{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/th8bg2k019/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Blumenthal, Jerry"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2023-10-24 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Blumenthal, Jerry (Interviewee)","Levine, Michael (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJerry Blumenthal was interviewed by Michael Levine on October 24, 2023 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eDr. Jerome “Jerry” Blumenthal was born in St. Louis, Missouri on May 15, 1938. He was the oldest child of Saul and Adele Kotler Blumenthal. Jerry also has a younger brother, Harry, and a younger sister, Katya. His parents met in St. Louis and married in 1936. They relocated to Atlanta, Georgia in 1940. His father founded and was the President of Reed Drug Company, which was located on Alabama Street and Edgewood Avenue in Atlanta. Jerry grew up in the Morningside and Buckhead areas of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJerry graduated from Northside High School and attended the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Around the age of eight or nine, he decided he wanted to be a doctor and graduated from Emory Medical School in 1963. He also served in the Air Force for two years while in medical school. After graduating medical school, he joined a medical practice in Marietta, Georgia. He has worked as a physician for over 50 years.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe met his wife, Elaine Fink on a blind date, and they were married in February 1969. They have four children, Matthew, Amanda, Daniel, and Philip. Their oldest son, Matthew, died on July 18, 1995, after a long battle with Muscular Dystrophy. Matthew attended The Hebrew Academy, now the Atlanta Jewish Academy. After his death, his family established The Matthew Blumenthal Fund at the school in his honor. Jerry has served on the boards at the Atlanta Jewish Academy and the William Breman Jewish Home. He and his wife are members of Ahavath Achim Synagogue and have been active with the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eJerry begins the interview by discussing his parents and how his family ended up in Atlanta, Georgia. He shares his experience growing up Jewish in Atlanta and attending Hebrew School at Ahavath Achim Synagogue. He reflects on his memories of antisemitism and segregation growing up in Atlanta. Jerry recounts celebrating seders with his grandmother and family in Savannah, Georgia. He also remembers attending Jewish summer camp at Osceola in North Carolina and then Missouri.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe discusses attending high school at Grady High School and later Northside High School, after his family moved to the Buckhead area. He shares some of the challenges he faced attending high school in a non-Jewish area. Jerry talks about his decision to attend the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and getting into medical school at Emory University. He remembers how he and two of his friends wanted to become doctors and he hung out in the Grady Hospital emergency room during high school.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJerry details how and why he joined a medical practice in Marietta, Georgia. He shares that he practiced in Marietta for 50 years. He reflects on how medicine has changed since he started practicing. He shares that he would follow the same career path again. Jerry also discusses that he is encouraging his granddaughter, who is in medical school, to focus on building long-term relationships with patients.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe discusses how he met his wife, Elaine, on a blind date and the fact they have been married for 53 years. He reflects on what are his hopes for future generations. He spoke about the concern that we are moving away from extended family, and we are too distracted by commercialism and materialism. Jerry mentions that he hopes that future generations can make the future better. He ends the interview by discussing how he got polio while at summer camp, his long road to recovery, and how it impacted him during college, and still impacts him today.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29244"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Blumenthal, Jerome “Jerry” (b. 1938) (personal name)","Blumenthal, Saul (1910-1998) (personal name)","Blumenthal, Adele Kotler (1917-2006) (personal name)","Blumenthal, Elaine Fink (b. 1942) (personal name)","Garber, Alfred (1910-1997) (personal name)","Franco, Richard (b. 1939) (personal name)","Sanders, Steven L. (1939-2003) (personal name)","Israel, Philip (1936-2019) (personal name)","Weisman, Evan (1938-2018) (personal name)","Maddox Sr., Lester (1915-2003) (personal name)","St. Louis, Missouri (geographic term)","Savannah, Georgia (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Hendersonville, North Carolina (geographic term)","Marietta, Georgia (geographic term)","Rich’s (corporate name)","Ahavath Achim Synagogue (corporate name)","Camp Osceola (corporate name)","Blue Star Camps (corporate name)","Henry W. Grady High School/Midtown High School (corporate name)","Northside High School (corporate name)","University of North Carolina, Chapel (corporate name)","University of Georgia (corporate name)","Tulane University (corporate name)","Vanderbilt University (corporate name)","Emory University School of Medicine (corporate name)","Grady Memorial Hospital (corporate name)","Barnes Hospital (corporate name)","The Great Depression (named event)","Jim Crow Laws (named event)","Antisemitism (other)","Polio (other)","Post-polio syndrome (other)","Shul (other)","Bar Mitzvah (other)","Minyan (other)","Seder (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eJerry Blumenthal was interviewed by Michael Levine on October 24, 2023 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Jerome \u0026ldquo;Jerry\u0026rdquo; Blumenthal was born in St. Louis, Missouri on