{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/v11vd6q507/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Belinsky, Rachel"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2006-08-11 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Belinsky, Rachel (Interviewee)","Unknown (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Jewish Oral History Collection","Elliott and Judith Cohen Russian Oral History Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRachel Belinksy was interviewed by unknown individuals on August 11, 2006 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eRachel Belinksy was born in Leningrad, Russia on March 9, 1939. Her parents were Polina and Misha Mikhailovich. Their Jewish names were Pazice and Mendel Novakovich. She grew up in a communal apartment where she lived with her parents, one brother and grandmother in one room. They shared the kitchen and one bathroom with four other families. Both her parents worked as tailors.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRachel attended Leningrad University, where she earned a Ph.D. in Mathematics. She worked at the Naval Technical University in Leningrad until she immigrated in April 1992. Rachel married a Jewish man, and they had two children, Natasha and Vladimir Volodja, who later took the Jewish name of Velvel. Her husband died in 1983, when her children were seven and 11.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGrowing up, her Jewish faith was not actively practiced due to restrictions on religious practice by the Communist government. When her son, Velvel was 13 years old, he developed an interest in his Jewish faith. Rachel decided to immigrate to give her children a better future and allow her son to practice his Jewish faith. She applied to immigrate in 1990 and they came to the United States as refugees in April 1992.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRachel and her children initially settled in Cleveland, Ohio. Later Rachel moved to Atlanta, Georgia so she could teach Mathematics at Morris Brown College and Georgia State University. She attended synagogue at Beth Jacob Community. Rachel passed away on July 20, 2011. She is survived by her daughter, Natasha, and her husband Howard Cohen, who live in Cleveland, Ohio and her son, Rabbi Velvel Belinsky and his wife Sara Ruchel, who live in Baltimore, Maryland, and several grandchildren. \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eRachel discusses how famine caused her parents to come to Leningrad during the Bolshevik Revolution. She recounts growing up in a communal apartment with her parents, brother, and grandmother. She talks about how her Jewish faith was not an active part of her youth and young adult years. Rachel mentions how all religions were prohibited after the Bolshevik Revolution and how she that impacted her understanding of what it meant to be Jewish as she grew up. She recalls her first experience with antisemitism and how her mother explained it to her.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eShe provides some background on how the Jewish population was treated in Russia after World War II under Joseph Stalin. After Stalin’s death, Rachel remembers how things changed and how she was able to attend Leningrad University to study Mathematics. She recalls how she did not experience antisemitism from her friends but did experience institutional antisemitism while working on her Ph.D. and after she became a professor. Rachel described how antisemitism decreased after perestroika, but she did experience it more from people in the stores and on public transportation. Rachel shares that she married a Jewish man and had her two children, a daughter, Natasha and a son, Velvel. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRachel shares that prior to her husband’s death in 1983, he had wanted to immigrate but she did not. After her husband’s death, she recounts how a vacation to Moscow sparked her son’s interest in his Jewish faith. She reflects on the challenges she faced from her family in supporting her son’s growing faith. She spoke about how her son’s growing faith and wanting a better life for her children for being the reason they immigrate to the United States. She discusses the challenges they faced after immigrating to Cleveland, Ohio. She spoke about moving to Atlanta, Georgia to teach at two universities and about her synagogue in Atlanta. Rachel details how her son became a Rabbi and how his spiritual journey helped her and her daughter become more religious. She discusses why she immigrated to the United States and not Israel, and her hope to visit Israel someday. Finally, she mentions returning to visit her family in Russia and why she is grateful to be in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28931"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Belinsky, Rachel (1939-2011) (personal name)","Novakovich, Mendel (personal name)","Mikhailovich, Misha (personal name)","Novakovich, Pazice (personal name)","Mikhailovich, Polina (personal name)","Belinsky, Velvel (personal name)","Cohen Belinsky, Natasha (personal name)","Cohen, Howard (personal name)","Kazen, Rabbi Zalman (personal name)","Kazen, Rebbetzin Shula (personal name)","Stalin, Joseph (1878-1953) (personal name)","Gorbachev, Mikhail (1931-2022) (personal name)","Kolmogorov, Andrey Nikolaevich (1903-1987) (personal name)","Twain, Mark (1835-1910) (personal name)","London, Jack (1879-1916) (personal name)","Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1896-1940) (personal name)","Faulkner, William (1897-1962) (personal name)","Hemingway, Ernest (1899-1961) (personal name)","Orwell, George (1903-1950) (personal name)","Ukraine (geographic term)","Belorussia (geographic term)","Belarus (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Leningrad, Russia (geographic term)","Moscow, Russia (geographic term)","London, England (geographic term)","New York, New York (geographic term)","Cleveland, Ohio (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","United States (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Baltimore, Maryland (geographic term)","Leningrad State University (corporate name)","St. Petersburg State University (corporate name)","Moscow State University (corporate name)","Naval Technical University (corporate name)","St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University (corporate name)","Morris Brown College (corporate name)","Georgia State University (corporate name)","Yeshiva High School of Clevelan (corporate name)","Beth Jacob Congregation of Atlanta (corporate name)","Red Square (geographic term)","World War II, 1939-1945 (named event)","Bolshevik Revolution (named event)","Antisemitism (other)","Perestroika (other)","Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic Movement (other)","Purim (other)","Yom Kippur (other)","Semikhah (other)","Shabbos (other)","Kashrut (other)","Yeshiva (other)","Chabad (other)","Yiddish (other)","Refusenik (other)","Kosher (other)","Jewish Community Center (corporate name)","Jewish Federation (corporate name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRachel Belinksy was interviewed by unknown individuals on August 11, 2006 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRachel Belinksy was born in Leningrad, Russia on March 9, 1939. Her parents were Polina and Misha Mikhailovich. Their Jewish names were Pazice and Mendel Novakovich. She grew up in a communal apartment where she lived with her parents, one brother and grandmother in one room. They shared the kitchen and one bathroom with four other families. Both her parents worked as tailors.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRachel attended Leningrad University, where she earned a Ph.D. in Mathematics. She worked at the Naval Technical University in Leningrad until she immigrated in April 1992. Rachel married a Jewish man, and they had two children, Natasha and Vladimir Volodja, who later took the Jewish name of Velvel. Her husband died in 1983, when her children were seven and 11.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eGrowing up, her Jewish faith was not actively practiced due to restrictions on religious practice by the Communist government. When her son, Velvel was 13 years old, he developed an interest in his Jewish faith. Rachel decided to immigrate to give her children a better future and allow her son to practice his Jewish faith. She applied to immigrate in 1990 and they came to the United States as refugees in April 1992.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRachel and her children initially settled in Cleveland, Ohio. Later Rachel moved to Atlanta, Georgia so she could teach Mathematics at Morris Brown College and Georgia State University. She attended synagogue at Beth Jacob Community. Rachel passed away on July 20, 2011. She is survived by her daughter, Natasha, and her husband Howard Cohen, who live in Cleveland, Ohio and her son, Rabbi Velvel Belinsky and his wife Sara Ruchel, who live in Baltimore, Maryland, and several grandchildren.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRachel discusses how famine caused her parents to come to Leningrad during the Bolshevik Revolution. She recounts growing up in a communal apartment with her parents, brother, and grandmother. She talks about how her Jewish faith was not an active part of her youth and young adult years. Rachel mentions how all religions were prohibited after the Bolshevik Revolution and how she that impacted her understanding of what it meant to be Jewish as she grew up. She recalls her first experience with antisemitism and how her mother explained it to her.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eShe provides some background on how the Jewish population was treated in Russia after World War II under Joseph Stalin. After Stalin\u0026rsquo;s death, Rachel remembers how things changed and how she was able to attend Leningrad University to study Mathematics. She recalls how she did not experience antisemitism from her friends but did experience institutional antisemitism while working on her Ph.D. and after she became a professor. Rachel described how antisemitism decreased after perestroika, but she did experience it more from people in the stores and on public transportation. Rachel shares that she married a Jewish man and had her two children, a daughter, Natasha and a son, Velvel.