{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/tx3513vp3z/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Pizitz, Michael and Richard"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2012-01-19 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMichael Pizitz and Richard Pizitz interviewed by Sandra Berman on January 19th, 2012 in Birmingham, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eRichard Pizitz and Michael Pizitz were the sons of Isadore Pizitz and Hortense Hirsch Pizitz. Richard and Michael were born in Birmingham, Alabama, where their grandfather Louis Pizitz founded the Pizitz retail store chain. Richard, Michael, and their brother Merritt succeeded their father Isadore as managers in the family business. When the Pizitz retail chain was sold, they remained in the retail business, acquiring and operating upscale apparel, cookies, and frozen yogurt stores.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eRichard and Michael talk about their grandfather Louis Pizitz, who founded Pizitz, a department store in Birmingham, Alabama. They discuss their grandfather’s origins and his immigration from Bialystock, Poland to the United States. They tell how he and their grandmother Minnie Smolian Pizitz arrived in Birmingham and how he built the Pizitz store in downtown Birmingham. They discuss his philanthropic and civic activities such as his membership in three synagogues in Birmingham—Temple Beth-El, Temple Emanu-El, and Knesseth Israel—and his support for the YMHA in Birmingham.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRichard and Michael discuss their childhood in Mountain Brook, a suburb of Birmingham. They explain their family’s affiliation with Temple Emanu-El as the reason Richard did not have a bar mitzvah.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThey describe the desegregation of Pizitz during the Civil Rights era. They tell about boycotts by blacks and how the five department downtown department stores responded. They explain how Pizitz ended the segregated restrooms, drinking fountains, and restaurant, and segregated employment in its store. They describe the demonstrations and bomb threats by whites when the store desegregated. They compare the cities of Birmingham and Atlanta, Georgia during the Civil Rights era. They compare Birmingham’s civic, business, and religious leaders to Atlanta’s leaders and the Birmingham News to the Atlanta Journal and Atlanta Constitution.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThey talk about the success of Pizitz and its survival during the Great Depression. They recall how Pizitz had only one store until 1957 and how it expanded to 13 stores after they and their brother Merritt joined the family business. They discuss the decline of downtown retail stores with the expansion of suburban malls, the advent of big box retailers, and the consolidation of department store chains. They tell about selling all of the Pizitz stores and remaining in the retail industry with upscale apparel, cookie, and yogurt stores. They touch upon Birmingham’s future as a city and the problem of leadership living outside of the city’s borders.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28478"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Jewish businessmen (topical term)","anti-Semitism (topical term)","Birmingham (Al.) (geographic term)","Pizitz Department Store (corporate name)","Pizitz, Louis (personal name)","Pizitz, Michael (personal name)","Pizitz, Richard (personal name)","Great Depression (named event)","Civil Rights Movement (named event)","Jim Crow (topical term)","department stores (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eMichael Pizitz and Richard Pizitz interviewed by Sandra Berman on January 19th, 2012 in Birmingham, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRichard Pizitz and Michael Pizitz were the sons of Isadore Pizitz and Hortense Hirsch Pizitz. Richard and Michael were born in Birmingham, Alabama, where their grandfather Louis Pizitz founded the Pizitz retail store chain. Richard, Michael, and their brother Merritt succeeded their father Isadore as managers in the family business. When the Pizitz retail chain was sold, they remained in the retail business, acquiring and operating upscale apparel, cookies, and frozen yogurt stores.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRichard and Michael talk about their grandfather Louis Pizitz, who founded Pizitz, a department store in Birmingham, Alabama. They discuss their grandfather’s origins and his immigration from Bialystock, Poland to the United States. They tell how he and their grandmother Minnie Smolian Pizitz arrived in Birmingham and how he built the Pizitz store in downtown Birmingham. They discuss his philanthropic and civic activities such as his membership in three synagogues in Birmingham—Temple Beth-El, Temple Emanu-El, and Knesseth Israel—and his support for the YMHA in Birmingham.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRichard and Michael discuss their childhood in Mountain Brook, a suburb of Birmingham. They explain their family’s affiliation with Temple Emanu-El as the reason Richard did not have a bar mitzvah.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThey describe the desegregation of Pizitz during the Civil Rights era. They tell about boycotts by blacks and how the five department downtown department stores responded. They explain how Pizitz ended the segregated restrooms, drinking fountains, and restaurant, and segregated employment in its store. They describe the demonstrations and bomb threats by whites when the store desegregated. They compare the cities of Birmingham and Atlanta, Georgia during the Civil Rights era. They compare Birmingham’s civic, business, and religious leaders to Atlanta’s leaders and the Birmingham News to the Atlanta Journal and Atlanta Constitution.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThey talk about the success of Pizitz and its survival during the Great Depression. They recall how Pizitz had only one store until 1957 and how it expanded to 13 stores after they and their brother Merritt joined the family business. They discuss the decline of downtown retail stores with the expansion of suburban malls, the advent of big box retailers, and the consolidation of department store chains. They tell about selling all of the Pizitz stores and remaining in the retail industry with upscale apparel, cookie, and yogurt stores. They touch upon Birmingham’s future as a city and the problem of leadership living outside of the city’s borders.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/115/324/small/Pizitz_MichaelAndRichard.mp4_1622136617.jpg?1622122218","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Pizitz_MichaelAndRichard.mp4"]},"duration":4715.307,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/115/324/small/Pizitz_MichaelAndRichard.mp4_1622136617.jpg?1622122218","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/115/324/original/Pizitz_MichaelAndRichard.mp4?1622122209","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4715.307,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Pizitz, Michael and Richard [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is January 19, 2012. I am with Michael and Richard Pizitz who\nhave agreed to participate in the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project\nof the William Breman Jewish Heritage and Holocaust Museum. I am Sandra Berman,\nthe archivist. I am very appreciative that both of you have agreed to\nparticipate in our project. I'd like to begin by asking you a little bit about\nthe family background: when the Pizitz family came to America, why, and how they\nended up in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham [Alabama]. If you could start there.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Our grandfather, Louis Pizitz, came to the United States in the\nearly 1890's. He came from Bialystok [Poland, now Belarus]. When he arrived in\nthe United States, he basically knew no English. He had a relative from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"area\nwhere he lived. He went and stayed with her. He started selling... peddling in\nNew York. Eventually [he] got enough stake and decided to go south. He peddled\nhis way from New York to Swainsboro, Georgia. En route, he started with a pack\non his back in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"proverbial... Horatio Alger-type, I guess. Eventually [he]\ngot a mule and a wagon and continued until he got to Swainsboro where he\neventually... where he married, and where he opened a small store.\n\nBERMAN: Who did he marry?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: He married Minnie [Smolian] Pizitz.\n\nBERMAN: Her maiden name?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Don't remember.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Do you remember the name, or do you know the name of the store in Swainsboro?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: I think it was 'Pizitz.'\n\nBERMAN: Pizitz. Was it general dry goods?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Did he ever talk about why he came south?\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: He had a relative in Swainsboro...\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Yes.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: I think he had a relative in Swainsboro, don't know who it was.\nHe settled in Swainsboro. [He] lived there not long -- I don't know whether it\nwas two or three years or something like that -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and came to Birmingham about...\n1896 or 1897 would be close. He said the reason he came to Birmingham, or the\nreason he left Swainsboro, is his wife said he could never make a living [and]\nthat it was too small a city for him to be successful. He chose to come to\nBirmingham for whatever reason. He did not have any relatives in Birmingham.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Incidentally, according to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our grandfather, when our\ngrandmother, Minnie Pizitz, said, \"We got to leave Swainsboro,\" the two cities\nthey narrowed it down to were Atlanta [Georgia] and Birmingham. But they thought\nBirmingham had a much better future than Atlanta, with the iron, and steel, and\ncoal. That's why they came here rather than Atlanta.\n\nBERMAN: How did the store get started here? Where was it and was it a general\ndry goods [store] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the beginning?\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: When he originally came here, he still peddled. He still went\nhouse-to-house. It's amazing when we were growing up in the business in the\nmid-1950's, late-1950's, how many people would come into the store and said Mr.\nLouis had been to their house out in the country. He stayed at more homes than\npeople have stayed in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hilton hotels because everyone we met said he'd been here,\nand he stayed here for the night. Eventually, after peddling and raising enough\nmoney, [he] came to Birmingham and opened a small store on 1st Avenue North,\nwhich was a block from the store he later built in the mid-1920's, which is\ndirectly behind you there.\n\nBERMAN: Did he ever discuss ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what it was like peddling and going into these\nhomes? For a young Jewish man to be travelling the Deep South?\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: I don't ever recall stating how it was, but I know that he had\nhis wagon and would go out, evidently, for some time. He didn't go out\novernight, because he stayed with a lot of these people, where he sold goods. I\ngot the impression that he had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wound up with a regular route, where he went back\nto see people on later trips that he knew to sell. From that, I guess, when he\nraised enough money, [he] decided to open a small store which was probably about\n1896, 1897, or something like that.\n\nBERMAN: Did he still have a large family in Bialystok? Did he bring anyone else over?\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: He brought a lot of people over. I don't know at what point, but\nhe brought several relatives over to the United States. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were... we had\nrelatives in Tennessee and in Georgia, as well as in Alabama. But I do know he\ndid bring some other people over, yes.\n\nBERMAN: Did his wife work in the store?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Not to my knowledge.\n\nBERMAN: So how can you explain... so many stores... so many people started out\nthat way peddling goods... the pack, and now the horse-and-wagon ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the small\nstore. They never reached the size of the store like Pizitz. Why do you think he\nwas able to achieve such success?\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: I'll go back. He told a story to someone that used to work at\nPizitz and they wrote up the story. He was a unique individual. When he was in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia -- or Poland which today is Russia -- at age 17 or 18 or 19, he was\nsupervising several hundred men back then. They were in the... What were they\ncalled? Shoddy?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Rags, yes.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: I don't know whether they produced it, but shoddy was some kind\nof fabric or rags and they would load it in these train loads ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and ship it to\nanother part of Poland. But at that time he said he supervised, even at that\nyoung age, several hundred men. One of the reasons he came to the United States,\n[as] he told in the story, is one time the winter snows came and they ruined the\nentire shipment because these were all open cars. He decided it was too harsh in\nPoland. It was too harsh to make a living.