{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/tb0xp6w910/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Levison, S. Jarvin"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1999-04-22 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Levison, S. Jarvin (Interviewee)","Weiner, Beryl (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eSamuel Jarvin Levison was born in Bristol, Virginia, in 1927 to Hyman and Ella Coplan Levison. His father was born in Farner, Tennessee. His father’s family arrived into the United States through Baltimore, Maryland, around 1895. His mother was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. Jarvin’s grandparents were one of 12 families who were founding members of Heska Amuna Synagogue, then Orthodox, in Knoxville. Jarvin has a sister and brother, Natalie Levison Robinson and Frederic Gilbert Levison. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe family moved from Bristol to Macon, Georgia, in 1932, and in 1933, the family moved to Atlanta where his father worked as the southeastern manager for the Darling Shoe Stores in both Atlanta and Macon locations. Jarvin’s family belonged to the Temple under Rabbi David Marx. Jarvin studied to be bar mitzvahed at Ahavath Achim synagogue, an Orthodox synagogue. His family did not keep kosher, but his mother lit candles and said prayers on Friday nights and celebrated all holidays. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJarvin attended Samuel Inman Middle School in Atlanta starting in the second grade.  In 1945, Jarvin graduated from Boys' High School and joined the United States Navy while attending Georgia Institute of Technology. After completing two years of service, he attended Emory University, where he graduated with a business degree in 1948 and started law school. After graduating from law school, he worked for the Internal Revenue Service in New York as a tax attorney. He returned to Atlanta and worked at the law firm Arnall Golden Gregory.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJarvin has three children Michael, Daniel, Jennifer from his first marriage to Teddi Schlesinger in 1957. He has two step daughters from his second marriage to Deanne Levison in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eJarvin Levison begins the interview talking about the family history and his early childhood years in Bristol, Virginia. He remembers extended family members living in one big house in Bristol. He reflects that his only memories of Bristol are of his grandmother in the kitchen cooking. He recalls, too, that his mother's mother and father had a little grocery store in Knoxville, Tennessee, and remembers visiting his grandmother as a child. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJarvin discusses the family moving to Macon, Georgia, during his first year in grade school where his father worked with The Darling Shops, a small women's wear chain store. He remembers only that it was during the Depression. He tells of the family moving to Atlanta in 1933, where his father managed The Darling Shop on Whitehall Street. He discusses attending grade school and high school in Atlanta and joining the United States Navy. He discusses attending law school at Emory University.    \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJarvin describes his family as Reform and talks about the family belonging to the Temple and enrolling in Sunday school there. He remembers his mother lighting candles and saying prayers on Friday nights when the family was together. He discusses studying to be bar mitzvahed at the Ahavath Achaim synagogue. He remembers fondly his friendships with boys at both synagogues. He discusses growing up in the Temple under Rabbi David Marx and Rabbi Jacob Rothschild. He reflects on the creation of the State of Israel and each rabbis’ position on it. He recalls the bombing of the Temple in Atlanta and reflects on the general Atlanta community. He reflects on the relationships the Jewish community had with the black community and general society.  \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJarvin discusses attending law school and his work at the Internal Revenue Service in New York. He talks about his political activism when he was in college and reflects on the generational differences. He discusses returning to Atlanta to work as a tax attorney. He discusses in great detail Jewish lawyers in Atlanta law firms as well as judges and leaders in Atlanta and national politics, particularly in the 1960s. He talks about social life in the Jewish community and how being Jewish has influenced his positions on political issues and governmental concerns.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe talks about his children from both his first and second marriage and their relationships. He concludes that it’s been a great life. He discusses his thoughts on interfaith marriages and the Jewish worldwide community. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eJarvin Levison was interviewed by Beryl Weiner on April 22, 1999.\u003c/p\u003e (general)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29107"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Epstein, Rabbi Harry (personal name)","Marx, Rabbi David (personal name)","Epstein, Rabbi Harry (personal name)","Rothschild, Rabbi Jacob (personal name)","Frank, Leo (personal name)","King, Jr., Martin Luther (personal name)","Hebrew Free Loans (corporate name)","The Darling Stores (corporate name)","The Temple (corporate name)","Heska Amuna Synagogue (corporate name)","Ahavath Achim Synagogue (corporate name)","Epstein School (corporate name)","S.M. Inman Middle School (corporate name)","Boys High School (corporate name)","O’Keefe Junior High School (corporate name)","Grady High School (corporate name)","Gold's Delicatessen (corporate name)","Standard Club (corporate name)","Mayfair Club (corporate name)","Youth Symphony of Atlanta (corporate name)","Atlanta Jewish Federation (corporate name)","Arnall Golden Gregory (corporate name)","Bristol, Virginia (geographic term)","Fitzgerald, Georgia (geographic term)","Macon, Georgia (geographic term)","Knoxville, Tennessee (geographic term)","Immigration (topical term)","Civil rights (topical term)","Atlanta law firms (topical term)","Great Depression (topical term)","Interfaith marriages (topical term)","State of Israel (topical term)","William Hartsfield (personal name)","Ralph McGill (personal name)","Q.V. Williamson (personal name)","Black leadership (topical)","Zionist Movement (topical term)","Pearl Harbor (topical term)","World War II (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eSamuel Jarvin Levison was born in Bristol, Virginia, in 1927 to Hyman and Ella Coplan Levison. His father was born in Farner, Tennessee. His father\u0026rsquo;s family arrived into the United States through Baltimore, Maryland, around 1895. His mother was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. Jarvin\u0026rsquo;s grandparents were one of 12 families who were founding members of Heska Amuna Synagogue, then Orthodox, in Knoxville. Jarvin has a sister and brother, Natalie Levison Robinson and Frederic Gilbert Levison.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe family moved from Bristol to Macon, Georgia, in 1932, and in 1933, the family moved to Atlanta where his father worked as the southeastern manager for the Darling Shoe Stores in both Atlanta and Macon locations. Jarvin\u0026rsquo;s family belonged to the Temple under Rabbi David Marx. Jarvin studied to be bar mitzvahed at Ahavath Achim synagogue, an Orthodox synagogue. His family did not keep kosher, but his mother lit candles and said prayers on Friday nights and celebrated all holidays.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJarvin attended Samuel Inman Middle School in Atlanta starting in the second grade.\u0026nbsp; In 1945, Jarvin graduated from Boys' High School and joined the United States Navy while attending Georgia Institute of Technology. After completing two years of service, he attended Emory University, where he graduated with a business degree in 1948 and started law school. After graduating from law school, he worked for the Internal Revenue Service in New York as a tax attorney. He returned to Atlanta and worked at the law firm Arnall Golden Gregory.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJarvin has three children Michael, Daniel, Jennifer from his first marriage to Teddi Schlesinger in 1957. He has two step daughters from his second marriage to Deanne Levison in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJarvin Levison begins the interview talking about the family history and his early childhood years in Bristol, Virginia. He remembers extended family members living in one big house in Bristol. He reflects that his only memories of Bristol are of his grandmother in the kitchen cooking. He recalls, too, that his mother's mother and father had a little grocery store in Knoxville, Tennessee, and remembers visiting his grandmother as a child.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJarvin discusses the family moving to Macon, Georgia, during his first year in grade school where his father worked with The Darling Shops, a small women's wear chain store. He remembers only that it was during the Depression. He tells of the family moving to Atlanta in 1933, where his father managed The Darling Shop on Whitehall Street. He discusses attending grade school and high school in Atlanta and joining the United States Navy. He discusses attending law school at Emory University. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJarvin describes his family as Reform and talks about the family belonging to the Temple and enrolling in Sunday school there. He remembers his mother lighting candles and saying prayers on Friday nights when the family was together. He discusses studying to be bar mitzvahed at the Ahavath Achaim synagogue. He remembers fondly his friendships with boys at both synagogues. He discusses growing up in the Temple under Rabbi David Marx and Rabbi Jacob Rothschild. He reflects on the creation of the State of Israel and each rabbis\u0026rsquo; position on it. He recalls the bombing of the Temple in Atlanta and reflects on the general Atlanta community. He reflects on the relationships the Jewish community had with the black community and general society. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eJarvin discusses attending law school and his work at the Internal Revenue Service in New York. He talks about his political activism when he was in college and reflects on the generational differences. He discusses returning to Atlanta to work as a tax attorney. He discusses in great detail Jewish lawyers in Atlanta law firms as well as judges and leaders in Atlanta and national politics, particularly in the 1960s. He talks about social life in the Jewish community and how being Jewish has influenced his positions on political issues and governmental concerns.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe talks about his children from both his first and second marriage and their relationships. He concludes that it\u0026rsquo;s been a great life. He discusses his thoughts on interfaith marriages and the Jewish worldwide community.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJarvin Levison was interviewed by Beryl Weiner on April 22, 1999.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Levison_Jarvin.mp3"]},"duration":8724.58449,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/185/596/original/Levison_Jarvin.mp3?1682100666","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":8724.58449,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Levison, Jarvin [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WEINER: The interviewer, interviewing S. Jarvin Levison on April 22, 1999, at\n9:00 a.m. at the Breman Museum on Spring Street here in Atlanta for the Jewish\nOral History Project of Atlanta, co-sponsored by the American Jewish Committee,\nthe Atlanta Jewish Federation, and the National Council of Jewish Women. Jarvin,\nthis, I would say, two lawyers. Will you start off like a deposition. Would you\nstate your full name for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"record.\n\nLEVISON: Samuel Jarvin Levison. You said earlier you did not know the origins of\nyour name. You can imagine the problems with Jarvin.\n\nWEINER: Right.\n\nLEVISON: I was named, according to my mother [Ella Coplan Levison]. She dreamed\nup a lot of names, it seems like, for members of our family. Samuel is named\nafter, I think, an Uncle Simon. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also, the Jarvin, they had to come up with\nsomething for a J after an Aunt Jennie. It turned out to be Jarvin, which is a\nname I don't think anybody else has ever had but one other person that I've ever\nbeen able to identify.\n\nWEINER: The S is for Samuel?\n\nLEVISON: Samuel.\n\nWEINER: Where and when were you born?\n\nLEVISON: I was born in Bristol, Virginia, November 30, 1927.\n\nWEINER: When and where were your parents born?\n\nLEVISON: My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1902. My father [Hyman\nLevison] was born in Farner, F-A-R-N-E-R, Tennessee, which is in the mountains\nof Tennessee very close to the border of Georgia and North Carolina.\n\nWEINER: How many children were in your family?\n\nLEVISON: In my immediate family?\n\nWEINER: Yes.\n\nLEVISON: I have a sister Natalie [Levison] Robinson who lives in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Knoxville who\nis about a year and a half older than I am. I think her birthday was yesterday,\nas a matter of fact, and a brother who is approximately 10 years younger than I,\n[Frederic] Gilbert Levison, who also lives in Knoxville.\n\nWEINER: Do you remember your grandparents?\n\nLEVISON: Only sort of vaguely. I guess the one who lived the longest was my\nmother's mother. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Her name was Sarah Coplan. She died in the 1950s. I never knew\nher father. I think he died before I was born. My father's father died in 1900\nwhen he was only five years old. I vaguely remember his mother, but I was\nprobably four or five years old when she died.\n\nWEINER: Did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you say 5 years old or 35?\n\nLEVISON: I was about four or five years old when his mother died in the early 1930s.\n\nWEINER: I see.\n\nLEVISON: She had remarried. Her husband, who was my father's step-father, also\nlived into the 1950s. He was the only grandfather I knew.\n\nWEINER: He wasn't a blood relative?\n\nLEVISON: No. He was a step grandfather.\n\nWEINER: What was his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name?\n\nLEVISON: Max Taylor. T-A-Y-L-O-R. We called him Pappa Taylor.\n\nWEINER: Where did they live?\n\nLEVISON: My grand . . . let me go back. When I was born in 1927, we lived in\nBristol. My father's brother, Morris Levison, and his wife and family lived in\nBristol, as did his sister, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sarah and Harry Levy, and their mother, whose name\nwas Fanny [Levison] Taylor at that time and her second husband. They all lived\nin Bristol, Virginia. As a matter of fact, with the exception of my immediate\nfamily, all the others lived in one big house in Bristol, which is not uncommon\nin those days. When they moved to Bristol is not quite clear to me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father\nwas in the First World War, but I think his brother Morris had already started\nworking in that area. I would imagine sometime in the late, probably early\n1920s. they all ended up moving to Bristol where my father and his uncle were in\nbusiness together.\n\nWEINER: What about the immigration? How did they get to the United States?\n\nLEVISON: We're not really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too clear. I really don't know much about when my\nmother's parents came to the United States. She had an older sister who was a\nstepsister who we believe was born in the old country, whatever the old country\nwas. Beyond that, we really don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know. In those days, I guess, they weren't too\nconcerned about documentation of their histories. My father, as I mentioned, was\nborn in 1895 in the hills of Tennessee. We think his father and mother came in\nthrough Baltimore [Maryland], but we don't really know whether they came\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together or whether the grandfather came first and then grandmother. We believe\nhis older sister, Sarah, may have been also born in the so-called old country.\nWhen my grandfather died in 1900, I guess the family had very little contact\nwith his side of the family. My grandmother was the oldest of seven ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children.\nAll of them got into the United States between, I guess, 1895 and about 1906 or\n1910, somewhere in that time frame. That was a pretty big family. That's the\nfamily or the grandparents that I know. We really don't know anything about the\nLevison side.\n\nWEINER: Did you ever do any genealogy or research?\n\nLEVISON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No. I have a niece who undertook to do a lot of it with respect to both\nsides of her family. I don't think she was able . . . she didn't go to any\nofficial records. She did it mostly on interviews. I've given her genealogy\nchart to send to Sandy Berman here at the heritage ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"museum. But it hasn't been\nupdated probably for eight or ten years.\n\nWEINER: What was the name of the niece?\n\nLEVISON: Randy Robinson, my sister's daughter, who is now married. Her last name\nis Paul. P-A-U-L. She went through a Reconstructionist seminary outside of\nPhiladelphia [Pennsylvania]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She is a rabbi, a Reconstructionist rabbi, I guess\nyou would say at the present time.\n\nWEINER: Good.\n\nLEVISON: She and her husband changed their names, so that she's now Rayzel, and\nhe's Simcha. Instead of Paul, they took the last name of Raphael, I believe.\nThey're Rayzel and Simcha Raphael. But she still responds to Randy when we call her.\n\nWEINER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where does she live?\n\nLEVISON: They live in Philadelphia.\n\nWEINER: Philadelphia. Do you remember your grandmother, then?\n\nLEVISON: I remember my father's mother but only slightly. I do remember my\nmother's mother. I had an unusual experience with her when I finished law school.\n\nWEINER: What was that?\n\nLEVISON: By the time I finished law school, my parents had moved back from\nAtlanta to Knoxville. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My mother's, my grandmother, Bubbe Coplan, wanted to talk\nto me now that I had finished law school. I drove up to Knoxville and went to\nsee my grandmother who lived alone. She told me that she wanted me to draw her a\nnew will, that she went back to the attorney that had drawn her will before, but\nhe wanted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"double the price on her, and she wasn't going to pay it. She wanted\nto swear me to secrecy because she didn't want anybody in the family to know\nwhat was going to be in her will. I agreed. I said, \"Bubbe, do you have your\nlast will?\" This was in 1951. She said, \"Yes.\" She gave me the will that was\ndrawn in 1927. I asked her, \"What did you pay for it in 1927?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She said, \"$7.50\nand he wants $15. I'm not going to pay it.\" That was the way I was starting to\npractice law. Actually, what she wanted to do was divide what little assets she\nhad up equally among her children. I never did understand why she wanted me to\nbe sworn to secrecy.\n\nWEINER: Did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she have any artifacts or things like that?\n\nLEVISON: I don't recall. Whatever there was. When she passed away, by that time\nwhen she passed away, I was living in New York working for the Internal Revenue\nService. Whatever she had, I'm sure went to her daughters.\n\nWEINER: What are your earliest memories in Bristol with respect to your family\nand your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandparents and so on?\n\nLEVISON: What I remember about my father's mother in Bristol was there were\nnever, as a young child - we moved away from there in 1932 when I was five. As a\nyoung child, my only memories of my grandmother, Fanny [Levison], was that she\nwas always in the kitchen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cooking.\n\nWEINER: What kind of stove?\n\nLEVISON: That I don't remember. I don't know whether it was a wood stove or not.\nBut obviously she was the cook. Little antidotes. I vaguely remember that one\ntime she gave me Milk of Magnesia and gave me cookies afterwards because she\nknew I wouldn't like the taste. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I believe that her death came about following .\n. . she had taken care of my sister and myself when my parents were away and\ncaught the flu and then developed a pneumonia and she died. I think she died\nsomewhere around 1931 or 1932 before we moved from Knoxville. I'm sorry, before\nwe moved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Bristol. I have never lived in Knoxville, but everybody seems to\nthink so because my parents grew up there and they moved back there in 1949 or\n1950, and my sister and brother lived there.\n\nWEINER: You do have memories of Bristol then?\n\nLEVISON: Riding in a car one time with my father and fishing with another little\nneighbor boy. