{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/v97zk5658b/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Kahan, Jacob (2001)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2001-01-15 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta","Legacy Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJacob kahan was interviewed by Michele Lesser and Ruth Einstein on January 15, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eJacob Kahan was born in Lodz, Poland on September 13, 1927 to Moses and Malka Kachan, who were manufacturers and owned shoe stores. He had one older sister and one younger sister. When World War II broke out, his father was drafted into the Polish army and never returned. Jacob, his sisters, and mother were sent from Lodz to a ghetto in Krosno. Jacob was soon sent to work at a series of labor and concentration camps in Poland and Germany, including Plaszow, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Czestochowa, and Nordhausen, where he worked as a slave laborer on the construction of V-1 and V-2 rockets. Towards the end of the war, he was sent to Bergen-Belsen. Jacob escaped with some friends and survived in the countryside until the British liberated the area. After the war, Jacob stayed in Germany and searched for his family. His mother and sisters had been murdered in Krosno in 1942. He met and married another survivor in 1948. In 1949, Jacob and his wife immigrated to the United States and settled in Atlanta, Georgia, where Jacob began a painting business. After his first wife’s death in 1958, Jacob remarried. He adopted his wife’s son from her first marriage and the couple had two more sons. Jacob began talking about his experiences in his later years, visited Israel multiple times, and returned once to Poland. He died in 2005. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eJacob introduces his family and describes his childhood before World War II began. He recounts how his father was drafted into the Polish army and he, his sisters, and mother ended up in a German ghetto. He explains some of the skills he used to survive in the various labor and concentration camps he was sent to. He recalls his journey to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp at the end of the war, his escape, and how he survived in the countryside until liberation. Jacob describes meeting his first wife after the war, travelling to search for surviving family members, and immigrating to the United States. He details how he began a painting business, remarried after being widowed, and began a family. Jacob shares his views of Jewish tradition and religion and what it meant to him to return to Poland and visit Israel.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28014"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Jacob Kahan (personal name)","Mania \"Mona\" Markowicz Kah (personal name)","Marianne Kahan (personal name)","Dennis Isaac Kahan (personal name)","Joseph Kahan (personal name)","Kurt Kahan (personal name)","Sara Kahan (personal name)","Rose Kahan (personal name)","Malka Kahan (personal name)","Moses Kahan (personal name)","Commandant Amon Goeth (personal name)","Red Cross (corporate name)","Jewish Federations of North America (corporate name)","Congregation Beth Jacob (corporate name)","Lodz, Poland (geographic term)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic term)","Hujowa Gorka, Poland (geographic term)","Litzmannstadt, Poland (geographic term)","Krakow, Poland (geographic term)","Nordhausen, Germany (geographic term)","Hamburg, Germany (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","Cuba (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","United States of America (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Krakau-Plaszow Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Treblinka Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Krosno Ghetto (geographic term)","Lodz Ghetto (geographic term)","Landsberg Displaced Persons Camp (geographic term)","Displaced Persons Camp (topical term)","Concentration Camp (topical term)","Labor Camp (topical term)","Ghettos (topical term)","Ghetto Liquidation (topical term)","Kommandos (topical term)","Sonderkommandos (topical term)","Selections (topical term)","Actions (topical term)","Jewish Police (topical term)","Judenrat (topical term)","Identification Tattoo (topical term)","Cattle Trains (topical term)","Liberation (topical term)","Escaping (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","War Experiences (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Revenge (topical term)","Survival (topical term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)","Cheder (topical term)","Polish Army (topical term)","American Military (topical term)","Zionism (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","Jewish Traditions (topical term)","Tzedakah (topical term)","Bar Mitzvot (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJacob kahan was interviewed by Michele Lesser and Ruth Einstein on January 15, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJacob Kahan was born in Lodz, Poland on September 13, 1927 to Moses and Malka Kachan, who were manufacturers and owned shoe stores. He had one older sister and one younger sister. When World War II broke out, his father was drafted into the Polish army and never returned. Jacob, his sisters, and mother were sent from Lodz to a ghetto in Krosno. Jacob was soon sent to work at a series of labor and concentration camps in Poland and Germany, including Plaszow, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Czestochowa, and Nordhausen, where he worked as a slave laborer on the construction of V-1 and V-2 rockets. Towards the end of the war, he was sent to Bergen-Belsen. Jacob escaped with some friends and survived in the countryside until the British liberated the area. After the war, Jacob stayed in Germany and searched for his family. His mother and sisters had been murdered in Krosno in 1942. He met and married another survivor in 1948. In 1949, Jacob and his wife immigrated to the United States and settled in Atlanta, Georgia, where Jacob began a painting business. After his first wife’s death in 1958, Jacob remarried. He adopted his wife’s son from her first marriage and the couple had two more sons. Jacob began talking about his experiences in his later years, visited Israel multiple times, and returned once to Poland. He died in 2005. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJacob introduces his family and describes his childhood before World War II began. He recounts how his father was drafted into the Polish army and he, his sisters, and mother ended up in a German ghetto. He explains some of the skills he used to survive in the various labor and concentration camps he was sent to. He recalls his journey to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp at the end of the war, his escape, and how he survived in the countryside until liberation. Jacob describes meeting his first wife after the war, travelling to search for surviving family members, and immigrating to the United States. He details how he began a painting business, remarried after being widowed, and began a family. Jacob shares his views of Jewish tradition and religion and what it meant to him to return to Poland and visit Israel.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/101/197/small/Jacob_Kahan.png?1619299933","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Kahan_Jacob.mp4"]},"duration":5014.586,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/101/197/small/Jacob_Kahan.png?1619299933","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/101/197/original/Kahan_Jacob.mp4?1605722112","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5014.586,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Kahan, Jacob [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LESSER: Today is January 15, 2001. Could you tell us your full name and, if\nyou know, who you were named after?\n\nKAHAN: My full name, before the war was Jacob Kachan . . . K-A-C-H-A-N. After\ncoming over here, I changed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it--took out the \"C\" because most people called me\n\"Ketchan.\" I wanted my name to stay \"Kahan,\" so I took the \"C\" back out.\n\nLESSER: Do you know who you were named after, the name \"Jacob\"?\n\nKAHAN: After me?\n\nLESSER: Who you were named after?\n\nKAHAN: Yes, after my grandfather . . . because my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandfather actually, one of\nthem was still alive, when the war broke out. The other one was killed during\nWorld War I by the Russian Bolsheviks. The reason . . . why they killed him is,\nit was on a Friday, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my grandmother was bentshn likht, preparing Shabbos.\nSaying a prayer for the candle is \"bentshn.\" Bentshn the candles . . . they do\nwith the hands when they bentshn. The windows were shaded with a sheet. The\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shade . . . it was almost like you see sometimes those puppet shows. That's what\nthey told me. Of course, I didn't see it. They seen it through the window. They\nthought that my grandfather's a spy, and showing with some mimics what's going\non, and they execute him right there.\n\nLESSER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was family life . . .\n\nKAHAN: His name was Jacob.\n\nLESSER: What was family life like in your house before the war?\n\nKAHAN: We were trading. We were manufacturing women's summer shoes. We had two\nstores ourselves--small stores. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were . . . a lot of it was made by other\npeople, what we send out we, we supplied the material, and they just done the\nfinished product, just labor. We paid them so much per shoe. We wasn't rich, but\nwe were comfortable. We had our own house. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had two sisters: one older and one younger.\n\nLESSER: When you weren't working, what kinds of things did your family do together?\n\nKAHAN: I'm sorry I didn't quite . . .\n\nLESSER: When you weren't working, what kind of things did your family do\ntogether for fun? What kind of things did you do together?\n\nKAHAN: We celebrated. My mother was Orthodox ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish, from an Orthodox Jewish\nfamily. We had a kosher home, but my father was more socialistic leaned. I\nwouldn't say a communist, but his brothers were very active in Communism. One\nactually went to Russia and was fighting together with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bolsheviks. My father\nwas still raised on keeping a Jewish home, but he wasn't that Orthodox. I was .\n. . he raised me in a Hebrew School. I used to go to grammar school in the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"morning to public Polish school. After I came home in the afternoon about one\no'clock because we started, I believe, seven or, or eight, and then I went to a\ncheder for quite a few hours because it was getting dark. Of course, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish\nwinters, they're pretty short days . . . but I believe I still used to go about\nfour, five hours even to a cheder. I was raised . . . I could read the Yiddish\nand the Hebrew, but I couldn't speak Hebrew. I could read, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daven--say prayer in\nHebrew--but I couldn't quite understand, because we didn't use it. We used the\nYiddish language at home. We just spoke just Yiddish, very little Polish. We\nused Polish in school, but once we came home, we used Yiddish.\n\nLESSER: Do you still speak Yiddish today?