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: He also said that he and a partner owned... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shipped the shoddy\nwhich they hadn't paid for, and it was ruined, and he had to leave, is what he\nsaid. He also studied briefly for the rabbinate...\n\nBERMAN: Really?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: . . . in Russia, before he came over.\n\nBERMAN: So was he a religious man? When he...\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Yes, I would say he was religious. He was very... became very\nactive in Temple Beth-El. He helped organize the first YMHA [Young Men's Hebrew\nAssociation] in Birmingham. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was a unique individual who people were attracted\nto. He did things back then in the 1890's and early 1900's that people I don't\nthink can do today. I don't think many people I've ever known could do what he\ndid with basically not being able to speak English, with almost no money when he\ncame here to be successful, but he would... people were attracted to him. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\ndon't know that he was deeply religious from practicing in his home, all the\ndifferent religious events. I don't know about Friday nights and so forth. I do\nknow he became very active in all places of Jewish life in Birmingham from\nTemple Beth-El... He belonged to all three temples: Emanu-El, Beth-El, and\nKnesseth Israel. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[He] helped found the original YMHA, was involved in the\nfounding of Hillel in Tuscaloosa [Alabama], and was involved in the new\nBirmingham Jewish Community Center in Birmingham. He really was very involved,\nnot only in the general community from the retail business, but in the Jewish\ncommunity in Birmingham.\n\nBERMAN: Did that sense of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewishness... belonging to all three different\nsynagogues... where did your family...First of all, how many children did they\nhave? Your grandparents.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: My grandparents had three children.\n\nBERMAN: Sons? Daughters?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Our father, Isadore Pizitz, and he had two sisters Silvia Pizitz\nand Bertha Pizitz Smolian.\n\nBERMAN: Did all three of the children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or their spouses enter into the business?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Our father was eventually... ran the store. Our aunt Silvia ran\nthe New York office. She was... that was ostensibly a job, but it was not a\nfull-time job, certainly. She was very much into art, was an art ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collector, and\nactually made a living buying and selling art. Our aunt Bertha, or 'Aunt Bob,'\nshe married a man named Joseph Smolian. He came into the store and worked in the\nstore for many years.\n\nBERMAN: There's a Smolian family in Atlanta. Are they related?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: They're... yes, and they're in Chattanooga [Tennessee] too.\nThey're all somewhat related.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: I don't know the Smolians in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, but there were Smolians in\none of the cities... some other city in Georgia.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Chattanooga also.\n\nBERMAN: Chattanooga.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Chattanooga, but somewhere else in Georgia. They may well be\nrelated to the ones from Atlanta.\n\nBERMAN: Growing up, where did you attend? Beth El? Or Emanu-El?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: We were always Emanu-El.\n\nBERMAN: How did he make that choice? Because Emanu-El is much less...\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Our parents wanted Reform; they were not interested in\nConservative. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'Big Papa,' Louis Pizitz, always... even though he belonged to\nthree temples, he really only went to Beth- El.\n\nBERMAN: I love that, 'Big Papa'?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: That was what we called him.\n\nBERMAN: Was there a 'Little Papa'?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: No.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: That's what almost everybody called him too. He made a lot of\npeople call him 'Mr. Louis' and 'Big Papa.'\n\nBERMAN: Big Papa!\n\nKIMERLING: Excuse me a minute.\n\nBERMAN: So, your grandfather stayed at Beth El, and you grew up at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emanu-El...\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Right.\n\nBERMAN: What was it like growing up in Birmingham during the 1940's, 1950's.\nWhat was the community like for the two of you?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: The Jewish community in Birmingham is very small. It was small.\nIt was obviously smaller then. Our family moved to Mountain Brook ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is\nsuburban, where most Jewish families today live. [We were] one of the early\nJewish families to Mountain Brook. Our family moved there in the mid to late\n1930's. There were very few Jewish families in Mountain Brook at the time.\nBirmingham was rife with antisemitism. There was quite a bit of antisemitism\nwhich ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Michael and I got to enjoy during our school years.\n\nBERMAN: Can you give us some examples of some of those incidents?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Little incidents. I belonged to Boy Scouts. There were two or\nthree Jews in the entire Boy Scout troop. Basically, we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often chased home\nafter the meeting. My bicycle... you know how it was... you were a Boy Scout,\nyou were, what, 12 years old? When I was 12 years old, my bicycle during the\nmeeting was run up the flagpole and dropped to the ground. There were physical\naltercations. I don't mean that this was a large group, but there were a small\ngroup of six or eight ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people our age who, basically, liked to terrorize Jewish kids.\n\nBERMAN: How did you both deal with that? What was the advice you received from\nyour parents about dealing with it?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Fight back...\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: There were not...\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: . . . I guess was about the answer.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: I don't remember... I don't remember any physical altercations.\nThere were verbal... They did use to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often chase people. The classes back then\nwere not over... the average class in Mountain Brook... Dick [Richard Pizitz]\ndidn't go to Mountain Brook, he went to Lakeview [Elementary School], which was\nin the city of Birmingham. We moved to Mountain Brook in 1937. Then he went to\nhigh school in Birmingham where... I went to high school in Birmingham too. The\nsame people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back then that were antisemitic were also anti-black. It was\ngenerally the same people. When I graduated eighth grade, there were maybe four\nJewish people in my class out of about 30 people. The antisemitism was not\nterrible, but it was overt. You could see it. You could feel it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The same thing\nwith the racial situation. The same people who didn't like Jews or whatever,\nalso did not like blacks. When I went to high school... I went to high school at\nRamsay where a lot of Jewish people from over the mountain went. Ramsay was made\nof about, probably, 40 percent people from Mountain Brook, very few of whom were\nJewish. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The rest of them were people who lived on the Southside, which was all\nethnic groups: Italian, Greek, Polish, everything else. The Jewish people seemed\nto be friendlier with those people than they were with the Mountain Brook\npeople. They more or less stuck together. There was... again, there was\nantisemitism, but it started to lessen because the Mountain Brook people in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ramsay High School... [Richard would] have to speak, he went to a different high\nschool... the Mountain Brook people in the Ramsay High School were really at a\nminority. They weren't in the majority. [But] the Jewish people were an extreme\nminority back then.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: I went to Phillips High School, which is inner-city Birmingham.\nThere were probably 2,000 students. I don't think there were ten Jews at my high\nschool. There, I did not experience any antisemitism. It was in Mountain Brook\nwhere we lived where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the antisemitism was pretty strong. Are you familiar with\nthe book, Carry Me Home [Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil\nRights Revolution] written by Diane McWhorter? It won the Pulitzer Prize, maybe\nthree years ago. It's basically a very, very thick story of Birmingham in the\nCivil Rights Era, centered around her father [Martin McWhorter]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Her father\nlived six houses from us and he was definitely a participant. Not one of the\nworst ones, but he was a participant in the anti-Jewish situation. It was cited\nin her book. There were frequent mentions... In a Pulitzer Prize winning book,\nthere were frequent mentions of Pizitz and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pizitz Department Store, and so forth.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: . . . [anti]semitism was mainly in Mountain Brook.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Right.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: It wasn't in Ramsay; it wasn't in Phillips. It was mainly in\nMountain Brook. For some reason, it always was about four or five or six or\neight of the same people. It wasn't predominant with everybody. I was in an\neighth-grade class. I don't think there was one person in my class that was what\nI would call a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"violent anti-Semite. There were some above me, one or two below\nme. There weren't that many, but the ones that were didn't make any bones about it.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: You came along four years later. It was easier then.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Yes, it was easier, there's no question.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: The real bigots were... fights.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: I'm going forward a few years. When I'd been married a couple of\nyears -- this would have been in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1957 or 1958 perhaps -- my wife and I went to\nan area in Mountain Brook to look at... we saw an ad for a house and went there.\nThe real estate agent who I knew... I can't remember his name today, who was not\nin any way an anti-Semite... We went to see the house. He said, \"Dick, I'm\nsorry, we can't sell you this house.\" It was because I was Jewish. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was\nsomewhere near Dunbarton [Drive]. It's a heavily Jewish area today.\n\nBERMAN: But Mountain Brook wasn't restricted in the...\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: No, but...\n\nBERMAN: But certain streets were?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: There were areas that were restricted.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Right.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Developers that restricted. There was another town, Hoover and\nVestavia [Hills]... Jews really could not buy there.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I didn't realize that there were within Mountain Brook...\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: There were pockets of Mountain Brook where they would not sell\nto Jews.\n\nBERMAN: So since that was occurring, were most of your friends Jewish or not Jewish?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Jewish.\n\nBERMAN: Did you associate more with your Temple friends?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: My friends were more Jewish. Growing up in the early... in the\nteens... there were two Jewish fraternities in Birmingham: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AZA [Aleph Zadik\nAleph] and Pi Tau Pi. A lot of that was... people stuck together with that.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Back then -- I'm going back to Ramsay High School where Mr.\n[Sol] Kimerling went -- the social life was almost all Jewish. There were many\nother phases of life, where it was mixed: in athletics, in general studies.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Being in school where there were -- in high school -- very few problems between\nJews and gentiles, I had many gentile friends. I ended up rooming in college\nwith someone I went through 12 years of grammar school and high school with\n[but] who was not Jewish. The antisemitism pretty well stuck to Mountain Brook\nbecause that's where most of the Jewish people are. You don't have antisemitism\nwhere there are no Jews.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Having both experienced that, do you feel that it has been a factor in\nhow you have led your lives? Or how you raised your own children?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: That's a hard question to answer. I would say no, if I had to\ngive a yes/no answer to it. Society had changed a lot by the time our kids ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came\nalong. I don't want to say there was no antisemitism, but when my kids were\ngrowing up, it was very, very small, really.