for independence from all foreign occupation gave rise to resistance groups that waged guerrilla-type attacks on Soviet forces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police,” the Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the Holocaust, Jews were the largest minority in Poland. On the eve of the German occupation of Poland in 1939, 3.3 million Jews lived there—more than any other country in Europe. Their percentage among the general population—about ten percent—was also the highest in Europe. Only approximately ten percent of Jews in Poland survived the Holocaust. In all, approximately 3,000,000 of a pre-war Jewish population of around 3,300,000 were murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen Germany conquered Poland in the autumn of 1939 and established the General Government, all Jewish and Polish males between the ages of 18 and 60 were required to perform unpaid forced labor. Forced labor was part of the systematic persecution of Jews but also served as a method for economic gain and to meet the increasingly desperate labor shortages necessary for the war effort. The Nazis subjected millions of people (both Jews and other victim groups) to forced, or slave labor, both inside and outside concentration camps, often under brutal conditions. Forced labor was often pointless and humiliating, and imposed without proper equipment, clothing, nourishment, or rest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, many Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In postwar Poland, there were a number of pogroms (violent anti-Jewish riots).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eImmediately after the end of World War II, Polish militia and military started expelling ethnic Germans from territories occupied by Soviet and Soviet-controlled Polish military forces. Then, at the Potsdam Conference in the late summer of 1945, the Allies agreed to what was the largest forced population transfer—and perhaps the greatest single movement of peoples—in human history. Poland received a large swath of German territory and began to deport the German residents of the territories in question, as did other nations that were host to large German minority populations. Millions of ethnic German civilians living in areas assigned to Poland were expelled and resettled with ethnic Poles.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Six-Day War, also known as the June War, or 1967 War was a brief, but bloody, Arab-Israeli conflict that took place June 5–10, 1967. It was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states. It ended with Israel capturing the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Polish 1968 political crisis, also known in Poland as March 1968, Students' March, or March events [Polish: Marzec1968; studencki Marzec; wydarzenia marcowe] was a series of major student, intellectual and other protests against Poland’s communist regime. It coincided with an anti-Jewish campaign that began in 1967 by General Mieczyslaw Moczar following the Soviet Union’s withdrawal of diplomatic relations with Israel following the Six Day War. Purges in the communist party resulted in the exile of thousands of individuals of Jewish ancestry, including professionals, party officials and secret police functionaries. At least 13,000 Poles of Jewish origin left Poland between 1968 and 1972 as a result of being fired from their positions and various other forms of harassment.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe “Sochnut” refers to the HaSochnut HaYehudit L'Eretz Yisra'el or The Jewish Agency for Israel. The Jewish Agency is an international, non-governmental organization centered in Jerusalem, which is the executive and representative of the World Zionist Organization. It aims to assist and encourage Jews throughout the world to settle in Israel. It operates dozens of programs that, along with other social welfare initiatives, provides transitional housing and financial support for immigrants to Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Forward, formerly known as The Jewish Daily Forward, is a news media organization for a Jewish-American audience. Founded in 1897 as a Yiddish-language daily socialist newspaper, it is now a weekly English-language newspaper with print and web editions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Crystal (1908-1988) was a Ukrainian born journalist. He began working at The Forward, formerly known as The Jewish Daily Forward, in 1943 and was editor from 1968 until his retirement in 1970.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first American crewed mission to land on the Moon was by Apollo 11 on July 20, 1969. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Community Center was officially founded in 1910, as the Jewish Educational Alliance. In the late 1940s it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to the suburb of Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorgia State University is a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia. It was founded in 1913 and today has seven campuses around the Atlanta metro area. It is part of the University System of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorgetown University is a private university located in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington D.C. The university was founded by Bishop John Carroll in 1789 and was originally known as Georgetown College.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCobb County is a county located within the Atlanta metropolitan area in the north central part of Georgia. The county seat is Marietta, which is also the county’s largest city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWloclawek [Polish: Włocławek] is a city in central Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in Atlanta in 1953, the Katherine and Jacob Greenfield Hebrew Academy (GHA), originally known as The Hebrew Academy, was the first Jewish day school in the country to be accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. In 2014, GHA merged with Yeshiva Atlanta high school to become what is now Atlanta Jewish Academy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRoswell, Georgia is located in northern Fulton County. It was incorporated in 1854 and today is the ninth largest city in Georgia. It a suburb of Atlanta and is known for its affluent historic district.