\n\nKAHAN: Yes, I use ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fluent Yiddish. I can read and write Yiddish, even now. As\nlittle as I used it, but it's a little harder for me than I used to, but I still\ncan read it.\n\nLESSER: You mentioned that you were fluent in Yiddish?\n\nKAHAN: Yes.\n\nLESSER: Are there any particular Yiddish words that remind you of your mom and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dad?\n\nKAHAN: Just about anything . . . Yes, at home I was called by my mother\n\"Yankel,\" Jacob, but in Yiddish she called me, of course, my sisters and my dad,\nthe same way, all called me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Yankel.\" My friends even in camp, they called me,\n\"Yankel, go organize something.\" I was actually, that group what we worked\ntogether, what we were, most of the time we were working in construction work.\nWe had a small group what we were mixing, we didn't have no machines mixing the\nconcrete, we mixed it by hand, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cement and the sand and the, and the stones.\nEverything just so much, one-third of this, one-third . . . we knew exactly how\nthe formula for different type of concrete to use and we were mixing it. That\ngroup was about approximately ten young boys, most of them a little older ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than I\nwas. They covered for me up that I could go and steal something. I always\nbrought something. I always find something to steal . . . like I say, organize .\n. . from the kitchen--some potatoes or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some carrots. I had a way, I don't know,\nI was lucky, but one time I was shot at, and I had, they almost killed me, very\nclose, got shot through the, a bullet shot through, but that was at night when I\n. . .\n\nLESSER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How do you think that incident affected you? How did you feel?\n\nKAHAN: I was in Nordhausen at that time. I was breaking into what they were\nkeeping behind the kitchen. We used to . . . in summer, we used to bury carrots\nand potatoes, not in a shed, but we made like mounds. We covered with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"straw, and\nthen we put earth on it, maybe a few inches of earth, and then we leave it for\nthe wintertime. That was the storage area. At night, I used to break in and load\nmy shirt full of that and escape, but they have guards watching those mounds.\nOne of those guards see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me escape, and he shot a few times. One bullet grazed me\nand opened the skin. The bullet didn't go in the head, it just went through and\ncut my skin on. I believe it's still a little . . . but I had to hide for quite\na few days until it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"healed up. I couldn't go to a doctor. We didn't have no\nhospital and no doctors anyhow, and no shots for tetanus. After awhile--maybe a\ncouple of weeks or so--it healed up . . .\n\nLESSER: What motivated you to take that risk?\n\nKAHAN: I wanted to help my friends and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn't just scared, that's all. To\nthink back about it, that was my way to just like fight against the Germans. I\ndidn't have a gun, so that's how I opposed them--by doing just the opposite what\nthey wanted me to do. I didn't want to starve and I didn't want my friends to\nsee starve. They didn't have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the guts to do that, but to me, it was an adventure\nor I was just too stupid to think . . . something, but I done it all the time.\nOr if I had a chance to escape or I had a chance . . . even in\nAuschwitz-Birkenau. I was about a month in Auschwitz-Birkenau before they sent\nme to Czestochowa. Everybody had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get tattooed . . . those people what they\nwere already tattooed, they already got, they got the soup and a piece of bread,\nwhat they were given. Those what they didn't get the tattoos had to wait for a\nlong, long time. I was hungry, so I made out like I'm rolling down like I\nalready got my tattoo, and ran over and I got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my soup and, and a piece of bread.\nI never got tattooed. I didn't want to get tattooed because I said, \"Maybe if I\nescape, I don't want to have a tattoo on my hand.\" So I even got by without\nbeing tattooed . . . in Oswiecim.\n\nLESSER: Where do you think, where did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learn your bravery and your cleverness?\n\nKAHAN: I learned it. I got into to camps very early; actually, I was about\nfourteen years old. You see, the way I got to . . . I was born in Lodz. When the\nGermans marched in, they annexed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it--Litzmannstadt--to being part of Germany. We\nwere from the first, in 1939, the end of 1939, we were already the first what\nthey send out from Lodz, what they send out to deep Poland. We were the first\none, and from then on, I already were in camps--not in concentration camps, they\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't have no concentration camps at that time, but there was work camps. I\ngradual learned how to survive and how to get by. I knew the kommandos. I knew\nwhen they start coming in. They had sonderkommandos, what they used to travel\nfrom one camp to the other and pick up the weak, what they looked too weak to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work to them. Of course, everybody looked . . . none of them looked too healthy.\nBut they picked out those what they thought looked too weak to work, and they\nsent them to camp, to exterminating camps, or to Auschwitz-Birkenau, or to\nTreblinka, or to some other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps. When they came in, first, I worked always,\nnever worked in the barracks, in the inside, there were quite a few of them what\nthey, trades people like, what they were making uniforms, and shoemakers, they\nwere making shoes, but I always worked on the outside on construction work. When\nI seen those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sonderkommandos coming in, I knew what they were fixing to do, that\nthey going start picking some out for dead. I hid or I watched them very close\nto, where they got to the other side. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I learned how to get by. I knew from early\non, not like those people what they fresh came in let's say in 1943, what they\nwere liquidated ghettos, what they didn't know nothing about camps. They were\nwell fed and some of them well educated, not used to do that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"type of work, and\nthey didn't last too long in camp. Even if they didn't get killed, they starved,\nstarvation, or disease, or some other . . .\n\nLESSER: Did you see . . . do you have memories of your mother or your father\ntaking risks to protect you or your other sisters?\n\nKAHAN: No, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father, he was in the Polish army, and he never came back from\nWarsaw. He was in Warsaw what I last heard. I never heard of him. But my mother\nand two sisters, they were in the ghetto in Krosno, where we were sent from Lodz\nto Polish protected, German-occupied Poland, what they called at that time. They\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until maybe the end of 1941 or 1942, I don't know when they were . . . it\nwas a little city, and I don't even know, I never heard of them until . . . as\nlong as the ghetto was there, once in a while I escaped from work camp and got\nto the ghetto and seen them and stayed there, but I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to go back to work\nbecause men, especial there was Polish, it was a Jewish Judenrat what they\ncalled, and we had Jewish police, kapo police. Once they found out that you\nescaped from a camp, they was afraid themselves. They said, \"Turn, go back to\nwork or, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, we going to be . . . We are responsible for you.\" They caused\nme to go back because some other people might get hurt because of me, so I just\nmaybe stayed in the ghetto for a little while and then got back to a work camp.\n\nLESSER: Do you have any memories of people helping you, having memories of\npeople taking risks to help ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you in your survival at any point?\n\nKAHAN: No. I didn't need no help. I could help myself. The only thing what keeps\nme going is to survive and have revenge on the Germans and see that some of my\nfamily survived. Actually, I stayed in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany. I would have . . . left Germany\nmaybe a little sooner if not my first wife. She always insisted that we still go\nand find somebody in her family. Actually, she did find a cousin, what she came\nback. She actually survived not in the camps, but survived what she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"escaped to\nRussia, and then came back to Germany after the war was over. That's the only\ncousin what my wife found. In my family, as far as I knew, what I'm still have\nhope, even now, wherever I go, I always ask about family on my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother's side or\non my father's side, but I haven't found any. I always, just like I say, even up\nto now, even if I go to some kind of gathering or to Israel or Washington, I\nkeep asking people they knew from that city what happened, and where, what, but\nI don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe they survived. You never want to give up. It's always in my mind\nthat it's impossible that so many members in my family could have died. A lot of\nthem lived . . . most what I knew lived in Lodz in the city.\n\nLESSER: Will you tell us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your experience and then your escape from Bergen-Belsen?\n\nKAHAN: Yes. In Bergen-Belsen, I came in from Nordhausen. Nordhausen was a camp\nwhere we were making the V1 and V2. They evacuated it because the Russians were\ngetting pretty close on them. They brought us into Bergen-Belsen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know\nthe distance from Nordhausen to Bergen-Belsen, but it took quite a few days to\nget us to Bergen . . . actually not, they call it Bergen-Belsen because it was a\nlittle city, \"Bergen,\" and then \"Belsen.\" They brought us into Bergen after\nmaybe almost a week, traveling, stopping and traveling, stopping and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"traveling a\nfew hours, and no food. They had in those cattle trains they had maybe packed in\ntwo hundred people. They packed in . . . when we used to go in, we knew that we\nneeded some space to breathe, we didn't want to get so we got all of them, most\nof them what we got in, we got to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"front, though they took some two by fours\nand hit the front so all of them got to the back to escape the as far back and\nthen when the people escaped to the back, they packed in another bunch of, like\ncattle until it was completely full, almost standing like herring. I remember\nwhen they opened the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doors, maybe ten, twenty people actually could stand on\ntheir feet, get off and stand on their feet. The rest of them just stayed\nbehind, or a few of them, what they did get off, they were very weak, they shot\nthem. They shot them right there. The rest of them what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could walk, we had to\nwalk to Bergen-Belsen. A lot of them dropped walking. It wasn't too far to the\ncamp, but it still maybe five or seven miles from that train depot.