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: I know this ain't your question, but when the racial troubles\nstarted and peaked in the 1960's, the antisemitism not necessarily had gone\ndown. The target became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blacks, not Jews, back at that point in time. One story\nthat might be of interest, talking about antisemitism in the 1960's. Dick\nmentioned Vestavia and Hoover, which were pretty well restricted. There were\nalmost no Jewish people in either one of them. My grandfather, in the 1930's,\nlived in an area which is now part of the city of Vestavia. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1942 or 1943 he\ncould not get enough gas stamps to... you probably don't remember that because\nyou're too young... couldn't get enough gas stamps to drive to Birmingham. So he\nmoved into the city, but he retained a lot [of] acreage in Vestavia. I don't\nknow if [it was] 50, 60, 100 acres. I don't know what it was. In the 1960's our\nparents donated that land to the city of Vestavia. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's off Highway 31 in\nVestavia. They put a stipulation in there that it could not be used\ncommercially. It could only be used for a city park or something on that order.\nThe city of Vestavia came back to our parents when they decided they wanted to\nuse the land. I guess that was what? Late 1960's?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: I'd say later than that... 1970's.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Maybe early 1970's. They said, \"We want to build a school. We\nbuilt the high school. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We want to build our first middle school here. We would\nlike your permission to do it.\" It was not in the deed. They were not allowed to\nbuild a school. There was a lot of discussion back and forth. Our parents went\nback to them and said, \"We will agree to it. We would like the school named\n'Louis Pizitz.'\" Now, this is a Jewish name in a city that was not one percent\nJewish then. Mountain Brook was... may have been 10 or 15 [percent] back then,\nbut still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they turned it down. They said, \"We can't do it, but we will name the\nstreet Pizitz Drive.\" Our parents went back and talked to the people making the\ndecisions. They were adamant, \"If we're going to change the deed so it can be a\nschool, we want it to be called the 'Louis Pizitz Middle School.'\" After a lot\nof discussion and negotiation, they agreed to it. Today it is the Louis Pizitz\nMiddle School. But I don't think there's any question, they did not want a\nPizitz School in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vestavia back in the 1970's when there were so few Jewish\npeople there. It's still Louis Pizitz Middle School. It's been remodeled many\ntimes since then, and it is on Pizitz Drive in Vestavia. It was an interesting\nstory, what happened back then.\n\nBERMAN: I'm surprised they haven't tried to change the name over the years.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: We used to talk about... maybe they didn't want the name Pizitz\nbecause they couldn't... the football cheers with Pizitz didn't make a lot of sense.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RICHARD PIZITZ: At one point, the high school was on that actual land. They\ndidn't want exactly the football team with the name 'Pizitz,' because it was\nhard to cheer for that. That's when it became the middle school, I think.\n\nBERMAN: That's great! That's a great story.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Because there's no football at the middle school.\n\nBERMAN: Having both gone to Emanu-El, were you bar mitzvahed?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: No.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: There were no bar mitzvahs back then.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: They didn't exist at Emanu-El.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MICHAEL PIZITZ: There were a few people. In fact, when he was confirmed and was\na bar mitzvah age, I don't think anybody could be bar mitzvahed. By the time I\ndid, four years later, if you went to Emanu-El and wanted to be bar mitzvahed,\nyou had to go to Beth-El and go to the classes at Beth El to be bar mitzvahed.\nVery few people got bar mitzvahed back then.\n\nBERMAN: How did that sit with your grandfather? Did he want you to be bar\nmitzvahed? Do you remember?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: I never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember the subject coming up.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: I don't either.\n\nBERMAN: I wanted to talk to you a little bit more about your father and how the\ndepartment store, under his presidency, grew to become this chain of department\nstores. Was it under him or was it under your grandfather that that expansion started?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: As Michael said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they started the store in the late 1920's... 1927.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: The new store.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: It was built in two phases. [It] was completed I think, in the\nsecond phase, in about 1933 or 1934. It was... if there was ever a less\nopportune time to build a 230,000 square foot downtown department store, it was\nin the height of the [Great] Depression. Our father came in to the business in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1929... no, earlier than that, 1925, maybe... after he got out of college. The\nstore was a very large downtown department store. It was the largest downtown\ndepartment store. We didn't start getting... we didn't open our first branch\nuntil ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 1953 or 1954...\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: [No].\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: . . . I would think.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: It was later than that.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Maybe... I don't...\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Late 1950's.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Yes, I guess it was a little later.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Late 1950's.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Late 1950's. Michael and I were both in the business by then.\nOur father was a very good merchant. He was very conservative, that's probably\nwhy the store survived the hard times and the [Great] Depression. Our\ngrandfather ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was an instinctive merchant. When he was in his late eighties, he\nstill stayed on the sales floor... the women's apparel floor... that was the\nlove of the business. He had a chair there and would sit there for four or five\nhours a day. Customers all came up to him and knew him. They would ask him how\nthis coat looked on them... when he was in his seventies and eighties. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dad was\nnot as much an instinctive merchant. He was a merchant, but he was strong in the\noperation and advertising and credit phases of the business. When Michael and I\ncame in we were the ones to push more for the branch stores. We eventually ended\nup with 13 stores around Alabama.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MICHAEL PIZITZ: All the expansion came... our grandfather died in 1957... We had\none store then. The next store was the Bessemer [Alabama] store, opened two\nyears later, or the Roebuck [Alabama] store. I don't remember. The expansion\ncame during our father's... when he was president. Then we pushed it more as we\ngot older. Dick became president, and we pushed expansion more into the 1970's\nand the early 1980's. Dick was telling an interesting story ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the\ndifference. My father was a businessman and did things by the books and\nunderstood the numbers and the figures and so forth. Our grandfather, Louis\nPizitz, had an instinctive feel for merchandise. He didn't worry about books. A\ncouple of stories: one time he came into the store, probably at 10 o'clock or\n10:30. The salespeople on the first floor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were underneath the counters. They\nwere taking stuff out and putting it up. I can't imitate his Jewish accent,\nbecause he never spoke good English, but he asked the salesclerk, \"What are you\ndoing?\" The salesperson said -- I think it was in lingerie on the first floor --\n\"Mr. Louie, we're taking inventory. We're counting the merchandise to see how\nmuch we have.\" [My grandfather] said, \"You don't need to do that. There's no\npoint in doing that. I started with nothing and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever we got is what I made.\"\nThat was a typical story. He didn't know what inventory was.\n\nAnother story that always stuck in my mind. It'll tell you the type of merchant\nhe was. One day he's on the first floor. It was Easter and we were selling\nEaster bunnies. There was a big table with these $3 and $4 -- whatever they were\nback then -- Easter bunnies. There was this woman with a young child... black\nwoman with a very young child. The child was crying. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She wanted one. The mother\nsaid, \"No, no.\" My grandfather came up to her and said, \"What's wrong?\" She\nsaid, \"I can't afford it.\" He picked up one and gave it to the mother to give to\nthe child. He went up to his office. He had someone -- his secretary -- call\ndown there, to charge it to him. [He] said, \"How much was it?\" The salesperson\ndid not want to make him feel bad so he told him it was $1.99. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He immediately\nwent to my father and said, \"We're selling those bunny rabbits too damn cheap!\"\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: That was the type of merchant he was, he had a feel for what he\nwas doing. He did not go by the books.\n\nBERMAN: Was there ever any question that your father would go in to the business?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: No.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: [No].\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: There was never any question about my father's sons, Michael and\nI and Merritt...\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: . . . it was destined, what we were born [to do].\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MICHAEL PIZITZ: When we grew up we'd always have dinner together every night.\nWhen you're in the retail business it may be unlike the scrap business or the\noxygen business or other things. At night, every night at the dinner table, it\nwas stories about the business. It's easy to talk about on account of customers\nand everything else. From the time we were six or seven or eight years old,\nthat's all we knew, was department store business.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Did either of you ever think, \"Hmm, maybe I'd like to do something else?\"\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: No, not really.\n\nBERMAN: Which one of you is... are you more like your grandfather or your\nfather? In terms of business, more of the merchandiser or more of the numbers person?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: I think Michael and I both are a mix.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Yes.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: I really do. Our younger brother, Merritt had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"zero feel for\nmerchandise, zero interest in it. His interest was in [the] operations part of\nthe business, personnel, warehousing, and that sort of thing. He would not have\nknown a coat from a toy. I mentioned the business had a very difficult time in\nthe [Great] Depression, like most businesses. Our father and grandfather told us\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a story. [The]First National Bank had loaned... I was four years old at the\ntime, Michael was about to be born, so we don't know and we weren't around. The\npresident of First National Bank called my grandfather over to the bank. He was\nvery delinquent on a loan. They had evidently tried to collect the loan from\nhim. He had no money. It was the height of the [Great] Depression. The president\nof the bank said, \"Mr. Pizitz, we can't go any further. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You haven't been able to\npay.\" My grandfather took the keys and put the key on his desk and he said, \"I\nguess you're in the department store business then because I can't pay.\" He left\nhis office and walked to the corner to walk back to the store which was a\nblock-and-a-half away. The president ran out and caught him on the corner and\nsaid, \"Mr. Pizitz, let's discuss this a little further.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The bank didn't want to\nbe in the department store business.\n\nBERMAN: You were saying during the [Great] Depression that your...\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: During the [Great] Depression, the State of Alabama had no\nmoney. They issued scrip to the teachers. The scrip was... people thought it\nmight well be worthless. Pizitz accepted the scrip, $1 for $1 and locked it up\nin a safe. It was a year, or some years later [when] it was redeemed by the\nstate for 100 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cents on $1. Our grandfather also bought coal mines in those times\nso the people could keep working. The coal mines were operated... obviously he\ndidn't operate them, because he didn't know how to, but had people to do it.