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember something that stuck vividly in my mind, which I didn't\nunderstand at the time. One night, as a child, my parents turned off the lights\nin the house and we were looking out the window because the Ku Klux Klan was\nriding down the street on horses. All I knew was something about the Ku Klux\nKlan and that was a bad group. Beyond that, I didn't know anything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until later\non in life I learned something.\n\nWEINER: But that did happen in Bristol?\n\nLEVISON: Right.\n\nWEINER: Do you remember what was interesting about your grandmother in the\nkitchen? Do you remember what she cooked a lot? Did she put up slaw or pickles\nor things like that?\n\nLEVISON: It was typical, I am pretty sure what everybody thought it was a Jewish\nmother's cooking in those days because it seemed my mother later on did it, so\nshe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to get from her mother or her grandmother. My mother didn't put up\npickles, but my mother's mother and father had a little grocery store in\nKnoxville. That I do remember as a child when we would go to visit my\ngrandmother. We would stay with her. They lived behind the grocery store. We\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went. There were always pickles in a barrel and a box of cheese and things like\nthat. It was not Jewish oriented, but there was that sort of stuff there.\n\nWEINER: You would visit and vacation there in Knoxville?\n\nLEVISON: As a young child, right.\n\nWEINER: Then what happened to your family?\n\nLEVISON: The [Great] Depression wiped out the business of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my father and uncle.\nThey had a small chain of shoe stores in East Tennessee and North Carolina. It\ndidn't survive the Depression. My father ended up getting a job with a very\nsmall women's wear and chain called The Darling Shops. It was owned by a fellow\nout of Pennsylvania or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York named Max Gluck.\n\nWEINER: Spell that, if you would.\n\nLEVISON: G-L-U-C-K. Maxwell Gluck. He was a man that was able to, I guess his\nlittle chain survived during the Depression probably because he didn't have a\nlot of family working in the business like my father and uncle did. They seemed\nto be supporting the whole family in that business. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Interestingly, Gluck was a\nbachelor. My father worked for that business from about 1932 to about 1950 when\nhe left and went back to Knoxville, and stayed in the women's wear retail\nbusiness. I don't recall that Max Gluck was ever married. When I went to work in\nNew York, it was after my father had left, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but through him, they remained\nfriends. I met various people that worked in that business and his attorneys.\nInterestingly, during the [President Dwight D] Eisenhower administration, he had\nbeen, Max Gluck had been such a big contributor they appointed him to an\nambassadorship somewhere in Southeast Asia in one of the small countries, I believe.\n\nWEINER: Before we get further, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were talking about your family's business. Do\nyou know how they got financed originally in Bristol?\n\nLEVISON: In all probability, it was based upon a little bit of savings and some\ncredit from manufacturers, would be my guess because the economy just existed\ndifferently in those days than today. However, what I do remember is that my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father said that the lesson that he and his brother learned is that what really\nput them out of business was that they paid off their banks instead of paying\noff the manufacturers when times got very hard. That left them no credit with\nthe manufacturers, and the manufacturers wouldn't extend them any more credit.\nOf course, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"banks wouldn't loan them any money. He said if we had paid off\nthe manufacturers, I don't know what the banks would have done but we might have\nat least been able to get additional merchandise from the manufacturers, he\nsaid. But we didn't. We made the mistake and paid the wrong folks.\n\nWEINER: I was wondering about did you have any experience or did your family\nhave any experience with these Hebrew Free Loans?\n\nLEVISON: I really don't know. All I know is that when we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moved to Georgia, my\nfather became a contributor, investor or something in the one that was based in\nFitzgerald, Georgia. I've forgotten what it was called. Hebrew Loan Association\nor something of that nature. I don't think he . . . he may have, but I don't\nthink he ever actually borrowed money from that organization.\n\nWEINER: Then you said you moved to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Macon [Georgia]. Is that right?\n\nLEVISON: Right. We moved to Macon in 1932. That was my first year in school. I\nreally don't remember too much except it was sort at the bottom of the\nDepression. The Darling Stores opened a store in Atlanta on Whitehall Street in\n1933. We moved here, and my father sort of was the manager of both the Atlanta\nand Macon ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stores. Over the years, as the Darling chain grew, he became the\nsoutheastern manager. At one time, I think he was managing or overseeing about\n50 stores, something of that nature.\n\nWEINER: You started school, though, in Macon. Is that right?\n\nLEVISON: Right. First grade. I think it was first grade and then came to Atlanta\nand went to S.M. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Inman [Middle School]. I think I started in the second grade at\nS.M. Inman.\n\nWEINER: What about religious training? Did you get any?\n\nLEVISON: Relatively little. I'd say, to put it in perspective, the story I had\nheard was that Rabbi David Marx, I guess in those days Atlanta was pretty small\nand heard that another Jewish family had moved to Atlanta. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He walked into the\nstore that my father was managing and in effect joined him up to the Temple. My\nparents, I guess the children of immigrants, were in those days I guess it was\neither Orthodox or Reform. There had been very little Conservative movement in\nthe south. Their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involvement as children in Knoxville had been in the Heska\nAmuna Synagogue, which was then Orthodox, which today I think is Conservative.\nWhen they were in Bristol, their immediate family and three or four other\nfamilies formed a synagogue in Bristol that served the tri-city area of\nTennessee - Bristol, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kingsport and Johnson City. That synagogue doesn't exist,\nbut the congregation is in a synagogue that's more centrally located to the\ntri-cities. There's a plaque on the exterior wall of the original founding\nmembers. My parents, my grandparents, my uncle and my aunt and their spouses and\nother relatives. There are about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"12 families that formed that synagogue. But in\nAtlanta, we joined the Temple. I think my father was more interested in making a\nliving for his family than being a devout Jew at that time and had relatively\nlittle interest, at least on the surface, as indicated to me.\n\nWEINER: What about as an infant, did anybody try to teach you Hebrew at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home or\ndid you do any of that?\n\nLEVISON: No. My mother usually lit candles and some prayer on Friday nights when\nthe family was all together. Other than that, we were enrolled in the Sunday\nSchool at the Temple. When I was about 11 and a half, I guess, my parents\ndecided I may have even said my friends had gotten bar mitzvahed because even\nthough we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"members of the Temple, a lot of the fellows that I palled around\nwith in school, their families were members of the AA [Ahavath Achim] synagogue.\nAll of them got bar mitzvahed. I say that, not all of them, but many of them were.\n\nWEINER: Wait. What school was that?\n\nLEVISON: O'Keefe [Junior High School] and then Boys High School. There was a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tendency that in those days the German Jews and the Eastern European Jews didn't\nmix an awful lot socially, at least as I observed it. The Temple was basically\ndescendants of German Jews, although we were not. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort in between the two\ngroups. I had some friends in both. I guess the hard base of my friendship was\nin the boys that went to the AA.\n\nWEINER: Who were some of them?\n\nLEVISON: Jack Hirsch, Alvin Greenberg, Leonard Bach [sp], Alvin Saul. There were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 12 of us, I guess. Leon Goldstein. But there were also some who went to\nthe Temple like Bill and Don Wender, Silvan Chajage.\n\nWEINER: How do you spell Chajage?\n\nLEVISON: C-H-A-J-A-G-E. His parents had owned a retail fur store in Atlanta.\nSilvan is not living. He has an older sister who is living. Her name is Lila,\nwho now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lives out west. She was married to a Zimmerman here in Atlanta and\ndivorced and remarried. Anyhow, at about the age of 11 and a half, I started\nstudying to be bar mitzvahed at the AA synagogue, which is a bit unusual in\nthose days. Obviously, the Temple didn't have a bar mitzvah program. I took\nlessons from a Rabbi ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz in a little house on Boulevard. I guess I went two\nor three times a week. To tell you the truth, about all I learned was enough to\nbe able to say the bracha when I was going to be reading from the Torah. Beyond\nthat, I learned relatively little in that year and a half, which I guess in some\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ways was just a symbol of what I was supposed to do. Although, I will say that\nthe fellows that I was friends with that had gone to the AA and studied for more\nyears, I'm not so sure that they knew a hell of a lot more than I did when it\nwas all over.\n\nWEINER: Where was the AA at that time?\n\nLEVISON: It was over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on Washington Street, about where the baseball stadium is.\nSomewhere in that general vicinity.\n\nWEINER: Who was the chief rabbi? Do you remember?\n\nLEVISON: The rabbi forever and ever was Rabbi [Harry] Epstein. Rabbi Epstein at\nthe AA and Rabbi Marx at the Temple dominated the two congregations for 50 years\nor longer.\n\nWEINER: Do you remember the makeup inside? Was that the synagogue where they had\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sit in the center?\n\nLEVISON: Yes.\n\nWEINER: The bimah was in the center?\n\nLEVISON: I have a picture somewhere of me at the bimah with the yarmulke and\ntallit reading from the Torah. I don't know who took the picture, but as a\n13-year-old, I was there. I don't know where it is today, but I do know I had\nsuch a picture.\n\nWEINER: What kind of celebration did your family have as it compared to today?\n\nLEVISON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Probably in those days it was more than it should have been. We had\nsome kind of party at the Mayfair Club on Spring Street, but it was just for my\nfriends. It was not a party that was for parents. There was probably 30 to 40\nteenagers. That's basically all I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember about it.\n\nWEINER: What was your family relationship with other Jewish families in the\ncommunity? Did they have that same kind of rapport?\n\nLEVISON: Let's see. Socially, but with rare exception, their friends were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish. I would say there was an element of some relatives or distant relatives\nthat were part of that friendship. Others were really people in their peer group\nbasically. I would say, ancestrally we are from Eastern Europe.\n\nWEINER: Did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all celebrate the holidays?\n\nLEVISON: Hanukkah, Passover, Rosh HaShanah, Yom Kippur, Purim. I do remember\ngoing to some Purim carnivals at the Temple as a youngster. The Temple only\ncelebrated the first day of Passover. It was not unusual that the second day ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of\nPassover I would go with friends from the AA.\n\nWEINER: Same with Rosh HaShanah?\n\nLEVISON: Occasionally.\n\nWEINER: Then you would go to the other synagogue or to the AA?\n\nLEVISON: Yes. Not because of the religious elements or because I was devout. I\nhad some friends and it was another day out of school.\n\nWEINER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Your parents, what about them? Did they observe two days?\n\nLEVISON: No. Most of what I remember about my father and the Temple was that he\nwanted to get there early enough on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur so he could get\na seat on an aisle close to the window because it was always hot. My father\nalways had problems with the heat, as do I. He would like to make sure he got\nclose to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where there was a breeze. It was not air conditioned. It was not\nunusual that he'd probably doze off, too, during the services. I will say Dr.\nMarx didn't make them exciting. They were same service over and over and over.\n\nWEINER: Did he have any assistants? Did Dr. Marx have any assistants?\n\nLEVISON: Yes. He always had . . . there was always an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assistant rabbi. I\nshouldn't say always. In later years. I think my earliest recollection is the\nsecretary of the Temple, which was a part-time job, who, later on I realized was\nthe Sol Golden of Arnall Golden Gregory. Actually, I met him before it was\nArnall Golden. I mean, I knew him as an attorney ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before it was Arnall Golden\nGregory. In those days, all I knew was this fairly short, sort of pudgy fellow\nas the secretary of the Temple, but he didn't have a lot of humor.\n\nWEINER: What about the Sunday school teachers?\n\nLEVISON: Disastrous is my recollection. DeJongh Franklin's mother, Mrs.\nFranklin, was an austere, stern ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lady. Honestly, at this moment, I don't recall\nnames. There was a Miss Nelle Steinheimer who was the pianist. Every Sunday,\nwhenever we had an assembly of the Sunday school students, we always had a few\nsongs and Miss Steinheimer was the pianist. My recollection was that she was\nquite elderly when I was there. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later on, when I taught Sunday School, I\nused to pick her up and take her to Sunday school because she was still the pianist.\n\nWEINER: What about the music organist? Did you know who that was?\n\nLEVISON: All I knew was that the organist and the choir if, not totally, almost\ntotally was non-Jewish.\n\nWEINER: Did you know any of them?\n\nLEVISON: No.\n\nWEINER: Did you ever know them?\n\nLEVISON: No. I do think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the Temple has done, what all Reform congregations\nhave done, is far superior to what existed when I was growing up in Atlanta.\n\nWEINER: You mentioned O'Keefe and Boys High, but your grammar school?\n\nLEVISON: Was S.M. Inman on Virginia Avenue.\n\nWEINER: What about running through your various places where you lived in\nAtlanta. I think that would be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting.\n\nLEVISON: When we first moved to Atlanta from Macon, we lived at 906 Briarcliff\nRoad in an apartment building. Today it's next to Callanwolde [Fine Arts\nCenter], one of the Candler estates. I think we lived there for two or three\nyears at most, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we moved to a little house on Highland View Avenue, a\nstreet that ran between Highland Avenue and Barnett Street. Both at the\napartment and at that house, they were close to . . . that's where I attended\nS.M. Inman School. About 1938 or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1939, I guess, somewhere right in there, we\nmoved to Pasadena Avenue. As the economy improved, we kept inching up a little\nbit. I believe when we moved to Pasadena Avenue is when I started O'Keefe High\nSchool, which was . . . not high school, junior high school. It was a three-year\njunior high school, seventh, eighth and ninth grade. It was co-ed. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't\nrecall going to Inman from living on Pasadena. We would ride a bus from that\narea that would snake all around the residential areas and go down by what's now\nGrady High School but which was Boys High and Tech High [Technical High School],\nand then get to Fifth Street and West Peachtree. We'd get off there and walk\nabout five or six blocks to O'Keefe and the bus would head on into town. We were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there for about three years and then we moved over to Homestead Avenue in a\nlittle larger house. We lived there . . . those were the years I was in high\nschool. We lived there until my parents moved back to Knoxville. By the time\nthey moved back to Knoxville, I was in law school. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can't remember whether they\nmoved. I think they moved in late 1949 or early 1950, somewhere in probably late 1949.\n\nWEINER: What year did you move over to this last residence on Homestead?\n\nLEVISON: About 1942, I believe.\n\nWEINER: How would you get to Sunday school then?\n\nLEVISON: My mother used to drive ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. We always had . . . or in a car pool. When\nwe lived down on Highland Avenue, or Highland View, there was somebody on\nHighland Avenue. Actually, was in my Sunday school class. We would pick her up\nand maybe one other person. I guess their parents took us on other Sundays,\nalthough I really only recall my mother driving us and occasionally my father.\nWhat I do remember is when my father would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take us or pick us up, we would\nalways stop by Gold's Delicatessen on Ponce de Leon Avenue on the way home to\nbuy delicatessen for Sunday night. That part I remember.\n\nWEINER: Do you remember the vehicles? Do you remember the vehicles you used?\n\nLEVISON: I don't. I believe the car . . . my parents had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chevrolet when they\nmoved to Atlanta. At some point they upgraded to an Oldsmobile. They may have\nhad a couple of Chevrolets and then a couple of Oldsmobiles. Vaguely, that's\nabout all I remember. We got a second car about 1947 or 1948, a car for my\nsister and myself.\n\nWEINER: You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mentioned S.M. Inman, O'Keefe, Boys High. We all know that they are\npublic schools but somebody might not.\n\nLEVISON: Right.\n\nWEINER: Did any of your friends or anybody that you observed go to a private\nschool? Were there any private schools?\n\nLEVISON: There was a school called Washington Seminary. That was a girl's\nprivate school, which today is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Westminster [School]. I think Lovett [School]\nprobably started later and originally was just a grammar school. Washington\nSeminary and Northside, I mean, North Avenue Presbyterian, something like that,\ncalled NAPS, and Marist [School], which was a Catholic school. I think there\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe one or two of the girls in my Sunday School class may have gone to\nWashington Seminary or NAPS. I'm not positive. I have just a vague recollection.\n\nWEINER: What about describing during your teenage years the social clubs that\nwere in the community?\n\nLEVISON: Somewhere before ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe I was 12, we had some kind of a Young Judean\nClub. I really don't recall much. It sort of grew into a new AZA [Aleph Zadik\nAleph] chapter. Our AZA chapter was called 518. I guess Bill Wender and I were\nsort of the younger fellows in that sort of group when it got started. I'm not\nsure Bill was even in it. He may have been even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"younger. Leon Goldstein and a\nfellow named Jack Taylor were probably the older ones. There was probably a two\nor three-year spread. There were a number of AZA chapters. I really don't\nremember. They were girls clubs, but basically Jewish. There were clubs and\nactivities at high school, Boys High School, Girls High School, but I don't\nthink ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many . . . they really were segregated as between Jew and non-Jew.\nProbably also different economic classes to some extent, who participated in\nthose groups in high school.\n\nWEINER: Let me understand. Even within the Jewish community, there was a division?\n\nLEVISON: Jewish and non-Jewish. To some extent, at least until the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war.\n\nWEINER: That's World War II?\n\nLEVISON: Right. The children of German Jews and the children of East European\nJews did not mix a lot. The German Jewish families and their descendants tended\nto build their social activities around and through the Standard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Club. Their\nperiodic social functions that covered the southeast, Ballyhoo, Jubilee, and\nthings like that, to a great extent were pre-Second World War were German Jewish families.\n\nWEINER: Explain a little bit more about that. We were talking about the division.