May 15, 1938. He was the oldest child of Saul and Adele Kotler Blumenthal. Jerry also has a younger brother, Harry, and a younger sister, Katya. His parents met in St. Louis and married in 1936. They relocated to Atlanta, Georgia in 1940. His father founded and was the President of Reed Drug Company, which was located on Alabama Street and Edgewood Avenue in Atlanta. Jerry grew up in the Morningside and Buckhead areas of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJerry graduated from Northside High School and attended the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Around the age of eight or nine, he decided he wanted to be a doctor and graduated from Emory Medical School in 1963. He also served in the Air Force for two years while in medical school. After graduating medical school, he joined a medical practice in Marietta, Georgia. He has worked as a physician for over 50 years.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe met his wife, Elaine Fink on a blind date, and they were married in February 1969. They have four children, Matthew, Amanda, Daniel, and Philip. Their oldest son, Matthew, died on July 18, 1995, after a long battle with Muscular Dystrophy. Matthew attended The Hebrew Academy, now the Atlanta Jewish Academy. After his death, his family established The Matthew Blumenthal Fund at the school in his honor. Jerry has served on the boards at the Atlanta Jewish Academy and the William Breman Jewish Home. He and his wife are members of Ahavath Achim Synagogue and have been active with the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJerry begins the interview by discussing his parents and how his family ended up in Atlanta, Georgia. He shares his experience growing up Jewish in Atlanta and attending Hebrew School at Ahavath Achim Synagogue. He reflects on his memories of antisemitism and segregation growing up in Atlanta. Jerry recounts celebrating seders with his grandmother and family in Savannah, Georgia. He also remembers attending Jewish summer camp at Osceola in North Carolina and then Missouri.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe discusses attending high school at Grady High School and later Northside High School, after his family moved to the Buckhead area. He shares some of the challenges he faced attending high school in a non-Jewish area. Jerry talks about his decision to attend the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and getting into medical school at Emory University. He remembers how he and two of his friends wanted to become doctors and he hung out in the Grady Hospital emergency room during high school.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJerry details how and why he joined a medical practice in Marietta, Georgia. He shares that he practiced in Marietta for 50 years. He reflects on how medicine has changed since he started practicing. He shares that he would follow the same career path again. Jerry also discusses that he is encouraging his granddaughter, who is in medical school, to focus on building long-term relationships with patients.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe discusses how he met his wife, Elaine, on a blind date and the fact they have been married for 53 years. He reflects on what are his hopes for future generations. He spoke about the concern that we are moving away from extended family, and we are too distracted by commercialism and materialism. Jerry mentions that he hopes that future generations can make the future better. He ends the interview by discussing how he got polio while at summer camp, his long road to recovery, and how it impacted him during college, and still impacts him today.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/218/050/small/blumenthal.mp4_1701303650.jpg?1701303654","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - blumenthal.mp4"]},"duration":1197.38,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/218/050/small/blumenthal.mp4_1701303650.jpg?1701303654","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/218/050/original/blumenthal.mp4?1701303632","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1197.38,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Blumenthal, Jerry [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEVINE: Good morning. My name is Michael Levine. Today is October 24, 2023. I\nwould like to thank Dr. Jerome Blumenthal for participating in the Esther and\nHerbert Taylor Oral History Project of the William Breman Jewish Heritage\nMuseum. Good morning, Dr. Blumenthal. It is a pleasure to have you with us\ntoday. Let's start by asking where and when you were born.\n\nBLUMENTHAL: Let's start by saying, Michael, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's good to be with you and you can\ncall me Jerry, please.\n\nLEVINE: Sure.\n\nBLUMENTHAL: I was born in St. Louis [Missouri], May 15, 1938. How did I get to\nbe found in St. Louis, Missouri? My father found himself in St. Louis during the\nDepression, working for a cousin who had drug stores, which is how he got into\nthe drug business. We were there for a year and moved to Atlanta [Georgia].\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEVINE: Your parents' names.\n\nBLUMENTHAL: My mother, Adele Kotler, worked in the drug business for which my\nfather found himself employed, and they took up and got married. She at the time\nwas between 17 and 18 years old. He was 26.\n\nLEVINE: That's a good spread.\n\nBLUMENTHAL: Saul Blumenthal from Savannah [Georgia] was one of four siblings.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other three of whom remained in Savannah.\n\nLEVINE: He was in St. Louis?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: He was in St. Louis.\n\nLEVINE: Tell me the circumstances of their moving to Atlanta.\n\nBLUMENTHAL: It's interesting, Mike. He was actually on the way to Florida to\nstart a drug store. He learned the drug business. He graduated college in\njournalism, had a job in advertising. The Depression came and advertising was\ngone. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw his future in what was then the beginning of discount retail,\nparticularly as relates to the drug business. It so happened that his good\nfriend Al Garber intercepted him on the way to Florida and said, \"There's a\ngreat location on Alabama Street near Rich's. I suggest you open it.\" Which he\ndid and it was very successful, and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rest was history. That's how we ended up\nin Atlanta.\n\nLEVINE: How old were you when you . . . came to Atlanta?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: Just a year old.\n\nLEVINE: One year old?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: Yes.\n\nLEVINE: Tell us a little bit about your growing up in Atlanta. What was it like\nin those days?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: Northeast Atlanta, the Morningside area was probably as wonderful a\nJewish upbringing as one could have. I'm sure you've heard it said before, and\nI'll say it again, we weren't particularly religious, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we were immersed in a\nJewish ambiance. All up and down the street there was a Jewish connection. We\nwere in and out of each other's homes like our own. I tell people I could have\nbeen spanked by any of ten women on Rock Springs Road and deserved it.\nMorningside School, our grammar school was, I'd say, a quarter to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"half Jewish.\nAfter school three days a week, we were picked up by the Hebrew school bus from\nthe AA [Ahavath Achim] and went for our afternoon Hebrew school.\n\nLEVINE: What does AA stand for?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: Ahavath Achim synagogue. The . . . educational building was on 10th\nStreet. The shul was still on Washington Avenue downtown, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is where me and\nmy contemporaries were bar mitzvah.\n\nLEVINE: Were you during those years, you said it was a remarkable Jewish\ncommunity. Were you conscious at all of segregation and/or antisemitism during\nthose years?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: There was no antisemitism. Segregation, we were aware of. We'd go to\na movie ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the balcony would be African American. There were segregated\ndrinking fountains. We all know the story.\n\nLEVINE: What years were those? What would you say . . . ?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: Let's see. I was on Rock Springs Road from 1949 to 1953. Then the\nfamily moved to West Wesley Road. That's another whole story. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But segregation\nwas something that . . . didn't register. There really weren't protests. There\nwas nothing to bring it to our awareness, other than our own social consciences.\nWe had a live-in maid that had our own little cubicle in the house, her own\nlittle bathroom.\n\nLEVINE: Right.\n\nBLUMENTHAL: [She] had one day a week off. She had a family. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've wondered about\nthat a lot. It just never got to our social awareness.\n\nLEVINE: You were in your own little world so to speak.\n\nBLUMENTHAL: It was also just part of the social fabric. No one really raised it,\nparticularly in those days, as an issue. I would like to think that if they had,\nwe would have had a higher level of awareness and been more active.\n\nLEVINE: . . . Can you recall some of how you celebrated the holidays with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your\nfamily in those days?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: Our family, the highlight of what you bring up were the seders in\nSavannah. My grandmother, who's incidentally yahrzeit was today I was at minyan\nfor it, had the whole family for these magnificent celebrations. Those were\nhighlights. That went on, I guess, through ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my college years, through 1960. After\nthat, our family had seders, but it was sort of lick and a promise.\n\nLEVINE: Not the same.\n\nBLUMENTHAL: It wasn't the same. It didn't last until midnight.\n\nLEVINE: Your grandmother's were in Savannah.\n\nBLUMENTHAL: Savannah. But the whole family came. There were 40, 50 people. It\nwas just a phenomenal childhood memory.\n\nLEVINE: Growing up did you go to summer camp?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: I did. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From age eight on. I went to camps that were Jewish owned but\n. . . there was no Jewish programming. I went to a camp called Osceola, run by\nthe Silver family from Savannah. It was Jewish. I was there two years.\n\nLEVINE: Where was that?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: It was [Hendersonville], North Carolina. It was near Blue Star. I\nwas unaware of Blue Star at the time. After that, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a camp in Missouri due to my\nmother's connections, which I think was really one of the highlights of my\nyouth, that camp was phenomenal. It was probably 98% Jewish kids, Jewish owned,\nbut there was no Jewish programming.\n\nLEVINE: Then growing up, where did you go to high school and what happened after\nhigh school?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: I went to Grady with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all my grammar school friends for a year. My\nfamily after that moved to Buckhead or West Wesley Road. I went to Northside.\nNorthside at the time was very WASPy [White Anglo-Saxon Protestant] and not\nparticularly Jewish. There were only five or six Jewish kids in my class. I\nnever really felt assimilated there. I stayed very close to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the kids I grew up\nwith in northeast Atlanta. But I did well at Northside. I made grades. I was\nactive in certain activities. I never experienced any antisemitism, but nor did\nI feel particularly welcome to the social side, which was probably as much my\nfault as theirs.