\n[He] eventually sold the coal mines back. But at least the miners could keep\nworking. That was an important part of Birmingham's economy at the time.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Did he also extend a lot of credit to the customers so they could buy on\ntime and pay it off?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Yes.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: The bank at the time, which was the First National Bank of\nBirmingham, also told him not to take the scrip, because it would not be worth\nanything. He continued to take it. That's probably one reason why the store\nbecame successful after the recession. These customers, who had shopped with him\n-- who couldn't shop elsewhere -- had some loyalty. [They] kept ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shopping at\nPizitz because of what he had done during the early 1930's.\n\nBERMAN: If you can talk a little bit now about Southern society [and] Jim\nCrow..How did the store deal with its white customers and its black customers?\nWere there separate fountains in the store? Were there separate dressing rooms\nduring those years?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: There were separate fountains. There were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"separate restrooms.\nThere were never separate fitting rooms. Apocryphally, in Diane McWhorter's book\nthat I mentioned, she said there were separate fitting rooms, but there were\nnot. Some stores did have that. We did not. The rest...\n\nBERMAN: How...\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Segregated restrooms, segregated restaurant. Everything was\nsegregated, [except] the shopping experience and the fitting rooms, as Dick mentioned.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Did you ever talk about those issues in the home? Was it a subject of...\nfor so many of our interviewees they all said, \"It was just how it was.\"\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: That would be our answer. It would be my answer, and I think\nMichael's too. That's how it was until the early 1960's.\n\nBERMAN: Can you reflect a little bit about the changes that started to happen\nand the effect it had on the store ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the early 1960's?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: You're speaking of the Civil Rights era?\n\nBERMAN: Civil rights. Yes.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Basically, almost until Martin Luther King [Jr.] came to\nBirmingham, there was quiet. There was no -- if you want to use that bad word --\n'agitation' for change. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"restrooms were segregated. They were accepted. We\neven... I didn't learn this... I didn't know this at the time. White customers\nwere listed on our charge account records as 'Mr. and Mrs. John Smith.' Black\ncustomers were 'Mary and John Smith,' without the 'Mr.' and 'Mrs.' in front of\nit. I never knew that when I came into the store, that that existed.\n\nWhen Martin Luther King came to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"town, there were boycotts, there were riots, and\nthere were demonstrations. Things had to change because Birmingham was about\ngoing to explode otherwise. All of the focus was on the retailers because Dr.\nKing could not exactly boycott U.S. Steel, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the First National Bank, or\nAlabama Power. The black customers were major customers in the downtown stores.\nThere were very little suburban businesses in 1963. It was basically focused\ndowntown. The boycott aimed at the major downtown department stores, the vast\nmajority of which were Jewish.\n\nBERMAN: How effective was the boycott?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Very. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It... not the boycott itself... it also created an aura of\nfear. The white customers were afraid to come downtown because of the daily\ndemonstrations and the police. I'm not going to go into civil rights that much\nbecause [Sol Kimerling], the resident expert of the world, is sitting to your\nright, on civil rights. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Essentially, they came... To stop the demonstrations and\nto stop the bomb threats, the department stores met with the black leaders.\nThere were a number of white leaders -- young lawyers and such -- that were\ninvolved in the negotiation. [They] agreed that on a given Monday all the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"department stores would take the signs off the drinking fountains. Two weeks\nlater, on a given Monday, the signs came off the restrooms. A few weeks after\nthat, the sign... the restaurant became integrated. The biggest step, the one we\nfeared the most, we had... none of the department stores had any black\nsalespeople. The department stores agreed to put on, on a given day, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couple of\nblack salespeople each. That's the one we feared the most because people were\nthinking about losing their jobs and the blacks taking over all the jobs. There\nwas not even a ripple with that.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: All the stores did not do it, however.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Right.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: The largest stores did it, but all... some of the stores refused\nto put on black salespeople. The ones that did, nobody brought in salespeople\nfrom outside. We took in... we did, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Loveman's and Parisian -- the other\ndowntown stores -- took black employees that had been there. [They] had been\nvisible to customers. Either they were elevator operators or worked in an office\nor something like that, where people saw them. These are the people that became\nthe salespeople initially. There was not a ripple.\n\nGoing back to the boycott, Dick said the boycott was successful or relatively\nsuccessful. We were equally boycotted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by blacks and whites. The blacks' boycott\nwas really more effective, more organized than the white boycott, because the\nblacks would bring leaders into town. They would demonstrate, where the whites\ndid not demonstrate nearly as much. The downtown stores suffered from white and\nblack boycotts, not just white boycotts, when this went on.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: The white boycott was, I don't think, nearly as strong. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As\nMichael said, there were no demonstrations or real organization. The boycott is\nthat we were integrationists, that we had given in to all these demands.\n\nBERMAN: In other words, you couldn't win. You were caught in the middle.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: [Yes], it's true.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Two weeks or a week before we agreed to put on the first two\nblack salespeople, as Michael mentioned. One of them was an elevator operator, a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lady named Molly Daniels. The other was a member of the housekeeping staff, her\nname was Adoris Hicks. I still remember those two names and that's 50 years ago.\nThey were gutsy to agree to accept this at the same time, but the people in the\nstore had known them for years and liked them. Rather than bring, as Michael\nsaid, rather than bring in outsiders.\n\nI went to the president of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the First National Bank a few weeks before. I said,\n\"Mr. Hand, the department stores are going to have to do this. You know about\nit. How about, the same day, you're putting on some black tellers? You're on the\nboard of Alabama Gas, how about getting them to put on some black people to\naccept payments at the window?\" He looked at me and he said, \"Richard, this is a\nretailer's problem. Not my problem.\" That was the mood ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the power structure in\nBirmingham at the time. It was a retailer's problem and none of the other... no\none did it but a few stores. When we integrated our restaurant, there were only\nthree or four stores that had restaurants in-store. We agreed on a given Monday\nto integrate it. Over the weekend, mighty Sears, Roebuck -- who was not a\nlocally owned store, obviously -- converted their restaurant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to self-service\nwith food machines and removed all the chairs. Over the weekend. On the Monday\nthey didn't have a restaurant anymore.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: One, two, three, four... five downtown stores integrated and\nSears closed their restaurant.\n\nBERMAN: That's amazing that they weren't local. Sears was a national chain.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Yes, we had very... the fear what was going to happen with\nintegrating these things was much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worse than what actually happened. We had\ndaily bomb threats, but we never had a bomb from the Ku Klux Klan or the White\nCitizens' Council. As Michael said, we had loads of charge accounts closed by\nwhites. Apocryphally, you can tell many stories of what went on. I remember\ngoing out at the height of that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"summer. On one side, on the 2nd Avenue side of\nthe store, black people were demonstrating for rights. On the other side of the\nstore, on the 19th Street side, the White Citizens' Council was demonstrating\nagainst us, calling us integrationists. The police were on the corner keeping\nthe two apart. I thought we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"achieved a perfect balance at that point. I\ncould tell you a lot more about why Birmingham, and obviously Bull Connor was\nwhy Birmingham...\n\nBERMAN: We spoke with...\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: . . . a lot of other reasons. But there were a lot of local\nleaders in that boycott that were much stronger and much more effective than\nMartin Luther King. One of whom you'd probably know of that died a couple of\nmonths ago was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fred Shuttlesworth. [He] probably had more to do with it than Dr.\nKing did.\n\nBERMAN: Personally, during that time period, how would you describe the fear\nthat you were feeling for your family, for yourselves?\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: There was fear, there's no question about it. It never came to\npass, but there was fear. I had never had a gun in my life. I had young\nchildren, but I got a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gun. I remember I kept the gun under the bed. I kept the\nshells in the closet and I had the bolt in the drawer. I couldn't have got the\ngun together in an hour.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: I did the same thing. I never had a gun.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: But I did have a gun. I remember that our parents used to get\nphone calls at three or four in the morning, threatening phone calls, and always\nthe 'Jew' word was connected with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the 'N' word and the...\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: The threats were all from the whites.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Yes.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: We were never threatened by blacks, ever.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Correct. My father went to the police. The police or somebody\nsuggested [to] get a whistle and when they start talking, blow that whistle and\nthen hang up the phone. It really was only threats. There were threats over a\nperiod of months. But the threats were only from the whites, not the blacks. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\nblacks were more effective at boycotting. The whites were more effective at\ninstilling fear.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: When Michael mentioned the gun... We both did the same because\nwe had children. We didn't want to... My wife said, \"What are you going to do\nwhen the White Citizen's Council knocks on the door?\" I said, \"I'm going to ask\nfor ten minutes just to assemble the gun!\"\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Being members of Temple Emanu-El, Rabbi [Milton] Grafman was a\nspokesperson for civil rights. Do you think his activity was helpful to you or a hindrance?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Rabbi Grafman was...\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Favorite subject.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: . . . a recalcitrant spokesman for civil rights. He was status\nquo. He was not a leader. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later he became a leader, I will say that. Remember\nwhen Dr. King's letter from the Birmingham jail was addressed to Birmingham\nministers, one of whom was Grafman ? He was addressing them because they weren't\ndoing anything. They weren't taking a leadership role. I don't mean just Bishop\n[Charles] Carpenter, who was a... What was he? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Episcopalian? I don't know what\nhe was.\n\nKIMERLING: I think he was Presbyterian.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Presbyterian, I guess. He was addressed... the ministers... The\nleading white rabbis, ministers, did not take a leading role until after...\nuntil later in the game.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: But when they did...\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Yes.