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe communist government that came to power in the 1917 Russian Revolution followed an unofficial policy of state atheism. Officially, it did not outlaw religion in the Soviet Union. However, religion was seen as a threat to the socialist state and, especially after Joseph Stalin came to power, it began making efforts to eliminate religious institutions. Atheism was propagated in schools, religious institutions had their property confiscated, and believers were harassed. During the Great Purge of the 1930s, religious leaders were among the hundreds of thousands of people jailed and executed as political enemies. While the Russian Revolution had replaced the centuries-old official antisemitism of the Tzars, deeply ingrained antisemitic attitudes made Jews suspects of potential opposition. Communist ideology asked Jews to assimilate and not to identify as anything but loyal to the state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II. German authorities established it in November 1940. The Jews of Warsaw and the surrounding areas were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. The ghetto population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews. The conditions in the ghetto were harsh. There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter, or basic necessities. Starvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the Warsaw ghetto killed many. From July 22 until September 12, 1942, about 265,000 Jews were deported from Warsaw to the Treblinka extermination camp while approximately 35,000 Jews inside the ghetto were killed. Then there was relative quiet until January 1943 when a second major wave of deportation started. When German SS and police units, assisted by auxiliaries entered the ghetto, they were surprised to be met with organized armed resistance and withdrew. When they returned on April 19, 1943, stiff resistance that continued for three weeks met the Germans. By the time the better-armed Germans ended the operation on May 16, 1943, the ghetto was largely destroyed. At least 7,000 Jews sided during the fighting, another 42,000 survivors were captured and deported, and approximately 10,000 escaped to the Aryan side of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Historical Institute, also known as the Emanuel Ringelblum Jewish Historical Institute, is a public cultural and research institution in Warsaw, Poland. Founded in 1947, it is a repository of documentary materials relating to Jewish history in Poland. It is also a center for academic research, study and the dissemination of knowledge about the history and culture of Polish Jewry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Synagogue of Warsaw was one of the grandest synagogues constructed in Poland in the 19th century. At the time of its opening, it was the largest Jewish house of worship in the world. It was located on Tłomackie street in Warsaw. During the German occupation of Poland, the synagogue was used as for storage of furniture and goods. Then, in May 1943, it was blown up by the Germans during the ghetto uprising. It was not rebuilt after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the most well-known examples of post war pogroms occurred in the southeastern Polish town of Kielce on July 4, 1946. To avoid punishment for wandering away from home for three days, a nine-year-old boy claimed he had been kidnapped and held in the basement of the Jewish Committee building. When police went to investigate the fictitious claims, Polish civilians, soldiers and police killed 42 Jews and injured 40 others. While not an isolated instance, the massacre symbolized the precarious state of Jewish life in the Holocaust’s aftermath and prompted many survivors to leave Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMatzo, or matzah, is an unleavened flatbread that is part of Jewish cuisine and forms an integral element of the Passover festival. Throughout history, bizarre, unfounded blood libel accusations have been leveled against Jews—often around the time of Easter and Passover. The accusations typically accused Jews of kidnapping a Christian child who was then murdered and his or her blood used for ritual purposes. The accusations often led to violent attacks against Jewish communities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur\u003cbr\u003e [Hebrew: “day of atonement”] is the most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach \u003cbr\u003e[Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Community Council was created in 1945 when a committee of 20, appointed by the president of the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund, met to consider how the adult Jewish organizations in the community could be coordinated to participate more effectively in the community service. In 1967, the Jewish Community Council merged into the Atlanta Jewish Federation along with the Atlanta Federation for Jewish Social Service and the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund. The Council became a department of the Atlanta Jewish Federation (now the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta) called Community Relations and Internal Jewish Affairs (later changed to the Community Relations Committee). By 2009, the Council became an independent entity, the Jewish Community Relations Council of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082/annotation_set/1291/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEternal Life-Hemshech is an organization of Atlanta Holocaust survivors, their descendants and friends dedicated to commemorating the 6,000,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Approximately 100 Holocaust survivors living in Atlanta, Georgia founded Eternal Life-Hemshech in 1964. Hemshech is a Hebrew word that means “continuation.” Their purpose was to \"perpetuate the memory of their beloved families along with all of the six million Jewish victims of the Holocaust.\" The group wanted the memorial to serve as a place to say Kaddish, the Jewish prayer for the dead.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/124567/file/228082#t=2070.0,2100.0"}]}]}]}