{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/t727942x5b/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Schwartz, Ilse"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2004-03-17 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Schwartz, Ilse (Interviewee)","Einstein, Ruth (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eIlse Schwartz is interviewed by Ruth Einstein in Atlanta, Georgia on March 17, 2004.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eIlse Sigrid Wolf was born on March 28, 1924 in Zwingenberg, Germany. She was the youngest of three children born to Amanda Anna Frankel Wolf and Zacharias Saly Wolf. Her father was a professor at Heidelberg University and her mother operated a leather goods store. Ilse enjoyed a comfortable childhood, attending school and participating in sports. However, life rapidly changed for her Orthodox family when the Nazis came to power.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn 1934, the family moved to the larger city of Darmstadt, where they hoped some anonymity would protect them. Her father soon lost his job at the university and boycotts forced them to close the leather goods store. Ilse, meanwhile, was no longer able to be an active member of her sports club, her non-Jewish friends could no longer associate with her, and eventually, she was forced to leave public school and attend a Jewish school. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eThe family quickly realized they needed to leave Germany. Ilse’s oldest brother, Arnold Wolf, left for the Netherlands, where he attended university. Her other brother, Fritz Friedrich Wolf, was able to join an aunt and uncle in England. Finally, Ilse received a visa to come to the United States. On November 4, 1938, just a few days before Kristallnacht, Ilse arrived in the U.S. After a brief stay with relatives, she came to Atlanta, Georgia, where a Jewish family had agreed to host her.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eBy the time war broke out in Europe, hope of her parents’ leaving Germany was lost. They managed to survive in Darmstadt the next few years with the help of non-Jewish friends and thanks to awards her father had earned in World War I. Ilse, meanwhile, worked at Rich’s Department store, took classes at Emory University, and had begun to settle into her new life in America. She became active in Ahavath Achim synagogue and enjoyed an active social life, meeting friends at the Jewish Educational Alliance and attending dances at the Progressive Club. Around this time, she met Raymond “Ray” Monroe Schwartz (1921-2019).\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eWhen the war ended, Ilse learned her parents had not survived their eventual deportations to concentration camps. Her brother, Arnold, had also died in a camp after the Nazis occupied Holland. Her brother, Fritz, had survived in England and later immigrated to Israel, where he married and had two children. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eRay returned from service in the Army Air Corps and the couple soon married. Ray became a lawyer and taught at Emory University before opening his own practice. Ilse worked as a Hebrew teacher at the Epstein School for many years. They had two children. Over the years, Ilse became active in sharing her story with school children. She also enjoyed traveling and spending time with extended family. Ilse passed away in 2014.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eIlse recalls her childhood and introduces her family. She discusses how life changed after the Nazis came to power. Ilse talks about the challenges of immigrating. She recounts her family’s experiences as borders closed. Ilse considers her parents’ perspectives on increasing antisemitism. She remembers Kristallnacht. Ilse shares her feelings about leaving Germany. She talks about her reception in the United States. Ilse recounts her early years in the United States. She recollects her social circle. Ilse describes the Atlanta Jewish community during World War II. She remembers learning about the fate of Jews in Europe. Ilse explains her interactions with Germany after the war. She shares how her experiences influence her views. Ilse details her career and her husband’s. She reflects on raising her children.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eIlse Schwartz is interviewed by Ruth Einstein in Atlanta, Georgia on March 17, 2004.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIlse Sigrid Wolf was born on March 28, 1924 in Zwingenberg, Germany. She was the youngest of three children born to Amanda Anna Frankel Wolf and Zacharias Saly Wolf. Her father was a professor at Heidelberg University and her mother operated a leather goods store. Ilse enjoyed a comfortable childhood, attending school and participating in sports. However, life rapidly changed for her Orthodox family when the Nazis came to power.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn 1934, the family moved to the larger city of Darmstadt, where they hoped some anonymity would protect them. Her father soon lost his job at the university and boycotts forced them to close the leather goods store. Ilse, meanwhile, was no longer able to be an active member of her sports club, her non-Jewish friends could no longer associate with her, and eventually, she was forced to leave public school and attend a Jewish school.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eThe family quickly realized they needed to leave Germany. Ilse\u0026rsquo;s oldest brother, Arnold Wolf, left for the Netherlands, where he attended university. Her other brother, Fritz Friedrich Wolf, was able to join an aunt and uncle in England. Finally, Ilse received a visa to come to the United States. On November 4, 1938, just a few days before Kristallnacht, Ilse arrived in the U.S. After a brief stay with relatives, she came to Atlanta, Georgia, where a Jewish family had agreed to host her.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eBy the time war broke out in Europe, hope of her parents\u0026rsquo; leaving Germany was lost. They managed to survive in Darmstadt the next few years with the help of non-Jewish friends and thanks to awards her father had earned in World War I. Ilse, meanwhile, worked at Rich\u0026rsquo;s Department store, took classes at Emory University, and had begun to settle into her new life in America. She became active in Ahavath Achim synagogue and enjoyed an active social life, meeting friends at the Jewish Educational Alliance and attending dances at the Progressive Club. Around this time, she met Raymond \u0026ldquo;Ray\u0026rdquo; Monroe Schwartz (1921-2019).