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: . . . At the time, Rabbi Grafman was the only rabbi that got\ninvolved. The same thing with the ministers. There were a limited number of\npeople when they did get involved. The people that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got involved did step out and\nget involved. They just came along late. We had done the same thing. We did not\nchange because we were satisfied with the status quo also. We never had any\nproblems. We had no problems with the blacks. We had no problems with the\nwhites. Until the pressure came, we didn't change. With the ministers... the\nsame thing, until the pressure came, they didn't change either.\n\nBERMAN: Atlanta, with Rich's Department Store, had similar kinds of experiences.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know that the Magnolia Room would not integrate. Then once he did integrate,\nhe was boycotted by the White Citizens' Councils and white supremacists. It's\nvery similar. Yet, Atlanta had a much calmer period. Do you think that's because\nAtlanta had better leadership? How would you...\n\nMichael Yes. Atlanta... always during that period... Not always, but during most\nof that period, in the 1950's and 1960s', ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta definitely had more business\nleadership back at that time. Birmingham had political leadership. But times\nchanged. There were people that came along who were good leaders here. Alabama\nand Birmingham have had a history of political problems, going back to the\n1950's and 1960's, to this day. Atlanta definitely had leadership that was more\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concerned with the future and the growth and the success of Atlanta than the\nBirmingham leadership was.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Atlanta was calling itself \"A City Too Busy to Hate.\" You know\nthe term. The biggest difference... There was very little business leadership in\nBirmingham. There was a lot in Atlanta. The biggest single difference was the\nnewspapers. The Birmingham News... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Remember, television was not a factor then.\nThere was television, but television news, editorializing, did not exist. The\nBirmingham News was a status quo, racist newspaper. The Atlanta Journal, the\nAtlanta Constitution had... was it...\n\nBERMAN: Ralph McGill.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: . . . Ralph McGill... had leadership. Though... if there was a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"major... when the buses got burned... the Freedom Riders, it was on the front\npage of every paper of the United States. The Birmingham News, I think it was on\npage 50 below the classified ads. They buried stories like that. They... during\nthe... I remember going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vincent Townsend. What was his job? He ran the newspaper...\n\nKIMERLING: Yes, he was the head...\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: . . . editor.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: He ran the Birmingham News. During the time we were agreeing to\nput on the salespeople and agreeing to the fountains... asking the Birmingham\nNews to desegregate the social pages. They had, for the whites, beautiful\npictures of the engagement. If a black got engaged there was... two lines that\nsays... and it was on separate pages always. He said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"No, that's not something\nwe care about doing right now.\" They didn't... The two newspapers, I think, were\nthe biggest differences between Birmingham and Atlanta as far as leadership.\n\nBERMAN: Do you feel the police... Bull Connor, the police [commissioner]... did\nyou feel that they would protect you if it got violent? Were you secure in their...\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: They would protect us from the blacks.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Yes.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: I don't know about the whites.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: We felt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fear. The police, back at that time, were much more\nconcerned about controlling the blacks and opposing the blacks, because the\nblacks were demonstrating. The whites for the most part were not demonstrating.\nThere were not white marches.\n\nBERMAN: How long after this period did the white customers start coming back?\nRenewing their charge accounts...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MICHAEL PIZITZ: We did not lose... The boycotts were effective, but you can lose\n10 percent of your business and be effective. We never had... We had many\nthousands of charge accounts. I don't know what the number was, but tens of\nthousands, probably. The number that closed their accounts were small. It was a\nsmall percentage. It was mainly threats of what they were going to do. One story\nthat just came to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mind is my father... We had one or two suburban stores in\nBessemer and Roebuck. A customer called my father. We had just integrated the\nrestrooms and the restaurant. [He] closed the account and I'm sure called Pizitz\nevery name they could think of. Before he hung up, he said, \"Mr. Pizitz, close\nmy account. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will never shop in that store again. I'll just shop in your\nRoebuck store.\" That was the mentality of some of the people we were dealing with.\n\nBERMAN: Did your father or the two of you ever meet any of the prominent civil\nrights leaders? Did you meet Martin Luther King?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Yes, but our father was more involved than we were.\n\nBERMAN: Did he have any thoughts about the kind of man he was? [Martin Luther]\nKing [Jr.]?\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: At...\n\nBERMAN: Did he talk about it?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MICHAEL PIZITZ: At the time, I was youngest and just a few years out of college.\nMy grandfather had a history of doing things for the blacks before almost any\nJewish people and many white people. He was involved in raising money for the first...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RICHARD PIZITZ: . . . Holy Family Hospital.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: . . . Holy Family Hospital... first black hospital in\nBirmingham. He and another man were in charge of raising money for it. He also\nraised money for the first black swimming pool in Birmingham. When it came time\nto boycott, they didn't care what my grandfather had done. They treated us as\nbad because we were big. We were [as] prominent downtown as anybody. We had a\nlot of resentment towards all the black leadership. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even though we'd not gone\nout and integrated voluntarily, we felt that at least we have history, or a\nfamily history, of doing things for the blacks. Some of these other stores had\nno history. It made no difference. They did not boycott Sears, Roebuck and Sears\nclosed their restaurant. Of the five downtown restaurants that were all\nintegrated, they boycotted all of them. We had some resentment ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"towards the black\nleadership at that time. What we did, we did because we were basically forced to\ndo from a business standpoint. That's why.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: I don't totally share Michael's opinion there...\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Oh.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: . . . about resentment.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: That is my feeling.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Because we had done well before, I don't totally share it. It\nwas resentment what they were doing to the retailers. They were singling us out.\nA few people, but...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RICHARD PIZITZ: . . . wonderful negotiations after it started.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: I know that, but initially...\n\nBERMAN: Before it started, did the white merchants try to talk, knowing that\nthis was going to probably happen? Did they try to talk to them about going\nslower and taking it a little bit... being less provocative or less...\nInitially? Were there any talks?\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Initially, I don't think there were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any negotiations, either by\nthe whites or the blacks coming to the whites and saying, \"We want to get\nthis... we want to do these things.\" It wasn't until the pressure started to\nbuild, they were basically... To my memory there were no negotiations until\nthere was pressure.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Remember, Martin Luther King [Jr.] had tried this in Georgia,\nvery unsuccessfully.\n\nKIMERLING: Albany [Georgia].\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Albany, yes. Albany.\n\nBERMAN: Yes, in Albany.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: I was thinking of what I was trying to say. Albany. He [Martin\nLuther King Jr.] had the perfect ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"storm in Birmingham. That's why he came here.\nHe was invited here, obviously, but the perfect storm was when he had Bull\nConnor. Secondly, Birmingham had just done something miraculous. They'd had an\nelection to change the government from a three-man city commission, which were\nthree bigots, to a mayor-council.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Two-and-a-half.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Two-and-a-half bigots, alright.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KIMERLING: Who was the half? Waggoner?\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Jabo Waggoner.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Waggoner probably was half.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: He was half.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: There were two governments sitting. The three commissioners\nwould not leave office. They filed a lawsuit saying that the election was wrong.\nIllegal. You actually had two sitting mayors. You even had a situation where\nboth mayors were signing paychecks for city employees ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they didn't know\nwhich would be the duly constituted government, eventually. When King came in\nhere, you had a perfect storm of which government could act. Plus Connor was\nthere. He was the best thing to ever happen to the Civil Rights Movement, obviously.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: I remember reading the paper one day, apropos of what Dick was\nsaying... even the paper... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"television or something... Someone said, \"There's\nalways something going on in Birmingham. We have two mayors, a King, and a\nparade every day.\"\n\nBERMAN: When did things start to calm down? How long after the boycott? When did\nyou see a shift?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: That was the summer of 1963 when everything happened. I would\nsay by the end of that year it started to calm down.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Did the integration in... start slowly to evolve peacefully after that?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Yes.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: In the other industries too. Nobody integrated until after the\nretailers. To my knowledge, no one integrated until after the retailers.\n\nBERMAN: Moving back to the retail business and to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole issue of what\nhappens to family-owned business in most major cities, what do you see as the\ndemise of the big department store in Birmingham, as well as what happened to\nRich's in Atlanta? What was the progression here like?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: I'm not sure I understand the question.\n\nBERMAN: By the 1980's, the...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MICHAEL PIZITZ: The demise of the downtown stores was strictly the suburbs. I\nmean, it was people started building suburban stores, whether it would be\nAtlanta, Birmingham or any other city. People started shopping where they lived,\nwhereas before everybody came downtown. You had a transit system where you got\ndowntown in 15 minutes in any large city. Things started to change as stores\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started going to the suburban areas. Then people started shopping in those areas\nwhere they lived. Now, the eventual demise of the department stores, which are\nmaking a comeback today... but when the department stores started to go down in\nthe 1980's and even early 1990's, it had to do with all of... The department\nstore was a place where you could buy anything. You could buy piece-goods to\nmake a dress. You could buy candy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to eat. You could buy all of your clothes. You\ncould buy your television and everything else.\n\nAs we moved into the 1980's and probably late... probably 1980's and then the\nearly 1990's, it was the advent of the \"Big Box Retailer.\" The people like the\nBest Buys and the Circuit Citys dominated the electronic business. The Home\nDepots and Lowe's dominated the business that things at some stores ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sold at that\ntime. Then all the apparel national chains started to open these large stores,\nso all of the sudden you did not have to shop at a department store. You could\nshop elsewhere. The department stores saw their worst days probably in the early\n1990's and early 2000's.