\n\nLEVINE: What happened after high school? Where did you go and how did you wind\nup coming back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Atlanta?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: I went to [University of North Carolina/UNC] Chapel Hill. I'm not\nsure exactly how or why. I really had no one pushing me to higher achievements\nacademically. I knew UGA [University of Georgia, Athens] at the time was not\nwell recognized. I applied to three Southern schools that I thought were --\nTulane, Vanderbilt, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and UNC. UNC alumni reached out to me. A friend of mine\nwanted to go there as well. We never saw the campus, we went. It was a wonderful\nchoice. It was a wonderful place. I had a great time there and then I was\nfortunate enough to get into med school after three years so I never graduated.\n\nLEVINE: Where did you go to medical school?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: Emory Med School. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's another little story, too. I'll just throw\nin. I guess from ages eight or nine, your friend and mine, Richard Franco and\nSteve Sanders, olav ha-sholom [Hebrew: Peace be upon him], we all wanted to be doctors.\n\nLEVINE: Yes\n\nBLUMENTHAL: We used to, I think I've told you, we used to go hang out at Grady\nEmergency Room in high school and they welcomed us and encouraged us. Then lo\nand behold, we all ended up is freshman ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medical students in the same class. It\nwas one of the more delightful outcomes and it was great. We loved it.\n\nLEVINE: You went to Emory Medical School.\n\nBLUMENTHAL: Emory Med School. I did two years of training at Emory, went in the\nAir Force for two years, came back, finished my training and went into practice\nin Marietta [Georgia].\n\nLEVINE: That's interesting that you would go to Marietta at that time. What year\nwas that?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: This was 1970. Why Marietta? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In order to get on a hospital staff in\nAtlanta at that time, you had to join a group. You couldn't -- the staffs were\nall closed that later changed. But our good friend Phil Israel had been in\npractice in Marietta for a couple of years and [I] felt it was a great\nopportunity. I went with my classmate and your dear friend Evan Weisman. We were\nwelcome and did very well right away. There was a little, I think was more\nprofessional resentment ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than antisemitism. But we got through that pretty quickly.\n\nLEVINE: How long did you practice there?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: 50 years.\n\nLEVINE: That's a long time. During that period of 50 years, had you seen or have\nyou seen changes in the way medicine is practiced?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: Totally, both in the sense of how medical institutions are organized\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in terms of the rapid advance in technology, remarkable technological\nadvances. I tell people when I went to Marietta, I took the latest cardiology\ntechnology with me. It was called a treadmill. Yes, remarkable. Not all for the\nbetter. Medicine has become industrialized and incorporated and monetized. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I see\na lot of this as negative, but probably a lot of it is necessary as well.\n\nLEVINE: If you had to do it over again, would you do the same [thing], follow\nthe same course that you did?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: I would. I've got a granddaughter, who's a medical student. I\nencouraged her all the way. I'm encouraging her to little avail, to get into a\nfield where you have long term relationships with your patients. I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is\nthe most gratifying part of medicine.\n\nLEVINE: Tell us a little bit about . . . you practiced for 50 years. How long\nhave you been married?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: 53 going on 54. A newlywed compared to you.\n\nLEVINE: Congratulations.\n\nBLUMENTHAL: I met Elaine here. I was her first blind date. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll throw in that we\nowe our marriage to Lester Maddox. You've heard the story. Lester Maddox funded\nthe first public school program in the country for autistics. Elaine was getting\nher master's in this field and somehow got connected here and through David\nBaker, [he] was our connection. I was her first blind date, and it was love at\nfirst sight.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LEVINE: That's wonderful.\n\nBLUMENTHAL: It was wonderful and is wonderful.\n\nLEVINE: Still going on.\n\nBLUMENTHAL: Still very true.\n\nLEVINE: That's a remarkable and very interesting story. What would you want to\npass down or tell future generations today? Having been in practice for 50\nyears, having seen so many changes. Having lived in Atlanta, seeing what's going\non, gone on. What values do you hold? What would you like to tell future generations?\n\nBLUMENTHAL: Oh, my gosh. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would like to roll the clock back about 30 years and\nhave some input as to what constitutes worthy values and pursuits, because we've\nbeen so distracted by commercialism and materialism and all the electronic\nmedia. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've moved farther and farther from our extended families. We're spread\nout more. I don't have a lot of optimism for where things have gone. You could\ncertainly throw in the political situation we find ourselves in where many of\nour elected officials ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will swear to a lie that they know is a lie. I am\nabsolutely counting on our youth having some inherent desire for truth and\ncompassion and being able to carry the day politically, ultimately. Otherwise, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nfeel very sad about where society's gone, where our culture's gone, and hope\nthat they can turn things around. They're the hope, of course, we've always said\nthat about our younger generation, \"They're the hope of the future.