\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eWhen the war ended, Ilse learned her parents had not survived their eventual deportations to concentration camps. Her brother, Arnold, had also died in a camp after the Nazis occupied Holland. Her brother, Fritz, had survived in England and later immigrated to Israel, where he married and had two children.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eRay returned from service in the Army Air Corps and the couple soon married. Ray became a lawyer and taught at Emory University before opening his own practice. Ilse worked as a Hebrew teacher at the Epstein School for many years. They had two children. Over the years, Ilse became active in sharing her story with school children. She also enjoyed traveling and spending time with extended family. Ilse passed away in 2014.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIlse recalls her childhood and introduces her family. She discusses how life changed after the Nazis came to power. Ilse talks about the challenges of immigrating. She recounts her family\u0026rsquo;s experiences as borders closed. Ilse considers her parents\u0026rsquo; perspectives on increasing antisemitism. She remembers Kristallnacht. Ilse shares her feelings about leaving Germany. She talks about her reception in the United States. Ilse recounts her early years in the United States. She recollects her social circle. Ilse describes the Atlanta Jewish community during World War II. She remembers learning about the fate of Jews in Europe. Ilse explains her interactions with Germany after the war. She shares how her experiences influence her views. Ilse details her career and her husband\u0026rsquo;s. She reflects on raising her children.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/276/142/small/Schwartz_Ilse.m4v_1748970779.jpg?1748970780","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Schwartz_Ilse.m4v"]},"duration":5687.31497,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/276/142/small/Schwartz_Ilse.m4v_1748970779.jpg?1748970780","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/276/142/original/Schwartz_Ilse.m4v?1748970775","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5687.31497,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Schwartz, Ilse [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=0.0,1.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Wait, is today Tuesday?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1.0,2.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Today is Tuesday.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2.0,3.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, that's the 17th.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3.0,5.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Okay, so, today is March 17, 2004. We will just start with your name and what it was at birth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5.0,14.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Ilse Sigrid Wolf, I-L-S-E S-I-G-R-I D W-O-L-F.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=14.0,22.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: W-O-L-F, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=22.0,24.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: W-O-L-F.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=24.0,26.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: And your last name now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=26.0,27.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Is S-C-H-W-A-R-T-Z.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=27.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Okay, and where were you born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=30.0,32.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I was born in Zwingenberg an der Bergstrasse in Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=32.0,36.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Where about is that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=36.0,39.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: That's about 70 miles from Frankfurt am Main.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=39.0,45.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Tell me a little bit about your community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=45.0,48.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Our community, we had about 60 Jewish families and we had a synagogue. At the age of ten, we moved to Darmstadt, which is about 40 miles away, because that's where I attended school anyway after the fourth grade. One goes to a public school from first through the fourth grade, and then one takes exams, and they tell you where you're going.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=48.0,74.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, your whole family moved?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=74.0,77.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: [Yes.] We moved because things at that time--that was in 1934--things were beginning to get bad because the people were afraid to associate with me, especially the girls and boys that I was going with. I was a real tomboy, and I liked everyone, and everyone liked me. It got to be where I just sort of became ... not shy, but afraid to even associate with any of them. In 1933, one had dropped a little paper on the sidewalk, and she said with her eyes, \"This,\" and then she crossed over the street on the other side of the sidewalk. When I picked it up--sort of showed my back to her and picked it up--it says, \"I'm not allowed to talk to you anymore.