\n\nThe department stores today, which are almost... because of what had happened,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the department store industry was the same as every other industry. The large\nchains started buying up the independent. That's what's happening basically\n[with] all business in this country, whatever it is, whether it's rental cars,\nairlines, or anything else. The department stores were no different. The\ndepartment stores today are all controlled by three, or four, or five large\nnational chains. But they are making a comeback. They are catering to customers\nin their markets. Macy's, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who's been very successful is trying to... they've got\na slogan, \"My Macy's,\" where they try to have different merchandise for\ndifferent customers in different parts of the country. Today, I think department\nstores are making a comeback and doing things differently. What happened is they\ngot out of a lot of these businesses that they could not compete with the Big\nBox Retailers such as electronics, television, home appliances, hardware, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\ncar business, and a lot of these other businesses. They concentrated on what\nthey could do well.\n\nBERMAN: When did you sell Pizitz?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: End of 1986.\n\nBERMAN: What led you to that decision?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: We got an offer.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: We were doing very well. We had our best year ever. We were\nopening two large branch stores in 1986. Another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"department store chain came\ntotally unsolicited [and] made us an offer, which we thought was quite high. We\nshopped the offer, could not improve it, and sold the store.\n\nBERMAN: Was it sad for you?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: It was very difficult...\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Difficult.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: We agreed that we would not sell unless the three brothers, and\nour two sons who were in the business, were unanimous. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would say the first\nvote was probably three-to-two and eventually got to be five-all. It was very difficult.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: It was difficult on account of the people. We were very close to\nour people. We had people work for us for 40, 50, and 60 years. We stayed in\ntouch with a lot of them years after we sold. The difficult thing were the\npeople. It was very difficult making the announcement ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the people we were\nselling [to]. What we were doing was something... we were already one of the\nlargest 10 independent department stores in the United States and 20 years\nearlier, we probably weren't in the top 30. As all these others had sold out, we\nbecame bigger as an independent. There was both things as pressure to do that,\nbut the difficulty was our people.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RICHARD PIZITZ: It was also very hard giving up something we'd all done all of\nour lives.\n\nBERMAN: Also, the store was an icon in Birmingham. That must have been difficult\nfor your family as well as the city to lose the name. I know some of the\ndescendants of the Rich family in Atlanta...\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: It was...\n\nBERMAN: . . . it was a similar kind of feeling.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MICHAEL PIZITZ: It was very similar. When we sold out in the end of 1986, we\nwere the last independent department store. The only large independent store at\nthat time was Parisian who sold out a few years later. It was hard for the city.\n\nBERMAN: Do you miss it?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Yes.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: For a while. For a while, but we're...\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: But it was...\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: . . . still in the retail business.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RICHARD PIZITZ: Thank G-d we did it, considering what happened afterward. It was\ndefinitely the right decision, but sure we missed it a long time. I had great\ndifficulty knowing what to do on Saturdays because I'd worked every Saturday in\nmy life.\n\nBERMAN: It must have been a strange feeling that first morning when you didn't\ngo to the store.\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: We went the first morning. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We worked for about two weeks until\nthey fired us. We were the first three people gone. The three brothers.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: I...\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: When they took over...\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: I offered to stay one year to transition, and they didn't...\nthey were right, they didn't want a Pizitz...\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: They were right.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: . . . in there because the people were too loyal to us.\n\nBERMAN: But you've managed, or you have stayed in the retail business.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Right.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What are you both doing now?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Well...\n\nBERMAN: What is the business now?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Our two sons are the active management, but we have... we did\noperate for 30 years... we started in 1974... but we operated 35 Hallmark Card\nand Gift stores in about seven states. We were probably the fifth or sixth\nlargest Hallmark operators in the country. We sold that business back to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hallmark about 2004 or 2005, I guess. We started in...\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: It was earlier than that.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: What?\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Earlier than that. It was more than five years ago.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: No, it was 2004, because we operated [for] 30 years. The first\nwas 1974. We have a few cookie stores, Great American Cookie stores, franchise\nstores. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We grew that business. Today we have 38 stores. We're the largest cookie\noperator in the country. We're in ten states with Cookies today. We also opened\nin... Gus Mayer? 19...\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Late 1970's.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: . . . 1978 or 1979. We bought a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gus Mayer specialty store, which\nwas a very upscale store in Birmingham. We bought that store and we\nsubsequently, about three years later, bought one in Nashville. We still operate\nthese two Gus Mayer stores -- very high price upscale women's apparel stores. A\nyear-and-a-half ago, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we got into the frozen yogurt business. We have 15 frozen\nyogurt stores operating in about five or six states today -- 32 Degrees Yogurt\nBar is the name of it. So, we have three businesses: upscale apparel, cookies,\nand yogurt. We're the only business in the world that sells ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yogurt, cookies, and\ndesigner dresses.\n\nBERMAN: Do you have a yogurt store in Atlanta?\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Not ours.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: No, we're in Carrollton, Georgia, but not in Atlanta.\n\nBERMAN: We need one in Atlanta.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: There are too many in Atlanta. There must be 100 in Atlanta today.\n\nBERMAN: The one that's closest to me just went out of business so I'm looking\nfor a new yogurt [place].\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: A lot of them have...\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: Yogli-Mogli?\n\nBERMAN: No.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: No, no, not Yogli...\n\nBERMAN: No it was part... it was at Ansley Mall, part of Smoothie King. It was\none of their yogurt places... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or 'Smoothie something.'\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: We're trying to go into mid-sized towns rather than the Atlanta\n[sized cities].\n\nBERMAN: I have a... did you...\n\nBERMAN: You've managed to stay in the retail business all these years while so\nmany of the other families have not. What was the difference? Why did your\nfamily stay in this business?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MICHAEL PIZITZ: There are two answers to the question. One, the retail business\n-- unlike a lot of businesses -- is a business that you talk about every night.\nI talked about it to my children every night because there's always something\ngoing on. Maybe it gets in your blood more than the average business or more\nthan many businesses that may be mundane... in something where it's not customer\noriented... where you talking about it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the time, so it stayed in our blood.\nAlso, we had the advantage, we have... I've got two children and Dick has one in\nthe business. We had three children that wanted to go in the business. Not all\nof our children. Between us and my younger brother, we've got eight children and\nonly three are in the business. Only four live in Birmingham.\n\nWe had a generation coming up that wanted to be in the business. The two older\nones, in fact all three of them to some extent, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had grown up in the business.\nThey wanted to continue it. It's a combination of those two things that we\nstayed in the retail business. The apparel business we're in is not one that you\ncould expand like a cookie business. It's very... It's a difficult business to\nexpand because of the nature of the business. It's easy to put a cookie store\nanywhere or put a yogurt store anywhere. If a cookie store or yogurt store ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is\nnot successful, they're three times bigger than this room. You just close one.\nYou can't do that with an apparel store. It was a combination of family and it's\na business that's been in our blood for forever.\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: I agree with Michael. One, we didn't want to retire, because we\ndon't have a lot of outside interests. I play tennis, but if I play once or\ntwice a week, that's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all I can have. Sol, he can play... he's got more endurance\nthan I do. We're very competitive. We're entrepreneurial and we like what we're doing.\n\nBERMAN: Looking at the city of Birmingham, how do you see it moving on in the\nfuture? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Are you positive about its future or not?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Not.\n\nBERMAN: Why?\n\nRICHARD PIZITZ: Back to the same thing of leadership. Back to the biggest\nproblem you have in Birmingham. Jefferson County, which is where Birmingham is,\nhas probably 32 different municipalities [and] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"30-odd different governments.\nThere's no cooperation. The County, as you know, is bankrupt because there's\nbeen fraud and what have you. The political leadership has been very poor. The\nbusiness leadership doesn't live in Birmingham. They live suburban today. The\ncities that have succeeded ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the South -- I won't even mention Atlanta, at the\nmoment -- are the cities like Nashville, [Tennessee], Charlotte, [South\nCarolina], and Jacksonville, [Mississippi] where there's been consolidation of\ngovernment. We tried consolidation. We had something called \"One Great City, One\nGreat County,\" which was back in the early 1980's. It was beaten down. Had that\nhappened, I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Birmingham would be a Charlotte or a Nashville. I guess it's\ndiscouraging because I don't see, I don't think... Birmingham's not going to go\naway. If you did not have the University of Alabama-Birmingham here, UAB, this\ncity would have collapsed because industry... U.S. Steel, once employed 25,000\npeople in Birmingham. Today ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I doubt they employ 15,000 people. I'm not too...\n\nMICHAEL PIZITZ: The problem is what he says. The business leadership lives in\ndifferent cities. They're not involved in it because they can't be directly. As\nfar as running for office, they can't be involved in running Birmingham. Still,\nBirmingham is what makes the whole area go. All the banks are in Birmingham. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\ninsurance companies are in Birmingham. The big businesses are still here, but\nthe leadership of these businesses are not here. It's a problem that may never\nbe solved. There are some moves to get cooperation between Birmingham and some\nof the suburban areas. But it's slow and difficult. That's probably our biggest\nproblem today that'll be difficult to overcome.\n\nBERMAN: I think on that note, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/transcript/27702/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4710.0,4740.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Pizitz, Michael and Richard [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouis Pizitz (1868-1959 ) was the founder of Pizitz, a major regional department store chain in Alabama. The chain was founded as the Louis Pizitz Dry Goods Co. in 1899 in Birmingham, Alabama. He was born in Brest Litovsk (today Brest, Belarus) and lived in Bialystock, Poland before immigrating and settling in Birmingham.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHoratio Alger Jr. (1832-1899) was an American writer who became famous for writing over 100 books for young working class males portraying rags to riches stories. His characters gain wealth and honor and ultimately realize the “American Dream.