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRachel shares that prior to her husband\u0026rsquo;s death in 1983, he had wanted to immigrate but she did not. After her husband\u0026rsquo;s death, she recounts how a vacation to Moscow sparked her son\u0026rsquo;s interest in his Jewish faith. She reflects on the challenges she faced from her family in supporting her son\u0026rsquo;s growing faith. She spoke about how her son\u0026rsquo;s growing faith and wanting a better life for her children for being the reason they immigrate to the United States. She discusses the challenges they faced after immigrating to Cleveland, Ohio. She spoke about moving to Atlanta, Georgia to teach at two universities and about her synagogue in Atlanta. Rachel details how her son became a Rabbi and how his spiritual journey helped her and her daughter become more religious. She discusses why she immigrated to the United States and not Israel, and her hope to visit Israel someday. Finally, she mentions returning to visit her family in Russia and why she is grateful to be in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/168/389/small/Bellinsky_Rachel.mp4_1665109924.jpg?1665109925","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Bellinsky_Rachel.mp4"]},"duration":3352.384,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/168/389/small/Bellinsky_Rachel.mp4_1665109924.jpg?1665109925","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/168/389/original/Bellinsky_Rachel.mp4?1665109921","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3352.384,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Rachel Belinsky [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN: Today's August 11, 2006, and I'm here with Rachel Belinsky, who's\nagreed to be interviewed for the Esther and Elliott Cohen Russian Oral History\nProject for the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection of the William\nBreman Jewish Heritage Museum. Thank you for coming, Rachel.\n\nBELINSKY: My pleasure.\n\nUNKNOWN: Would you mind by just starting by giving your full name and spelling\nit out?\n\nBELINSKY: My name is Rachel Belinsky. B-E-L-I-N-S-K-Y\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN: Could you just start by telling me where you were born and your\nparents' name and a little bit about your childhood?\n\nBELINSKY: My mother was born in Ukraine. My father was born in Belorussia. They\ncame to Leningrad [Russia] in their twenties because of famine the Bolsheviks\norganized in Ukraine and Belorussia. They literally struggle for their survival,\nand they remember very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little about traditional life and their [religion] for\nthem in the Jewish population. My mother name is, Jewish name, Pazice, but in\nRussia she was called Polina [Russian name: possibly 'Branoma': 1:19] and my\nfather Mendel Novakovich in Russian he was called Misha Mikhailovich, so Russian\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reputation. I grew up in Leningrad in communal apartment where our family of\nfive, five with my parents, me and my brother and my grandmother. We all five\nlive in one room, 21 square meters. It's approximately 22 feet by 10 feet. One\nroom and the other four families had one room each. This communal apartment had\none kitchen and one restroom. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Despite all this hard living conditions, I admire\nmy parents looking back that they could maintain good relationship with this\nnon-Jewish neighbors. Some of them were drinkers. It was really hard for them.\nIf you think about my Jewish tradition, my family . . . we knew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we were\nJewish because whenever we have to fill out our papers, we have to write our\nnationality. Besides that, we knew . . . me and my brother, we knew that we were\nJewish because our parents spoke with my grandmother [in a] very strange\nlanguage that turned out to be Yiddish. No other Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tradition, they didn't\nkeep except one thing during Passover you had matzo in our home. We ate matzo\ntogether at homes. My mother tried it with bread. But [another thing] . . . I\nknew about my mother, she fasted during Yom Kippur, day of judgment, as she\nsaid, but she never tried to get us to do this. We didn't have interest to. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\nonly Jewish idea that persistently repeated to us that I had to marry a Jewish\nman and my brother had to marry a Jewish woman. Mostly in my high school years\nand my studency [at the] university, mostly I had non-Jewish friends, but they\nwere very good friends. This upset my parents very much. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is about my\nchildhood. You want to ask me something else?\n\nUNKNOWN: Your grandmother lived with you?\n\nBELINSKY: Lived there until she died. Yes.\n\nUNKNOWN: Did she have any other traditions that she kept?\n\nBELINSKY: No.\n\nUNKNOWN: She didn't either? Was there a synagogue? Did you go to synagogue at all?\n\nBELINSKY: Oh, I'm telling you that no Jewish life at that time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had one huge,\none synagogue for [the] huge city of Leningrad. Leningrad is a huge city and we\nhad one synagogue. I can tell you that after revolution, all religions were\nprohibited. But each big city had two, very few acting churches and one\nsynagogue, in Moscow [Russia] too. Just to show foreigners that you have freedom\nof religion. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can tell you this, it was pretty dangerous to go to [the]\nchurches or synagogues because of consequences that Bolsheviks could, that\nauthorities . . . could make.\n\nUNKNOWN: Were there other Jewish families that you interacted with or what was\nyour relationship like with other Jews in the area?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BELINSKY: In my childhood, practically, I didn't have any relationship with\nJewish families. My parents were friendly with non-Jewish family that lived\nnearby. It was not, maybe they have some closeness to because they were Jewish.\nActually, it was not Jewish tradition. It is not just . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[not] any concept of\nJudaism there. Just maybe some closeness because of antisemitism around, people\nhave common topics and common concerns about this problems.\n\nUNKNOWN: What did your parents do for a living?\n\nBELINSKY: My parents . . . my mother was a tailor. She sew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything. I didn't\nbuy things for myself until I got my married. My mother did everything for me.\nMy father also was a tailor, he sew some military uniform. It's also like the\nsame way, he made [uniforms] for military.\n\nUNKNOWN: What about your interactions with the non-Jews? You said most of your\nfriends, your good friends ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were all non-Jews.\n\nBELINSKY: Yes.\n\nUNKNOWN: You had positive and negative interactions with non-Jews around you?\n\nBELINSKY: When I was in school, when I was . . . in middle school, there were\nsome cases when children called me, some names relating to nationality. In\ngeneral, I didn't have any bad experience . . . among my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends. Well, maybe\nbecause I always was a straight-A student, so teacher appreciated me and my\nstudent appreciate me. Actually, I didn't know about antisemitism until age\nnine, I would say. In age nine, one girl of the same age told me that, repeating\nher parents words, \"that Jews are very bad people, but our family is [the]\nexception. Our family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are very good, but we are exception that Jews are very\nbad.\" I ask my mother why Jews are so bad. My mom explain to me what\nantisemitism is. Actually, I didn't have any interaction and [I] had good friends.\n\nUNKNOWN: Do you remember experiencing any institutional antisemitism? You said\nyour school experiences are fairly good, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but as you get older.\n\nBELINSKY: No, I can tell you that as I knew from all the people and as I read in\nunderground literature and some literature in the thirties after revolution\nthere was no antisemitism in Russia because many Jews participated in the\nrevolution. After that, practically there was no antisemitism in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia until\nWorld War II. [Joseph] Stalin include people not because the Jews there, because\nhis political interest. After World War II, antisemitism grew very fast and very\nstrong. It was very strong. After World War II until Stalin's death, Jews\ncompletely weren't allowed to study in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"institutes and universities so all people\ncould have education in the thirties. In Leningrad, Moscow, big cities were good\nuniversities, so all the people could have higher education. After World War II,\nit was not allowed until Stalin's death in 1953. After that there was a window\napproximately 20 years where Jews were allowed. Now, I can tell you about\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leningrad University. The Jews were in Leningrad University within this window\nabout 20 years after Stalin's death. I was lucky enough to finish high school\nand be enrolled. I was straight-A student, so I was enrolled in this great\nuniversity. Leningrad University was the second in Russia after Moscow\nUniversity and has a very high rank in the world ranking. Therefore, I was in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this window and again, I had very good friends and no signs of antisemitism. I\ncannot say that completely, no. In some point, some students tried to say\nsomething, not to me. Some public speaking tried to do, but they were rejected\nthat time. That time because mostly people . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't think about\nantisemitism, mostly. I was lucky enough to study at this great university. I\ngot [a] Ph.D. [Doctor of Philosphy]. There and I start working. I start working\nin the shipbuilding, teaching in shipbuilding . . . institute that later became\nNaval Technical University. When Leningrad University completely didn't accept\nJews, our institution, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shipbuilding, had a more liberal policy; they accepted\nsome Jewish students. We had some. But in terms of faculty, they didn't fire\nJewish professors who already were there but did not hire anyone else after\nthat, no one. I was lucky enough, I was there and I continue to be there until\nimmigration. Again, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you want to talk about antisemitism, I had a great\nrelationship with my faculty, with students, no any problems. But when I would\nlike to get a position that corresponds to my Ph.D., I had to apply and be\nconfirmed in Moscow. This was general rule, confirmation in . . . special\ncommittee in Moscow. I was told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that no chance they approve it because [I am\nJewish]. If they reject me, I was supposed to be fired. They recommended me not\nto apply. I did not apply. I waited until perestroika. When [Mikhail] Gorbachev\ncame to power during perestroika, I applied and . . . I was confirmed, so I had\nthis position. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I could say one more act of antisemitism during my teaching\nat that time. From time to time. We had a different system of enrollment to our\nuniversity, any universities [are] the same in Russia. In summer we had exams\nfor newcomimg . . . students. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From time to time, I participated in this exam.\nOnce I was assigned to this committee to . . . participate in examination of\nnewcomer students. It was a summer in August so with my husband, I planned\nvacation. I came in August; it is supposed to be when I supposed to be on this\ncommittee. I came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the institute to have this meeting and [the] chair told me\nprivately, apologies that he received instruction from party. I don't know from\nwhom. From [organization] above, that no Jews supposed to be in committee to\nexamine newcomer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"students. Therefore, he cannot let me to participate in this\nexamination. Knowing then, chair told me, please don't make big noise of it,\njust accepted it. So I did . . . I knew that [there was] nothing I can do about\nit. I can't apply, I can't complain. I just accepted. Now again, it is not a\nrelationship with my friends. No, my colleagues and students, I always had good\n[relationships]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Not] any acts of antisemitism or any other unpleasant situations.\n\nUNKNOWN: In your personal life, in the meantime, you had gotten married?\n\nBELINSKY: Yes, finally I was married [to a] Jewish man and I had children. We\nhad two children, but my husband died in 1983 when my children were seven and 11\nyears old.\n\nUNKNOWN: Before you immigrated?\n\nBELINSKY: Oh, yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way before.\n\nUNKNOWN: Also, this whole time, most of your friends were non-Jews as well.\n\nBELINSKY: No, after I got married, mostly . . . our friends were Jewish, some of\nthem intermarried. But again . . . what we talked about with our friends. We\ntalked about family events, about politics, about movies, plays, and theater. We\ndiscussed books. We read a lot of books. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American writers. I can tell you many\nAmerican writers and in . . . early age. Mark Twain, Jack London, then [F.]\nScott Fitzgerald and [William] Faulkner and Livingstone and [Ernest] Hemingway\nand George Orwell. So many, many . . . we had a lot of the books to discuss. We\nread in French writers and German writers in Russian, and of course, Russian\nwriters. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had a lot of topics to discuss, but never ever about Judaism, about\nreligion, just was not in our mind. No.\n\nUNKNOWN: You access to American literature?\n\nBELINSKY: It was translated. It was not underground literature, but as some\nthings were translate and in published in Russian journals.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN: What was your Ph.D. in and how did you choose that field? Was it engineering?\n\nBELINSKY: No, mathematics.\n\nUNKNOWN: Mathematics?\n\nBELINSKY: Yes. How I choose mathematics it just my life. From years of high\nschool, I knew that I would be mathematician. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enrolled in the university,\nwhere I continued to be a straight-A student. I like mathematics. I just, it's\nmy life. I love it. It's just inside of me. It's hard to explain why I like\nmathematics. Just what I like to do. Oh, by the way, when I had my Ph.D.\nDefense, I also had a situation around antisemitism. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tradition is that when we\ndefend, we have the defense of Ph.D. First, we do it in front of the\nmathematical faculty and of course, no problem there. Two people of the\nmathematical faculty have give some recommendation, reference characterization\nso on. Beside that we need to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have some reference recommendation from outside. I\nwas invited to Moscow University. I made a presentation in the seminar of Andrey\nNikolaevich Kolmogorov. This name, Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov is [well] known\nmathematician here to university and public libraries. I see many his books and\npublications. I made a presentation at his seminar. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He appreciated. He gave me a\ngood recommendation for my dissertation. When they had defense at university,\neverything was fine. Then it's supposed to go through Moscow again, through this\ncommittee in Moscow. Moscow was confirmed. Usually takes six, eight months. I\ndidn't have anything from this committee, two years. Then my advisor called\nAndrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov and . . . told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him that dissertation that he\nrecommended was not approved and Andrey Kolmogorov called to this committee and\nask why this dissertation that he recommended was not approved. They couldn't\nargue with Andrey Kolmogorov. They approved my dissertation.\n\nUNKNOWN: Good defenders. You're saying that really on a personal level? What\nwe're hearing is that within the large cities in the north and Belorussia, that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most of the antisemitism was more organizational or institutionalized. But that\namong, especially perhaps among more intelligentsia, that you might not have the\nsame level of personally of antisemitism or bad feelings between people. Would\nthat be your . . .\n\nBELINSKY: Yes, I can tell you that after perestroika, during perestroika ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[the]\ngovernment did not support antisemitism, but it was inculcated in minds of many\npeople so much that people felt free to express their opinion. Because we didn't\nhave cars at that time, we had public transportation. In public transportation,\nin the long lines in stores, we heard a lot of antisemitic expressions.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN: Was it important to you to marry someone Jewish or were you doing it to\nappease your family?\n\nBELINSKY: That time it was important, but when I was at university, it wasn't\nthat important to me. It was not important. But later when I become older. No, I\nfelt that is better to do it.\n\nUNKNOWN: Can you describe what the changes were in your attitude about being\nJewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or being Jewish in Russia? Maybe that would fit in with why you started,\nwhen and why you started deciding to immigrate?\n\nBELINSKY: To talk about immigration. Maybe I should say more about my son about,\nas I said, my way to Judaism, because this comes to way. No, maybe I will tell\nyou why I didn't immigrate before. Before ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when my husband was alive, he actually\nwanted to immigrate here. He wanted to immigrate, but I was against it. I could\ntell you why. Reason number one. My brother worked for military. He wasn't\nmilitary man, but he was civilian, but worked for military organization. I knew\nmany cases than when people were rejected because they had relatives of military\norganizations. There was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big chance that they won't allow me to immigrate.\nIf someone applies for immigration, this person was fired the same day. I had\nvery good job, I didn't want risk. My husband wanted, I didn't want, we didn't\nimmigrate. Then my husband died. I have little children, seven, 11 years old. I\neven didn't think about it. I had very good job. I don't have any reason to\nthink about it. I had good job. I had good children. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My children have many\nafter-school activities, so I didn't have any reason to think about immigration.\nThen in summer 1988, I decided to show Moscow to my children. When I was young.\nI travel a lot and everywhere where I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I visited museums and churches.\nChurches were beautiful in Russia. Before [the] revolution of course there are\nmany churches in very simple buildings. But after revolution, all religions were\nprohibited so churches were destroyed. But some of them were preserved because\nof their architectural value. They were really beautiful with interesting\npainting, interesting architecture, stained glass windows. They look like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"museum\nand some of them were museums under [the] communist supervision. I came to\nMoscow with my children, of course we were in museums, we saw Red Square. Then I\nsaid to my children, \"Tomorrow you will see beautiful church. My son said, \"Why\ndo we go to church? I would like to see a synagogue.