\" So, my mother phoned her parents that evening and asked why she wasn't allowed to talk to me. They were threatened if she was associating with me any longer that one of them would be murdered. That's how you stop people from talking. You just threaten them. So, my parents decided to just close up everything and we'd move to Darmstadt, where I was going to school anyway in 1934. We rented an apartment there, and we lived there, and we thought everything was going to be fine because no one knew you were Jewish, you know, like you do in a smaller city. It didn't work out that way. They came to the door, and they wanted to know who was Jewish and who wasn't. Naturally, my parents said we are Jewish, so that was something was marked on our door. We didn't see it, but something was marked that we were Jewish. I went to what was called a Hochschule, high school from that time on, Victoria Hochschule. I went to the girls' part. Only girls go in there. Everything was fine until about 1937. That's when suddenly a neighbor in another house told my mother not to send me to school that day, so I stayed home and cried because I loved school. That day, they took away all those Jewish children that were in that school that day. So, I wasn't taken away. That was the beginning of the end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=77.0,231.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Do you know what happened to those children?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=231.0,235.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: In 1988, they had a meeting of whomever they could find from our school--in fact, from the community--and had a meeting because they rededicated a synagogue. The town, Darmstadt, built the synagogue. We had people from all over the world came. I did meet about three or four of my old classmates, which was amazing, and until about two years ago, I wrote to them. One moved to Florida and the other one moved to Maine and I just lost contact with them. But it was very nice and we had exchanged pictures. One of them had changed her name completely. Her name used to be Liesl Noy and she became Caroline Feldman. She explained to me later why they had to do that, because her father was supposed to be taken away. So, before they even got out of Germany, they changed their name, had their papers changed. She was just a completely different person, so no one could follow them, you know, what boat they went on or anything like that. That's how they saved their lives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=235.0,319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: I wanted to go back just a little bit. Could you tell me your parents' names and whether you had any brothers or sisters?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=319.0,326.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, I can tell you that. My father was Saly Zacharias Wolf, and my mother was Amanda Anna Frankel Wolf. Frankel was her maiden name. I had two brothers--they were older than I--Arnold Wolf and Fritz Friedrich Wolf. Fritz Wolf was named after my mother's brother who died in the Olympics in, I think, 1927 or 1928, something like that. They had an Olympics going on and he was overheated, and he died from exhaustion. So, that's who he was named after. He was an attorney in Germany. I remember my grandmother always saying, \"Well, thank G-d he didn't have to suffer or something like that.\" I remember saying to my parents, \"What a stupid remark to make, you know, 'thank G-d' that he's gone.\" Then, my mother explained to me he had such a good position and to finally to be let go because he's Jewish, it would have killed him anyway So, she thought this was better he didn't know from anything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=326.0,393.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What did your father do for a living?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=393.0,395.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: My father was a professor at Heidelberg, the university and my mother ... Well, they met during the war. My father was in the First World War, and my mother was a dietician in the part where he was stationed, and they met. When the war ended, his parents came to visit my mother's parents to see if they were suited for each other before they could marry. Even though they had known each other during the war, you didn't just go off and marry someone. They liked the family and so they got married in 1918, end of 1918, because I think the war was over in November, so it was probably December. My oldest brother [Arnold] was born in 1920, end of December, so it was about two years after they were married. When he was let go from the ... My mother ran a leather goods business and when he was let go from the university, he helped in the leather goods business. I think in 1933, after [Adolf] Hitler came into power, he had to close this business up because you couldn't buy from Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=395.0,467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Was the business Aryanized?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=467.0,468.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Was it what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=468.0,468.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Was it taken over by so-called Aryans or did he just sell it because he ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=468.0,476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: No, he could not sell it. But they had posters pasted all over, \"This is closed because there were Jews in it.\" So, he just locked the doors and let it go. I was over there in maybe it was 1962 or 1963 and one of the men that used to do a lot of business ... My father sold suitcases, pocketbooks ... little change purses, everything in leather. He had leather goods. This man did a lot of business with him. When he heard I was in town, he came to tell me that my father gave him a key to the store and anything he wanted he could take. So, he says he took some things, but now, he's sorry it didn't take more because he could have given me some things. You know, that made me feel good. I liked this man very much and his parents were a lovely family, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=476.0,536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Since there was a small Jewish community in your town, were many of your friends Jewish or did you have non-Jewish friends as well?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=536.0,546.