\" But I think\nright now, I think more than ever, it's the case now.\n\nLEVINE: I think that's what keeps us going, is that we keep hoping that the\nyounger generation will do better than we did. Did we miss anything you would\nlike to discuss?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BLUMENTHAL: Mike, I think the only unique thing that I could throw in is I'm a\npolio survivor and there aren't many of us around. It did have tremendous\ninfluence on my life and continues to. I'll just tell that story very quickly\nbecause I don't think people are going to hear much about it. I was at camp at\nage 14 and one of the kids ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got sick and they had the rest of us come down to the\ninfirmary to get gamma globulin shots. Fortunately, this is pre-vaccine, but\nhyperimmune globulin was available for the two years before. We got our shots\nand they took our temperature and I had [a] fever. They gave me my shot, put me\nin the infirmary. A couple of days later ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I woke up. I could not move either\nshoulder. I couldn't raise my arms off the bed. I was flown to St. Louis and\nspent three weeks in Barnes Hospital. I came close to an iron lung. They\nmeasured vital capacity several times a day. I had involvement of my palate\nswallowing and voice, et cetera. Then subsequently, I missed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two quarters of\nschool and I've had limitations ever since which are not totally apparent, but\nin terms of athletic participation and so on, I was very limited. UNC had a\nphysical ed requirement that graduates had to pass certain tests ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which included\npull ups and push ups which were out of the question. The coach said, \"Well, I'm\ngoing to put down that you ran the 111 seconds that'll give you the points you\nneed. When the track coach calls, tell him you're pre-med and you can't.\" We\ndid, and I did. That was at the end of it. Then later, in later life, in more\nrecent years, I've had post-polio syndrome ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my arms have gotten even weaker,\nwhich was a surprise. How did I find out about it? I was with my grandson, and\nhe had a new basketball hoop. He said, \"Here, shoot a basket, Zayda [Hebrew:\ngrandfather].\" I couldn't get the ball to the rim. I tried some physical\ntherapy. It didn't help much. But anyway, that's the story. I was very, very\nlucky. I am very thankful. But I don't think you're going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/transcript/62071/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hear the story\nmuch going forward of polio survivors. Fortunately, it's a thing of the past.\n\nLEVINE: Yes. Thank you.\n\nBLUMENTHAL: What else?\n\nLEVINE: No, thank you for your . . . that's a good story. Thank you for all of\nyour time and your comments. We really appreciate your coming today and we hope\nto see you again in the future.\n\nBLUMENTHAL: Thanks for all you do and are doing for the community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=1170.0,1200.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Michael Levine (b. 1934) is a member of the Atlanta Jewish Community and a retired pediatric doctor. Levine was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and attended Tufts College (now Tufts University) and Tufts University School of Medicine. He completed his residency and training in pediatrics at the New England Medical Center Hospital in Boston. In 1962, Levine married Esther Gerson and together they had three children, Elisa, Joshua, and Shira. Levine served two years in the Air Force during the Vietnam War, upon finishing his service, he and his wife moved to Atlanta, Georgia and he went into pediatric practice. He served as Chief of Pediatrics at Northside Hospital and later Chief of the Medical-Dental staff at Scottish Rite Children’s Hospital. He was also integral to bringing the first pediatric specialists to Atlanta. He practiced pediatric medicine at what would become Northside Pediatrics until his retirement in 2008.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Atlanta celebrates and commemorates Jewish history, culture, and art through events and museum spaces. The Breman also contains the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History, which houses thousands of manuscripts, oral histories, and photograph collections, related to southern Jewish history and the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSt. Louis is located in east-central Missouri near the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. Native Americans originally inhabited the area for generations before European settlers came. French fur traders founded the city in 1764 and named it for King Louis IX of France. By the 1800s, the city became a major port city on the Mississippi River. Today, the city is the second largest city in Missouri.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929, when the American stock market crashed, and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century. The Great Depression is often seen as the major turning point in 20th-century world history. In Europe, World War I had a long-term impact on the economy and financial stability. Postwar inflation spiraled into hyperinflation by the 1920’s and European banks struggled to stay open. Exasperating the situation were skyrocketing unemployment rates. The Great Depression had immediately visible political and social ramifications in Europe, including increased antisemitism and nationalism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdele Kotler Blumenthal (1917-2006) was born in St. Louis, Missouri. She was a member of The National Council of Jewish Woman, the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, the Brandeis University National Women’s Committee, Hadassah, and The William Breman Jewish Home. She also was a member of Ahavath Achim Synagogue. She was met her husband, Saul Blumenthal while he was working in St. Louis and married in 1936. They had three children – Jerry, Harry, and Katya.