\n\nLESSER: How were you at that point? How were you feeling at that point?\n\nKAHAN: I was very weak, but I was strong enough to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"walk. It was wintertime . . .\nit was January. I remember having my bed cover with me and I had it over a head.\nThere wasn't a fast march because nobody could walk fast, but I was making it. I\ndidn't sit down or fall down. I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enough strength to come into Bergen-Belsen.\nWhen I came in to Bergen-Belsen, the conditions were awful. All you could see is\nskeletons, like a dead person walking. There was no work. They already\ndisorganized. There was very few . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not too many guards even. Not an awful\nlot of guards because there was no work details to go out. They didn't feed us,\nand didn't . . . just, once a day, they brought a big kettle, a fifty gallon,\nand most of the time, we were fighting about that--even that water, what they\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting. One pushed the other that a lot of time, we turned over the whole\nkettle of food because that, those in the front didn't have no choice. They were\npushed. The guards didn't care. Sometime they took a stick and started beating\nus, but then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later on, they just didn't care. \"Let them do whatever they . . .\nwere doing.\" They didn't care too much. It was already very close to, some of\nthem already had a feeling that that's getting to the end. I had that feeling\nbecause I never seen Germans to be that, that much disorganized the way that\nBergen-Belsen already was. Or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they didn't care. They thought, \"They going to die\nanyhow,\" and just let it go that way. One morning, I was already maybe a week\nand there was nothing to steal in that camp. There wasn't . . . so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finally I\nfigured out that some of those manholes got to be . . . a water drainage sewer\nor a regular sewer, whatever. We managed to open one and I was the one who\ncrawled in. I said, \"It's got to go somewhere. It's a sewer.\" It wasn't a very\nlarge. You had to actually on all four you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could . . . it was big enough to get\ndown on all four. We kept crawling until every, whatever we seen a manhole, we\nraised it and looked a little out, are we behind the fences. Once we seen that\nit's already behind the fence, that the fences are behind us, we opened that\nmanhole, and it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting dark. We waited until it got dark and we got out.\nThen for a few days, we lived from the German fields what they left over,\npotatoes. It was in wintertime. There was nothing growing, but a lot of it, what\nthey left over, what wasn't fit or whatever, or just left over, what they\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"skipped, we could still dig out potatoes and a lot of those big . . . like a\nturnip . . . what's that called?\n\nLESSER: Rutabaga?\n\nKAHAN: Rutabaga, that's right. Yes, rutabaga. If we find those, that was a\ndelicacy. We kind of supported ourselves for a few days. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we looked, we\nwatched farm houses, and we didn't see no men in some farm houses . . . just\nwomen and kids. We finally got bold enough and got in and asked for food, that\nwe don't want to do no harm, just, we still had the . . . blue and white ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stripe\nuniforms on. Most of them fed us. They said, \"Get away because there's a lot of\nGerman soldiers and SS around; you get away.\" Or they meant really the truth,\ntold us the true or they wanted us to get away, but always when we got food in a\nfarm house, we didn't stay around too long. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"escaped. Every day we made about\ntwenty miles or so. We were already strong. We really were pretty good back at\nour health. Then one day, we seen a semi tank truck . . . and we knew the German\ncrosses on the tanks. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seen the star. We knew or it's American or it's\nEnglish. We seen that star, we knew it must be ours. We start waving and they\nseen that we had the prison uniforms on. They put us in top of it and took us\ninto a camp. They gave us uniforms. It was still war going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on. That was a\nreconnaissance unit, a forward unit, what they actually were picking up packets\nof prisoners, what they were called, \"Say listen, you two, three miles away.\nWell, we got ten prisoners.\" They were doing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, picking up prisoners. They\ndidn't let them inside. They had to march in front and they were driving behind\nthem until they got to the camp. The camps wasn't too far away. That's the units\nwhat we were with until April 15. For about three months. We were with that\nunit. They gave us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guns, we were just like soldiers--not under discipline, we\njust about done what we wanted to do--but we were getting the same food what the\nsoldiers were getting and cigarettes and everything just like a soldier, like a\nprivate. We were translating too. Once in a while, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had a chance--they didn't\nlet us because some of those officers were pretty mean. They didn't let the\nprisoners hurt, but if they didn't have the officers--just the soldiers--we\ncould roughen up. We couldn't kill, but we could roughen up a few Germans.\nThat's the only revenge what we could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take. We had an officer, he must have been\nof German descent or something. He once sticked the gun to my head. I couldn't\nspeak English and he speaked a little German. He said if I do that one more\ntime--hurt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prisoners--that he showed me he's going put a bullet in my head. He\ncould just bluff, but he done that to stop. Once in a while if we had a chance,\nwe did roughen up a few prisoners. One of us, Moshe, a friend of mine, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was a\nlittle on the sadistic side. He could kill. He could really. As much as I went\nthrough, I could never. I could shoot back if somebody was shooting at me, but\nactual going up in cold blood and killing somebody . . . even the worse what I\nwent through, and what I seen, what they done to me, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still couldn't do that,\ncouldn't kill people. It just takes a certain character to be that way. Of\ncourse I made up . . . Moshe said, \"Yankle, what's wrong with you? That's a\nGerman. Blow his brains out.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd say, \"Oh, yeah. Oh, yeah,\" but most of what I\ncould do is give him a kick or a punch. But actually pick up the gun and kill\nsomebody, I couldn't do it--not my character. But Moshe, he could, and once we\ngot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberated . . . when the Bergen-Belsen camp was liberated, I just left\neverything and went back to Bergen-Belsen. That's how I met Mona. She was very\nundernourished. Even after the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberation where we had plenty food, she was\nnever actually adjusted. She could never . . . adjust herself to just forget\nabout what happened. I seen a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"killing, but she said she seen her own\nfamily in Lodz . . . She was in the ghetto all the time, until she came in from\nthe ghetto to Bergen-Belsen. She seen her own family dying. I believe her mother\nwas with her until almost the last minute. Her mother gave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up the last piece . .\n. they were given some food, and she said she already ate, and gave her. That's\nhow she survived. Her mother starved. She seen her mother starve for hunger in\nthe ghetto. She seen a lot of more misery than I did. I seen groups bringing in\nwhat they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"escaped and being executed and bury them, but I didn't see that much .\n. . not that much suffering because, like I said, I always managed to steal\nsomething, not to die for hunger . . .\n\nLESSER: How would you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"describe Mona? How did you know that you wanted to marry her?\n\nKAHAN: We met just after the liberation of the camp. We used to go together\nuntil ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my wife, Mona--well, my girlfriend at that time--she found a cousin. She\nwas in Hamburg. That was a little city in . . . Bergen-Belsen was at that time\nthe English zone. It was a few hundred miles away from the American zone from\nHamburg, where she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heard that her cousin survived the war. So we took a train\nand we met in Hamburg. We decided to stay in Hamburg and that was already in\n1947. We stayed in Hamburg. What the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German government was giving us, we didn't\ngo to work. I did once in a while. I didn't feel like going to a German factory\nand work again for the Germans. Then both of us, we just traveled around . . .\nwherever we heard there was a displaced person like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Landsberg or some other\ndisplaced person camps. We traveled to look for relatives, to see . . .\nespecially my wife. She was very obsessed that she still going to find family.\nWe registered with the Red Cross. In every camp we came in, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"registered. I\nwould have gone back to Poland to look for family, but my wife didn't want to\ngo. She said, \"There's Communism over there and there's still antisemitism just\nlike it was before the war,\" and it was. Even those what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived . . .\n\nLESSER: How did you find out about your mother and what happened to your sisters?\n\nKAHAN: That they didn't survive?\n\nLESSER: Right.\n\nKAHAN: I didn't find out and even up to now, I still believe that somehow,\nsomewhere . . . I know it's impossible, but it's still in my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mind that some\nrelatives survived, that it couldn't be that many just perished. Lately, I went\nback to Poland, just to have peace of mind. I wanted to . . . I had a heart\nattack a few years ago, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I thought, \"I probably haven't got too much longer\nleft.\" I said, \"Before I die, I have to go back to Poland and at least walk in\nthose places as a free man,\" where I wasn't under guards, beaten, and pushed,\nand couldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go. So at least I went back to those places just to have peace of mind.\n\nLESSER: What did it feel like when you were there?\n\nKAHAN: It was very sad, very sad to be in those places, but at least I felt like\na burden from my heart came off, that I'm in the same place ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where I was beaten,\nand couldn't do what I wanted, and now at least, I'm free in the same area where\nthousands died. It gave me a little peace of mind that at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"least I got that much\nsatisfaction back in my life.