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I had two Jewish friends. One, I was trying to reach in New York. Because her cousin lived in Canada, when I visited there, he gave me her address. She never answered me. Then, I learned from some German girls that she was always very envious of me--why, I don't know--so, that's why probably she didn't answer my letters. I never did hear from her, but I would love to have seen Susie again, you know, or even talked to her on the telephone, anything. I didn't do that, but ... Oh, now I lost my thought. Something about ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=546.0,581.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Your Jewish friends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=581.0,582.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes. Then, I had one other Jewish friend, Herta Weisenbach, and she now lives in Israel. I met her. I think it was in 1992, and we were together for a little while. In fact, recently I just got a note from her through a German man, who sent me this book of the cemetery, and he says, she was back in town. She seems to come once a year from Israel and visit there. And she sends her regards. So, that was nice. Those were the only two Jewish girls I associated with because the others were either younger or older. About six months ago, I wrote to a girl, Rosal David. She's been living in Israel since 1940 or 1939. When she heard from me, she called me, because she was just so shocked that I was alive, you know? So, it was some ... But she was about ten, 12 years older, but she remembered me very well and she hoped that I would write her. So, I'm going to try and write to her.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=582.0,651.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: I guess my question is if you had ... You were saying that you had non-Jewish friends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=651.0,657.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Mostly non-Jewish friends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=657.0,658.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, tell me, as the shift of power into the Nazi...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=658.0,666.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: It was abrupt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=666.0,667.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Yes, very abrupt. [I wondered] how that changed for you and your relationships with your friends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=667.0,674.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Well, like I said, the Christians, they were afraid to talk to me, especially since Gretel had written that note and said that if she continued talking to me, that one of her members of her family would be murdered.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=674.0,688.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Do you think it was especially bad in your town for some reason?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=688.0,691.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: No, it started in January of 1933 in Berlin [Germany]. It was very abrupt. It wasn't as gradual as one would think. They were afraid if they made it gradual that the Jewish people wouldn't believe that it's going to happen. But [they thought that if] we make it abrupt, a lot of them just picked up. So, at that time, even in 1933, my parents went right to the Consulate to get a ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=691.0,717.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Visa?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=717.0,717.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, a visa to migrate from there. The list was so long. It was in the thousands already, you know, because big towns like Berlin, a lot of them knew what was coming and so they were the first ones to get those numbers. Then, there was Jack Kennedy's father, Joseph Kennedy, who had made the statement in England, where he was ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=717.0,744.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Ambassador.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=744.0,744.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Ambassador from America. [He said] that, \"We have enough Jews in America we don't need anymore.\" So, that slowed down the immigration process in Germany. They just didn't want to just let Jews keep coming into the country. So, my parents, their number, I think, was about 20, 22 numbers after mine. When my number came up, they wanted me to go. I wasn't anxious to go. I was gonna say, \"Whatever will happen to you will happen to me, too.\" They said, \"You go,\" so, I exited as a student. I was out and they were supposed to follow two weeks later. The number ... Well, then the doors were closed. That was end of 1930. No, it was the beginning of 1939. The doors were already closed and Jews could not get out. So, my father was taken to Buchenwald concentration came, even though he had ... I heard from one neighbor that three or four times, he was left alone in the apartment because he would always pull out certain papers that he had an honor in this and he had honor in that. So, they would always take away that paper, and each time they'd come back, he had something else. At the end, he showed him his Iron Cross. He had that so they saluted him and let him go. Once they took that away, then they could take him. In other words, you couldn't ... As long as he had honorary things, you couldn't take it away from him. So, then he was taken to Buchenwald. I understand about ten other men were taken with him, Jewish men. Years later, one of my old girlfriends said, \"Let's take a trip to Buchenwald,\" and I went with her, and her husband, and my husband. We went there and it nearly killed me. They made these men take rocks--boulders about this size--carry them from one side of the concentration camp to the other four times per day. Evidently, my father just couldn't take all that. He must have also been beaten on the head, because his head was bandaged. You have his picture in the ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=744.0,877.