\" I was surprised, but I\nasked our host ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where synagogue is and we came to synagogue. Nothing much to see\nthere. Simple building, no paintings. We walked around. I and my daughter, we\nbecame bored very soon. We wanted to go home, but my son didn't want to go home.\nHe walked around. He was very excited. He touched the books. He was very\nexcited. I asked him, \"What do you feel?\" He said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I feel here something\nnative.\" I was very surprised. We left to Leningrad. We come back to Leningrad\n[from] that otpusk [Russian: vacation]. Then once, my son said . . . Before one\na friend of mine was going to immigrate to Israel and she was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to order\nsome Hebrew textbook. She asked me whether I want to have one. No, I think. Why\nnot? So here I acquired this textbook, Hebrew textbook, and put somewhere. My\nson found it accidentally. He said, \"Why do you hide from me this book?\" I said,\n\"I didn't hide. I didn't know that anyone would be interested in this book.\" He\ntook ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this Hebrew textbook and started study Hebrew by himself. It was winter\n[1989], 1990. Then he heard, he told me that he heard from someone that there\nwas some holiday in synagogue. He would like to go there. He was 13 years old.\nWe had just one synagogue for huge city of Leningrad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and pretty far from our\nhome. I couldn't allow my son, 13 years old, to go somewhere to a place which I\ndon't know and that were very far, so I went with him. It was Purim 1990. Can\nyou imagine, several old people, Sidney Beamer and read something in idish\n[Russian: Yiddish] that almost no one understand. For me it was, of course, very\nboring. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But for my son, it was not. He went to Beamer and tried to read Hebrew\ntogether with people with his modest knowledge of Hebrew. Of course, Rabbi, who\norganized this celebration, paid attention to this boy, young boy, that tries to\nread Hebrew. When this Rabbi recognized me as this boy mother, he invited us to\nhis home, to his shul . . . to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his home, to his school, to his Sunday school. He\norganized Sunday school at that time. This Rabbi Kuris, he came to Leningrad two\nyears before we met him. He was born in Russia, immigrated to Israel and [got]\nsemikhah [Hebrew: rabbinic ordination] in Chabad Yeshiva [Hebrew: Orthodox\nJewish rabbinical seminary] and came back to revive Jewish life in Leningrad. He\norganized the first Jewish school in Leningrad ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Sunday school. We started\nwith Sunday school. I brought my son to Sunday school every Sunday and he became\nmore and more involved with Rabbi. Then when he was, he became 14 in May. He\nmade circumcision, in 1990. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then he wanted to keep Shabbos. I came with my son\nto Rabbi home, to synagogue, sometimes for Shabbos lunch. He might have us for\nShabbos lunch. Why I was there because I didn't have an interest in this\nsubject, but I was very controlling mother. I need to know where my children go\nevery moment. With friends, who are their friends, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what they were doing.\nTherefore, I come sometimes to synagogue, to Shabbos lunch, to Rabbi, to Sunday\nschool. When my son want to keep Shabbos, we discussed that I didn't allow him\nto stay overnight anywhere. We discussed with the Rabbi this problem and then we\nfound compromise. In Leningrad, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had white nights in the end of May and\nbeginning of June. That means that it stays light very late and then sun goes.\nThen we have twilight, maybe a couple of hours, and then sun comes back. Velvel\nstayed at home Friday night. Then Shabbos morning, he walked two hours to shul,\ntwo hours, spent a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day with Rabbi. At 8 p.m., he must go home to be at home\nbefore 10 [p.m.]. This is our rule. He did it. He did it in the end of May and\nbeginning of June until we left for vacation. When in September, we came back\nand I allowed him that time to switch to Jewish school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to stay overnight in\nsomebodies home whom I knew in walking distance from synagogue. Then problem of\nkashrut arose. This very hard problem because that time in Leningrad never had\nkosher food, but the time regular food was a problem. Entire family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was against\nhim. Family, I mean my daughter, my parents, my in-laws, my brother-in-law,\neveryone. My daughter cried, \"It's your fault, Mommy. You were supposed to\nprohibit him to go to synagogue from very beginning.\" Look at my daughter now.\nHe didn't eat meat at home because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we didn't have any chance to have any kosher\nfood. He started to limit. He didn't eat meat at home, and the Rabbi gave him.\nEven I couldn't buy new dishes for him because our stores that time were empty.\nIn literal word of the sense of this word, our stores were empty. I couldn't buy\nfor him new dish, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so Rabbi gave him some used dish to cook at home. I was the\nonly one in our family who was just loyal to him. I didn't tried to encourage\nhim, but I didn't try to stop him. While other members of our family, just do\neverything to discourage him. In this situation, you ask why I thought about\nimmigration. I didn't . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see any future for my children in Russia, especially\nwhen I when my son became religious. He could not study in any university, any\ncollege in Russia, because all schools have six days of study because they often\nSunday. It's not possible to keep Shabbos anyway. If he will not go to school,\nhe will be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drafted in the army. Soviet army is not the ideal place for anyone,\nespecially for Jewish boy, especially for religious boy, because of course army\ndoesn't have any concept of Shabbos or kosher food. This when I started thinking\nabout immigration. I applied to American Embassy, but according to new rules\nfrom 1990, only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those people have had a chance to get permission to come to\nAmerica who have relatives there. I sent the application and then I found out\nthis new rule. I saw that no chance I will get this permission because we didn't\nhave any relatives here. But miracle happened. Miracle happened. We got\npermission to come to America as refugees. While we thinking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why this miracle\nhappened, Velvel gave explanation. Well, it's my. By the way, I didn't tell you\nthat my son in Russia had name Vladimir Volodja. When he had circumcision, he\nchose his Jewish name Velvel. So now he's Velvel. Velvel gives explanation. He\nwanted to study in yeshiva in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moscow. I said, \"No way.\" He was in Jewish school\nand continue to think about something I don't know. Two American students,\nyeshiva students, came to Leningrad to give lessons in Jewish school. They paid\nattention to my son to see that he has real interest in Torah study, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he gave\nhim idea to study in New York, in yeshiva. I didn't have any objection for him\nto go to New York to study in yeshiva. I started thinking how to implement it.\nDidn't have at that time any real ways, but I thought about it. But Velvel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"asked\nbrokha [Russian: blessing], ask about your rabbi to give a brohka for him to\nstudy in New York. He received this brokha. Soon after that we received\ninvitation to American Embassy for our family to come here. This was how it happen.\n\nUNKNOWN: It was mostly for your children's future?\n\nBELINSKY: Yes, only for my children.\n\nUNKNOWN: Did you think about economic factors at the time?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BELINSKY: Of course, about future economics. Because I had a Ph.D. in Russia.\nSomeone had a Ph.D. . . . Of course, the factor played some role, but I [was]\nused to this situation and mostly I did it for my children.\n\nUNKNOWN: Can you tell us about the process once the application was accepted?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BELINSKY: We had two different stage in Russia when people immigrated in\nseventies. It was terrible situation for them because, first because this\norganization that gives permission to leave, to immigrate was very nasty and it\nwas nasty always. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that time it was very nasty and people around very\nnasty, also. They made obstacle as much as possible for people to immigrate and\nthey [offend] people. They made meetings . . . special meetings that everyone\nmust say something bad about this people. It was in seventies. I immigrate in\ndifferent time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That time . . . people look differently for someone who wants to\nimmigrate. I don't have any of those nasty meetings. People wish me 'be well'\nand I don't have this problem at that time. I can tell you. It was different time.\n\nUNKNOWN: How did your family react?\n\nBELINSKY: My family was, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, glad for me. By the way, because I am here after\nthat I sent invitation to my brother-in-law with his family. He came to here. He\ncame to America because I am here. Of course, they support my immigration. Why not.