\n\nLEVISON: I just think it's the German Jewish families ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were established in the\ncommunity much longer. The newer groups as they came in tended to be with\nthemselves. I don't think it was a determined effort at segregation. I think it\njust developed naturally. Of course, the schools were segregated. In Atlanta in\nthose days, the high schools were not only segregated white and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"black, but they\nwere segregated on gender. Tech High School and Boys High School were the two\nmale high schools in Atlanta. Then there was Girls High School for girls. I also\nsaid I think that within the schools themselves, people tended to mix ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"socially,\nat least away from school, with people from their own ethnic or religious groups\nand to some extent within their own socioeconomic groups. The boys that went to\nBoys High School from the south side of Atlanta rarely ever mixed socially with\nthe boys from the northeast or northwest side of Atlanta.\n\nWEINER: What about the black schools? Did you all go over there?\n\nLEVISON: No.\n\nWEINER: Did you ever have any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inter . . .\n\nLEVISON: No interconnection, intercommunication of any kind.\n\nWEINER: No sports?\n\nLEVISON: Definitely not. Definitely not. I mean, it was the law. That's the way\nwe sort of grew up. As some of us got older, that began to be a problem or a\nconcern to us. Not that we knew a hell of a lot, but some of us recognized that\nthere was some unfairness about it.\n\nWEINER: Did you ever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attempt, with congregations like they do today, to have\ninterchange with the black churches?\n\nLEVISON: Not to my recollection. I have no recollection that that ever occurred\nbetween the Jewish and black congregations. I have no recollection of that.\nPrior to [Rabbi] Jacob Rothschild's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbinate, I don't believe the Temple ever\ndid. I mean, there may have been something but I didn't know about it.\n\nWEINER: Jarvin, I'm going to stop this tape here and turn it over in a minute\nbecause I don't want us to get mixed up. We'll just turn over. This will be the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"end of side 1, and we'll go to side 2.\n\nWEINER: The interview from Beryl Weiner asking the questions to S. Jarvin\nLevison on April 22, 1999. We were discussing the relationship between the\nblacks and the Jews in teenager years.\n\nLEVISON: Right.\n\nWEINER: As far as you can recollect, there is nothing really.\n\nLEVISON: No. Basically, the only contact I remember is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blacks working as\ndomestics or yard men or in service stations, relatively non-skilled menial type\nwork. The woman who was our long time, of course, we called her a maid in those\ndays, a domestic person who worked very long hours. Wasn't paid very much. Was a\nvery strong, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"God-fearing woman who never had any education. She had moved from\nher rural area of Georgia. Subsequently, I think in her 60s, she went to school\nand learned to read and became very proud of her accomplishments. Graduated high school.\n\nWEINER: Do you remember her name?\n\nLEVISON: Jessie. I don't remember her last. Hendricks. Jessie Hendricks [sp].\n\nWEINER: Did she cook?\n\nLEVISON: She did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything. She cooked, she cleaned, she ironed. She would\nadmonish me if I didn't do the right thing.\n\nWEINER: What about on the Jewish holidays, did she help you prepare the house on\nPassover or anything?\n\nLEVISON: You've got to understand, I didn't do anything at my house. She and my\nmother were very close. I'm sure to a great extent what she cooked for our\nfamily was what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my mother sort of guided her into doing.\n\nWEINER: Can you remember any of the favorite foods that you had?\n\nLEVISON: Yes, from my standpoint. I loved her fried chicken and her barbecued\nleg of lamb, and the more traditional dishes, the pot roast and things of that\nnature, which I'm sure she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got from my mother. The barbecued lamb and the fried\nchicken, I'm sure she did not get from my mother. She wouldn't have fried, for\ninstance, she would not have fried chicken in lard, which in those days was\ncustomary, I'm sure, in a lot of homes and a lot of restaurants. But my mother\nwould have never permitted her to use lard. What she used and what my mother\napproved of may not have been any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"healthier. It was probably some vegetable\nshortening which probably has as much cholesterol in it. Who knows.\n\nWEINER: But you didn't keep kosher, I take it?\n\nLEVISON: No.\n\nWEINER: Did you have any prohibitions of ham or pork or anything like that?\n\nLEVISON: This is a strange quirk, but I am sure it was my mother. I don't\nremember that we ever had any pork dishes, any ham, and yet we would have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bacon.\nI cannot explain it to you why we would have bacon. It was not unusual to have\nbacon with eggs for breakfast. It was not unusual to have bacon and tomato\nsandwiches. But when it came to anything else that was pork or what have you, it\nwas off limits.\n\nWEINER: What about during the holidays? Would there be any other different restrictions?\n\nLEVISON: I vaguely ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recall that I . . . this may be more wishful thinking than\nrecollection, that we had different dishes on Passover, that we actually changed\ndishes. We did not keep two sets of dishes daily for milk and meat, but my\nrecollection is when it came Passover, we had other dishes. At home, we only had\nmatzo on Passover. If I were out, I wasn't brought up so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strictly that if I was\nout during Passover that I had to eat only matzo. We were semi-observant, I\nguess, much more than I am today.\n\nWEINER: Before we leave the school years, how about explaining or describing\nyour extracurricular activities. What did you do?\n\nLEVISON: I always thought I was a big athlete, which I really wasn't. But at\nO'Keefe I went out for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"baseball team. My recollection is I lost interest\nwhen the coach kept insisting that every morning we get up and take a cold\nshower. I couldn't see taking a cold shower. He said, \"Get you up and get you\nmoving.\" Within the Jewish community, we had basketball leagues and softball\nleagues and built around the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"youth organizations, the AZA teams and\nthings like that.\n\nWEINER: Where would they play?\n\nLEVISON: Of course, at that time it was in the old Jewish Educational Alliance\nover in the same area as the AA synagogue, which ultimately became the Jewish\nCommunity Center when it relocated to the north side of Atlanta. In high school,\nI went out for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"football, strangely enough, in my junior year, not my freshman\nyear. I only played one year and it was pretty obvious, as much as I enjoyed it,\nit was pretty obvious I wasn't going to be the star at football team or even\nmake the football team maybe as a senior. That at least brought me into contact\nand involvement with more non-Jewish people because my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recollection, there was\nmaybe only one Jewish fellow on the team beside myself.\n\nWEINER: Do you remember who that was?\n\nLEVISON: Charles Spielberger. He was as unlikely a football player as me, but he\nstuck at it and was better. The other extracurricular activities at school, I\ndon't recall. Very active in AZA as a high school student.\n\nWEINER: How about the music? Any music?\n\nLEVISON: I have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"absolutely no music ability at all. My mother, since my father\ntraveled a lot and particularly didn't care for classical music, I do remember\ngoing to the opera several times with my mother, the Metropolitan Opera, and\nclassical music symphonies, which has stayed with me. I enjoy them. I do not\nunderstand a lot of the music, but I do enjoy classical music.\n\nWEINER: Did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember some of the early musicians in the symphony?\n\nLEVISON: When I was either a late teenager or early 20s, Mr. [Henry] Sopkin\nstarted the Youth Symphony of Atlanta. There was a young lady I dated that\nplayed in that symphony. Her name was Bernita Hirsh. Her brother was one of the\nfellows that I grew up with and palled around with. She now lives in Savannah.\n\nWEINER: As an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aside, I know this is not about me, but Bernita was in my class.\n\nLEVISON: You remembered.\n\nWEINER: She was a beautiful woman too.\n\nLEVISON: You are a lot younger than I am.\n\nWEINER: But newspaper. Did you work on a newspaper or anything like that?\n\nLEVISON: No. I had a funny experience, though, in Boys High School. I had a very\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tough English teacher. I remember one time that we were to turn in a précis,\nwhich is a brief story or something all in one paragraph. I realized one morning\nthat I hadn't prepared it and I had to turn it in that day when I got to school.\nSo, I copied a Ralph McGill article and turned it in and got an F, not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I\nhad copied a Ralph McGill article because he hadn't read it. He just said it was\na poor quality. I didn't do that anymore.\n\nWEINER: What opportunities do you think you missed growing up? Or do you think?\nI know that's kind of an unusual question.\n\nLEVISON: It's hard to say with the perspective that I look back because if there\nwasn't significant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"segregation or significant separation of ethnic groups, I\nthink we would have all flourished more. At the time I was growing up, I grew up\nwith a belief that certain businesses or industries were basically off limits to\nJews. Commercial banking, for instance, in the southeast or any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"utility company.\nOr just, there were lots of things where Jews were not employed. From that\nstandpoint, I felt there was, in retrospect, maybe there are missed\nopportunities. To some extent, I believe that that existed but also it was\nprobably reinforced by members of the Jewish community because somebody had\ndifficulty getting a job or several people. Then the next person didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"try. It\nmay have worked out differently if there had been a greater effort to do so. As\nfar as personal development, I don't know that I really missed much opportunity.\n\nWEINER: What about the religious education?\n\nLEVISON: Other than attending the Sunday school at Temple and being bar\nmitzvahed, I really didn't have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any.\n\nWEINER: Do you feel that that was a missed opportunity?\n\nLEVISON: What I've observed over the years is that people who have had\nexperiences in synagogue and family life with some religious content, with much\nmore warmth than what was at the Temple, seem to have a closer and more\nenjoyment. The Temple sort of put out a fairly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"austere atmosphere, and it really\nwasn't, from my viewpoint, didn't encourage you to be involved from a religious\nstandpoint. Probably my being involved with Jewish groups more socially got me\nmore exposed to Judaism than really through the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Temple. My being involved with\nAZA and being in B'nai B'rith Youth Group and so forth, that probably pulled me\nin more to things related to Judaism than the Temple. I didn't know any better\nas a teenager from what I saw or even pre-teenager. But later, I concluded that\nbasically the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Temple, through its leadership, probably had short changed a lot\nof its congregants.\n\nWEINER: Did you feel that your experience at Brandeis [University] opened up a\ndifferent perspective for you?\n\nLEVISON: Yes, it did. How I got there, why I got there, other than that my\nsister had gone a year or two before ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. I don't know why, other than that, why\nI went. That she had told me it was quite an experience. That's probably why I went.\n\nWEINER: Would you describe that experience?\n\nLEVISON: It was 1949. I have to check with you, because you were there at the\nsame time. I was already in law school. My sister ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had gone to the Brandeis camp\nin California, Santa Susana, in either 1948 or 1947. I think she was encouraged\nto go by her friend, Herman Popkin, who was very active in the Zionist\norganization in the southeast at the time. She thought it was quite ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enriching\nand encouraged me. Maybe she encouraged me because I heard that there were a lot\nof attractive women there. Who knows. Anyhow, I went out on my own. Went by\ntrain cross country. Got there. It was a really very rewarding experience,\nirrespective of what others may have felt later on with regard to the way the\ncamp was developed or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever. I think the philosophy was to put young Jews in\nan environment where they had very warm and pleasant social experiences in\ncultural activities and built those cultural activities, whether it was drama,\ndance, poetry, or whatever, around things ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish, Jewish life. So, it had, I\nthink, a significant influence on a lot of people. I met Howard Sacher at the\ncamp that summer, who is the oldest son of Dr. Abram Sacher, the president of\nBrandeis University. Brandeis University and Brandeis camp had no connection\nwith each other. We became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends and stayed friends until we were living\nacross country and married and had families and sort of lost contact with each\nother. I met two or three other people that for a couple of years we tried to\nstay in contact, but we were from different parts of the country and sort of\nlost contact after a while. I think it did have a long-term influence on me.\n\nWEINER: I guess before we leave your early life, did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a role model or\nany particular if you could describe maybe your early ambitions for having a\ncareer or life work. Did you have . . .\n\nLEVISON: I don't recall. There were always older fellows that were impressive,\njust because they were older and you sort of looked up to them. Some Jewish,\nsome non-Jewish, some athletes, some not athletes. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nobody that I can say had\nthat kind of influence on my life. Probably my mother had the biggest and the\nongoing influence. My father traveled a lot so he was not here a lot at the time\nof those formative years, except weekends. Her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guidance probably was the most important.\n\nWEINER: Did you have anyone that you turned to for advice in your career or your school?\n\nLEVISON: Not at that early age, no. Interesting, going back just a little bit on\nthe religion part. Probably one of the reasons I went to Brandeis Camp, I\nbelieve in 1948, late spring of 1948 or the summer of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1948, I approached Rabbi\nRothschild. I was 21 and said, \"I'd like to teach Sunday school.\" He said, \"Tell\nme something about your background.\" I told him. He said, \"You're not\nqualified.\" He said, \"What makes you qualified? \" I said, \"Well, I attended\nSunday school here and I hated it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I think I could make it better, make it\nmore interesting to the students.\" He said, \"Maybe you are qualified. You may\nnot know anything, but maybe you got the right attitude.\" He said he would\nexperiment with me and got me with, I think his name was Adolph Rosenberg who\nheaded the Jewish Educational Services at the time, whatever it was. It was a\none or two-person office trying to provide education materials for Sunday school teachers.\n\nWEINER: That's a different Adolph Rosenberg ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the one that was editor of the\nSouthern Israelite, right?\n\nLEVISON: That's right. I taught the sixth grade at the Temple Sunday school for\ntwo years. In between those two years was the summer I went to Brandeis. Then I\nwent off to New York, that ended my Sunday School career.\n\nWEINER: Would you have anyone that you could say was the most important\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"influence in your life?\n\nLEVISON: Other than my mother? That would be by far the most. As I got into the\npractice of law, there are other people that were guiding lights to me and\ninfluenced me and so forth.\n\nWEINER: You mentioned Howard Sacher. I think, from remembering our\npre-interview, he had some influence. He kind of helped ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you and directed\nsomething about your social life, right?\n\nLEVISON: I met him in 1949. In 1950, I went to Boston, and we were going to go\nup to Canada, but we never got there. I ended up staying with him and his family\nin Boston for a few days. Then when I finished law school and I got a job with\nthe council's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office of Internal Revenue Service in New York, he was still in\nBoston. Periodically, I had other friends that were in Harvard, and so I would\nget up there. I once or twice would see him. One of those friends was a fellow\nnamed Allen Klein [sp] from Atlanta who had been in my Sunday school class. We\ncontinued to be good friends. He lives on the West ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coast, but I don't see much\nof him anymore. After I returned to Atlanta in 1956, one of the first things I\nwas working on was a California tax case for National Linen Service which is now\nknown as National Service Industries. I had to go to Los Angeles and San\nFrancisco. When I got to San Francisco, I contacted Allen. He and his wife and I\nwere out for dinner. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He told me that he thought my friend Howard Sacher was\nliving in Los Angeles. He gave me the name of a fellow in Los Angeles who said\nhe was also a friend of Howard's and I could track him down that way. So, I\ncalled this guy when I got to Los Angeles. He gave me Howard's number but\ninquired if I were single and, if so, was I interested in meeting any young\nladies, which I answered yes. I ended up meeting Teddi ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schlesinger who was in\nschool in Southern California. She was from Salem, Oregon, which led ultimately\nto . . . a few months later we got married. That was 1957. I don't think I've\ntalked to Howard once or twice. I saw him once or twice. He came to Atlanta\ndoing a book review or something I think one time. Periodically, he has spoken\non behalf of various Jewish fundraising organizations. But I probably haven't\nseen him in 20 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years.\n\nWEINER: Was your wife, your first wife, Jewish?\n\nLEVISON: Yes. Not that she had had much, you know, Jewish education. She came\nfrom a small town in Oregon. Her parents and grandparents were Jewish. She was\nJewish. She didn't know much about Judaism other than being Jewish and had very\nlittle Jewish training. Certainly no formal Jewish training.\n\nWEINER: Do you think that religion ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infected your marriage or did it have any\ngreat influence one way or the other? I'll just put a whole bunch of questions\nout and you can answer it as you see. After you got married, did you attempt to\nestablish a Jewish home and light the candles and all that? Describe that.\n\nLEVISON: We were Jewish, Teddi and I. Usually, it's the woman who establishes\nthe Jewish home. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We certainly didn't keep kosher. We were about as Reform as one\ncan get. Our friends, probably 98 percent, social friends were Jewish. Our\nchildren, Michael, the oldest, was confirmed from Temple. Danny did not finish.\nJennifer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"may have just started when Teddi and I were divorced, and she moved to\nthe West Coast and Jennifer went with her. I don't think Judaism played much of\na role except we were Jewish and our friends mostly were Jewish. WEINER: You\nbelonged to the synagogue?\n\nLEVISON: We belonged to the Temple and then the Standard Club. Standard Club,\nthat's where all the social activity was for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our involvement.\n\nWEINER: Where was the Standard Club located?\n\nLEVISON: It was called Standard Club Drive, but in Brookhaven, which is about\nthree miles probably from where we lived.\n\nWEINER: You had three children. Do you feel that you transmitted your values to\nyour children or what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened?\n\nLEVISON: I think, you could say my values. I think my children and I are very\nclose. Obviously, because of the divorce 20 some years ago, for a while there\nwas probably a tug between parents. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But my children have a strong work ethic.