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Gallery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=877.0,877.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Museum, in the gallery there. Then, someone wrote to me after the war that he was freed, but he was too ill to even get off the bunk. So, evidently, whatever they had done to his head was affecting him. But he made sure that if I ever saw any picture, I could recognize him, because they held his head way up high. So, that ruined my trip at that time because after that, I was no good for anything. The reason the couple took us there was because they were Catholics, and they had studied in church and said everyone should see what was done to the Jewish people. So, they took the whole church group there. That's why they wanted to take us there. And she recognized my father also. It's really amazing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=877.0,926.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: When things started to change--and you said that they changed very abruptly for you--what kind of conversations did you have with your parents?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=926.0,935.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: With the Christians?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=935.0,936.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: No, with your parents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=936.0,937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Oh, my parents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=937.0,937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How did they explain what was happening?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=937.0,939.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: My parents would always say we were very Orthodox people. They would always say, \"Hashem [Hebrew term for G-d] is listening to us,\" and things will be better, and, \"Just have patience and keep your head.\" In other words, \"Don't lose your mind.\" You know, keep it. My mother was sent to ... Oswiecim. Oh, in Poland, what is that called?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=939.0,964.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Auschwitz?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=964.0,964.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Auschwitz, yes, Oswiecim. She was sent there and ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=964.0,968.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Do you know what year?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=968.0,968.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: ... was gassed. Both of them were sent out in 1944, just before the war ended. By April 1944, Hitler said he wanted all the Jews out of Germany. So, it was before April of 1944 they were both sent there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=968.0,986.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Okay, so I guess I would like to go back and fill in just a little bit. Your father was a professor at the Heidelberg University.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=986.0,995.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: University, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=995.0,995.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, with some of these other great German academics and, you know, these marvelous minds, did he ever say anything about how these ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=995.0,1008.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Professors at ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1008.0,1009.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: German professors had dealt with the situation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1009.0,1010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Well, they were ... Everyone was afraid to say anything because they knew the moment they opened their mouth, they couldn't even trust their neighbor in the next college room, because if they wanted to get extra money or extra bread, or extra meat--everything was rationed--then, you would just talk about this and this guy would be put in a concentration camp and his head would be gone, you know. So, they were all very afraid, didn't open their mouths. My father said he understood all of that. He could understand, because he's a ... If he were in that position, he'd probably do the same thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1010.0,1043.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: I am assuming that as someone who fought for Germany and for the Vaterland [German: Fatherland], and had earned an Iron Cross, that he probably felt very much like a German before the rise ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1043.0,1057.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Well, he was, because since the 13th century, on both sides of my family, they were all Germans. So, you know, the Black Plague, sort of made them where they had to hide the Judaism for a while. They thought they were poisoning the water wells, when actually they were eating the Chazer [Yiddish: pork]. My parents weren't, so that's why my parents stayed alive and a lot of their relatives died. Whoever ate that pig, they died because it was just poison.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1057.0,1083.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Did your father ever express his disappointment in how the German government was treating him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1083.0,1092.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: He felt that they had to do what the others told them in order to survive and save their families. That's why he said, \"You know, I'd probably do the same thing if I were in the position because my family comes first.\" That's how he felt about them but then, at the end, he says, \"There's just no hope anymore.\" He just felt there was no hope. I remember when I spoke to my brother who was in Holland at the University in Amsterdam, he had said when he last spoke to my father and my father said I should try and get them out. Well, I went to the synagogue. No one had any money. Things were very bad in 1939 and there was no one who could give him an affidavit so he could come before. Anyone else, there was no way. And Joseph Kennedy didn't want the Jews here anyway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1092.0,1146.