\n\nLESSER: When you were there, if you could have said anything to the people that\neither helped you or harmed you, what would you have said if they were still\nalive or if they were still there?\n\nKAHAN: You see, some people what they lived in small ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"towns, they know gentiles\nwhat they were neighbors or friends, and they could go back. But I lived in a\nlarge town. Our city had a hundred thousand Jews--maybe one-third, no actually\none-half of the city was Jews, Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"populated--and all our living we made\nbetween ourselves. It was some trade with the gentiles, too. I wouldn't say a\nhundred percent just with Jewish, but most of them in large cities, that was\ngoing on. So I couldn't tell you. I didn't know an awful lot of gentile ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends.\nEven in school, I went to with just Jewish. We had our own Jewish . . . even\npublic schools, we had just Jewish, no gentiles. We had fight with the gentiles,\njust about every so often, there were waiting for us, to beat us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up. I didn't\nhave too many gentile friends. A lot of them did help--what I heard, not\nmyself--but they didn't have too much chance to help a Jew because they risked\ntheir life, too. There wasn't too easy. If they found a Jew hidden ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a gentile\nhome, they executed the gentiles, too. It was very big risk if somebody did hide\na Jewish family, but--what I heard--there were quite a few took that risk.\n\nLESSER: Later on in life, what did you tell or teach your kids about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust?\n\nKAHAN: We survived. The least we can do, the horror what we seen . . . I was\nvery uncomfortable to talk about it, even in my own family, even with my kids\nand my wife. I never talked about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, but later on, I decided we have to. We the\nonly ones survived. We witnessed what happened, so at least, we ought to tell\nfor future generations what happened during Nazi times. The horrors and the\nkillings . . . it's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unbelievable. Even when I go over and tell my own story, I\njust don't believe that human beings could do things like that--that much\ncruelty and bring on that much suffering to other people. I, myself, will tell\nthe story ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if in some way I can help that some horror like this, never happens\nagain. I hope it never happens.\n\nLESSER: Is there anything else that you want to tell us? How did you come to\nlive in Atlanta, Georgia?\n\nKAHAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't pick it. They assigned . . . when I got my papers for to come to\nUnited States, they just said that, \"You're going to Atlanta.\" It didn't matter\nto me as long as I come to a free country, and I can earn a living, and raise a\nfamily. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That mattered to me. That's how I came over here.\n\nLESSER: Did you move close to the Jewish community? Did you live . . .\n\nKAHAN: I knew people in the Jewish community? No, I didn't know anybody. I\ndidn't have no family in the United States whatsoever, but I myself, didn't need\nno help. I didn't have no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"profession, but I knew . . . all those years I worked\nin construction. I figured, \"I'm strong. I can go back in construction.\" I told\npeople that I can paint and that's how I went in painting. First I worked for\nsome painting companies. Then when I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"start learning the language a little bit, I\nwent in business for myself. I earned a pretty good living being in paint\ncontracting, painting and wall coloring. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You want me . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: No. Did you say that you and Mona did not have children?\n\nKAHAN: No, we lived together. We were married together ten years. That was a big\n. . . she was so fragile. She was going to doctors all the time. She's had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some\nwoman problems. Actually she told me her first menstruation wasn't until she was\ntwenty years old. She was so fragile from probably the camps and being hungry\nall those years. She was . . . finally when we came over here, she went to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gynecologists, doctors. They told her she never going to have a child. Probably\nthis was the straw . . . what finally decided, but she never brought it out. She\nwas depressed. She had depressions and she didn't had no life in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her . . .\nalmost like a zombie or like didn't much care, but she never let anybody know\nthat she has a mind to commit suicide. One of those days, she did. I came back\nfrom work and she committed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suicide. We didn't had no kids. I wanted at least\nleave . . . build a family and leave somebody survive and carry on my name. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nmet my second wife. She was of . . . Jewish German descent. They managed to\nescape in 1939. They actually wasn't in camps, but they had a hard time to find\na country what they wanted to take them in. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, they escaped with some\nvaluables what they could pay to get off in Cuba. She had two sisters. They\ncharged, I understand, five hundred dollars per head to get off in Cuba. They\nstayed in Cuba until after the war and then they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"managed to get papers to come\nto United States. I met her. I speak fluent German and I heard somebody\nspeaking. I was in a club and I heard somebody speaking German. I started a\nconversation. That's how I met my wife.\n\nLESSER: Did you talk about your experiences of the war? Was that one of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nthings that you talked about?\n\nKAHAN: No. Never. Never until lately--the last few years. I didn't, when they\ngot bigger, my kids, and of course, I raised three boys, I started tell them,\nbut they already, they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too, they, I didn't want to burden them with all\nactual horrors what happened. I just wanted them to tell where they come from,\nwhere I come from, where my grandparents, and stuff like that. I didn't want to\ntell them stories about the camps. I didn't, but she . . . they learned little\nby little.\n\nLESSER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What were the values that you wanted to teach your kids?\n\nKAHAN: Well, kids . . . even if I don't believe what I seen and lived through,\nhow could they heard it? They thought it's another story . . . just like other\nstories they heard from history, from what happened to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indians . . . but now\nwhen they're older, they understand murder. I took my middle son lately to\nPoland. I showed him all the camps--not all the camps, I was in quite a few\ncamps--but I showed him Auschwitz-Birkenau. I showed him Krakow. Krakow is not\nmuch left. That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high mountain is still there in . . . Plaszow. Under that\nmountain, thousands of people were executed. They had a name for that mountain,\nbut in Polish they called it 'Hujowa Gorka' because that was the mountain when\nthey took you over there, that was the end of it. That mountain is still there,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except barracks or the streets what you, what we paved, what I worked, it was a\nJewish cemetery. We had to take the monuments and make roads out of them. Of\ncourse, that Jewish cemetery, there's nothing left. It was nothing left when the\ncamp was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. We destroyed it completely. They made us take all the monuments\nand just bulldoze everything over it, build roads, build barracks, build that\nbig mansion for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Commandant. I'm trying to remember his name . . .\n\nLESSER: With everything that you saw . . .\n\nKAHAN: After surviving, when we . . . after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberation . . . first, I still\nthought that we going to find some family--if not very close, at least distant\ncousins or somebody in the family. But what more years, it went through, farther\non, and I seen that I'm not find nobody. I was actually almost mad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at\neverybody--gentiles or even Jewish people. I said, \"How could they listen and\nhear all those things and not protest or done something to save some of those\npeople?\" Then I even thought, \"We have a G-d. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believed . . .\" I prayed every\nday and even if I, we wasn't that Orthodox . . . I followed tradition and was\nbrought up as a Jew. Later on, when I seen that none of them survived, I said,\n\"If we have a G-d and any G-d could watch ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that terror and that killing and those\nkilling of innocent babies,\"--actually some of them not even being shot, but\njust thrown in the ditches still alive . . . I said to myself, \"If there is a\nG-d, I don't want to believe no more.\" I just . . . I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually hating almost\nthe whole world. I hate to say it even against G-d. I said, \"If there is a G-d,\nI'm not going to believe in him no more because it's unbelievable if there's a\nG-d watching that and he didn't kill that murderer what committed those crimes\nor done ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something.\" It's actually hard to think in a normal way after those\nthings, what we seen and survived and at that age . . . but later on, you get .\n. . you learn a little from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life. This was my opinion. Some actually got\nstronger religious. They felt, \"I survived because of G-d. He made me. That's\nhow I survived.\" I said the opposite. I said, \"There is no G-d. I survived\nbecause ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I helped myself survived. That's the only way I survived. If there's a\nG-d, I just want to show him that I'm not going to believe in him.\"\n\nLESSER: Will you tell us some about your first wife, Mona, and how she felt\nafter the Holocaust . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of how you talked about having a family or\nhow you lived your life together?\n\nKAHAN: I still try . . . I might not be religious, but I'm still a Jew. I tried\nto raise my kids giving Jewish tradition, and have bar mitzvah, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we belonged\nto Beth Jacob until they grew up. Then they went on their own. I didn't want to\nstand in their way. If they fell in love with somebody, that's their choice. I\ndidn't want to be against it.\n\nEINSTEIN: Mr. Kahan, you left your family when you were very young and were\nseparated from your parents. How did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you feel about being a parent yourself? How\ndid you know what to do when your kids became teenagers, and you didn't have\nanybody bringing you up?\n\nKAHAN: I didn't know. We needed guidance. Actually we needed guidance when we\nwere liberated. That's when we needed--guidance. Instead of food, we needed some\nguidance. Now I can see if we had, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it could have helped a lot of young\npeople. I just carried on because that's part of life, that's nature--to\nsurvive. I was born a survivor, to survive.