\n\nUNKNOWN: How long did it take to actually from the time you were told you could\nmove to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually come to America?\n\nBELINSKY: I sent the application at the beginning of 1990. I had an interview in\nJuly of 1991, and I immigrated in April 1992.\n\nUNKNOWN: Did you come straight to Atlanta [Georgia]?\n\nBELINSKY: No. I came to Cleveland, Ohio. It was not my choice. It was choice of\nWashington processing central because I didn't have any relatives. People\nusually go to their relatives. I didn't have any relatives, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so they just found a\ncommunity that could sponsor our family. They found it in Cleveland.\n\nUNKNOWN: What was the Jewish community like there?\n\nBELINSKY: Very nice. First, they met us at the airport. They found it just was\nstrange that I informed in Moscow people about the date of my coming, but\nsomehow no one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"informed American side about our coming. When we flew to New\nYork, [New York], [the] flight attendant gave everyone papers to ask, who goes\nto America for what reason? They found that five families of refugees like us\nwere there and pilot gave information to New York airport and they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were great.\nThey catch us up. They didn't expect us before. But just because receiving this\ninformation, they catch us up, five families and they tried to accommodate us.\nThey called to Cleveland about us. Other families go to different places, I\ndon't know where. Cleveland didn't expect us, but they found for us Jewish\nshelter home where we stayed one week until they found apartments for us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\nmet us at [the] airport. In Europe, they gave us a sign that when you come\neveryone knew that no English. No. They met us. They help us to get [our]\nluggage, way to find, what to do, when to do what. They brought us to Jewish\nshelter home and when shown the shelter home, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we came there at midnight. This\nmanager saw a young man with a black hat with [indistinct: possible 'tzitzit':\n41:11] and called at midnight to Rabbi [Zalman] Kazen, Russian speaking Rabbi in\nCleveland to talk about this young man. Rabbi Kazen spoke with my son, not with\nme, with my son at midnight. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next day in the morning, Rabbi Kazen came to us.\nShe [Rebbetzin Shula Kazen] brought us to JCC [Jewish Community Center], to\nother places where we should be, where we supposed to be as newcomers. In the\nevening, they brought us to their shul [indistinct: 41:46]. This was every day;\nshe gave us help. She gave us ride where we need to be, as newcomers. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then she\nbrought us [indistinct: 42:03] to their shul. Then they invited us for Shabbos\nto their home, to their house. It was our first Shabbos in Cleveland, Rabbi\nKazen's family.\n\nUNKNOWN: Then you found an apartment. How long were you in Cleveland for?\n\nBELINSKY: They found [an] apartment for us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't have a job. I was . . . in\nCleveland one year and four months.\n\nUNKNOWN: Did you speak English when you first came?\n\nBELINSKY: About English, in Russia, everyone studied some foreign language\nduring high school and universities, everywhere. I was lucky enough to study\nEnglish. But in my time, we didn't have any tapes. We didn't have any English\nspeaking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. I could read, of course, my vocabulary was pretty poor. [The]\nmain problem for me was to understand what people say. I couldn't understand. I\ncan tell you more, we learned British English. Even the words that I knew, I\ncouldn't recognize here, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different pronunciation. My children will younger, of\ncourse, and they were . . . I can tell you, I found for them in Russia school\nfor deep English study. They knew English pretty well. They could speak much\nbetter than me. Now no one say they [are] Russian, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unlike me. Everyone knows\nthat I am not American, I am Russian, but they speak well.\n\nUNKNOWN: What work did you find when you first were in Cleveland?\n\nBELINSKY: What work? I didn't find any. Jewish community in Cleveland, didn't\nhelp in any professional work. What job they offer only in stores or will be\ncleaning lady or babysitter and so on. I did not want this work. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was lucky\nenough, by the way, from one woman from this synagogue, from the shul. She\nhelped me to meet one American person who needed mathematical. He's a physicist.\nHe needed mathematical help. I work for him, it was privately, to tell the\ntruth, it was a real job for symbolic money. He paid me a little bit, but I was\nhappy. I was happy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first because I learn English more. He's not Russian, I\ndon't. [I] speak English with him. I learn mathematical terminology in English\nbecause I am working with him. Most of all, most of all, because of peace of\nmind, because I didn't have time to become crazy without work for a year. I was\nvery lucky to have this experience. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, I can tell you that one year later,\nin April 28th, when was anniversary when we were in Cleveland, were in America.\nI ask my children, \"Was it the right decision to come to America?\" My children\nsaid, \"Yes.\" Each of them. I was happy for them. I was not very happy for my\nhealth, for myself, because I didn't have real job. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But finally, I found it in\nAtlanta. Therefore, I came to Atlanta.\n\nUNKNOWN: You came to Atlanta for your job?\n\nBELINSKY: For my job. Yes.\n\nUNKNOWN: And you teach?\n\nBELINSKY: Yes.\n\nUNKNOWN: Where and what do you teach?\n\nBELINSKY: I came to teach at Morris Brown College. I taught at Morris Brown\nCollege, ten years from 1993 to 2003 until this college lost its accreditation.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I taught this part-time at Georgia State, at that time. I did full-time in\nMorris Brown College and part-time in Georgia State. After Morris Brown lost its\naccreditation, I started working full-time in Georgia State.\n\nUNKNOWN: Teaching mathematics?\n\nBELINSKY: Teaching mathematics.\n\nUNKNOWN: Where do you children live now? Do they live in Atlanta?\n\nBELINSKY: No, about my children. First, my son, one year, he was in Cleveland\nuntil ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeshiva High School. He finished high school. He left for New York to\nChabad Yeshiva Holy Torah. He finished this yeshiva, then he studied in the\nChabad headquarter . . . seven, seven, 770 Eastern Parkway. He got semikhah\nthere. He is a rabbi ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now. His rabbi in Baltimore [Maryland], creating a Russian\ncommunity. And married, he has his children. My daughter it's different story.\nMy daughter met after three months . . . our coming to Cleveland, she met a\nyoung Jewish boy. Howard Cohen, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who became her husband two years later. This\nyoung boy, one young Jewish American, American Jewish boy knew nothing about\nJudaism. Absolutely nothing. Zero. When they . . . Oh, I didn't tell you one\nstory about some people who invited us for Shabbos. Every Shabbos we were\ninvited. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One family invited us for Shabbos, [indistinct: sounds like \"Gilahow\nHulum': 48:32]. We met them by chance and they invited us for Shabbos, staying\n[in] their home Friday night. I didn't have a car, so they pick us up for Friday\nnight. We stayed Shabbos, the entire Shabbos in their house, then they brought\nus back. When [indistinct: sounds like 'Gilahow': 48:54] found out Natasha was\ndating, they invited Howard with us for Shabbos. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Howard was in shul with us,\nfirst time in his life. He said, \"Waste of time. I will not do it.\" But he took\none book from their house and became interested. While they dated, they attended\nsome classes of different rabbis. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chabad, not Chabad, different rabbis. After\n[these] classes, they came home, we discussed, we continued discussion in our\nhome, Natasha, Howard and me. Discuss all those classes, what they learned, and\nwhat Judaism is about. All those Jewish traditions had more meaning for them and\nfor me. Then Howard spent some time in yeshiva, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chabad Yeshiva in Morristown\n[New Jersey]. Then they got married in 1994, this was the beginning of Jewish\nfamily with old tradition. Now they members of Chabad shul in Cleveland Heights [Ohio].\n\nUNKNOWN: Your son kind of swept the whole family?\n\nBELINSKY: Yes, exactly. Exactly. Everything from my son.\n\nUNKNOWN: What is your experience been like in the Atlanta Jewish community?\n\nBELINSKY: No, actually, I know only Beth Jacob Community ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I came here to\nwork and I didn't have any connection to Jewish Federation and JCC as newcomers\nhave. Beth Jacob is very good community. Just I have many interesting classes\nthere and many good friends there. It was good . . . by the way, when I was sick\nfive years ago, I had a lot of help from my friends. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a good experience to\nhave, to be a member of this community.\n\nUNKNOWN: Did you ever think about moving to Israel rather than America? Was\nthere any kind of consideration at that point where you were looking for a\nreligious education for yourself?\n\nBELINSKY: No. No.\n\nUNKNOWN: Any thoughts about that?