\nOne of them and his family, Michael, are very involved in things Jewish. While\nthey don't keep a kosher home, their two oldest children are in the Epstein\nSchool. They attend religious ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"services rather frequently, even though it's not a\nparticular holiday. Again, I think that's because of his wife as much as anything.\n\nWEINER: What synagogue do they belong to?\n\nLEVISON: AA.\n\nWEINER: But you didn't affiliate with AA during your marriage?\n\nLEVISON: No.\n\nWEINER: Or you personally?\n\nLEVISON: I've had no influence on their religious, in my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"view. Maybe, but if\nit's been any, it's been subliminal really. Nothing overt. My second son,\nDaniel, has recently married for the second time. Neither wife has been Jewish.\n\nWEINER: I'm sorry. I didn't hear you.\n\nLEVISON: Neither wife has been Jewish. My daughter, who is now divorced, her\nhusband ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was not Jewish. I have two stepdaughters. I remarried in 1976 to my\nwife, Deanne, who is not Jewish. She had two daughters, who are not Jewish. But\nwe are very close.\n\nWEINER: Do you belong to a synagogue?\n\nLEVISON: Not today, I do not.\n\nWEINER: But you are active in the Jewish community?\n\nLEVISON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.\n\nWEINER: How about describing your activities.\n\nLEVISON: Over the years, I guess I've participated a little bit in various\norganizations. My most involved activities have been with the Atlanta Jewish\nFederation and now the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. Those were my most\ninvolved. I have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"participated in various campaigns and I've been a contributor\nto a number of organizations, but there was a long gap from early involvement in\na lot of things to probably a period when I wasn't too involved, and then I got\ninvolved in the Federation activities. For seven or eight years, I was counsel,\nthe first attorney for the Federation, on a regular ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basis. Back about 17 years\nago, I guess, when Gerald Cohen was the president of Federation, he asked me to\nhead up an ad hoc group to undertake a study to see whether Atlanta Jewish\ncommunity would support either a historical society, traveling exhibits, a\nHolocaust museum, just find out what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we would really be willing to support. We\nhad a committee that did a year-long study. We sort of laid out a long-term sort\nof program that would have ultimately, we would hope, would have some facility\nwhere there would be some permanent as well as changing exhibits, some archives,\nsomething related to the Holocaust, but we knew we couldn't truly match what was\ndeveloping in other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"places. Also, we probably couldn't develop a major\ncollection of Judaica itself because so many places had already collected and\nthere wasn't much available that hadn't gotten very expensive. We started down a\nroad, started developing archives in a closet probably, and every two or three\nyears some kind of an exhibit, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either at the Atlanta History Center or at the\nSchatten Gallery or one time downtown in an office building. We did a variety of\nthings which ultimately led to Bill Breman committing a very significant amount\nof dollars to get something started, not to totally fund and operate. Then there\nwas planning that they probably put a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"second floor on what was then the\nFederation Building on Peachtree Street at Huntington [Road]. Really, the end\nresult was going to be expensive and probably not very desirable for both the\nFederation and the heritage museum. The Selig family came along and gave this\nbuilding on Spring Street, which took a significant amount of dollars to convert\nit from a warehouse to both a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heritage museum, auditorium, and Federation\noffices. Basically, the money that Bill Breman had originally committed, which\nwas to be both for some facility and for endowment, all ended up going into the\nbuilding as did money from some other major contributors. I was active on that\ncommittee throughout. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1995, I was asked to chair the museum because we were\ngoing to be moving into the facility in 1996, and I chaired it for three years.\nStepped out at the end of June 1998 but have stayed on the board.\n\nWEINER: As a neophyte interviewer, I've got to go back and go back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"50 years\nbecause we did skip a gap in this biographical expose. How about telling us what\nhappened during the war [World War II]? When you graduated from high school and\nthen went on to college. What happened?\n\nLEVISON: I graduated high school, Boys High School, in January of 1945, a half a\nyear early. We were in the Second World War. I had just turned 17. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I started the\nUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. While I was there, two things,\n[President Franklin D.] Roosevelt died, then president, and Germany surrendered.\nBut we still had the war with Japan. As a 17-year-old, what little did I know\nwhat was developing. I decided I wanted to be a navy pilot and take the water to\nJapan. I joined the [United States] Navy in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Durham, North Carolina. Got my\norders. My orders were to report to Emory University, which was two miles from\nhome. I reported to Emory University. I had to complete certain education before\nI could get into the pilot training. That program, before I finished the first\nterm, which would be my second semester in college, the war with Japan ended.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then they didn't know what to do with this naval unit at Emory, so they sent us\nover to Georgia Tech [Georgia Institute of Technology]. I completed two more\nsemesters at Georgia Tech. By this time, it was the spring of 1946, and we were\ntold we had a choice of three things. They were going to keep a few people in to\nstay in the navy program and it would be very competitive. You could get out and\nbecome 1-A, which would have been classification for subject to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"draft. Or you\ncould go through boot camp and at the end of 18 months get out and be classified\n4-A, that you'd served in the service. By that time, I was 18 and I said I don't\nwant to fly jets off of aircraft carriers. I really don't want to spend another\n18 months as apprentice seaman, so I got out. I was classified 1A. By that time,\nI had finished two years of college. I went back to Emory, finished business\nschool in 1948, and started law ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. There were several reasons I started law\nschool. By June of 1948, all the returning veterans had pretty well sopped up\nall the desirable job opportunities that developed after the war. There weren't\na lot of job opportunities. By that time, I had gotten to know Marvin Shoob, who\nhad finished law school at the University of Georgia. He had become a friend and\nreally probably talking with Marvin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shoob and his then friend, Irving Kaylor\n[sp], whose young brother was a friend of mine, I decided to go to law school.\nAnd I enlisted in law school.\n\nWEINER: How did you finance your education?\n\nLEVISON: Notwithstanding what had occurred, I was classified a veteran and did\nget VA [Veterans Affairs] benefits to attend. It got me through ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"college. And my\nfather supplemented it. But you got to understand that we probably lived off $5\na week for food. I lived at home until they moved to Knoxville.\n\nWEINER: You lived on Pasadena.\n\nLEVISON: Homestead, Homestead.\n\nWEINER: Homestead.\n\nLEVISON: Yes. But then they moved to Knoxville. My father . . . Emory was maybe\n$150 a quarter or something like that for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"residents, not much more. I finished\nlaw school. By the time I finished law school, I had gotten very interested in\nthe tax field. After a couple of months being out of law school, I wrote my\nfather and told him I was interested in going to the NYU [New York University]\ngraduate tax law school. Would he consider paying my tuition and supporting me?\nI got back a short ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one sentence letter. \"Dear son, it's time to go to work.\nLove, Dad.\" I think that's the only letter I ever got from my father. I wish I\nhad kept it. I had sort of run errands for the law office of Mr. Herbert Haas\nwhen I first started law school. That office at the time I started, there was\nMr. Henry Alexander, Sol Golden, Joe Haas, Kurt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holland, Sidney Rose [sp],\nArnold Kay [sp]. A year or so later, Sol Golden formed a firm with Ellis Arnall\nand Cleburne Gregory. Arnall Golden Gregory. They were in the same building. I\nran errands for both law firms. Nobody paid me. Just ran errands so I could\nreally be an apprentice. When I finished law school, you might say I joined\nArnall Golden Gregory in January of 1951. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arnall Golden Gregory. They\nhad one other associate, Charles Weltner, who had started the previous\nSeptember. Charles and I had space. We weren't paid unless we worked on\nsomething for the firm that the firm got paid. Then they might deem that they'd\ngive us something. Charles got caught up in the Korean War and I did not. He\nwent. He joined the [unintelligible]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I couldn't afford to wait until we did\nsomething that I could get paid, so I got a job with the Revenue Service in June\nof 1951. They sent me to New York.\n\nWEINER: Would you say that being Jewish hindered or aided your career?\n\nLEVISON: Law career?\n\nWEINER: Yes.\n\nLEVISON: In the early very, very formative law school days, I had the definite\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"impression that Jews would probably not be successful litigators in Georgia and\nthat Atlanta attorneys probably wouldn't be very successful irrespective of\ntheir religion, gender or color, in small towns in Georgia, going up against a\nsmall-town community lawyer. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe the job opportunities with some law firms,\nwhich there weren't a hell of a lot of job opportunities anyhow. There may have\nbeen a few firms that did not or were unwilling to take Jews in the early 1950s\nand maybe even until the early 1960s. But there were other firms, the Kilpatrick\n[Kilpatrick Townsend \u0026 Stockton] law firm, the Powell Goldstein law firm, the\nSutherland law ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"firm, they all had one or more Jews. They may have been tokens as\nsuch. But then there were the King \u0026 Spaulding [law firm] that didn't have any\nand probably had a reputation for a long time that no Jew would be admitted. Of\ncourse, today, the managing partner during their most successful period in their\nhistory was Ralph Levy, who is Jewish. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was probably a belief and a\nconcern. Reality is hard to put your fingers on. It was probably, something was\nthere. On the other hand, I've had non-Jewish people who probably thought it was\na compliment to say to me, \"I want the smartest attorney I can get, and Jews are\nthe smartest people I know. Therefore, I want you to be my attorney.\" Some of us\nmight think that's an insult and some of us might think of it as a compliment.\nThen some of us who got the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"client probably were delighted to have the client.\n\nWEINER: You went to New York, is that right?\n\nLEVISON: Yes. I was a trial attorney for the Revenue Service in New York.\n\nWEINER: Being Jewish in New York, is that different or not?\n\nLEVISON: Not really. The office that I worked in, there were 27 lawyers. The\noverwhelming majority of them were Boston [Massachusetts] Irish, strangely\nenough. The Revenue Service at that time would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not assign you to an office in\nyour home state. You had to go to a different state. They told me there was an\nopening in Cleveland [Ohio] and New York. To me, there wasn't much choice. I\nwent to New York. There were two or three Jewish people there, but most of the\nones that I knew were Irish Catholic.\n\nWEINER: What about your social life in New York?\n\nLEVISON: Mixed. I was no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"longer tied only with the people I grew up with. So, it\nwas mixed. A lot of it involved people that I worked with in the office of New\nYork. Over a period of time, I met some others. I'd say the majority were\nJewish. Some of the longstanding friendships, I would say were half and half.\nAfter I left New ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York the end of 1955, I continued friendships with some people.\nI would say about half and half. Half of them are Jewish and half are not. There\nis still one couple that I am very close with. We don't see a lot of each other\nanymore, but they're Jewish. The wife actually was from Augusta, Georgia.\n\nWEINER: Did you join a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue?\n\nLEVISON: No.\n\nWEINER: Or participate in any cultural Jewish?\n\nLEVISON: I was not an active participant in any organizational activity. I did\nattend various cultural things, some of which were Jewish. But, not predominantly.\n\nWEINER: We are coming close to the end of this tape, and I'm going to turn off\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this tape. This is the end of the second tape and we'll go to the third side of\nthe tape.\n\nLEVISON: Third side.\n\nWEINER: Interview being conducted by Beryl Weiner. The interviewee is S. Jarvin\nLevison. This is April 22, 1999. We're talking about the social life in New\nYork. Is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there anything else that you recall with respect to your time in New York?\n\nLEVISON: Not really. Really from the time I was certainly in college, I\ndeveloped an interest in politics and some history in high school. By the time I\nwas in New ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York . . . In law school, I was an activist for the nomination or\nwhatever of [President] Dwight Eisenhower. At the time, I was not particularly\nimpressed with [President] Harry Truman. Later on, I got more impressed.\n\nWEINER: You had an interesting experience while you were at Tech, didn't you?\n\nLEVISON: Yes.\n\nWEINER: Tell us about that.\n\nLEVISON: At that time, and keep in mind I was still 17 years old. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was in\n1946. Eugene Talmadge was running again for governor. He was quite an adept\npolitician. When he was in the rural areas, he was good ole Gene. But when he\nwas in Atlanta, he was a slick-down ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"politician. A group of us from Tech went to\none of his political rallies at the Erlanger Theater on Peachtree Street, which\nwas fairly close to Tech. By that time, my generation was beginning to . . .\nsome of the people in my generation were beginning to react negatively to the\nsouthern ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Democrat politician who used race as the base of all their campaigns.\nWe got up into the balcony, and we started heckling him, asking questions, and\nsort of broke up his rally. The police came in. By that time, we went out the\nfire escapes and got back to Tech before anybody could determine who it was,\nparticularly since we were all in Navy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uniforms. But it was fun. It was\ninteresting. It was really beginning about that time that I particularly began\nto have a negative view of the southern political leaders, all of whom were\nDemocrats. Notwithstanding ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their influence in congress or maybe that added to\nit. To me, I thought, as leaders, they should be leading the people to a\ndifferent view than one based on hate, and if not hate, something close to it.\nAs a consequence, I guess, I developed a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strong anathema to the Democratic\nParty, particularly in the south.\n\nWEINER: Did you attribute anything else to your getting involved in politics and\nin government?\n\nLEVISON: No, because my parents were not particularly . . . I guess they weren't\nobservant or interested. Other than ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occasional comments supportive of Franklin\nD. Roosevelt, I don't remember that they expressed a view much about anything.\n\nWEINER: How about your siblings?\n\nLEVISON: No. My sister, no. My brother was 10 years younger, so he was too young\nto be involved.\n\nWEINER: What about aunts or uncles? Anybody in the family that were role models?\n\nLEVISON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They probably wouldn't have influenced me anyhow, most of them. We got\nto keep in mind probably when I was 18 to 20. I thought that crowd was too old\nan antiquated to have any serious ideas for our generation.\n\nWEINER: What did influence you mostly? Your own education or what?\n\nLEVISON: My continued reading, I guess, and observance of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"history and people\nthat I liked or didn't like on a political scene. Being a supporter of\nEisenhower, did I know what his personal views were, vis a vis, blacks, whites,\nethnic groups and religious groups? No, but I was impressed that he had been a\nleader and seemed to be a different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"type of politician. I did believe he had to\nbe a politician to get to where he got in the army. Since he seemed to have a\ndifferent view towards the military than Douglas MacArthur, whom I was not\nimpressed with, it was easy to make that distinction. However, I must admit that\nhis selection in keeping [President] Richard Nixon on his ticket was a terrible\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disappointment to me in 1952.\n\nWEINER: Do you think being Jewish has influenced your position on any of these\npolitical issues on governmental concerns?\n\nLEVISON: I think the answer would be yes. Being Jewish, and my mother's view\nabout human beings in general.\n\nWEINER: Explain that.\n\nLEVISON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Growing up during the 1930s and the 1940s, the atrocities of the Second\nWorld War focused primarily on Jews. It made me very cognizant of the problems\nthat humanity has when people hate others or have some reason to think that\nyou're different and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"therefore you got to be treated different than me and my\nkind. My mother was a very soft-spoken person who always set examples rather\nthan telling us. Just the way she treated people and had respect for people, I\nthink the combination in those two things had an influence on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me with regard to\nmy attitudes towards political leaders.\n\nWEINER: Were you ever involved in the development of Israel or supporting Israel\nand the Zionist movement or something like that?\n\nLEVISON: Since you know I grew up in the Temple under Rabbi David Marx, we grew\nup with an attitude of do not create a State of Israel. He was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opposed to it. I\nguess, what other leader did I know that expressed a view on that except him? At\nthe time of the creation of the state of Israel in 1948, I was still 20. I had\nnot turned 21. I was at Emory. I really had mixed feelings. I thought I should\nbe opposed to it because David Marx ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"educated us that way. On the other hand, I\nhad a great deal of pride in what was developing. In the early stages, I was\nsort of ambivalent. I have been a strong supporter, vocal and maybe to a less\nextent financial, of the existence of the State of Israel. I get terribly upset\nand frustrated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the level of politics that I see goes on there and the\nposturing. I'm very disturbed about the fundamentalism of a segment and their\nattitude towards everybody else. To me, their attitude is as bad as any other\nreligious fundamentalist group. It's very disturbing. It's very disturbing that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the rest of the population won't repudiate it.\n\nWEINER: Did you observe a change in Atlanta's Jewish community with respect to Israel?\n\nLEVISON: First of all, I think the segregation, if we can call it that, between\nthe German and East European Jews just pretty well ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dissolved in the years\nfollowing the Second World War. Some people said there was a lot of\nintermarriage. And it has. I think that's basically been long gone. There's\nstill a little of it here and there. I think the overwhelming population of the\nJewish community in Atlanta has been very supportive of the state of Israel. A\nlot of it, blindly so. Whatever they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do, okay.