\n\nEINSTEIN: You said that in the camps you were always organizing and doing things\nthat in society outside of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp is seen as not being . . .\n\nKAHAN: No, nobody thought me that.\n\nEINSTEIN: No, but how did you go from a person who had a different moral or\nethical way of doing things? Your ethics in the camp about stealing or doing\nthings, that doesn't work out in the world outside of the camp today. How did\nyou make the transition from being a . . . taking risks and stealing and going\nback into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"society? How did you do that?\n\nKAHAN: I always believe to adjust themselves to not to be against the law, to\nobey--not to obey the occupier or the enemy. I would fight the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enemy what\ndestroyed my family, but in a normal life, I figured you got to . . . that's my\ncharacter. Some of them were born . . . I was a hard . . . Actually, I was what\nyou might call a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"workaholic. I got myself in, when I started, when I got a job\nworking that many hours, whatever they ask. If they asked for overtime, I was .\n. . in the middle of the night, if they asked they need somebody to work, let's\nsay at Rich's, in the middle of the night all night, I could work all day and\nthen volunteer for work at night. I just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tried with the work to lose my actually\nthe memories what I was carrying. I could never forget. I carried those\nmemories. Sometimes the least little thing, if somebody mentioned, I just\ncouldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sleep. At least I wasn't a drinking man and I didn't believe in drugs\neither, but that was . . . my actual tranquilizer is work until I raised a\nfamily. Once a family came along, I tried to make a good living for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them, but I\nwas always a workaholic. That was my tranquilizer in life to forget all those horrors.\n\nEINSTEIN: After losing so many members of your family, how were you affected by\nMona's death? It was sudden. How did that affect you?\n\nKAHAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It affect me in a way . . . if you ask a psychiatrist, he probably would\nsay that I'm not normal, but who is? No, it affect my life. If affected because\nI never actually had a normal life what another person what grew up in a free\ncountry ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and under freedom.\n\nEINSTEIN: How do you feel about America?\n\nKAHAN: Even now, I got a bond I could say of food or something. Even now, I can\nsee nothing wasted. Even something what is almost spoiled, I eat it anyhow,\nbecause I can't see it be thrown ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away. Even that many years, and an abundant of\nall kind of food, and I'm not bad off either, but you just can't get it out of\nyour mind.\n\nEINSTEIN: How do you feel about America? What were your first impressions when\nyou came over? It must have been so different. What did you think when you first\ngot here?\n\nKAHAN: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was very happy because I never seen actual freedom. That little\nantisemitism what I lived through, especially in Poland, even before the Germans\nmarched in . . . for a little while, I was very happy.\n\nEINSTEIN: Just for a little while? When you started working right away?\n\nKAHAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes. Actually, almost the second day because I had very, a lot of pride\nin me because we never took tzedakah. We always gave tzedakah. Here, the Jewish\nFederation said, \"Listen, go to school for about a month, and we going to pay\nyou. For that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, we going to pay you. You don't have to worry about, learn a\nlittle language.\" I said, \"No, you give me a job. If you got a job, I want to\ngo. I'm strong. I don't want no charity. I don't need it.\" I actually didn't\nneed it. I was very strong, and young, and I wanted to go to work. I never . . .\neven ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if people wanted to help me, I didn't want the help. I had just too much\npride to. In a way, it wasn't too good. Some people were helped and they done a\nlot better. They went to school and some . . . but that was my nature.\n\nEINSTEIN: You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said before that you managed to do these really remarkable things\nin the camps--to find food and to do these things. You said that you had an\nadventurous spirit? Do you still have that? Is that still a part of who you are?\n\nKAHAN: Yes, in a way, even over here. I wasn't trained for actually any job and\nwhen I came over here, I said I was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"painter. All I had to do is watch for a\nfew days how somebody's doing it and I could do it too. That's how I actually\nlearned a trade and that's how I was making a living, because I knew if I see if\nthe other guys going to do it, I'm going to learn it too. Then--even not knowing\nthe language--I already started ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"building a business. With as little English as I\nknew, I was taking a chance and going out. I didn't have much to risk . . . some\nrisk of not getting a job and not making a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"living, but I took the risk and\nsometime in business . . .\n\nLESSER: Do you see that adventurous spirit in any of your children or\ngrandchildren? Do you feel like that's something you passed on?\n\nKAHAN: No. My kids, they completely different. They haven't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got . . . except one\nboy is a little bit about my character.\n\nLESSER: In what way?\n\nKAHAN: Adventurous, and a little bit even the looks, but the rest of them are\nnot like the chip off the old block. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They different characters, all of them.\n\nEINSTEIN: What are their names and who did you name them for?\n\nKAHAN: The oldest one actually is adopted. He's not mine--Dennis. I gave him . .\n. my father had two names, Moshe Itzak. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got Dennis Isaac. His name was\nalready Dennis . . . when I adopted him, I gave him the name Isaac. The other\none, Joseph, is Yosef. He's on my grandfather's side. Name of my grandfather.\nThe youngest one is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my wife's. He is of German descent, so he got Kurt. His name\nis Kurt. He's named of her grandfather. So one is Kurt, one is Joseph, and one\nis Dennis. The oldest don't have no kids. He is already ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forty-eight. He don't\nhave no kids, but Joseph got two kids and he's in Houston. He's working for IBM.\n\nEINSTEIN: How did it happen that you adopted Dennis? How did he come into your life?\n\nKAHAN: When I married my wife, she already had him. She was married\nbefore--Marianne--and she had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child. He was about nine months old. He wasn't\nmuch of a provider. When I told him that I take over if I can adopt him, he\nwon't have to pay, he was glad to let me adopt him. He said, \"Okay, you can have\nhim.\" I said, \"I never want to hear from you again.\" He agreed to it. That's how\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I adopted him.\n\nEINSTEIN: You have a beautiful granddaughter that's been wandering around here\ntoday, but you know this is . . .\n\nKAHAN: You don't know her too well!\n\nEINSTEIN: But this is a tape that she'll probably come to . . . it will be\nmeaningful to her in a couple of years. We have . . . your other grandchildren\nwill come to the museum and you know that other people come . . . what would you\nlike to say to them--to people who watch the tape or to your\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"granddaughter--about your life or what you're most proud of? What would you like\nthem to understand?\n\nKAHAN: I would like to see that they carry on the Jewish tradition. They don't\nhave to be religious, but I want them to carry on the Jewish tradition, to be a\nJew, to be a Zionist, and to fight for Jewish cause, and help our Jewish\nbrothers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whenever help is needed. With religion, I'll leave it up to them.\n\nEINSTEIN: Are you ever worried about your children and grandchildren? Because\nyou were a Jew, you had so many really horrible things that happened in your\nlife. Do you ever worry about them, or the future of the world, or their\nexperiences? How do you feel about all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that?\n\nKAHAN: I believe we should take and give. We ought to carry on the Jewish\ntradition, but if somebody feels like assimilating, I believe in that, too. I\ndon't believe we ought to just separate ourselves and say, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"We the chosen\npeople.\" If we would have been the chosen, where was G-d when the Germans choose\nto kill all our Jews? I'm just a simple man, I'm not a philosopher, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I would\nlike to carry on the Jewish tradition because I was raised a Jew and I believe\nin it.\n\nEINSTEIN: What are you most proud of? What do you feel is a good accomplishment\nin your life? When you look back over your life so far, what do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enjoy?\n\nKAHAN: I don't believe I done anything special. I just try to be a Jew and tell\nthe world what happened to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. That's about all the talent what I . . . I'm just\na simple man. I haven't got an awful lot education . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Well, your education was . . .\n\nKAHAN: . . . but I learned a lot from life. Going, living through that many\nyears, you got to learn ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something!\n\nEINSTEIN: Is there anything that we haven't asked you that you'd like to say a\nword or two about? Anything you can think of?\n\nKAHAN: Not off hand.\n\nEINSTEIN: We covered everything?\n\nKAHAN: I believe you . . .\n\nEINSTEIN: Did you go to Israel after the war?\n\nKAHAN: Yes . . . I've been to Israel five times.\n\nEINSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's your feeling about Israel?\n\nKAHAN: A very good feeling! I came to Israel, I feel like we finally\naccomplished from so many thousands of years, we finally got our land. When I\nsee our own policemen, I feel like my brother . . . I could hug a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"policeman,\n\"What? Are you going to tell me what to do?\" I feel like he's my brother. I had\na very good feeling coming to Israel because I am a Zionist. I believe in\ncarrying on a Jewish life. I wish I could be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religious, but I'm not.\n\nEINSTEIN: We'd both like to thank you so much for your time this afternoon.\n\nKAHAN: Thank you. I got to thank you. Every time I talk a little, it gets a\nlittle bit lighter to, but I wish I could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/transcript/21029/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell you . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=5010.0,5040.