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Deep South’ is a descriptive category of the cultural and geographic sub-regions in the American South. Today, the Deep South is generally considered to be Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia and South Carolina. Some people add Florida and parts of Texas as well.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn inferior quality yarn or fabric made from the shredded fiber of waste woolen cloth or clippings.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Beth-El was founded in 1907 and was originally on the Northside of Birmingham and was affiliated with Orthodox Judaism. Today it is affiliated with Conservative Judaism. The current sanctuary was built in 1926 on Highland Avenue on the Southside. Its current rabbi is Rabbi Randall Konigsburg. (2016)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Young Men’s Hebrew Association was set up in various cities of the United States for the mental, moral, social and physical improvement of Jewish young men. The first YMHA was started in New York in 1874 and spread across the country in the following years. They still exist today and are more like social clubs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Emanu-El is a Reform Jewish congregation. The community first held Rosh Ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur celebrations in 1881. Before the synagogue was built, the community met at the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Land for the synagogue was purchased in 1884 and the building was inaugurated in 1889.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first Orthodox congregation to organize in Birmingham, Alabama in 1889.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Levite Jewish Community Center began as the Young Men’s Hebrew Association (YMHA) and was founded in 1887. It was a center for the Eastern European Jews of the Northside. Throughout the years, it served as a meeting spot for all sorts of Jewish organizations and was the site of many social events. In the 1950’s, it became the ‘Levite Jewish Community Center,’ and moved to a $1,000,000 complex on Montclair Road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life is a Jewish campus organization. Its mission is to enrich the lives of Jewish students so they may enrich Jewish people and the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA division within Judaism especially in North America and Western Europe. Historically it began in the nineteenth century.  In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture.  While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah and women rabbis), music is allowed in the services and most of the service is in English.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance.  They also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis and bat mitzvahs).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMountain Brook is a city and suburb of Birmingham, Alabama. It extends along the ridges known as ‘Red Mountain’ and ‘Shades Mountain.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA youth organization in the United States. It was founded in 1910 to train youth in responsible citizenship, character development, and self-reliance through participation in a wide range of outdoor activities, educational programs and at older age levels, career-oriented programs in partnership with community organizations. They wear a uniform and earn merit badges for achievements in sports, crafts, science, etc. The boys start as a Cub Scout until age 11 and can move up to be an Eagle Scout.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHoover is a city in Jefferson and Shelby counties in north central Alabama, United States. The City of Hoover was incorporated in 1967 and  named after William H. Hoover, a local insurance company owner. Before that, the area had been known as the Green Valley community since the 1930s. The largest suburb around Birmingham, Hoover is part of the Birmingham-Hoover, AL Metropolitan Statistical Area. Hoover’s neighborhoods and planned communities are located along the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVestavia Hills is a city in Jefferson and Shelby counties in the State of Alabama. It is an affluent suburb of the city of Birmingham. It is the third largest city in Jefferson County, after Birmingham and Hoover. The population of Vestavia Hills is 90 percent black (2010).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSol Kimerling (1930- ) was a native of Birmingham, Alabama. He graduated from the University of Alabama and served in the U.S. Air Force during the Korean War. He worked in the family business in Birmingham, M. Kemerling and Sons, a scrap metal business started by his grandfather and expanded by his father. He was President of Birmingham Jewish Federation and a board member of YMCA.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Jewish fraternity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Grand Order of the Aleph Zadik Aleph (AZA) in an international youth-led fraternal organization for Jewish teenagers, founded in 1924.  It currently exists as the male wing of B’nai B’rith Youth Organization, an independent non-profit organization. AZA’s sister organization, for teenage girls, is the B’nai B’rith Girls.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, gas was rationed on the home front. War ration books and tokens were issued to each American family, dictating how much gasoline, tires, rubber, sugar, meat, coffee, shoes and other goods.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘son of commandment.’ A rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA coming of age ritual that originated in the Reform movement which scorned the idea that at 13 years of age a child was an adult. They replaced bar and bat mitzvah with a confirmation ceremony at about age 16 to 18. In some Conservative synagogues the confirmation concept has been adopted as a way to continue and child’s Jewish education and involvement for a few more years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930’s or early 1940’s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNeighborhood in Birmingham, Alabama in Jefferson County.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFirst National Bank of Birmingham began its life as National Bank of Birmingham in 1872. The name was changed to First National Bank of Birmingham in 1884 after merging with City Bank of Birmingham. The name AmSouth Bank was adopted in 1989 and after merging with Regions Bank of Birmingham in 2006, it has been known as Regions Bank.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDepression scrip was used during the depression era as a substitute for government issued currency. Because of the banks closing temporarily and the lack of physical currency, someone had to come up with another form of currency to keep the economy going and a way for trade to continue. Therefore the old idea of local currency was reborn. Paper, cardboard, wood, metal tokens, leather, clam shells and even parchment made from fish skin was used. At one point, the U.S. Government considered issuing a nationwide scrip on a temporary basis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. The name seems to have originated in the song “Jump Jim Crow,” a song-and-dance caricature of blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in blackface in 1832. As a result of Rice’s fame, “Jim Crow” became a pejorative expression meaning “Negro” by 1838 and the later segregation laws became known as “Jim Crow” laws. Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the southern states of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly “separate but equal” status for black Americans, although in reality this was not so. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. Private businesses, political parties and unions created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring blacks from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc. In the middle twentieth century, the Supreme Court began to overturn Jim Crow laws on constitutional grounds. Rosa Parks defied the Jim Crow laws when she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, which became a catalyst to the  Civil Rights Movement. Her actions, and the demonstrations that followed, led to a series of legislative and court decisions that contributed to undermining the Jim Crow system. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended Jim Crow laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) is best known for his role as a leader in the Civil Rights Movement and the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, in 1962, and organized nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that attracted national attention following television news coverage of the brutal police response. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous \"I Have a Dream\" speech. On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. In 1965, he and the SCLC helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches and the following year, he took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many United States’ cities. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, and as a United States federal holiday in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eU.S. Steel, also known as United States Steel Corporation, is an integrated steel producer in North America and Europe with an annual steelmaking capacity of 22 million tons (2017). U.S. Steel was founded in 1901 when banker J. P. Morgan engineered the merger of the Carnegie Steel Company, Federal Steel Company, and National Steel Company, and was expanded in 1907 with the acquisition of Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company which was based in Birmingham.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlabama Power Company is a public utility, and the second largest division of Southern Company. It generates and distributes electricity to most of the southern two-thirds of Alabama. Its headquarters are the Alabama Power Building in downtown Birmingham. The Alabama Power Company was founded in 1906.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe store was originally founded in 1887 as A.B. Loveman's Dry Goods Emporium at 1915 Second Avenue in Birmingham, Alabama, by Adolph Bernard Loveman. Moses V. Joseph of Selma, Alabama, soon joined the company and it was renamed Loveman \u0026amp; Joseph.  In 1889, the company became Loveman, Joseph \u0026amp; Loeb with the addition of Emil Loeb.  The name was later shortened to simply Loveman’s.  In 1923, the business was sold to the Philadelphia-based City Stores Company.  After City Stores filed for bankruptcy, Loveman’s closed its doors in 1980 after 93 years in business in Birmingham.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Parisian Dry Goods and Millinery Company was founded in 1877 by two sisters, Estella and Bertha Sommers, in downtown Birmingham. The Parisian department store chain spread throughout Alabama and the Southeast, eventually reaching as far north as Michigan. The Proffitt's Inc. department store chain bought the Parisian franchise in the 1990’s and sold it in 2006 to Belk's Inc., which discontinued the Parisian brand. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlabama Gas Corporation, known as Alagasco, headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama, is the largest natural gas utility in north and central Alabama that provides energy to 460,000 homes and businesses. Its history dates back to 1857 when it began its life as Laclede Gas Light Company in St. Louis, Missouri . In 2017, Alagasco, Laclede Gas and Missouri Gas Energy merged and was renamed Spire.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Anthon Hand (1901- ) was a native of Rome, Georgia, and a leader in the Alabama banking and financial community. He served as an appointee to the Federal Reserve System for five years before embarking on a banking career that culminated in 1956 when he was named president of the First National Bank of Birmingham. He retired in 1972 as chief executive officer of the bank.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn American chain of department stores founded by Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck in 1886. It began as a mail order catalog company and opened retail locations in 1925. It was bought by Kmart in 2005. Sears was the largest retailer in the United States until October 1989 when was surpassed by Walmart.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or Knights of the Ku Klux Klan today) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-black secret society, whose methods included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860’s and the died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920’s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960’s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. It is still in existence. In the past it members dressed up in white robes and a pointed hat designed to hide their identity and to terrify.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhite Citizens’ Council (WCC) was an American white supremacist organization formed on July 11, 1954. After 1956, it was known as the Citizens’ Councils of America. It had about 60,000 members, mostly in the South, and was opposed to racial integration during the 1950’s and 1960’s when it retaliated with economic boycotts and strong intimidation against black activists, including depriving them of jobs. By the 1970’s its influence had faded.