\n\nWEINER: What about in the Temple when Rothschild came? Were you observant of that?\n\nLEVISON: I wasn't in the generation that were the decision-makers at the Temple.\nIt was obvious to us congregants that the longtime members who were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so close to\nDavid Marx resented a lot of what Jack Rothschild was doing and the direction he\nwas moving in, particularly with, opening up relationships with the black\ncommunity and Martin Luther King [Jr.] and his views on damn near anything,\nwhether it was the State of Israel or otherwise. But, he was around long enough\nthat he survived all of those, and he had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"major influence on this\ncongregation, which I think has been carried on by [Rabbi] Alvin Sugarman.\n\nWEINER: What about . . . were you here in Atlanta when the bombing of the Temple?\n\nLEVISON: Yes.\n\nWEINER: What were your observations?\n\nLEVISON: Very pleased to see the reaction of the general Atlanta community. Very\ndisturbed, of course, that we still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had people that crazy, but based upon recent\ntragedy in the Denver suburb of two teenage boys going in and killing more than\na dozen of their classmates, rationally or irresponsibly, there seemed to be no\nbasis to it. Regrettably, there are elements of our society around all the time,\nbut I was very heartened, even though I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still fairly young, at the response\nof the Atlanta community.\n\nWEINER: Did you observe, as you were growing up, any other efforts of\nantisemitism or suffer any antisemitism? How about describing that in your\nlife's cycle.\n\nLEVISON: It was fairly accepted within the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community that, in general\nsociety, whether it be the lower economic scale or the higher economic scale,\nthere was antisemitism. It was probably experienced more with the higher\neconomic scale of people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there wasn't as much contact with the lower\neconomic scale of people, white or black. I don't think anybody thought there\nwas much of any antisemitism from the black community. I think, as a matter of\nfact, most Jews of my generation probably believed that the black community felt\nthat the Jewish community was more concerned with their community ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the white\nChristian community. That changed at some point in time, or certainly that view\ndissolved. There were some efforts of organized hate groups, efforts for the\nKlan to come back and other white supremacist groups. Fortunately for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta,\nand probably Georgia, we had a bit more enlightened leadership than places like\nAlabama and Mississippi.\n\nWEINER: Whose leadership?\n\nLEVISON: Bill Hartsfield, for one.\n\nWEINER: Didn't Jews engulf that in his administration?\n\nLEVISON: Maybe not administration. I think one of the most ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"influential members\nof the Jewish community that was very close to Bill Hartsfield was Abe Goldstein\nwho owned Prior Tire Company.\n\nWEINER: That's the father of Leon Goldstein?\n\nLEVISON: Leon Goldstein, right. Later . . . all of a sudden it sort of slips my mind.\n\nWEINER: I butted in on you. You were talking about the development of the\nattitude ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of antisemitism and change.\n\nLEVISON: What I'm saying, there was some within organized within hate groups. It\nwasn't all focused on Jews by any means. Blacks. Almost anybody different from\ntheir little group. By and large, the authorities and leaders in Atlanta and\nGeorgia were opposed to those groups. The newspapers were. We had obviously an\nenlightened newspaper led by Ralph McGill. It was a combination of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things, which\nI don't think existed in some other states. Even today, I guess there is some\nblatant antisemitism in some groups. By and large, I think Jews in Atlanta are\nnot faced with any significant obstacles just because they're Jewish.\n\nWEINER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Would you then describe what did finally bring you into getting involved\nin party affiliations?\n\nLEVISON: When I came back to Atlanta at the beginning of 1956, it was still\nduring the Eisenhower years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I became interested in trying to help develop a\ntwo-party system in Georgia. There was still a white primary as far as the\nDemocratic Party was concerned. Blacks could not participate in the nomination\nprocess within the Democratic Party. There was no Republican primary in Georgia\nat the time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They would hold county and state conventions. The black community\nparticipated. There were not too many of anybody who participated. But some of\nthe leaders, well, the two that I remember most that I first knew were lawyers\nthat I'd always, one, I had been impressed with from the time I was in law\nschool. That's Randolph ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thrower. The other was Charlie Moye. Charlie is now a\nsenior federal judge, as you well know. Randolph has been a leader in this\ncommunity for 50 years. He was with a group of people that were leaders in this\ncommunity. Judge Elbert Tuttle had been in his law firm, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eisenhower had\nappointed Judge Tuttle to the circuit court of appeals. Herbert Alsace [sp] was\nin that law firm. All our offices were within a block of each other. I was\nactually in the same building with Randolph at the time, and just wanting to get\nactive. I just wanted to do something. I felt like I had the time, the\nopportunity, and the inclination. It probably took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us . . . Randolph. I can't\nremember. Charlie Moye ran for fifth district congressional seat and Randolph\ndid at the moment. I think Charlie ran first and Randolph ran next. I think,\nthat's my recollection.\n\nWEINER: About what year?\n\nLEVISON: I came back in, I think Randolph, I think it was 1958. It could have\nbeen 1956. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think Charlie actually ran before I returned to Atlanta. That's my\nvague recollection. If you recall, we still had the county unit system, which\nmeant that the fifth congressional district consisted of Fulton, DeKalb, and\nRockdale County. In the Democratic Party, they had the county unit system. In\nthe Republican Party, it was just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"convention nomination. DeKalb County always\ndominated the nomination for the fifth district in the Democratic Party. That\nwas Judge James C. Davis who was the congressman at the time. We weren't\nsuccessful, obviously, for Charlie Moye or for Randolph. The party was small.\nFinancial support was small. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we, little by little, we moved it along. Nixon\nran for president in 1960 and lost to Kennedy. The party grew a little bit in 1960.\n\nWEINER: What position did you hold?\n\nLEVISON: I may not have had any position. I mean, I had just been active.\nSomewhere around that time I remember going to a Young Republican meeting and\nthere were only three of us.\n\nWEINER: Who were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they?\n\nLEVISON: June Smith and Mack [Johnston]. I forgot Mack's last name at the\nmoment. Three of us. I don't know what kind of promotion we had beforehand, but\nthere were only three of us at the meeting. I think Mac dropped out after that.\nJune and I stayed involved. She is now, I think, a resident of Connecticut or\nsomewhere. It gradually developed. By ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1962, we had developed fairly\nsignificantly. By that time, the black community was really divided. Before\nthat, it was pretty Republican oriented with black ministers. Just because they\ncouldn't participate in the Democratic Party. But in 1960, because of the arrest\nof Martin Luther King in DeKalb ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"County in violation of a parole, and what\nhappened after, that sort of changed the direction of the black community as far\nas which political party they would support. There was a call made to the\n[President John F.] Kennedy campaign for somebody to call the King family. I\nthink Bobby Kennedy did. At the same time or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before that, one of the black\nRepublican leaders tried to get a hold of the Nixon campaign to have the Nixon\ncampaign say something favorable on behalf of Martin Luther King. It was\nunsuccessful in convincing anybody that had any pipelines to Nixon to do so. I\ndon't think it was ever called to Nixon's attention. At least in the United\nStates, not necessarily in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, I think the majority black vote went for\nKennedy in 1960. In Atlanta, 57 percent of the black vote went for Nixon\nnotwithstanding the Kennedy efforts with King. It had been well-organized black\ncommunity Republican oriented. [Year] 1961 was the first year Ivan Allen ran\nagainst Lester Maddox. It was, again, the organization to build for Ivan Allen.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By 1962, in the early stages, we had the black ministers organized to support\nthe Republican candidate for congress against Judge James C. Davis who had been\nan arch segregationist. Before that could be accomplished, the challenge to the\ncounty unit system had been successful. It was initiated by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Morris Abram as the\nattorney to overturn the county unit system. At the very last minute, after the\ncounty unit system was overturned and it was one man one vote basically in the\nfifth district, Charlie Weltner, who had originally been in Arnall Golden\nGregory but was no longer, beat James C. Davis because they were not running in\nthe county unit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"system. The majority of the votes were in Fulton County. Once he\ngot the nomination for the Democrats, the effort among the Democrats was, wait a\nminute. Now you support Kennedy and this and that. Charlie is liberal for us\ntype of approach. They were able to get the black ministers to switch their\nsupport from a fellow ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"named Jim O'Callaghan, who had been at one time chairman\nof the Atlanta school board running as a Republican to Charlie Weltner. Charlie\nwon and stayed in congress, I think, for four years, until he ended up on the\nsame ticket as Lester Maddox when Lester was running for governor. And his\nconscience wouldn't let him be on the same ticket.\n\nWEINER: Let me ask you, what about Morris ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abram? Before that, did he run for\nfifth district?\n\nLEVISON: I think he ran for the fifth district congressional seat, but it was\ncounty unit system.\n\nWEINER: That was probably the big factor causing him to bring . . .\n\nLEVISON: Morris was a very active, activist in politics and in the bar. You're\nasking me who also in the Jewish community was influential in the Hartsfield\nadministration. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Morris in addition to Abe Goldstein. Of course, Morris\nwent on to be the council to the Peace Corps when it was first established by\nKennedy. Then he went to New York to practice law. I think he even succeeded Abe\nSacher as president of Brandeis University. I think he has gotten more\nconservative in his older years.\n\nWEINER: What about Herman Heyman? He was with Morris Abram, wasn't he?\n\nLEVISON: It was Heyman, Heyman \u0026 Abram [Heyman, Abram and Young] or something\nlike that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because Herman Heyman - it had been his father's, I want to say law\nfirm, but there were only three or four of them. In those days, three or four\npeople made a big law firm. When I became an activist, by that time Herman\nHeyman was up in years so I really didn't know what he may have done. He wasn't\ncontinuing to be activist at the time, that I can recall. I mean, he was a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leader but he wasn't out there on the front lines, to my knowledge.\n\nWEINER: We've had some prominent Jewish lawyers, though, throughout our Atlanta history.\n\nLEVISON: You say we've had some prominent? I'm sorry.\n\nWEINER: Yes, prominent.\n\nLEVISON: I thought you said some problems. Prominent. There was Harold Hirsch,\nwho I didn't know. He predeceased my coming on. Mr. Herbert Haas. Mr. Herbert\nHaas was the father of my senior partner, Joe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Haas, and who gave me my first\nopportunity while I was in law school to run errands for him. He was the first\nattorney that was called by the Leo Frank family at the time Leo Frank was\narrested. Mr. Herbert Haas got the other attorneys involved. There has been\nprominent Jews all along. In the generation before me, there would have been -\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between Herbert Haas and his generation, there would have been Joe Haas, Elliott\nGoldstein, Louis Regenstein. As you know, Beryl, there's thousands today, many\nof which we probably don't even know are Jewish.\n\nWEINER: What about Alsace?\n\nLEVISON: Oh, yes.\n\nWEINER: Was he influential in the political circle?\n\nLEVISON: No, but he was a supporter and active - the leadership being ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there with\nJudge Tuttle and Randolph Thrower.\n\nWEINER: In the Republican Party?\n\nLEVISON: Right.\n\nWEINER: Were there any other Jews in this politic party period when you are\ntalking about the 1960s?\n\nLEVISON: No, prior to that and I think it was probably in the 1940s, Mr. Henry\nA. Alexander. Used to run for Congress for the fifth district and financed it\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"himself. I don't think he ever got but barely above ground, probably.\n\nWEINER: As a Republican?\n\nLEVISON: As a Republican. I don't think he was not elected because he was\nJewish. Probably a lot of people didn't know.\n\nWEINER: Describe your development in the Republican party.\n\nLEVISON: There were . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this would have been in the early 1960s. Randolph was\nour sort of local leader. Statewide leadership was probably Bob Snodgrass, who\nwas the national committee chairman. There was a fellow named Shartzer, who I\nthink was Jewish.\n\nWEINER: You know how to spell that?\n\nLEVISON: S-H-A-R-T-Z-E-R. I think. I don't think he was particularly involved in\nthe Jewish community, but I think he was Jewish. I think he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either finance\nchairman or the treasurer or something when I first got active. He wasn't active\nvery long after that, as far as I know. He may not have lived very long after\nthat. The others that got sort of started when I got started were Mike Egan, who\nwas also in the Sutherland law firm, a partner of Randolph Thrower. Richard\nFreeman, who was my partner in the practice of law, Rodney ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cook, and a few\nothers. With Randolph and the rest of us, we sort of moved it along. We got\nRodney and Richard elected to the alderman board of the city, which is the City\nCouncil. That was the first time any acknowledged or known Republicans ran for\noffice locally and got elected. They were active Republicans. It wasn't like\nthey were closet in there. They got elected and then told. We got a few people\nelected to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"state legislature. We had a candidate for governor in 1962, but\nunfortunately, he was killed in an automobile accident.\n\nWEINER: Who was that?\n\nLEVISON: His name was Smith. Ed Smith from Columbus [Georgia]. He was an\nattorney. After that, we didn't have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"candidate. Randolph and I met with Carl\nSanders and J.B. Fuqua, who was his finance chairman. They asked us if we could\nget some support among Republicans, particularly in the black community. They\nthought we had better contacts within the black community than they did, and we\ndid, because we had no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"candidate. We encouraged the election of Carl Sanders.\n\nWEINER: Who were some of your contacts in the black community?\n\nLEVISON: One fellow was a fellow named John Calhoun, who later became a\ncouncilman, city councilman. Bill Shaw, who was the secretary of the Republican\nParty for years and years and years. Mr. T.M. Alexander, a successful real\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"estate man in the black community. Q.V. Williamson, who was also a real estate\ndeveloper and subsequently a member of the city council. Mr. Yates and Mr.\nMilton. L.D. Milton and I think it was C.A. Yates. They were partners in the\nCitizen's Bank and Trust, a black bank. They were the two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"principals. They also\nowned a drugstore in the black community and real estate. They were probably the\ntwo most successful at the time along with T.M. Alexander. We worked through\nthem to get encouragement to do so.\n\nWEINER: What was your position? What were your positions in the party?\n\nLEVISON: I guess the first position I had was a vice chairman of the Fulton\nCounty ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"party when Randolph was the chairman. In 1963 or 1964. I can't remember\nnow, 1963, Randolph was going to step down as chairman, and I was going to seek\nthe county chairmanship. At that time, we were making ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"progress, but because of\nthe various desegregation laws that were being pushed nationally, a lot of the\nwhite Democrats were moving over to the Republican Party to support Barry\nGoldwater. I don't think they knew what his views were, but he was conservative.\nI don't think he was conservative in human rights. He was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conservative on a lot\nof other things. We ended up really in some battles over control of the\nRepublican party in the county and the state because of newcomers that wanted to\ntake over to support Goldwater. Our view was let's don't make a choice a whole\nyear ahead of time who we are going to support. Let's build the party. Anyhow,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of that contest and feeling of some people that part of that contest was\n- those that opposed me because I'm Jewish. We had a sort of negotiating\nresolution of all that and picked a fellow named Don Whittemore as the county\nchairman and I would become the fifth district chairman. The fifth district\nchairman would be somewhere in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"status between the county chairman and the state\nparty. It worked. I was probably hurt a little bit there for a while.\n\nWEINER: Tell me about that. What do you mean?\n\nLEVISON: Probably disappointed that some of my principal supporters probably\nfelt I could not get elected either because of the influx of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the white Democrats\nwho wanted to dominate the county party or that in combination with being some\nlate antisemitism, and that we should try to look to the long range and work out\na compromise that was acceptable. Don Whittemore was quite acceptable, and then\nI became the fifth district chairman. We basically continued to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"control what we\nused to say were the enlightened Republicans, because we always thought we were\nconservative. Keep in mind, I'm using conservatism on economic issues because\nthe party had been open to black community all along, which is only the former\nsouthern Democrat. Their views of conservatism is a social conservatism. On\neconomic issues, they were probably more populist ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than conservative. That's\nwhere we had so many differences. Anyhow, I ended up also on the state party\ncommittee. But by that time following all those elections, the state party was\nfairly well dominated by the Goldwater supporters. Most of those that stayed\nactive ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the next four to six years gradually became more focused on other\nissues and development of the party rather than this one issue of being opposed\nto desegregation. Many of those, in subsequent years, was the next new group\nthat came in with some strange views. They were fighting those groups like we\nfought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. There has always been that certain element, that's true. On the\nopposite end of the political spectrum over in the Democratic party.\n\nWEINER: Did you ultimately get to be a higher office?\n\nLEVISON: I was a member of the state party. I was the fifth district chairman. I\nwas a delegate to the 1964 convention ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in San Francisco [California] which\nnominated Goldwater.\n\nWEINER: Did you vote for Goldwater?