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki, were members of the majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party, which was renamed the Communist Party after seizing power in the October Revolution of 1917. When World War I started, Polish territory was partitioned between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and the Russian Empire. The area around Lodz was part of the Russian Empire until Poland regained its independence in 1918.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJews were an integral part of the textile industry of Lodz, which was known as the “Manchester of Poland.” (The city of Manchester had been the center of Great Britain’s textile industry since the Industrial Revolution.) Jews owned many plants and factories in Lodz, including one of the largest in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCheder\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: room] is a Jewish religious elementary school for boys. Religious classes were usually held in a room attached to a synagogue or in the private home of a teacher called a ‘\u003cem\u003emelamed\u003c/em\u003e.’ It was traditional for boys to start \u003cem\u003echeder\u003c/em\u003e at three or five years old, learning to read Hebrew from a primer and studying the Book of Leviticus.  Girls did not attend \u003cem\u003echeder\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. The vast majority of Jews living in Lodz before World War II spoke Yiddish, but increasingly used Polish.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNordhausen was also known as ‘Mittelbau-Dora,’ ‘Dora-Mittelbau’ or ‘Nordhausen-Dora.’ This was a camp system with about 40 sub-camps around the main camp of Mittelbau (or Dora). It was established late in the war on August 28, 1943 throughout the Harz Mountain region in central Germany to manufacture missiles and rockets. Prisoners were put to work building V-1 and V-2 missiles and on other projects related to weapons development and production. The assembly place for the rockets was actually inside a mountain for protection from air raids. The prisoners worked underground building tunnels. The workers were mostly miners and construction workers. At its peak, over 40,000 prisoners worked in the camp system. They lived and worked underground, although at the end of 1944 some barracks were built outside the tunnels for the additional workers. The conditions were catastrophic and the mortality rate was very high.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCzestochowa [Polish: \u003cem\u003eCzęstochowa\u003c/em\u003e; sometimes also spelled ‘Czenstochowa’] is a city located about 200 kilometers (124 miles) southwest of Warsaw, Poland. The Germans occupied it on September 3, 1939. In April 1941, a ghetto was created. Between September and November 1942, the ghetto was mostly liquidated in a series of \u003cem\u003eAktions\u003c/em\u003e. Those who remained were sent to work in area labor camps. In the second half of 1943, some 5,000 to 6,000 Jews were brought in from Lodz, Plaszow and Skarzysko-Kamienna to supplement the labor force. This may have been when Jacob arrived in Czestechowa. HASAG (also known as Hugo Schneider AG or by its original name in German: \u003cem\u003eHugo Schneider Aktiengesellschaft\u003c/em\u003e) was a German metal goods manufacturer that became a Nazi arms-manufacturing conglomerate and the third largest user of forced labor in German-occupied Europe. During World War II, HASAG maintained dozens of armaments factories in Germany and Poland, with at least four factories around Czestochowa: HASAG-Peltzery, HASAG-Rakow, HASAG-Warta, and HASAG-Czestochowianka. The largest labor camp was HASAG-Rakow, a former ironworks. HASAG-Pelcery (also spelled Pelzery) was a former textile factory near the railroad station, which had been converted into an ammunition factory. There was also \u003cem\u003eMetalurgia\u003c/em\u003e, a foundry on Krotka Street, and HASAG-Warta and HASAG-Czestochowianka. In general, a policy of “extermination through work” was applied in the labor camps. It is estimated that around 50,000 of the at least 58,000 Jews who were in Czestochowa throughout the war were killed. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust, concentration camp prisoners received tattoos only at one location, the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp complex. Tattooing was introduced at Auschwitz in the autumn of 1941 for Soviet prisoners of war. In March 1942, tattoos were used to identify prisoners at Auschwitz II (Birkenau). By the spring of 1943, the SS authorities throughout the entire Auschwitz complex adopted the practice of tattooing almost all previously registered and newly arrived prisoners, including female prisoners. Prisoners were given tattoos on their forearms of their camp serial number, which was also sewn onto their uniforms. Only prisoners selected for work were registered and given serial numbers; those that were sent directly to the gas chambers were not registered or given tattoos.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOswiecim [Polish: Oświeçim; German: Auschwitz] is a town in southern Poland and was the site of the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLodz [Polish: Łódź] was a large textile manufacturing city and Jewish cultural center about 75 miles from Warsaw, Poland and approximately 230 kilometers (143 miles) east of the German border. Lodz had a population of 665,000, of whom 34 percent (223,000) were Jews. The Germans occupied it on September 8, 1939 and renamed it “Litzmannstadt.” After the German invasion, Lodz was annexed into the Reich. Immediately after occupying Lodz, the Germans began seizing Jews for forced labor, confiscating Jewish property, and executing or deporting to concentration camps hundreds of the city’s elite. To make room for “repatriated” ethnic Germans [German: \u003cem\u003eVolkesdeutschen\u003c/em\u003e], waves of Jews and Poles were deported to the Generalgouvernement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoth the Russian and German armies invaded Poland in September 1939. On September 28, Germany and the Soviet Union reached an agreement partitioning Poland and outlining their zones of occupation. A demarcation line for the partition of German- and Russian-occupied Poland was established along the Bug River, between Krakow and Lvov. The demarcation line would remain in effect until June 22, 1941, when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in a military campaign codenamed Operation “Barbarossa.”  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKommando\u003c/em\u003e is a generic German word meaning “unit” or “command.” During World War II, it was also the basic unit of organization of slave laborers in German concentration camps, equivalent to a detail or detachment. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSonderkommando\u003c/em\u003e [German: special command or detail] refers to several types of special units during World War II.  The name was assigned to groups of Jewish slave labor units that were employed in the gas chambers and crematoria of extermination camps. Charged with removing the bodies of those gassed for cremation or burial, they were forced to participate in the extermination process. Jewish \u003cem\u003eSonderkommando\u003c/em\u003e units often were rewarded with better food and physical conditions than other inmates, but were also typically executed after a few weeks or months, only to be replaced by a new group of prisoners. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTreblinka was established in the Lublin district of Poland in November 1941. It began operations as a death camp in July 1942. Treblinka was part of the Operation Reinhard program, which also included the death camps of Sobibor and Belzec. All three camps were pure extermination facilities, that is, the Germans intended that any Jews who went into the camp were never come out again. Nearly 900,000 people were murdered at Treblinka. Treblinka was closed in early 1943.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Polish forces had been preparing for conflict, when the Germans invaded Poland from the north, south, and west on September 1, 1939 and rapidly advanced, Polish forces withdrew from their forward bases of operation close to the Polish–German border to more established lines of defense to the east. When the Russians invaded from the east on September 17, Polish defenses were quickly overwhelmed. Polish forces soon retreated toward Warsaw, where they were defeated in a massive encirclement attack and siege. The Polish Army finally capitulated on September 28. A large proportion of the Polish army was captured during the invasion: around 400,000 men by the German forces and over 200,000 by Soviet troops. The troops in Warsaw were evacuated to German prisoner of war camps. Some of the prisoners were released, but many were sent to concentration amps or used as forced laborers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrosno is a town in what is southeastern Poland today, near the borders of Ukraine and Slovakia. It is approximately 320 kilometers (200 miles) southeast of Lodz. The Germans occupied Krosno on September 9, 1941. Shortly thereafter, Jews from Krosno were sent to the Frysztak labor camp to work on Hitler’s local headquarters complex. By the end of 1941 the Jews population of the Krosno ghetto was 2,072. In August 1942, the old and sick were murdered in the ghetto after a selection and the rest sent to Belzec death camp and murdered. Between 300 and 600 Jews remained in the closed ghetto until December 4, 1942, when all but 25 were sent to labor camps in the Rzeszow area. In February 1944 those Jews who were still alive in the camps around Rzeszow were sent to Plaszow labor camp near Krakow. When Plaszow was liquidated the Jews were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Mauthausen and Stutthof concentration camps. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within ghettos and concentration or labor camps, German authorities installed a hierarchy of Jewish administrative units under their control. The \u003cem\u003eJudenrat\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eÄltestenrat\u003c/em\u003e was a Council of Jewish leaders established in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. They were installed to manage the communities and provide the Germans with forced laborers. A \u003cem\u003eJudischer Ordnungsdienst\u003c/em\u003e [German: Jewish Ghetto Police; also known as the OD], was also established by the Germans to keep order in occupied areas. They were often referred them to as the “Jewish Police.” A \u003cem\u003ekapo\u003c/em\u003e was a prisoner in a concentration camp who was assigned by the SS guards to supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks in the camp. The \u003cem\u003ekapo\u003c/em\u003e system minimized costs by allowing the camps to function with fewer SS personnel. It was designed to turn victim against victim, as the \u003cem\u003ekapos\u003c/em\u003e were pitted against their fellow prisoners in order to maintain the favor of their SS guards. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the invading German forces advanced east in September of 1939, hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees fled westward. It is estimated that the number of refugees who crossed from the German-occupied part of Poland to the areas annexed by the Soviet Union totaled about 300,000. The Russians left the border freely open to traffic until the end of October 1939. From then until the end of 1939 a small number of persons still crossed the border. When the Russians then annexed eastern Poland and a German-Russian demarcation line was established, some of the refugees returned home, while about 40,000 continued their flight fearing arrest and persecution in either German- or Russian-occupied territory. Many headed to Romania, Hungary, and Lithuania, only to later become victims of mass killing operations when German forces advanced deep into Soviet territory in 1941. The vast majority of the Polish refugees, however, remained in Soviet-occupied Poland. In 1940 and 1941, Soviet secret police officials arrested many of the refugees, who were considered “unreliable elements,” and deported them to Siberia, central Asia, and other locations in the interior of the Soviet Union. While they endured horrible conditions, this paradoxically saved the lives of a few hundred thousand Jewish refugees.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was a concentration camp near Hanover in northwest Germany, located between the villages of Bergen and Belsen. It was established in 1935 as a prison camp for political prisoners, criminals, Communists, “asocials” etc. from the area. In 1943 it began to serve as a transit camp for Jewish prisoners who were initially excluded from deportation. They were to be held in exchange for Germans interned in western countries. Toward the end of the war, Bergen-Belsen became a dumping place for Jews marched out of camps in the east. There was no housing for them, no medical care, no food, and no water. Ultimately there were about 41,000 prisoners in the camps and the mortality rate was extreme. From late 1944, food rations throughout Bergen-Belsen continued to shrink. By early 1945, prisoners would sometimes go without food for days; fresh water was also in short supply. Sanitation was incredibly inadequate, with few latrines and water faucets for the tens of thousands of prisoners interned in Bergen-Belsen at this time. Overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, and the lack of adequate food, water, and shelter led to an outbreak of diseases such as typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and dysentery, causing an ever-increasing number of deaths. In the first few months of 1945, tens of thousands of prisoners died.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ‘V weapons’ were the V1 and V2 rockets that were used by Germany at the end of World War II. They were the world’s first cruise missiles. The V-1 was a pilotless airplane/bomb (today what we call a ‘drone’) which the Germans launched at Britain and parts of Belgium near the end of the war. It carried one ton of high explosives.  It was pre-programmed so that the engine would stop at a certain point after which they would randomly fall.  It was purely a terror weapon. The V-2 rocket was more sophisticated and was really the world’s first ballistic missile.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe British liberated Bergen-Belsen on April 15, 1945 and it took them weeks to even be able to start to deal with the horrifying situation.  Many thousands of prisoners died after liberation, being too far gone to recover. After liberation, the British burned the barracks of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp as a health precaution. A former German army camp nearby became a displaced persons (DP) camp for refugees. It was in operation from the summer of 1945 until September 1950. For a time, Bergen-Belsen was the largest Jewish DP camp in Germany, and the only one in the British occupation zone with an exclusively Jewish population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMania (Mona) Kahan (neé Markowicz) was born September 20, 1928 in Pabianice, Poland. She married Jacob on September 21, 1948 in Amberg, Germany. Mona died on September 18, 1958 in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHamburg is a major port city in northern Germany, connected to the North Sea by the Elbe River.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 1949, Germany was occupied by the Allied forces and divided into four administrative zones by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. The American occupied zone was in the southern portion of Germany and included the cities of Munich, Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart, Nürnberg, and the southern part of the city of Berlin. The British zone was in northeastern Germany and included the cities of Hannover, Bremen, and Hamburg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1945 and 1947, the Allied governments enacted various legislation dealing with reparations to be paid to the victims of Nazi oppression. The Jewish Agency presented the first official claim to the Allied governments in September 1945. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference) was established in October 1951 to help with individual claims against Germany arising from the Holocaust. The Claims Conference initially recovered $100 million from West Germany, with direct compensation to Holocaust survivors paid in installments.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLandsberg was the second largest displaced persons camp in the American Zone. It was founded in April 1945 in former military barracks near Munich. From October 1945 Landsberg functioned as an exclusively Jewish Camp. The population of 5000 Jewish DPs, chiefly comprised of Russian, Latvian, and Lithuanian survivors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP Camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDisplaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II, Poland was occupied by Soviet forces and soon became a Communist state, which was hostile to religious institutions. Many of the approximately 200,000 Polish Jewish survivors further encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In postwar Poland, there were a number of pogroms (violent anti-Jewish riots).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacob and Mona Kahan sailed from Bremerhaven, Germany on November 29, 1949 aboard the \u003cem\u003eUSAT General Harry Taylor\u003c/em\u003e. They arrived in New York on December 10, 1949. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMost Latin American nations were relatively open to immigrants from 1918 to 1933. After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, however, antisemitic sentiments and economic concerns fueled by the Great Depression let to increasingly tight immigration laws being introduced throughout Latin America. As more and more Jews tried to flee Germany in the 1930’s, immigration quotas in other countries and the difficulty of obtaining a visa form the German government made emigration harder and harder. On May 5, 1939, four months before World War II began, Cuba issued Decree 937, which severely restricted immigration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow [Polish: Kraków; sometimes also ‘Cracow’] is the second largest city in Poland, situated on the Vistula River. The city is one of the oldest in Poland and dates back to the seventh century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as the ‘Krakau-Plaszow’ camp, Plaszow [Polish: Płaszów] was in a suburb of Krakow, Poland. It was established in October 1942 as a detention place for Jewish forced laborers in the district. Plaszow was expanded in 1943 and in 1944 was it transformed into a full-fledged concentration camp when Jews from the Krakow ghetto were sent there. The new camp was situated nearby on the site of two Jewish cemeteries. The camp was evacuated in August 1944 with 8,000 inmates being sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Mauthausen and Stutthof concentration camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere were three execution sites in Plaszow. From the summer of 1943, daily executions were held at the remains of a World War I fortification located on a hill in the southwest part of the camp. Prisoners called the site \u003cem\u003eHujowa Górka\u003c/em\u003e (sometimes also called \u003cem\u003eChujowa Górka\u003c/em\u003e), which roughly translates to “prick hill” and is a mockery of the surname of SS officer Albert Hujar, who committed and directed the executions. The second killing site was a large pit on the southeastern side of the camp. The third site was on the northern part of the camp at the old cemetery. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II and in the decades following it, Jewish gravestones, or matzevot, were frequently removed from cemeteries and reused for a variety of purposes. Prisoners at Plaszow were forced to use Jewish tombstones from the cemeteries the camp was situated on to pave the camp streets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmon Goeth [German: Göth] (of Schindler’s List infamy) was the commandant of Plaszow labor camp near Krakow, Poland from February 1943 until September 1944. He was a cruel, brutal, conscienceless sadist who murdered at random. He terrified all of the inmates whenever he roamed the camp on his white horse in the company of his dogs, who killed people on his command. After the war, the Supreme National Tribunal of Poland at Krakow found Goeth guilty of murdering tens of thousands of Jews. He was executed by hanging was on September 13, 1946 at age 37, not far from the former site of the Plaszow camp. A villa was constructed for Goeth at Plaszow, which still stands today. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: son of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e quorum for public worship. He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Beth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation.  Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRich's was a department store retail chain, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia that operated in the southern United States from 1867 until 2005.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTzedakah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: “justice” or “righteousness”] is commonly used to signify charity and refers to the religious obligations to do what is right and just. The highest form is to give a gift, loan or partnership that will result in the recipient supporting himself instead of living upon others; the second highest is to give donations anonymously to unknown recipients.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federations of North America represents 153 Jewish Federations and over 300 network communities, which raise and distribute more than $3 billion annually for social welfare, social services and educational needs with the objective of protecting and enhancing the well-being of Jews worldwide. After the Holocaust, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (the “Joint”, or JDC), the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), and other philanthropic organizations that later merged to form the JFNA worked together to support Jewish survivors. Refugees from displaced persons camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy received funds to help them resettle in places like the United States or Palestine and create new lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/annotation_set/261/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is the national movement of the Jewish people that supports the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4680.0,4710.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Kahan, Jacob [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History and Life Before the War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=0.0,431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today is January 15, 2001. Could you tell us your full name and, if you know, who you were named after?