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSaul Blumenthal (1910-1998) was born in Savannah, Georgia and graduated from the University of Georgia. He met his wife, Adele Kotler while working in St. Louis, Missouri and they married in 1936. In 1940, after moving to Atlanta, Georgia he founded and became president of the Reed Drug Company. He and Adele had three children – Jerry, Harry, and Katya.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSavannah is the oldest city in the state of Georgia. It is a coastal city, separated from Charleston, South Carolina by the Savannah River. The city and the colony of Georgia was founded in 1733 when General James Oglethorpe and settlers arrived. During the Revolutionary War the city was the southernmost commercial port and during the Civil War it was the sixth most populous city in the Confederacy. City officials negotiated a peaceful surrender of the city in 1864, saving the city from destruction by General Sherman’s army. The city is known for its historic district with its 22 parklike squares, which was based on a design known as the Oglethorpe Plan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlfred E. Garber (1910-1997) was a prominent Atlanta accountant with Young \u0026amp; Garber, an accounting firm, which was sold to Touche-Ross. He was a resident in the Atlanta Hebrew Orphans’ Home. He served a term as president after it was renamed the Jewish Children’s Service.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRich's was a department store retail chain, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, which operated in the southern U.S. from 1867 until March 6, 2005 when the nameplate was eliminated and replaced by Macy's. It was founded by Hungarian Jewish immigrant Morris Rich (born Mauritius Reich) in Atlanta in 1867 as \"M. Rich \u0026amp; Co. Dry Goods\" Many of the former Rich's stores today form the core of Macy's Central, an Atlanta-based division of Macy's, Inc., which formerly operated as Federated Department Stores, Inc.v\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorningside/Lenox Park is a neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia founded in 1923. It is located north of Virginia-Highland, east of Ansley Park and west of Druid Hills. Approximately 3,500 households comprise the neighborhood that includes the original subdivisions of Morningside, Lenox Park, University Park, Noble Park, Johnson Estates and Hylan Park. After World War II, residents of heavily Jewish Washington-Rawson and Summerhill neighborhoods south of the State Capitol relocated to northeast Atlanta including Morningside when those old Jewish neighborhoods were demolished to make way for the Downtown Connector freeway and Turner Field.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew school can be either the Jewish equivalent of Sunday school (an educational regimen separate from secular education, focusing on topics of Jewish history and learning the Hebrew language), or a primary, secondary, or college level educational institution where some or all of the classes are taught in Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShul \u003c/em\u003eis a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural:\u003cem\u003e b’nai mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan \u003c/em\u003equorum for public worship. He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. The name seems to have originated in the song “Jump Jim Crow,” a song-and-dance caricature of Blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in Blackface in 1832. As a result of Rice’s fame, “Jim Crow” became a pejorative expression meaning “Negro” by 1838 and the later segregation laws became known as “Jim Crow” laws. Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the southern states of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly “separate but equal” status for Black Americans, although in reality this was not so. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and Blacks. Private businesses, political parties, and unions created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring Blacks from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc. In the middle twentieth century, the Supreme Court began to overturn Jim Crow laws on constitutional grounds. Rosa Parks defied the Jim Crow laws when she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, which became a catalyst to the Civil Rights movement. Her actions, and the demonstrations that followed, led to a series of legislative and court decisions that contributed to undermining the Jim Crow system. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended Jim Crow segregation laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSeder\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: order] is a Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. It is conducted on the evening of the fifteenth day of \u003cem\u003eNisan\u003c/em\u003e in the Hebrew calendar throughout the world. Some communities hold \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e on both the first two nights of Passover. The \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e incorporates prayers, candle lighting, and traditional foods symbolizing the slavery of the Jews and the exodus from Egypt. It is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e refers to the quorum of 10 Jewish adults required for certain religious obligation. While traditionally only males counted toward the quorum, in many non-Orthodox streams of Judaism adult females count in the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e. A \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e is needed in Jewish communal prayer for certain components of the regular daily or \u003cem\u003eShabbat\u003c/em\u003e services, reading from the Torah and haftarah portions in synagogue, and saying \u003cem\u003eKaddish\u003c/em\u003e, among other things. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEach year, mourners light a special \u003cem\u003eyahrzeit\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: anniversary] candle and recite the \u003cem\u003eKaddish \u003c/em\u003eto observe the anniversary of the death of a relative. Memorial services for the dead are also held during the High Holy Days and the Festivals.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe phrase “a lick and a promise” means a quick or hasty performance of a task.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCamp Osceola was a boys’ summer camp founded by Rabbi George Solomon of Congregation Mickve Israel in Savannah and operated from 1926 to 1945. It was on Lake Osceola near Hendersonville, North Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHendersonville is located in Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. The city is named for the 19th century North Carolina Supreme Court Chief Justice Leonard Henderson.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBlue Star Camps is a Jewish summer camp for children ages 6-16 located in Hendersonville, North Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMidtown High School, formerly Henry W. Grady High School, is a public high school located in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It began as Boys High School and was one of the first two high schools established by Atlanta Public Schools in 1872. In 1947, the school was named after Henry W. Grady, a famous journalist and orator in the Reconstruction Era, but controversially, a white supremacist. In December 2020, the school's name was changed to Midtown High School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuckhead is an area located northwest of Downtown Atlanta with gracious homes, elegant hotels, shopping centers, restaurants, and high-rise condominium and office buildings. It is a major commercial and financial center of the Southeast, and it is the third-largest business district in Atlanta, behind Downtown and Midtown.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNorthside High School opened as a Fulton County, Georgia school in 1950. It became part of the Atlanta Public Schools (APS) when the property was annexed into the city of Atlanta. In 1991, the Atlanta Board of Education formed North Atlanta High School by combining North Fulton High School and Northside High School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhite Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) is an informal, sometimes disparaging term, used to describe a closed circle of high-status and highly influential white Americans of English Protestant ancestry. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of North Carolina is the multi-campus public university for the state of North Carolina. It includes 16 public universities and the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics. UNC-Chapel Hill is the university’s flagship school and was the nation’s first public school.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Georgia (UGA) is a public land grant university, which was founded in 1785 making it one of the oldest universities in the United States. Its main campus is in Athens, Georgia with two satellite campuses in Atlanta and Lawrenceville. It is the flagship school of the University System of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTulane University is a private research university in New Orleans, Louisiana. It was founded as a public medical college in 1834 and became a comprehensive university in 1847. The Institution became private under the endowments of Paul Tulane and Josephine Louise Newcomb in 1884.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVanderbilt University is a private research university located in Nashville, Tennessee. It was founded in 1873 and named after businessman Cornelius Vanderbilt who provided a $1 million endowment to the school.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Emory University School of Medicine is the graduate medical school of Emory University, a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. The University School of Medicine was formed in 1915 from the merger of the Atlanta Medical College, the Southern Medical College, and the Atlanta School of Medicine. The school is located on the university’s main campus in the Druid Hills neighborhood. The medical school offers a full-time Doctor of Medicine degree program, master’s programs in Anesthesiology and Genetic Counseling, and degrees in Physical Therapy and Physician Assistant training.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard Franco (b. 1939) is an Atlanta native and a member of the Atlanta Jewish community. His family lived for a few years in Bogota, Columbia where his father worked for the Board of Economic Warfare. He attended Grady High School and later attended Emory University. He received his medical degree from Emory University School of Medicine and was a neurologist. He married Phyllis Alterman Franco in 1960, and they had three children, Lewis, Rebecca, and Meryl. He worked as a physician until he retired in 2012 to care for his wife, who had developed Alzheimer’s. Richard is active in the Jewish community and general community with various organizations, especially in the field of neurology.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Steven L. Sanders (1939-2003) was a surgeon and member of the Atlanta Jewish community. Sanders was a member of Temple Sinai. He was married to Linda Sanders, and they had two children, David and Mark. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGrady Memorial Hospital is the largest hospital in Georgia, and the fifth-largest public hospital in the United States. It is considered one of premier public hospitals in the Southeast. The 961-bed hospital was founded in 1890.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Air Force is one of the eight branches of the U.S. military whose core mission is aerial surveillance and reconnaissance, air supremacy, global integrated intelligence, rapid global mobility, global strike and command and control. Originally created in August 1907 as part of the U.S. Army Signal Corps, it was founded as a separate military branch in September 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarietta is a city located in central Cobb County, Georgia, United States, approximately 18 miles (29 kilometers) northwest of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhilip Israel (1936-2019) was a surgical oncologist from Atlanta, Georgia. He was born and raised in Edison, Georgia. He later graduated from Emory University Medical School and became a pioneer in the development of oncologic breast surgery. He authored a number of scholarly research studies on breast cancer. Israel was a founding member and the first Chairman of the Board of the American Society of Breast Surgeons in 1990.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEvan Weisman (1938-2018) was born in Queens, New York City. He later attended Yale University and moved to Atlanta, Georgia to attend Emory Medical School. He was a cardiologist with a practice in Marietta. After he retired, he took up acting in community theater. He was a member of The Temple. He and his wife Nancy had a daughter and two sons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eElaine Fink Blumenthal (b. 1942) is an active member of the Atlanta Jewish community, serving on boards for the William Breman Jewish Home, Ahavath Achim synagogue, and GHA (Atlanta Jewish Academy). She has also been involved with the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta. She has been married to Dr. Jerry Blumenthal for more than 50 years, together they had four children. The William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum holds a collection of programs and directories, from 1970 to 2011, from the Davis Academy, Epstein School, and Greenfield Hebrew Academy; academies that Elaine and Jerry Blumenthal donated their time and money to in their dedication to their community. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLester Garfield Maddox Sr. (1915-2003) was an American politician who served as the 75th Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1967 to 1971. A populist Democrat, Maddox came to prominence as a staunch segregationist when he refused to serve Black customers in his Atlanta restaurant, the Pickrick, in violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He later served as Lieutenant Governor during the period when Jimmy Carter was Governor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBlumenthal is referring to the 2020 presidential election between Donald Trump and Joe Biden. After Biden won the election, Trump refused to concede defeat and claimed there was widespread electoral fraud. He and his political allies attempted to overturn the election results by pressuring government officials and filing multiple unsuccessful legal challenges. The push of this false narrative lead to the January 6 United States Capitol Attack by Trump supporters, which is widely described as an attempted coup d’etat. In August 2023, the Fulton County, Georgia grand jury indicted Trump on 19 charges of racketeering and other felonies committed in the effort to overturn the state’s 2020 election results. Many Republicans supporters and even politicians continue to push what has been called the “big lie” claiming that Trump rightfully won the election over Biden.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the 1940s and 1950s, a polio epidemic caused 2,720 deaths in the U.S. and 42,173 cases in Canada and the U.K. Polio is a crippling and potentially deadly infectious disease that affects the brain and spinal cord, causing paralysis. Jonas Salk (1914-1995) discovered a vaccine for the disease in 1955.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGamma globulin are injections given in an attempt to temporarily boost a patient’s immunity against disease. In 1953, gamma globulin injections were found to help prevent paralytic polio and were used prior to the development of the polio vaccine in 1955.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHyperimmune globulins are preparations that are higher in antibodies that protect against specific diseases by providing passive immunity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBarnes Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri was founded at the bequest of wholesale grocer and banker, Robert Barnes. It opened on December 7, 1914, and initially had a 373-bed capacity. In 1996, Barnes merged with Jewish Hospital, which opened in 1902. Today, the Barnes-Jewish Hospital is the largest hospital in the state of Missouri and is one of the top twenty hospitals in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIron lung is a type of negative pressure ventilator. It is a mechanical respirator that encloses most of a person’s body and assists breathing when muscle control is lost. It was widely used for diseases such as polio and certain poisons. It was widely used during the polio outbreak in the 1940s and 1950s. Today, iron lungs are largely obsolete due to modern medicine development of new therapies. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/114686/file/218050/annotation_set/1251/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePost-polio syndrome (PPS) is a condition that usually occurs 15-40 years after a polio infection and recovery. 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