\n\nLEVISON: No. Although the county convention that nominated me also adopted a\nresolution that the delegates would vote for Goldwater and to release by\nGoldwater. After I got out there in San ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Francisco, after 24 hours, I sent a\nmessage to Goldwater that I wanted to be released. I didn't think that having\nworked in the vineyards all these years that I just didn't think that his\ncandidacy as the nominee would be successful against [President] Lyndon Johnson,\nand I set out my reasons. Obviously, I never heard back from him. I stepped\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aside and didn't cast a vote. Q.V. Williamson was the alternate delegate in my\nslot. As I mentioned earlier, Q.V. was a member of a black community. Not only\ndid he refuse to vote for Goldwater, he voted against him. Anyhow, by the time I\ngot back, there were folks that wanted to have my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"head, but nothing came of it.\nI called a meeting when I got back, my district, and I explained my reason. The\none fellow that I thought would probably try to really remove me as chairman was\nthe vice-chairman of the district. I asked him to sit on the podium with me but\nsit behind me, so I never recognized him during the course of the evening\nalthough I took questions from everybody else. I thought he was the only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one\nthat was probably going to make a motion. I never even turned around to see if\nhe had a question. And it went that way.\n\nWEINER: Did you ever congregate with any Jews at that convention?\n\nLEVISON: The only . . . you're talking quite a few years ago now. The only two\nJews that I remember specifically at the convention, one was Art Buchwald. Now I\nremember three. One was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Art Buchwald, who after I was introduced to him said,\n\"What' s a nice Jewish boy like you doing here?\" The other was Sylvan Meyer, who\nwas originally from Atlanta. Was the editor of, I think, a paper in Gainesville\n[Georgia] [The Gainesville Times] but then became the editor of the Miami Herald\nor something. I forgot which paper. He was out there covering the convention and\ntaking photographs for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his paper as well as covering the convention. He was the\neditor, but he was covering the convention himself.\n\nWEINER: He was not a delegate?\n\nLEVISON: No. We had dinner one evening out there, is my recollection.\n\nWEINER: He's originally from Gainesville, isn't he?\n\nLEVISON: No, I think he's from Atlanta or at least he grew up here. He was the\neditor of the Gainesville paper, I think. A fellow named [Charles] Smithgall\nowned it, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and may still own it. The third fellow who was Jewish was Herb Kaplow\nwho was an NBC TV correspondent. I had met Herb in 1962 when he was following\nNixon around in Georgia along with two other national news people. We stayed\nfriends. I stayed friends with Herb off and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on for probably another eight or ten\nyears, but we lost contact.\n\nWEINER: Jarvin, we're coming to a close on some of this. How about discussing\nwhat you think. Will there be a Jewish community in the United States in 100\nyears from now?\n\nLEVISON: I think so. We are all concerned about intermarriage. Obviously, I've\nintermarried and two of my children have, although ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one is now divorced. Also,\nI've witnessed over my years a much more involvement by the larger, what I think\na larger, segment of the Jewish community in Jewish religion, Jewish cultural\nactivities. I realize the Jewish community in Atlanta has grown enormously in\nthose 60 years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think a greater percentage of the Jewish community today in\ngreater Atlanta is much more involved in religious activity and cultural\nactivity and educational activity, Jewish and non-Jewish, than my parents'\ngeneration, both from Eastern Europe and from Germany. I think there will be.\nWhat it will be, I don't know. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"personally have long expressed concern about\nthe impact on world history by organized religions. So many of the wars and\natrocities that have occurred and been perpetrated have frankly been in the\nnames of religion. While we as Jews have been on the short end of most of it,\nwhen I look at what's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened with the fundamentalists in Israel, that's very\ndisturbing to me. It's as disturbing to me in many ways as fundamental\nChristianity, fundamental Islam, or almost any of it. I am concerned about the\nfuture of the world.\n\nWEINER: What about education? Do you think we are going towards private\neducation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the day school, Jewish day schools, or what?\n\nLEVISON: I think more Jews will send their children to day schools, as we have\nbeen doing for 20 years, because of the poor quality of the public schools. If\nthe public schools ever turn around and are competitive in the educations they\ngive, aside from the religious ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"education, private schools may decline.\n\nWEINER: I want to stop this tape and turn it over because we're getting too close.\n\nWEINER:Tape of, maybe not the final one, but the end of this interview. We've\nbeen talking about religious education for the future. What about . . . how\nwould you define to be a Jew? We did this at Brandeis. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went all night on\nsessions. What about . . .\n\nLEVISON: In those old days, we probably said it was a religious civilization. I\ndon't know of a better way. There are so many different elements of being a Jew\nthat I don't know what better way to describe it. You can be so diverse and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still be a Jew, notwithstanding what members of the very Orthodox view about the\nrest of us. As long as, I guess, we're human beings that are concerned about\nother human beings, that as basic a philosophy that I see in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judaism as one can have.\n\nWEINER: Do you think that Judaism has affected your positions from a legal point\nof view or political point of view? For instance, on abortion, say for instance.\n\nLEVISON: Probably not, but Judaism has had an overall influence on my life.\nThere's no question about that. I think I'm a better human being for it now. It\nmay be that just the influence of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents, alone, would have, forgetting any\nreligion at all, I may have had the same viewpoints. It's hard for me to say.\nJudaism was there, and I've been an observer of what pain Jews have suffered\nover the years, in history and in other places in the world. There was some\nantisemitism here, but it's had an impact on my views on life, yes.\n\nWEINER: What about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"church and state issue?\n\nLEVISON: Keep it separate as possible. That means here. That means in Israel.\nAnywhere, as far as I'm concerned.\n\nWEINER: What about this issue of public schools, and what about these tax issues\nrelating to the public vouchers and so forth?\n\nLEVISON: Supporting a voucher system in some ways is a little different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than\ndirect subsidies of religious schools. The biggest problem is the fact that the\npublic schools aren't providing the right education or the quality education\nthat they should be. I don't have an answer to that. Maybe a system that is\ncompetitive to the public schools or something that is alternative to the\npresent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"system might cause public school systems to really pull themselves up by\ntheir boot straps and provide a quality education. If vouchers are provided and\nthe parent can use the vouchers to pay where they want to go to, I don't view\nthat the same as supporting religious-oriented schools. I mean, if the parent\nwanted to send a child ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Pace Academy or Epstein School or Marist, that's the\nparents' choice. We're providing that parent with some financial assistance to\nlet him or her choose. That's different than if the state of Georgia, the city\nof Atlanta, or the federal government appropriates money to Marist, Epstein, and Pace.\n\nWEINER: Would it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"further undermine the public school system though?\n\nLEVISON: I don't know. It may be such a shock to the system that they say we're\ngoing to go out of business if we don't do something about it. I don't think\nmoney is the sole answer. I really don't. When I attended Boys High School, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\ndon't think that the teachers were well-paid, and most of the buildings that we\nwere in were wooden portable buildings that were supposed to be portable that\nwere built during the First World War. They had pot belly stoves in one corner\nand windows for the spring and fall. There wasn't a lot of money ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spent. I think\nmost of us thought that the education we got in Boys High School was superior to\nthe education that they are getting out of public schools today.\n\nWEINER: I guess some of the last questions would be this. Are there any areas\nthat we have not covered that you would like to discuss?\n\nLEVISON: Beryl, we've covered a lot. You really haven't asked . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we haven't\ncovered anything about my second marriage except the fact that I was married in\n1976. Although she is not Jewish, we have a wonderful marriage. All our five\nchildren are basically in Atlanta as are our grandchildren. It's been a great life.\n\nWEINER: How do you balance this religious ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"issue in this . . .\n\nLEVISON: I'm probably more in the category of being a secular Jew than I am\nanything religious. Although she grew up as a Baptist and has been a\nPresbyterian and gone to Methodist and some Episcopal services, she's not very\nobservant herself except for Christmas. That's more the gift-oriented category\nthan ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religious.\n\nWEINER: She might be a secular Christian?\n\nLEVISON: She's, well, who knows.\n\nWEINER: Is there a message that you would like to convey to the future or as to\nwhy you are participating in this particular oral history project?\n\nLEVISON: I believe it's important for future generations to have some first-hand\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"awareness of the experiences of prior generations and not just read histories of\nwhat people have said occurred that only look back at news stories or other\nthings and write histories of what occurred. Particularly if we can figure out\nways for the future generations to listen to some of the things that we've said.\nWe're not trying to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guide them as to how or what kind of life they necessarily\nshould have but just to have an understanding of the experiences that we've had.\nThat's part of participating in this program. I wish, for instance, that I knew\nmore about my parents' lives. I only know from what I saw. I mean, nothing about\ntheir childhood and, certainly, nothing about my grandparents of any consequence.\n\nWEINER: Talking about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, we've lost a lot of documents over the years to, I\nthink you told me you had fires in the courthouse, I believe.\n\nLEVISON: I think I once told you the story that my father who was born in\nFarner, Tennessee. It's Polk County, Tennessee. When his father died in 1900 or\n1901, his mother took the children and moved to Knoxville and opened a rooming\nhouse. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continued . . . there is still 70 acres of property that was owned\nby the family that an uncle of mine, at some point, started paying the taxes on\nit. In 1950, when I was returning from Boston and visiting Howard Sacher, he had\ngotten an offer on the property, the timber, and he wanted me to go see if I can\nget a second offer. He pulls out this map. It's a tax plat from Polk County. He\npoints ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out the property. The property is identified as \"Jew Field.\" The\ncourthouse had burned down in the teens. When they tried to redevelop the tax\nplats and they started asking who owned which property, they didn't have the\nname of my grandfather. Some neighbor said, \"I don't know. Some Jew lived\nthere.\" So, they identified it as Jew field. When I took the map, I went down to\nfind ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody to see if they knew where the property was, knew it was Jew field.\nAnyhow, probably about 10 or 15 years ago, my aunt sold the property.\n\nWEINER: I've enjoyed this. I thank you so much for your time and patience. There\nis a picture that you are looking at, that you brought apparently. Explain who\nthey are.\n\nLEVISON: All right. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I couldn't decide whether to bring a picture when I\ngraduated college, which really made me look good. But I brought you a picture\ntaken last Thanksgiving, a picture of my wife, my brother Gilbert, who is\napproximately ten years younger than I am, and my sister Natalie, who is about a\nyear and a half older, and myself.\n\nWEINER: That's from right to left, is that right?\n\nLEVISON: Right to left. My wife is.\n\nWEINER: Here we have a picture from right to left. Your wife is on the right in\na brown blouse.\n\nLEVISON: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right.\n\nWEINER: Your brother. You said he's 10 . . .\n\nLEVISON: Ten years younger. He's about 60. He was born in 1937, in September of\n1937. He's now 61. He'll be 62 this year.\n\nWEINER: And the next person is?\n\nLEVISON: My sister. She's in blue. She was born in April of 1926. She just\nturned 73.\n\nWEINER: And you.\n\nLEVISON: And me.\n\nWEINER: You were born . . .\n\nLEVISON: November 30, 1927. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/transcript/43286/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I at the time I was 71. That was November.\nThanksgiving in November 1998.\n\nWEINER: I left this for with the tapes.\n\nLEVISON: That's great.\n\nWEINER: I really thank you so much. I hope our coverage of people in the future\nwill appreciate.\n\nLEVISON: Great.\n\nWEINER: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=8700.0,8730.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReconstructionist Judaism is a modern American-based Jewish movement based on the ideas of Mordecai Kaplan (1881-1983). The movement views Judaism as a progressively evolving civilization. The movement developed from the late 1920s to the 1940s and it established a rabbinical college in 1968. \u003cem\u003eHalakhah,\u003c/em\u003e the collective body of Jewish laws, customs and traditions, is not considered binding but is treated as a valuable cultural remnant that should be upheld unless there is reasons to the contrary. It aims toward communal decision-making through a process of education and distillation of views from traditional Jewish sources.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBubbe is the affectionate diminutive term for grandmother in Yiddish. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or Knights of the Ku Klux Klan today, also referred to as the KKK) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Black secret society, whose methods included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860s and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past its members dressed up in white robes and pointed hoods designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries, it started in about 1929, when the American stock market crashed, and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century. The Great Depression is often seen as the major turning point in 20th-century world history. In Europe, World War I had a long-term impact on the economy and financial stability. Postwar inflation spiraled into hyperinflation by the 1920’s and European banks struggled to stay open. Exasperating the situation were skyrocketing unemployment rates. The Great Depression had immediately visible political and social ramifications in Europe, including increased antisemitism and nationalism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaxwell Henry Gluck (1899-1984) was born in Commerce, Texas, and grew up in Sharon, Pennsylvania, where his parents owned a small store. In 1929, he opened a women's store in New York City. It later became a chain known as the Darling Stores Corporation, with 150 stores in 27 states. He was appointed by President Dwight Eisenhower to serve as the United States Ambassador to Sri Lanka from 1957 to 1958. He married Muriel (Schlesinger) Gluck in 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) was the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, headquartered in Reims, France. He was a Republican.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Association of Hebrew Free Loans (IAHFL) is an umbrella organization for Hebrew Free Loan societies, organizations that offer interest-free loans to Jews. There are members around the world, with most in North America. Each member organization has its own rules regarding such things as who may borrow, the maximum loan amount, and the repayment process. However, all offer loans without interest. Hebrew Free Loan societies (such a society is also known as a Gemach) are based on the biblical injunction that Jews may not charge interest to other Jews in need, found in Exodus 22:25: \"If you lend money to My people, to the poor among you, do not act towards them as a creditor; exact no interest from them.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel M. Inman Middle School began as an elementary school in 1924, named for Samuel Martin Inman (1843-1915), an Atlanta civic leader who was passionate about education and philanthropy. The school has been enlarged many times over the years, and in 1978, Inman was converted into a middle school.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Dr. David Marx (1872-1962) was a long-time rabbi at the Temple in Atlanta, Georgia. A native of New Orleans, he led the congregation’s move toward the practices of Reform Judaism. He served as rabbi from 1895 to 1946. When he retired, Rabbi Jacob Rothschild took the pulpit that Rabbi Marx had held for more than half a century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families. As of 2022, its Senior Rabbi is Peter S. Berg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHeska Amuna Synagogue was chartered in 1890 as an Orthodox congregation in Knoxville, Tennessee. Most of its members were religiously observant Eastern European immigrants. The first synagogue was in a small house on Temperance Street in downtown Knoxville. In 1895, they hired Russian immigrant Isaac Winick as their first rabbi. Heska Amuna established a school for children before they created a permanent space. The new building was completed in 1902 at Fifth Avenue and Broadway. In 1960, Heska Amuna constructed a new building at 3811 Kingston Pike and became affiliated with the Conservative movement. The congregation became egalitarian in 1988.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: \u003cem\u003eb’nai mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eO'Keefe Junior High School opened in 1923 on Sixth Street in Atlanta. The junior high school was named for Daniel L. O'Keefe, who was considered by many to be the father of the Atlanta Public School system. The school was created to accommodate students from the Ivy and Calhoun Street Schools, which were demolished.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoys’ High School was founded in 1924. It later merged with Tech High and became coeducational and became known as Henry W. Grady High School. It is part of the Atlanta Public School System. It has had many notable alumni, including S. Truett Cathy, the founder of Chick-fil-A. It is located in Midtown Atlanta. In 2020, the Atlanta School Board voted to rename the school “Midtown High School” beginning in the 2021-2022 school year.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeon C. Goldstein succeeded his father Abe Goldstein as president and chairman of Prior Tire Company. He served in the United States Navy during World War II and graduated from Emory University in Atlanta. He held leadership positions in Ahavath Achim Synagogue, the Anti-Defamation League, and Gate City Lodge of B’nai B’rith, and the Atlanta Jewish Federation. He was a member of Shearith Israel Juniors (SIJ) youth organization. An avowed proponent of meritocracy, he challenged affirmative action quotas in 1995 by suing the Atlanta Public School District for awarding a contract to a higher bidding minority contractor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoulevard is a street and corridor of the Old Fourth Ward neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia. The street runs east of, and parallel to, Atlanta's Downtown Connector.