\n\nBELINSKY: If you have more details, I can do that at some point when I\nunderstand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that when my son became religious, at some point, I knew that we need\nto immigrate. I can't say that it is better to go to Israel and I even study\nwith Hebrew. I know Hebrew letters. I can follow service with some words. But\nwhat became turning point in my thoughts. I had friends who immigrate to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel.\nBy the way . . . [these] friends are academics. They are refuseniks. Refuseniks\nfor several years and doing this several years, they became religious. Before\nthey were not . . . during [the] years when they were refuseniks, they became\nreligious. They decided to go to Israel with idea, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religious idea that they have\nto be in this holy land. Finally, they immigrated. When I thought about our\nimmigration, I wrote a letter to them. I found their address in Israel and sent\na letter and I received the response. From where? From London [England]. They\nexplained to me that they didn't have, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they couldn't integrate in their life, in\nthis life. They decided to go to . . . London. I decided that if . . . their\ncommitment to religion, their commitment to Judaism could not integrate into\nIsraeli society. I couldn't go there because I didn't have any interest in\nJudaism that they had. Absolutely. I didn't think about it after that.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNKNOWN: Have you been to visit Israel?\n\nBELINSKY: No. I don't go to . . . maybe sometime I will go to visit. But now I\nhave two breaks within my classes, I go to my two children, to Cleveland and . .\n. in to Baltimore. They have . . . children. They cannot come here because they\nhave big families. They expect me to go there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I go there, I don't have time to\ngo visit Isreal. Maybe some point.\n\nUNKNOWN: Have you been back to visit Russia?\n\nBELINSKY: Yes, I did. I did it three times.\n\nUNKNOWN: When was the last time?\n\nBELINSKY: In 2002. No, I can tell you that I had my mother there. My mother died\nin 2001. When my mother was there, my brother still there. My mother stay with\nmy brother there. I visit there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every three years, 1995 and 1999. And then my\nmother died, I was there. After that I was not. My brother [is] still there, but\nwe connected through Internet, through telephone.\n\nUNKNOWN: What was it like to go back after you no longer live there?\n\nBELINSKY: Russia is, Leningrad [is] a completely different city now. Russia [is]\na completely different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country. I don't feel like [being] there. I don't feel\nsafe there. I don't like.\n\nUNKNOWN: You're happy you're here?\n\nBELINSKY: Yes.\n\nUNKNOWN: Do you have any closing thoughts or anything you like to share before\nwe finish?\n\nBELINSKY: No. I think that America is a great country. I'm grateful to America .\n. . to give so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/transcript/40203/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much to immigrants from different countries and most of all from\nRussia for Jews. I would America to continue to support Israel. I hope that I\nwill visit Israel [at] some point.\n\nUNKNOWN: Thank you so much for talking to us and sharing your story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3330.0,3360.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUkraine is a country in Eastern Europe and is the second-largest European county after Russian Kyiv is the capital and the largest city in Ukraine. The country has a long history with Russia. It was at one time part of the Russian Empire but formed the Ukrainian People’s Republic in 1917. During the Bolshevik Revolution, it was forcibly reconstituted in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and became a founding member of the Soviet Union in 1922. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the country regained its independence. The country has continued to have ongoing conflict with Russia, including the 2014 annexation of the Crimean Peninsula and the invasion of the Ukraine by Russia in February 2022. Since 2014, Ukraine has sought closer economic, political, and military ties to the Western world. Ukraine is also one of the largest grain exporters in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBelarus was known as Belorussia or White Russia until it gained its independence in 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed. It is in Eastern Europe and was the smallest of the three Slavic republics include in Soviet Union (the other two were Russia and Ukraine). Belarus continues to maintain close ties with Russia. The capital city Minsk was almost entirely rebuilt after the destruction of World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSt. Petersburg, Russia was known as Petrograd from 1914-1924 and Leningrad from 1924-1991. It is the second-largest city in Russia. It is on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. It is a historically strategic port and served as the capital of the Russian Empire from 1713 to 1918. After the Bolshevik Revolution, the capital was moved to Moscow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBolsheviks were a far-left, revolutionary Marxist faction founded by Vladmir Lenin. It was majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party, which became known as the Communist Party after the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommunal apartment or kommunalka were developed in the Soviet Union after the October Revolution of 1917. The need for communal apartments grew out of a housing crisis in urban areas. Two to seven families typically shared a communal apartment. Each family usually had one room which served as a living room, dining room and bedroom for the family. The kitchen, bathrooms, and hallways were shared be everyone.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. Although enslaved by the Pharaoh, the Israelites continued to survive and even increase in numbers. Dismayed, the Pharaoh declared that all sons born to Hebrew women must be killed, but Hebrew midwives defied the Pharaoh’s decree. One mother, who had given birth to a son, placed him in a basket in the Nile River. The baby was found by none other than the Pharaoh’s daughter, who scooped him up, named him Moses, and raised him as her own. When Moses had grown up, God spoke to Moses saying that he, along with his brother Aaron, would be the one to take the Israelites out of Egypt. Moses challenged the Pharaoh, demanding freedom for the Israelites. When the Pharaoh refused, God sent a series of plagues upon the Pharaoh and Egyptian people. There were 10 plagues in total: blood, frogs, lice, wild beasts, diseases, boils, hail, locusts, darkness, and the most severe of all, the death of every Egyptian first-born son. In order to protect the Israelite children from the Angel of Death, the Israelites marked their doors with lamb’s blood, so that their houses would be passed over (hence the holiday name, “Passover”). Finally, Pharaoh surrendered and ordered the Israelites to leave Egypt. The Israelites were in such a hurry to leave Egypt that their bread had no time to rise. Pharaoh had also soon changed his mind and sent his armies after the Israelites. When the Israelites came to the Red Sea, they were trapped until God miraculously parted the sea. As soon as they passed through, the sea closed up, saving them from the Egyptians and beginning the Israelites’ epic journey to the Promised Land.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMatzo, or matzah, is an unleavened flatbread that is part of Jewish cuisine and forms an integral element of the Passover festival.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur [Hebrew: “day of atonement”] The most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA synagogue is a Jewish house of worship where the congregation meets for religious services and instruction.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoscow, Russia is the capital and largest city in Russia. The city sits on the Moskva River in central Russia. The city dates back to 1147 and grew into a prosperous city and served as the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. It eventually became known as the Tsardom of Russia. When the Tsardom was reformed into the Russian Empire, the capital was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. After the Bolshevik revolution, the capital returned to Moscow. It is well known for its Russian architecture, historic Red Square and the other buildings including the St. Basil’s Cathedral and the Kremlin. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Russian Revolution refers to two periods of political unrest in the beginning of the 20th century. The Russian Revolution of 1905, also known as the First Russian Revolution, was a wave of mass political and social unrest. It included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies. It coincided with a series of violent pogroms that saw many Jews emigrated from the Russian Empire. The First Russian Revolution did not overthrow the Tsarist autocracy or eliminate the restrictions placed on the Jewish population of the Pale of Settlement, but it did give rise to Russia's first democratically elected parliament and resulted in some improved opportunities for Jews within the Russian Empire. During the final phase of World War I, in 1917, another revolution took place, which replaced Russia's traditional monarchy with the world's first communist state. Although the new communist government replaced the centuries-old official antisemitism of the Tzars, deeply ingrained antisemitic attitudes made Jews suspects of potential opposition. Communist ideology asked Jews to assimilate and not to identify as anything but loyal to the state and religious leaders were jailed and executed as political enemies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili, 1878-1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid- 1920s until his death. He is considered one of the most powerful and murderous dictators in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeningrad State University, now known as the St. Petersburg State University, is one of the oldest and largest higher educational institutions in Russia. It was founded in 1819 and played an important role in the development of the social and revolutionary movement in Russia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoscow State University is located in Moscow, Russia. The university was founded in 1755 by Ivan Shuvalov and Mikhail Lomonosov. It is considered the leading the institution of higher education in Russia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSt. Petersburg State Marine Technical University was founded as the Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute in 1930. It was formed as a shipbuilding department as part of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute. The university continues to prepare individuals as engineer-specialist in a whole range of shipbuilding specialties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePerestroika was a political reform movement with the Soviet Union Communist Party during the late 1980s and early 1990s. It is associated with President Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (openness) policy reform. The word perestroika literally means ‘reconstruction’ referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system, in a attempt to end the Soviet’s Era of Stagnation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMikhail Gorbachev was born on March 2, 1931, and passed away on August 30, 2022. He was a Russian and Soviet politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union. He held to Marxism-Leninism ideology but his moved towards social democracy by the early 1990s. He pushed for a policy of glasnost (openness) which allowed for greater freedom of speech and press. He also implemented perestroika (restructuring) which worked towards decentralized economic decision-making to improve efficiency. He efforts in the Soviet Union lead to various Eastern Bloc countries to abandoned Marxist-Leninist government and he refused to intervene militarily. Eventually, leading Marxist-Leninist hardliners launch an unsuccessful coup attempt against him. The coup attempt led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and his resignation as President. Gorbachev was awarded the Noble Peace Prize and was praised for his role in the Cold War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMark Twain was the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835-1910), an American author and humorist. He wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which is often called \"The Great American Novel\". Twain’s last completed novel, The Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc by the Sieur Louis de Conte, recounts the life of Joan of Arc and was published in 1896.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJack London was the pen name of John Griffith Chaney (1879-1916), an American novelist, journalist and activist. He is best known for his books The Call of the Wild and White Fang. He was one of the first American authors to gain international notoriety.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrances Scott Fitzgerald, better known as F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940), was an American author, essayist and short story writer. He is best known for depicting the flamboyance, and excess of of the Jazz Age in books such as The Beautiful and the Damned and The Great Gatsby. Other works included Tender is the Night, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, and This Side of Paradise.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Faulkner (1897-1962) was an American author. In 1949, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his contribution to “the modern American novel.” He is considered the greatest writer of Southern literature and is known for his works The Sound and the Fury, and As I Lay Dying.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eErnest Hemingway (1899-1961) was an American writer, short story writer and journalist. He had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction. Some of his works include The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and The Old Man and the Sea.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Orwell was the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair (1903-1950). Orwell was an English author, journalist, critic. He is best known for the books 1984 and Animal Farm. His writing reflected his opposition to totalitarianism and support of democratic socialism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnable to find an author by the name of Livingston.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAndrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (1903-1987) was a Russian mathematician whose work influenced various branches of modern mathematics including harmonic analysis, probability, set theory, information theory, and number theory. He was active in the reform of education in the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRed Square is one of the oldest, largest, and architecturally significant squares in Moscow, Russia. It is located in Moscow’s historic center and includes Saint Basil’s Cathedral and Lenin’s Mausoleum. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1990.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePurim is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish people in the ancient Persian Empire from destruction in the wake of a plot by Haman, a story recorded in the Biblical book of Esther. According to the Book of Esther, Haman planned to kill all the Jews, but Mordecai and his adopted daughter Queen Esther foiled his plans. The day of deliverance became a day of feasting and rejoicing. Some of the customs of Purim include drinking wine, wearing masks and costumes, and public celebration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWith international pressure mounting, in 1945, Britain, unable to find a practical solution, referred the problem to the United Nations, which in November 1947 voted to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states in May 1948 when the British mandate was scheduled to end. After the British began the withdrawal of their military forces from Palestine in early April 1948, Zionist leaders moved to establish a modern Jewish state. On May 14, 1948—the day the British Mandate over Palestine expired—David Ben-Gurion, the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, announced the formation of the state of Israel. The next day, forces from Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq invaded and war began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChabad-Lubavitch is the name of a sect of Hasidic Jews. It is one of the largest groups of Hasidic Jews in the world. Many of the Lubavitch Hasidim live in the United States or Israel. The Lubavitch world headquarters is in Crown Heights, a neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York. The movement is best known for its outreach activities, introducing secular Jews to more stringent religious observance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva [Hebrew: sitting] is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a Talmudic college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bris, formally known as the “brit milah” [Hebrew: Covenant of Circumcision] involves surgically removing the foreskin of the penis. Circumcision is performed only on males on the eighth day of the child's life. The brit milah is usually followed by a celebratory meal. It is a tradition that dates back the biblical patriarch Abraham. For Jews, circumcision is a sign of the Jewish people’s covenant with G-d. Even during the Holocaust, Jews tried to observe this practice. Because non-Jews in continental Europe generally were not circumcised, German and collaborationist police commonly checked males apprehended in raids. For boys attempting to hide their Jewish identity, using a public restroom or participating in sports could lead to their discovery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe period of time in St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Russia when the skies only reach twilight and the sun does not fully set.It generally occurs from May to the end of July. The czars named the period of time “white nights.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Zalman Kazen and his wife Rebbetzin Shula were Russian Jews who fled the Soviet Union at the end of World War II. They lived for several years in Poland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, and France before immigrating to the Cleveland, Ohio in 1953. Their first home served as Cleveland’s original Chabad house. Rabbi Kazen also led the Tzemach Tzedek congregation for many years. Rabbi Kazen and Rebbe formed the Russian Immigrant Aid Society in the early 1970s to help Russian Jews learn about their Jewish Hertiage. Rebbe did a great deal to assist recent Russian immigrates find lodging, employment and connect with the Jewish community in Cleveland. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Zalman Kazen and his wife Rebbetzin Shula were Russian Jews who fled the Soviet Union at the end of World War II. They lived for several years in Poland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, and France before immigrating to the Cleveland, Ohio in 1953. Their first home served as Cleveland’s original Chabad house. Rabbi Kazen also led the Tzemach Tzedek congregation for many years. Rabbi Kazen and Rebbe formed the Russian Immigrant Aid Society in the early 1970s to help Russian Jews learn about their Jewish Hertiage. Rebbe did a great deal to assist recent Russian immigrates find lodging, employment and connect with the Jewish community in Cleveland. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Jewish Community Center (JCC) is a general recreational, social, and fraternal organization serving the Jewish community in a number of cities. JCCs promote Jewish culture and heritage through holiday celebrations, Israel-related programming, and Jewish education. However, memberships are open to everyone in the community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShul is a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBritish English refers to the English language spoken in Great Britain.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Brown College is a private, coed, liberal arts college located in the Vine City community of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is a historically Black college affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorgia State University is a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia. It was originally founded in 1913 and now has seven campuses around the Atlanta metro area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva High School of Cleveland is a private small Orthodox Jewish boys school in Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnable to find a school by this name in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e770 Eastern Parkway is the street address of the World Headquarters for the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement. It is located in Brooklyn, New York and is considered by many to be an iconic site in Judaism. The building was purchased in 1940 on behalf of the Chabad Lubavitch movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation. Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation. The congregation first met in a rented grocery store on Parkway Drive. It moved to a permanent location on Boulevard when it purchased and renovated a two-story apartment building. In 1956, it converted the Tabernacle Baptist Church on Boulevard to a synagogue. It built its current synagogue building on a five-acre lot on LaVista Road in 1961. Rabbi Joseph Safra was the congregation’s first permanent rabbi in 1951, followed by Rabbi Emanuel Feldman from 1952 to 1991. Rabbi Ilan Feldman has been the congregation’s Senior Rabbi since his father Emanuel’s retirement in 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Jewish Federation (often known as the \"Federation\" or the \"Fed\") is the secular primary Jewish nonprofit organization found within most metropolitan areas (or sometimes states) in North America that host a substantial Jewish community. Their broad purpose is to provide \"human services,\" generally, but not exclusively, to the local Jewish community. All federations at least operate an annual central campaign then allocate the proceeds to affiliated local agencies. There are 148 Jewish Federations. The national umbrella organization for the federations is the Jewish Federations of North America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/annotation_set/895/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Refusenik” is an unofficial term for individuals, typically but not exclusively Soviet Jews, who were denied permission to emigrate by the authorities of the former Soviet Union and other countries of the Eastern bloc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3120.0,3150.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Rachel Belinsky [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rachel talks about her parents and growing up in a communal apartment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=41.0,122.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I grew up in Leningrad in communal apartment where our family of five, five with my parents, me and my brother and my grandmother. We all five live in one room, 21 square meters.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=41.0,122.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Belarus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Belinsky, Rachel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Belorussia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bolsheviks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communal Apartment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leningrad, Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Novakovich, Mendel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Novakovich, Pazice","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=41.0,122.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Growing up Jewish in Communist Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=122.0,262.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Besides that, we knew . . . me and my brother, we knew that we were Jewish because our parents spoke with my grandmother [in a] very strange language that turned out to be Yiddish.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=122.0,262.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Matzo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nationality","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yom Kippur","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=122.0,262.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish life in Leningrad, Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=262.0,383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh, I'm telling you that no Jewish life at that time. We had one huge, one synagogue for [the] huge city of Leningrad. 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He got semikhah\nthere. He is a rabbi now. His rabbi in Baltimore [Maryland], creating a Russian community.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2810.0,2864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baltimore, Maryland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Belinsky, Velvel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chabad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Semikhah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Torah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeshiva","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2810.0,2864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discusses what her daughter and her faith journey","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2864.0,3018.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My daughter met after three months . . . our coming to Cleveland, she met a young Jewish boy. Howard Cohen, {00:47:30} who became her husband two years later. This young boy, one young Jewish American, American Jewish boy knew nothing about\nJudaism.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2864.0,3018.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chabad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cohen, Howard","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cohen, Natasha Belinsky","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbos","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shul","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeshiva","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=2864.0,3018.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shares her experience in the Atlanta, Georgia Jewish community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3018.0,3080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know only Beth Jacob Community because I came here to work and I didn't have any connection to Jewish Federation and JCC as newcomers have. Beth Jacob is very good community.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3018.0,3080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beth Jacob Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Community Center","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Federation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3018.0,3080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why she immigrated to the United States and not Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3080.0,3212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can't say that it is better to go to Israel and I even study with Hebrew. I know Hebrew letters. I can follow service with some words. But what became turning point in my thoughts. I had friends who immigrate to Israel.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3080.0,3212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"London, England","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Refuseniks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3080.0,3212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discusses why she hasn't visited Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3212.0,3247.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't go to . . . maybe sometime I will go to visit. But now I have two breaks within my classes, I go to my two children.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3212.0,3247.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baltimore, Maryland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cleveland, Ohio","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3212.0,3247.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Visiting Russia after immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3247.0,3313.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, I did. I did it three times.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3247.0,3313.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Internet","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leningrad, Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Telephone","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Visit","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3247.0,3313.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Expressing her gratitude to be in the United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3313.0,3352.384"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that America is a great country. I'm grateful to America .","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3313.0,3352.384"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389/index/51866/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80269/file/168389#t=3313.0,3352.384"}]}]}]}