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=0.0,431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bolsheviks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cheder","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jacob Kahan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kosher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Malka Kackan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moses Kachan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rose Kachan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sara Kachan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=0.0,431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working in Construction and Taking Risks in the Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=431.0,808.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, at home I was called by my mother \"Yankel,\" Jacob, but in Yiddish she called me, of course, my sisters and my dad, the same way, all called me  \"Yankel.\" My friends even in camp, they called me, \"Yankel, go organize something.\" I was actually, that group what we worked together, what we were, most of the time we were working in construction work.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=431.0,808.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Construction Work","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gun Shot Wound","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Identity 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That's how I met Mona. She was very undernourished. 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How did you come to live in Atlanta, Georgia?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2961.0,3029.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration Papers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=2961.0,3029.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working in the United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3029.0,3094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't have no profession, but I knew . . . all those years I worked in construction. I figured, \"I'm strong. I can go back in construction.\" I told people that I can paint and that's how I went in painting. First I worked for some painting companies. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3029.0,3094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Construction Work","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Painting","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3029.0,3094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life with Mona","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3094.0,3241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No. Did you say that you and Mona did not have children?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3094.0,3241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Depression","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Menstruation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mona Kahan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Suicide","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3094.0,3241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meeting His Second Wife","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3241.0,3324.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I met my second wife. She was of . . . Jewish German descent. They managed to escape in 1939. 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But what more years, it went through, farther on, and I seen that I'm not find nobody.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3564.0,3797.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finding Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Surviving","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thoughts on God","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3564.0,3797.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life After the Holocaust with Mona","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3797.0,3818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Will you tell us some about your first wife, Mona, and how she felt after the Holocaust . . . in terms of how you talked about having a family or how you lived your life together?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3797.0,3818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bar Mitzvot","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Traditions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mona Kahan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3797.0,3818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Becoming a Parent and Needing Guidance","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3818.0,3934.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Kahan, you left your family when you were very young and were separated from your parents. How did you feel about being a parent yourself? How did you know what to do when your kids became teenagers, and you didn't have anybody bringing you up?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3818.0,3934.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Guidance","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Parenthood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Surviving","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3818.0,3934.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Transition from the Camps to the Outside World","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3934.0,4126.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, but how did you go from a person who had a different moral or ethical way of doing things? Your ethics in the camp about stealing or doing things, that doesn't work out in the world outside of the camp today. How did you make the transition from being a . . . taking risks and stealing and going back into society? How did you do that?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3934.0,4126.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ethics","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Morals","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stealing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Transition","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Workaholic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=3934.0,4126.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Affects of Mona's Death","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4126.0,4174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After losing so many members of your family, how were you affected by Mona's death? It was sudden. How did that affect you?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4126.0,4174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family Death","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mona Kahan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4126.0,4174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feelings About and Working In America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4174.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How do you feel about America?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4174.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Freedom","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tzedakah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unites States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4174.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An Adventurous Spirit","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4350.0,4450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You said before that you managed to do these really remarkable things in the camps--to find food and to do these things. You said that you had an adventurous spirit? Do you still have that? Is that still a part of who you are?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4350.0,4450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adventurous Spirit","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Painting","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4350.0,4450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Kahan Children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4450.0,4665.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you see that adventurous spirit in any of your children or grandchildren? Do you feel like that's something you passed on?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4450.0,4665.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adoption","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dennis Isaac Kahan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grandchildren","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Joseph Kahan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kahan Children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kurt Kahan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marianne Kahan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4450.0,4665.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Message to His Grandchildren","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4665.0,4722.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this is a tape that she'll probably come to . . . it will be meaningful to her in a couple of years. We have . . . your other grandchildren will come to the museum and you know that other people come . . . what would you like to say to them--to people who watch the tape or to your granddaughter--about your life or what you're most proud of? What would you like them to understand?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4665.0,4722.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grandchildren","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Tradition","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4665.0,4722.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feelings About the Future of the World and His Grandchildren","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4722.0,4818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Are you ever worried about your children and grandchildren? Because you were a Jew, you had so many really horrible things that happened in your life. Do you ever worry about them, or the future of the world, or their experiences? How do you feel about all that?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4722.0,4818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Assimilation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Future","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish traditions","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4722.0,4818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pride and Accomplishments of His Life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4818.0,4914.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are you most proud of? What do you feel is a good accomplishment in your life? When you look back over your life so far, what do you enjoy?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4818.0,4914.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Accomplishments","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pride","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sharing Experiences","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4818.0,4914.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Feelings on Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4914.0,5014.586"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you go to Israel after the war?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4914.0,5014.586"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197/index/47403/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionist","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32425/file/101197#t=4914.0,5014.586"}]}]}]}