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Judaism, \u003cem\u003ebracha\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eberkkah\u003c/em\u003e (plural: \u003cem\u003ebrachot/berakkot\u003c/em\u003e) is a blessing recited in public or private, usually before the performance of a commandment or the enjoyment of food or fragrance, or in praise of God as the source of all blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: teaching] is a general term that covers all Jewish law including the vast mass of teachings recorded in the Talmud and other rabbinical works. “\u003cem\u003eSefer Torah\u003c/em\u003e” refers to the sacred scroll on which the first five books of the Bible (the Pentateuch) are written, but it is often shortened simply to \"\u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e\" in casual speech and writing \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta–Fulton County Stadium, often referred to as “Fulton County Stadium” and originally named “Atlanta Stadium,” was built to attract a major league baseball team. In 1966 it succeeded when the Milwaukee Braves relocated from to Atlanta. Designed by Jewish Atlantan Cecil Alexander, the stadium was built on the site of the cleared Washington-Rawson neighborhood, which had been a wealthy area and home to much of Atlanta’s Jewish community. The Braves continued to play at Fulton County Stadium until the end of the 1996 season, when they moved into Turner Field, the converted Centennial Olympic Stadium originally built for the 1996 Summer Olympics. That stadium, in turn, was renovated and renamed Georgia State Stadium in 2016, and Center Parc Stadium in 2020. Fulton County Stadium was demolished in 1997. A parking lot for Center Parc Stadium now (2021) stands on the site.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Hyman Epstein (1903-2003) served as rabbi of Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia from 1928 to 1982, when he became rabbi emeritus. Under Rabbi Epstein, the formerly Orthodox congregation began to shift to Conservative Judaism, and officially joined the United Synagogue of America (now the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism), in 1952.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for “platform.” The \u003cem\u003ebimah\u003c/em\u003e is a raised structure in the synagogue from which the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e is read and from which prayers are led.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish men cover their heads during prayer with a small skullcap called a \u003cem\u003eyarmulke\u003c/em\u003e (Yiddish) or \u003cem\u003ekippah\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew). Orthodox Jewish men wear it at all times to remind themselves of God’s presence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA prayer shawl fringed at each of the four corners in accordance with biblical law. The wearing of \u003cem\u003etallit\u003c/em\u003e at worship is obligatory only for married men, but it is customarily worn also by males of \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e age and older. In non-Orthodox congregations, women may also wear the \u003cem\u003etallit\u003c/em\u003e if they so choose.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mayfair Club opened in 1938 at 1456 Spring Street in Midtown Atlanta. The two-story club was a focal point of Jewish life in the city for more than 25 years. The club was founded in 1930 and first met at the Biltmore Hotel. Eleanor Roosevelt, Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir, mayors Ivan Allen and William Berry Hartsfield, senators Herman Talmadge and Richard Russell, and Governor Carl Sanders visited the club. Fire destroyed the Mayfair Club on December 4, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eChanukah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: dedication] is an eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar. \u003cem\u003eHanukkah\u003c/em\u003e celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rulers of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the \u003cem\u003emenorah\u003c/em\u003e (ritual candelabra) but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil. This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The \u003cem\u003eHanukkah menorah\u003c/em\u003e, or \u003cem\u003ehanukiah\u003c/em\u003e, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, with the ninth candle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzo\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRosh HaShanah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on \u003cem\u003eRosh HaShanah\u003c/em\u003e, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e may revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: “day of atonement”] The most sacred day of the Jewish year. \u003cem\u003eYom\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eKippur \u003c/em\u003eis a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting \u003cem\u003eyizkor\u003c/em\u003e for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the \u003cem\u003eshofar\u003c/em\u003e (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePurim\u003c/em\u003e is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish people in the ancient Persian Empire from destruction in the wake of a plot by Haman, a story recorded in the Biblical book of Esther. According to the Book of Esther, Haman planned to kill all the Jews, but Mordecai and his adopted daughter Queen Esther foiled his plans. The day of deliverance became a day of feasting and rejoicing. Some of the customs of \u003cem\u003ePurim\u003c/em\u003e include drinking wine, wearing masks and costumes, and public celebration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNelle Steinheimer (1872-1964) is buried in Oakland Cemetery, Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCallanwolde Fine Arts Center is a community arts center that offers classes and workshops for all ages in visual, literary and performing arts. Special performances, gallery exhibits, outreach programs and fundraising galas are presented throughout the year. The mansion, known as Callanwolde, was built by Charles Howard Candler, President of The Coca-Cola Company (1916, 1920–1923), chairman of the Board of Trustees of Emory University (nearly 30 years), and eldest son of Asa Griggs Candler who founded The Coca-Cola Company. Callanwolde is a Gothic-Tudor style mansion situated on a 12.5-acre estate and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta Public Schools began in 1872 with three elementary schools, and Boys' High and Girls' High for white students, along with two elementary schools for Black students. A department of manual training slowly developed at Boys’ High. Some considered it a better idea to create a separate school. In 1909 the Technological High School (Tech High), opened for boys interested in applied sciences in electricity, automobiles, aviation, and manufacturing. The school closed in 1947 when it merged with Boys' High to become Henry W. Grady High School (as of 2022, Midtown High School).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGold’s Delicatessen was a kosher delicatessen opened at 108 Decatur Street in Atlanta, Georgia, by Russian immigrants Solomon Jacob Gold and his wife, Katie. They opened a second location at 432 Ponce de Leon in 1936. The couple had five children—Rosa, Dora, Aster, Dillie, and Jacob—who all worked at the deli. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnita and Lola Washington, two great nieces of George Washington, founded the Washington Seminary in 1878. The original school, which was conducted in their parlor, was called the “Misses Washington School for Girls.” In 1882 the name was changed to “Washington Seminary.” By the late 1940s, Washington Seminary was housed in a campus covering eight acres with seven buildings. Washington Seminary merged with the Westminster Schools in 1953.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Westminster Schools, founded in 1951, is a co-educational, Christian day school for students in kindergarten through grade 12. The school is widely regarded as one of the top private schools in the Atlanta area. Its campus is located in the Buckhead neighborhood.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Lovett School is a coeducational, private day school in Atlanta, Georgia, founded by Eva Edwards Lovett. The Lovett School was founded in 1926 and in 1957 became affiliated with the Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta. In 1963, after public schools in Atlanta began integrating, the Lovett School denied admission to three African American children: two members of the Episcopal Diocese, and Martin Luther King, III. In response, the Diocese disassociated itself with the school, and in the fall of 1963, Episcopalians from Atlanta and around the country picketed the school. In the fall of 1966, the school announced an admission policy that did not consider race or religion. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe North Avenue Presbyterian Church Day School was established in 1909 with 20 boys and girls. It stressed scholastic training, daily Bible Study, and Christian precepts. In 1920 the school moved to Ponce de Leon Avenue and grew. In 1950 it merged with Westminster Schools.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarist School is an independent private Roman Catholic college preparatory school in Brookhaven, Georgia, north of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYoung Judaea is a peer-led Zionist youth movement founded in 1909 for Jewish youth in grades 2–12. Its programs include youth clubs, conventions, summer camps and Israel programs that provide experiential programming through which Jewish youth and young adults build meaningful relationships with their peers, emphasize social action, and develop a lifelong commitment to Jewish life, the Jewish people, and Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAleph Zadik Aleph (AZA) is an international youth-led fraternal organization for Jewish teenage boys. Its sister organization for teenage girls is B'nai B'rith Girls (BBG). B'nai B'rith Youth Organization, now BBYO, is an umbrella organization including Jewish teens in both AZA and BBG.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBallyhoo was the name of a social party for upper-middle class Reform Jewish young adults (high school to college age) held annually in Atlanta, Georgia. The event attracted young people from all over the Southeast to meet boys and girls from other cities. From 1931 to the late 1950s, courtship weekends in southern cities included Montgomery, Alabama’s ‘Falcon,’ Birmingham, Alabama’s ‘Jubilee,’ Columbus, Georgia’s ‘Holly Days,’ and Atlanta, Georgia’s ‘Ballyhoo.’  They were attended by college-age Jewish youth from across the South who participated in rounds of breakfast dates, lunch dates, tea dance dates, early evening dates, late night dates, formal dances, and cocktail parties, with the goal of meeting a “nice Jewish boy or girl” who might well become a spouse.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Standard Club is a Jewish social club that started as the “Concordia Association” in 1867 in Downtown Atlanta. In 1905, it was reorganized as the “Standard Club” and moved into the former mansion of William C. Sanders near the site of Center Parc Credit Union Stadium (formerly Turner Field). In the late 1920s the club moved to Ponce de Leon Avenue in Midtown Atlanta. Later, the club moved to what is now the Lenox Park business park and was located there until 1983. In the 1980s, the club moved to its present location in Johns Creek in Atlanta’s northern suburbs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Mortimer \"Jack\" Rothschild (1911-1973) served as rabbi of Atlanta’s oldest Reform congregation, the Temple, from 1946 until his death in 1973 from a heart attack. A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he forged close relationships with the city’s Christian clergy and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term \u003cem\u003ekashér\u003c/em\u003e, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMatzo\u003c/em\u003e, or \u003cem\u003ematzah\u003c/em\u003e, is an unleavened flatbread that is part of Jewish cuisine and forms an integral element of the Passover festival.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) operated from 1910 to 1948 on the site where the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium was later located. The JEA was once the hub of Jewish life in Atlanta. Families congregated there for social, educational, sports and cultural programs. The JEA ran camps and held classes to help some new residents learn to read and write English. For newcomers, it became a refuge, with programs to help them acclimate to a new home. The JEA stayed at that site until the late 1940s, when it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Metropolitan Opera is an American opera company based in New York City, currently resident at the Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center, situated on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. The Met was founded in 1883 as an alternative to the previously established Academy of Music opera house and debuted the same year in a new building on 39th and Broadway (now known as the \"Old Met\"). It moved to the new Lincoln Center location in 1966.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Sopkin (1903–1988) was an American conductor. He founded, and for 21 years, from 1945 to 1966, led the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra. Before that, he taught conducting at the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago and led the Conservatory Symphony Orchestra. Tithe Atlanta Music Club hired him in 1944. Under the patronage of the Atlanta Music Club, founded in 1915, the Atlanta Symphony emerged in 1947 from a successful Atlanta Youth Orchestra conducted by Sopkin. When he retired in 1966, the Symphony became fully professional.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRalph Emerson McGill (1898-1969) was an American journalist, best known as an anti-segregationist editor and publisher of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper. He won a Pulitzer Prize for editorial writing in 1959. He became friends with Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson, acting as a civil rights advisor and behind-the-scenes envoy to several African nations. After his death, Ralph McGill Boulevard in Atlanta (previously Forrest Boulevard) was named for him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB’nai B’rith Youth Organization (BBYO) is a Jewish youth movement for students in grades from 8 through 12. The organization emphasizes its youth leadership model in which teen leaders are elected by their peers on a local, regional and international level and are given the opportunity to make their own programmatic decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1897, the Zionist Organization of America is the oldest pro-Israel organization in the United States. It is dedicated to educating the public, elected officials, media, and college/high school students about Israel and to promoting strong United States-Israel relations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerman M. Popkin (1918-2002) was born in Augusta, Georgia. He served in the Signal Corps during World War II. After the war, he accepted a position as the regional director for the Zionist Youth Program before co-founding Blue Star Camps in Henderson County with his brothers Harry and Ben in 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Brandeis-Bardin Campus of American Jewish University is a Jewish retreat located since 1947 in the northeastern Simi Hills (formerly Santa Susana), in the city of Simi Valley, California. Formerly known as the Brandeis-Bardin Institute, it is used for nondenominational summer programs for children, teens, and young adults. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Abram Leon Sachar (1899-1993) was an American historian and founding president of Brandeis University. He was born in New York City to Samuel Sachar, a Jewish immigrant from Lithuania, and Sarah Abramowitz, a native of Jerusalem. When he was 7 years old, his family moved to St. Louis, Missouri, where his grandfather served as a chief rabbi. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish Educational Services (JES) was an organization that served the Atlanta, Georgia Jewish community. JES was eventually absorbed into the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta’s Center for Jewish Education and Experiences (CJEE). CJEE in turn became Tribe360, which closed its doors in the early 2000s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe S\u003cem\u003eouthern Israelite\u003c/em\u003e, now the \u003cem\u003eAtlanta Jewish Times\u003c/em\u003e, is a newspaper with the mission to create a sense of community throughout the geographically dispersed Jewish people of greater Atlanta through the timely dissemination of local and national news; support of local synagogue, nonprofit, and cultural endeavors and events; thought-provoking dialogue and debate on current issues and Jewish ideas; and the strengthening of the bonds and understanding of Jewish culture, tradition, and family.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolph Rosenberg (1911-1977) was a journalist who became the editor of the Southern Israelite after serving as a reporter for the \u003cem\u003eAtlanta Journal\u003c/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003eAtlanta Constitution\u003c/em\u003e. In 1951 Rosenberg headed a corporation that took over ownership the \u003cem\u003eSouthern Israelite\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNational Service Industries was founded in 1962 with the merger of two established Atlanta companies, National Linen Service and ZEP Manufacturing Company. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConfirmation is a coming-of-age ritual that originated in the Reform movement, which scorned the idea that at 13 years of age a child was an adult. They replaced \u003cem\u003ebar\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ebat\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003emitzvah\u003c/em\u003e with a confirmation ceremony at about age 16 to 18. In some Conservative synagogues the confirmation concept has been adopted as a way to continue and child’s Jewish education and involvement for a few more years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Epstein School (also known as the Solomon Shechter School of Atlanta) is a private Jewish day school in the Atlanta area located in Sandy Springs. In 1973, Rabbi Harry H. Epstein and the leaders of Ahavath Achim synagogue wanted to create a Conservative Jewish day school. The first campus was housed at the synagogue. In 1987 the school moved to Sandy Springs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community. Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities. It is an affiliate of the Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerald Hershel Cohen (1918-2009) was an Atlanta businessman who was born in Pocomoke City, Maryland. He was president of Central Metals Co., a family business in Atlanta founded by his father Morris Cohen and his uncle Joe Rodbell in 1912. He served terms as president of the Ahavath Achim Synagogue, the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, and the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization Adult Committee. He was a founding member of the Harry H. Epstein School and The Doris and Alex Weber School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust was a systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Eugene Schatten (1928-1998) was an Atlanta doctor and philanthropist who was born in Nashville, Tennessee. He was one of the youngest Emory medical school graduates, finishing in 1950 at the age of 21. A child prodigy, Schatten originally planned to become a concert pianist. Instead, he performed plastic surgery and invented surgical techniques. Schatten was president of Ahavath Achim synagogue and the Atlanta Jewish Federation and a board member of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra. Schatten was one of the key supporters in launching a Jewish studies program at Emory and the Woodruff Library's Schatten Gallery bears his name. For his service he received many honors, including the Anti-Defamation League's Abe Goldstein Human Relations Award in 1985. His papers are housed at the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSimon (Steve) Stephen Selig, III (b. 1943) is the son of Simon Selig Jr. and Caroline Massell Selig. After college he worked in the Selig real estate development business, campaigned for Jimmy Carter in his presidential campaign, after which he moved to Washington D.C. where he served as Deputy Assistant to the President. After his government work, he returned to Selig Enterprises and then founded Southern Promotions, which arranged conventions and concerts in the Atlanta area. He was instrumental in bringing the Music Midtown Festival to Atlanta. Today Selig Enterprises is one of the major real estate companies in the Southeast with shopping centers, official buildings and industrial complexes. He was also active in the Jewish community with roles in the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and the United Jewish Communities, where he served as chairman of the annual campaign and president of the Federation from 1996 to 1998. He donated the building for the Selig Center and William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Midtown Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePearl Harbor is located on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands in a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. It was bombed by Japanese Navy Air forces on December 7, 1941, the action that directly prompted the United States' entry into World War II. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as “FDR,” he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of World War II. He was a Democrat. FDR was an avid horseback rider and enjoyed an active early life. He was diagnosed with infantile paralysis, better known as polio, in 1921, at the age of 39. Despite permanent paralysis from the waist down, he was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the Selective Service System, a male classified 1A was fit for military duty and eligible for the draft. Classification 4A is a registrant who has completed military service.