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTheophilus Eugene “Bull” Connor (1897-1973) was the Commissioner of Public Safety for the city of Birmingham, Alabama, during the years of the Civil Rights Movement. His office gave him the responsibility for administrative oversight of the Birmingham Fire Department and the Birmingham Police Department. Through his covert actions to enforce radical segregation and deny civil rights to African American citizens, he became an international symbol of bigotry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReverend Fred Shuttlesworth (1922-2011), born Freddie Lee Robinson, was a U.S civil rights activist who led the fight against segregation and other forms of racism as a minister in Birmingham, Alabama. He was a co-founder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), was instrumental in the 1963 Birmingham Campaign, and continued to work against racism and for the alleviation of the problems of the homeless in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he took up a pastorate in 1961. He returned to Birmingham after his retirement in 2007. He helped Martin Luther King Jr. during the civil rights movement. The Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport was named in his honor in 2008.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMilton Louis Grafman (1907-1995) was an American rabbi who led Temple Emanu-El in Birmingham, Alabama from 1941 until his retirement in 1975.  He then served as Rabbi Emeritus from 1975 until his death in 1995. He was one of eight local clergy members who signed a public statement entitled “A Call for Unity,” criticizing the Birmingham Campaign, to which Martin Luther King, Jr. responded in his “Letter from Birmingham Jail.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Colcock Jones Carpenter (1899-1969) was consecrated Bishop of the Alabama Episcopal Diocese on June 24, 1938 and served until 1968. He was another author of the “A Call for Unity” sent to Martin Luther King, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] The ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’ is an open letter written on April 16, 1963 by Martin Luther King, Jr. from the Birmingham jail. King had been arrested on April 12 after marching in Birmingham in defiance of a court order banning the same. An ally smuggled a newspaper into King which contained a statement by eight white clergymen who spoke against King and his methods. The letter provoked King and he wrote a response that defended the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. It said that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than wait potentially forever for justice to come through the courts. The letter was widely published and became an important text for the American Civil Rights Movement during the early 1960’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRich's was a department store retail chain, headquartered in Atlanta that operated in the southern United States from 1867 until 2005. The retailer began in Atlanta as M. Rich \u0026amp; Co. dry goods store and was run by Mauritius Reich (anglicized to ‘Morris Rich’), a Hungarian Jewish immigrant. It was renamed M. Rich \u0026amp; Bro. in 1877, when his brother Emanuel was admitted into the partnership, and was again renamed M. Rich \u0026amp; Bros. in 1884 when the third brother Daniel joined the partnership. In 1929, the company was reorganized and the retail portion of the business became simply, Rich's. Many of the former Rich's stores today form the core of Macy's Central, an Atlanta-based division of Macy's, Inc., which formerly operated as Federated Department Stores, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Magnolia Room was the restaurant in Rich’s Department Store in Atlanta. After Rich’s refused to integrate the restaurant a series of sit-ins were conducted by students, including Martin Luther King, Jr. They were arrested at the restaurant. A boycott of the store followed the arrests, and by the fall of 1961, Rich’s began to desegregate.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis nickname seems to have originated with William B. Hartsfield (1890-1971) the mayor of Atlanta for six terms between 1937 and 1961. It was under his direction that Atlanta became a world class city with the image of “the City Too Busy to Hate.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRalph Emerson McGill (1898-1969), American journalist, was best known as the anti-segregationist editor and publisher of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper. He won a Pulitzer Prize for editorial writing in 1959.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFreedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States in 1961 and following years to test the United States Supreme Court decisions Boynton v. Virginia (1960) and Irene Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia (1946). The first Freedom Ride left Washington, D.C. on May 4, 1961 and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17. At this time, the Jim Crow travel laws were in force throughout the South. The Freedom Riders challenged this status quo by riding various forms of public transportation in the South to challenge local laws or customs that enforced segregation. They often provoked a violent reaction which the police let happen without interference.  In one case in Anniston, Alabama the mob stopped a bus by slashing its tires and then firebombed it. They tried to bar the doors so that the riders would burn to death but ultimately the riders escaped the bus. The mob beat the riders after they escaped and nearly lynched them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVincent Townsend (1901-1978) former Birmingham News executive editor and assistant to the publisher, was a journalist during some of the most newsworthy years of the last century, in one of the most newsworthy cities. During the turbulent years of the civil rights movement, Townsend worked tirelessly behind the scenes to promote better interracial relations and was in touch with city, state and national figures, who consulted him for advice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHoly Family Community Hospital was a full-service hospital located in Ensley—a neighborhood in Birmingham, Alabama—developed in 1946 by the Sisters of Charity, a group of nuns from Kentucky, to serve inner-city African-Americans. It was the first and only hospital in Birmingham where black doctors and nurses could practice during the Jim Crow era. The hospital was sold in 1968 when it was renamed Community Hospital and again in 1986 when it was renamed Medical Park West. It closed in 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBirmingham had a form of government that consisted of a three-person commission. In 1963 the three commissioners were Eugene (Bull Connor), Art Hanes and J.T. “Jabo” Waggoner, Sr. (all staunch segregationists). The November 1962 election called for a referendum to change the form of government from a commission to a mayor and a nine-member city council. The referendum passed and was followed by an election for mayor and city council members who took their oaths of office on April 15, 1963. However, the commissioners did not go quietly. They filed a legal challenge to the election and refused to leave City Hall. For a while there were two parallel governments and Bull Connor remained in control of the city’s police and fire departments. On April 23 the Alabama Supreme Court ruled against Connor, Hanes and Waggoner and they left City Hall.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames “Jabo” Waggoner Sr. was a Birmingham city commissioner in the early 1960’s. Waggoner, along with “Bull” Connor and then-Mayor Art Hanes, governed Birmingham during much of the Civil Rights Movement. The three were forced out of office in 1963 when the city adopted a mayor-council form of government.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA ‘Big Box Retailer’ is a retail store that occupies an enormous amount of physical space and offers a variety of products to its customers. These stores achieve economies of scale by focusing on large sales volumes. Because volume is high, the profit margin for each product can be lowered, which results in very competitively priced goods.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBest Buy is an American multinational consumer electronics corporation headquartered in Richfield, Minnesota, a Minneapolis suburb. It was founded by Richard M. Schulze and Gary Smoliak in 1966 as an audio specialty store, Sound of Music. In 1983, it was renamed and rebranded with more emphasis placed on consumer electronics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Home Depot was founded in Atlanta in 1978 by Bernie Marcus and Arthur Blank and has grown to be the largest home improvement retailer in the United States. The first two Home Depot stores opened on June 22, 1979, in Atlanta, Georgia. The Home Depot operates stores in 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and Guam), all ten provinces of Canada, as well as Mexico. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLowe's is an American company that operates a chain of retail home improvement and appliance stores in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Founded in 1946 in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina, the chain is the second-largest hardware chain both nationally and globally, behind The Home Depot.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMacy's, originally R. H. Macy \u0026amp; Co., is a chain of department stores owned by American multinational corporation Macy's, Inc. As of January 2014, it operates 850 department stores locations in the continental United States, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Guam, with a prominent Herald Square flagship location in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 10, 1986, the news broke that McRae’s Department Store would be taking over Pizitz on the last day of the year. McRae's was a mid-range regional department store chain founded and based in Jackson, Mississippi, with locations in Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Florida.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHallmark Cards is a privately-owned American company based in Kansas City, Missouri. It was founded in 1910 by Joyce Hall, Hallmark is the largest manufacturer of greeting cards in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGreat American Cookies is a chain of independently owned and operated franchised stores that specialize in gourmet cookies, especially cookie cakes. It is a franchise brand in the portfolio of Global Franchise Group. With more than 290 stores in the U.S., Great American Cookies stores are most commonly based in malls nationwide, particularly in the Southeast. The company was founded in 1977 by Michael Coles and Arthur Karp, and has its headquarters in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGus Mayer is a Birmingham, Alabama based, family-owned, upscale specialty department store that caters to upper-end clientele and is known for its high-end fashions. The two-store chain is owned by the Pizitz Management Group. It has locations at the Colonial Brookwood Village in the Greater Birmingham area and The Mall at Green Hills in Nashville, both of which are known as high-end retail centers. Founded in 1900; the original Gus Mayer department store was located on Canal Street in downtown New Orleans. At one time, there were more than 20 Gus Mayer stores across the Southeast and Southwest. In 1975, when the stores were being sold off individually, the Pizitz family purchased the Birmingham operation and later added the Nashville location. These two are the only remaining Gus Mayer stores today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e32 Degrees Yogurt Bar is a Birmingham based, family-owned business with stores in Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina. (2017)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYogli-Mogli is a chain of self-serve frozen yogurt shops with locations in Georgia, Illinois, and Pennsylvania (2017). It is headquartered in Durango, Colorado. Yogli-Mogli started in May 2009 in Sandy Springs, Georgia, the same year the company began franchising.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnsley Mall is an open-air shopping mall in the Piedmont Heights neighborhood of Atlanta at the intersection of Piedmont Road and Monroe Drive near the Atlanta Beltline trail. Ansley Mall opened in 1964, sending Midtown Atlanta's Tenth Street shopping district into decline.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Smoothie King Franchises, Inc. is a privately held New Orleans-area-based smoothie franchise company with more than 900 units worldwide. The first store was opened by founder Steve Kuhnau in Kenner, Louisiana in 1973.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/annotation_set/518/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) is a public research university in Birmingham in the U.S. state of Alabama. Developed from an academic extension center established in 1936, the institution became an autonomous institution in 1969. UAB is the state's largest employer, with more than 18,000 faculty and staff and over 53,000 jobs at the university and in the health system. An estimated 10 percent of the jobs in the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Area and 1 in 33 jobs in the state of Alabama are directly or indirectly related to UAB.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=4620.0,4650.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/index/47924","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Pizitz, Michael and Richard [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/index/47924/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family background and the family business","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324#t=0.0,722.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/42800/file/115324/index/47924/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I’d like to begin by asking you a little bit about the family background: when the Pizitz family came to America, why, and how they ended up in Birmingham [Alabama]. If you could start there. 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