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Haas (1911-2000) was a community leader, prominent Atlanta attorney, and graduate of Harvard Law School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Aaron “Harry” Alexander, Sr. (1874-1967) was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Julius Mortimer Alexander and Rebecca Ella Solomons Alexander. His grandfather, Aaron Alexander, was the first Jew of American birth to settle in Atlanta. He was a prominent attorney, scholar, and religious leader. Alexander served in the Georgia State House of Representatives and was a veteran of World War I. He was also a president of the Atlanta Historical Society and a prominent Atlanta attorney. He was a member of the defense team in the trial of Leo Frank. In 1930 he and his wife, Marion Kline Alexander, built one of the largest homes in Atlanta on Peachtree Road. The Alexander family sold part of their land for development of the Phipps Plaza mall, which opened in 1969.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerbert Haas (1884-1953) was born in Atlanta and was a graduate of Columbia University in New York. Haas worked as a defense attorney for Leo Frank along with Luther Zeigler Rosser and others. He also worked as a special counsel for the City of Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEllis G. Arnall, Sol I. Golden, and Cleburne Gregory, Jr. founded the firm in 1949 after receiving significant recognition for their individual achievements in the practice of law and public service. Arnall was a nationally recognized litigator and served as Attorney General of Georgia before becoming Governor of Georgia from 1943 to 1947. Golden developed a reputation as a skillful attorney versed in innovative corporate financing techniques. Gregory worked as Assistant Attorney General and helped Governor Arnall end unequal freight rates that favored northern industrial states.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulius Kurt Holland (1904-1979) was also known as J. Kurt Holland. He was born in Eberfiled, Germany and immigrated to the United States in 1923. He relocated in Atlanta, Georgia where he became an attorney. He was a president of The Temple, and was active in Atlanta Jewish organizations such as the Standard Club, \u003cem\u003eB’nai B’rith\u003c/em\u003e Gate City Lodge, and the Jewish Home.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Korean War was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the support of the United Nations, principally from the United States). The war began on June 25, 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and insurrections in the south. The war ended unofficially on July 27, 1953 in an armistice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Longstreet Weltner (1927-1992), born in Atlanta, Georgia, received a bachelor's degree from Oglethorpe University in 1948. In 1950, he received a law degree from Columbia Law School in New York City. After serving two years in the United States Army, Weltner practiced law in Atlanta. Weltner served as a U.S. congressman from Atlanta’s Fifth District from 1963 to 1967. As a U.S. congressman, he was an outspoken opponent of segregation. Weltner also served as associate justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry S. Truman (1884-1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as the 34th vice president. He implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain Communist expansion. He proposed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the Conservative Coalition that dominated Congress.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) was the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, headquartered in Reims, France. He was a Republican.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEugene Talmadge (1884-1946) was a Democratic politician who served two terms as Governor of Georgia from 1933 to 1937, and a third term from 1941 to 1943. Elected to a fourth term in November 1946, he died before his January 1947 inauguration. To date, only Joe Brown and Eugene Talmadge have been elected four times as Governor of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Erlanger Theater opened December 27, 1926, located on 583 Peachtree Street. It was a live 1,790 seat playhouse with “Earl Carroll’s Vanities,” initially hosting vaudville acts, but converted to movies in the 1940s. The building was demolished in 1995 to build a parking lot.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard Nixon (1913-1994) was the nation's 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961, after he came to national prominence as a representative and senator from California. He served as the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office in the wake of the Watergate Scandal. He was a Republican.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDouglas MacArthur (1880-1964) was a five-star American general who commanded the Southwest Pacific in World War II (1939-1945). He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He administered postwar Japan during the Allied occupation that followed and United Nations forces during the first nine months of the Korean War. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsrael, a Middle Eastern country on the Mediterranean Sea, is regarded by Jews, Christians, and Muslims as the biblical Holy Land. Its most sacred sites are in Jerusalem. In 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, declared “the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as The State of Israel.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) is best known for his role as a leader in the Civil Rights Movement and the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, in 1962, and organized nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that attracted national attention following television news coverage of the brutal police response. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous \"I Have a Dream\" speech. On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. In 1965, he and the SCLC helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches and the following year, he took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many United States’ cities. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, and as a United States federal holiday in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple on Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia was bombed in the early morning hours of October 12, 1958. About 50 sticks of dynamite were planted near the building and tore a huge hole in the wall. No one was injured in the bombing as it was during the night. Rabbi Jacob Rothschild was an outspoken advocate of civil rights and integration and friend of Martin Luther King Jr. Five men associated with the National States’ Rights Party, a white separatist group, were tried and acquitted in the bombing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Alvin M. Sugarman (b. 1938) is the Rabbi Emeritus of the Temple in Atlanta and currently serves with life tenure. He began his rabbinate at the Temple in 1971 and in 1974 was named senior rabbi. A native of Atlanta, Rabbi Sugarman's family were members of the Temple, where he was also confirmed. He received his BBA from Emory University and was ordained by Hebrew Union College. In 1988 he received his PhD in Theological Studies from Emory University.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Berry Hartsfield, Sr. (1890-1971), served as the 49th and 51st Mayor of Atlanta. His tenure extended from 1937 to 1941 and again from 1942 to 1962, making him the longest-serving mayor of his native Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeon C. Goldstein succeeded his father Abe Goldstein as president and chairman of Prior Tire Company. He served in the United States Navy during World War II and graduated from Emory University in Atlanta. He held leadership positions in Ahavath Achim Synagogue, the Anti-Defamation League, and Gate City Lodge of B’nai B’rith, and the Atlanta Jewish Federation. He was a member of Shearith Israel Juniors (SIJ) youth organization. An avowed proponent of meritocracy, he challenged affirmative action quotas in 1995 by suing the Atlanta Public School District for awarding a contract to a higher bidding minority contractor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbe Goldstein (1989-1982) was a business and Jewish community leader. He was active in Ahavath Achim and Israel Bonds, the Anti-Defamation League, the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Federation and many other community causes. He founded Prior Tire Company in 1920 and remained active in the business throughout his life. He also served as a member of the Georgia Governors staff under three different administrations. In 1966, the Anti-Defamation League Southeast Region began awarding the Abe Goldstein Human Relations Award to honor community involvement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhite primaries were primary elections held in the Southern United States in which only white voters were permitted to participate. Statewide white primaries were established by the state Democratic Party units or by state legislatures in some southern states, including Georgia. Since winning the Democratic primary in the south almost always meant winning the general election, barring black and other minority voters meant they were in essence disenfranchised. Southern states also passed laws and constitutions with provisions to raise barriers to voter registration, completing disenfranchisement from 1890 to 1908 in all states of the former Confederacy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eElbert Parr Tuttle (1897-1996) was the Chief United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit from 1960 to 1967 when that court became known for a series of decisions crucial in advancing the civil rights of African Americans during the civil rights movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharles Allen Moye, Jr., (1918-2010) born in Atlanta, Georgia, was a Senior United States District Court Judge in the Northern District of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRandolph William Thrower (1913-2014) was an American attorney. He served as Commissioner of Internal Revenue under President Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1971.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Curran Erskine Davis (1895-1981) was born in Franklin, Georgia. He was a state legislator from DeKalb County, Georgia (1924-1928), an attorney for the Georgia Department of Industrial Relations (1928-1931) and for DeKalb County (1931-1934), a Georgia Superior Court judge (1934-1946), and a Georgia representative to the United States Congress (1947-1963).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Francis “Bobby” Kennedy (1925-1968), commonly known by his initials “RFK,” was the brother of John F. Kennedy the 35th President of the United States. During his brother’s tenure as president, he served as the United States Attorney General from 1961-1964 and then as a Senator from New York from 1965 until his assassination in 1968. Kennedy ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 1968 election, during which he was assassinated in Los Angeles, California at the Ambassador Hotel on June 5, 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther King, Sr. (1899-1984) was the father of Martin Luther King Jr. He was a Baptist pastor, missionary and an early figure in the Civil Rights Movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917-1963), often referred to by his initials \"JFK,\" was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his work as president concerned relations with the Soviet Union and Cuba. A Democrat, Kennedy represented Massachusetts in both houses of the U.S. Congress prior to becoming president.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLester Garfield Maddox Sr. (1915-2003) was an American politician who served as the 75th Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1967 to 1971. A populist Democrat, Maddox came to prominence as a staunch segregationist when he refused to serve Black customers in his Atlanta restaurant, the Pickrick, in violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He later served as Lieutenant Governor during the period when Jimmy Carter was Governor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIvan Earnest Allen, Jr. (1911-2003), was an American businessman who served two terms as the 52nd Mayor of Atlanta during the turbulent civil rights era of the 1960s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Berthold Abram (1918-2000) was an American lawyer, civil rights activist and leader in the Jewish community who grew up in Fitzgerald, Georgia. Defending civil rights workers in Georgia in 1963, Abram won decisions that helped overturn the state's insurrection and illegal assembly laws, which had been used against civil rights demonstrators. Over the years, Abram helped bring civil rights cases to the United States Supreme Court. President John F. Kennedy named him the first general counsel to the Peace Corps in 1961. President Lyndon B. Johnson made him United States representative to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, co-chairman of the Planning Committee of the White House Conference on Civil Rights and a member of the Committee on the Office of Economic Opportunity. Abram served as President of Brandeis from 1968-1970. He was the Representative of the United States to the European Office of the United Nations from 1989 to 1993. In 1993 he founded United Nations Watch while he was Honorary President of the American Jewish Committee. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerman Heyman (1898-1968) was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He was a graduate of Tech High School, the University of Georgia, and Columbia University Law School. He served as a second lieutenant in the First World War. Upon graduation, he opened his own practice, eventually joining the firm of his father, who was also a prominent Atlanta attorney. Along with Elliott Abram, he successfully argued the case that abolished Georgia's county unit system which had provided outsized political influence to the smaller counties. In the Jewish community, he served as president for The Temple, the Federation of Social Services, the Atlanta chapter of the American Jewish Committee, and the Atlanta Lodge of B’nai B’rith. He was also president of the Atlanta Community Planning Council and the Legal Aid Society.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1960 President John F. Kennedy challenged university students to serve their country for the cause of peace by living and working in developing countries. The Peace Corps was established to pursue that mission and there are now 210,000 volunteers in 139 countries working on issues ranging from AIDS education to information technology and environmental preservation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold U. Hirsch (1881-1930) was a well-known attorney who was active in philanthropic organizations in the Atlanta area. He received his law degree in 1904 and soon became one of Atlanta's most prominent lawyers, helping Coca-Cola trademark its signature logo and bottle design in a number of copyright infringement cases. He was also involved in the creation of the law school at Emory University and one of the founding members of the faculty. Hirsch was very involved in philanthropic endeavors, particularly those in the Jewish community. He was a member of the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (the Temple), the Federation of Jewish Charities, the United Jewish Charities, and the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith. He helped found The Atlanta Committee for German-Jewish Relief and served as chairman of the organization.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Max Frank (1884-1915) was a Jewish factory superintendent in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1913, he was accused of raping and murdering one of his employees, a 13-year-old girl named Mary Phagan, whose body was found on the premises of the National Pencil Company. Frank was arrested, tried, convicted and sentenced to death for her murder. The trial was the catalyst for a great outburst of antisemitism led by the populist Tom Watson and the center of powerful class and political interests. Frank was sent to Milledgeville State Penitentiary to await his execution. Governor John M. Slaton, believing there had been a miscarriage of justice, commuted Frank’s sentence to life in prison. This enraged a group of men who styled themselves the “Knights of Mary Phagan.” They drove to the prison, kidnapped Frank from his cell and drove him to Marietta, Georgia where they lynched him. Many years later, the murderer was revealed to be Jim Conley, who had lied in the trial, pinning it on Frank instead. Frank was pardoned on March 11, 1986, although they stopped short of exonerating him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouis Gabriel Regenstein, Jr., (1912-1994), an Atlanta attorney, was born to Louis (1878 – 1962) and Lavinia Regenstein. His father’s family ran a high-end women’s clothing shop called Regenstein’s, which was founded by his grandfather Julius Regenstein and was sold in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eElliott Goldstein (1915-2009) was a prominent attorney in Atlanta. He served in World War II and fought in the Battle of the Bulge. Goldstein was active in a number of civic, cultural, political, and religious organizations, including the Atlanta Historical Society (now the Atlanta History Center), the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (The Temple), the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, the United Way, Central Atlanta Progress, the High Museum of Art, the National Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, the Atlanta Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Economic Opportunity Atlanta, Citizens Planning Group for Social Services Atlanta, Atlanta Action Forum, the American Jewish Committee, the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, the Chatham Valley Foundation, the Standard Club, the Commerce Club, the Atlanta Opera, and the Kiwanis Club.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn alderman (or alderwoman), sometimes also called a “councilman” or “councilwoman,” is a member of a municipal assembly or governing board of many cities and towns in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTheodore Martin (T.M.). Alexander, Jr. was the son of T.M. Alexander, Sr. and a first vice president of E.F. Hutton \u0026amp; Co. in Atlanta. In the mid-1950s he was with the Chase Manhattan Bank and Dun \u0026amp; Bradstreet in New York before establishing his own real estate brokerage firm, Alexander \u0026amp; Associates in Atlanta, where he became active in Republican party politics. In 1966, Alexander was the first black hired as an investment banker by Courts \u0026amp; Company of Atlanta. Later he was named a regional administrator for the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. In 1983, Alexander was reported to have fallen overboard in rough water and presumed drowned in a boating accident off Honduras during a deep-sea fishing trip.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHeadquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, Citizens Trust Bank, the first black-owned bank, has been serving its community since 1921. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eClayton R. Yates (1897-1977) came to Atlanta in the early 1900s to attend Atlanta University. After receiving his bachelor's degree in 1920, he became employed as a teller with Citizen’s Trust Bank in the city. Three years later, he purchased, along with Lorimer D. Milton, Gate City Drugstore on Auburn Avenue. In 1923, Milton joined Yates in the proprietorship of Yates and Milton Drugstore. He returned to Citizen's Trust in the 1930s and became president in 1937, where he remained for 34 years. He continued to teach at Morehouse College and Atlanta University, and later founded and became Dean of Atlanta University's School of Business Administration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLorimer D. Milton (1898-1986) was a prominent businessman and banker in Atlanta, Georgia. The son of former slaves from Prince William County, Virginia, he was one of Atlanta's most successful business owners. After earning his bachelor's and master's degrees from Brown University in Rhode Island, he was hired by President John Hope (1868-1936) of Morehouse College (also a Brown alumnus) to head the Department of Economics and Business Administration. He later became a prominent investor in the Citizen's Trust Bank, one of the first banking companies owned by African Americans, and, along with Clayton R. Yates, he opened Yates \u0026amp; Milton Drugstore on Auburn Avenue. Milton later worked his way up to become President of Citizen's Trust Bank, a position he held until his retirement in 1971.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/89641/file/185596/annotation_set/1040/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eQuentin V. Williamson (1918-1985), a native of Atlanta, Georgia was a realtor and civil rights leader. He founded Q.V. Williamson \u0026amp; Company, a real estate business in Atlanta. He was president and chairman of the National Association of Real Estate Brokers. 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