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, let us trace then. So, you go to ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1146.0,1149.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I came to America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1149.0,1150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Well, wait, before then, in Dortmund [Germany], you were in ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1150.0,1153.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I was never in Dortmund.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1153.0,1155.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Not Dortmund.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1155.0,1155.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Darmstadt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1155.0,1157.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Darmstadt. Was it a Jewish school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1157.0,1159.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Well, no, Victoria's School was not Jewish, but, in thirty-four, when they ... When my mother was told, I think it was end of 1934. My mother was told they shouldn't go time, that day to school. And those girls were taken away. Then, the next day, I started in a Jewish school. There was a Jewish high school there. In fact, there were two Jewish high schools. I went to the religious Jewish high school and the other one was Reformed Jewish high. I went to that school and there were two other children from my other school there that day, too. Herta says, \"Oh, look at you!\" I said, \"Well, we're alive.\" She says some neighbor also told her folks not to send her to school that day. So, the ones where the neighbor had enough courage to say that, they stayed alive and the others didn't. It's really fascinating. So, we had some good Goyishe friends that really kept you alive. Isn't that interesting?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1159.0,1217.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Yes, it is very interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1217.0,1219.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, it's ... And I think back now what my parents must have gone through. I was only from a child's point of view, but it must have been difficult for them to just keep all this hidden and smile in front of me. I was very happy in that school. I stayed there from 8:30 in the morning until 6:00, 6:30 in the evening because they figured by the time we go home, we'll go to bed, and we don't have to associate with anyone else. It was very nice. Our synagogue had some land outside of Darmstadt and we could till the soil, because they said, \"Maybe some of them will go to Israel,\" you know, preparing us for the Chalutzim. I was raising carrots, radishes, and spinach. I disliked spinach but I was raising it. I even ate it when I could see it was growing from the dirt, to actually see something come out of the soil and eat it. So, I was happy. I was happy until that time when they closed the Jewish school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1219.0,1284.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, you were kind of living in a certain way, preparing to leave already?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1284.0,1291.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1291.0,1291.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Did you know ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1291.0,1291.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, my parents felt I had to prepare to go somewhere, you know, and somehow, in our community, it was said, \"It's best to let the children go out first and we follow later.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1291.0,1307.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: But did you go out on a Kindertransport?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1307.0,1310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: No, I went on an individual ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1310.0,1313.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What about your brothers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1313.0,1315.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: My brother was in Holland and he thought he was safe. My younger brother, my father, walked him to Belgium, Eupen. It was a town. [Unintelligible.] from there, he took a train to Holland where my brother was, and he stayed with my brother for a few weeks. Then, I had and an uncle living in England. So, my brother wrote me from Holland that Fritz went to visit Aunt Paula and Uncle Abraham. So, I knew just where he was. I couldn't hear ... After the ... You couldn't hear from anyone. You couldn't from England, because England, I think, went into the war at the end of 1939. Then, there was no more communication with Holland. From the Dutch people--I was in there three or four times in Holland--I learned that my brother and a second cousin of his tried to save their lives in 1943 when they knew the Germans were coming into Holland. They took some money from what my father had put in Switzerland, and they were going to Switzerland to save their lives, but they never made it. They were turned back over to the Germans by the Swiss government and sent to some camp in Polotski or somewhere. That's in Poland also. I don't know what the name of the camp is. I can probably look it up somewhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1315.0,1408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: And he did not survive?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1408.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Neither he nor that cousin survived, but someone said that Seppel, the second cousin, had written a note to some relative in Germany who knew that he also was going to Polotski. That's all I know of that. Then, my other brother, he lived in Israel and he married an old girlfriend from back home whose father was a physician and she was a nurse. They have two sons that live in Israel and she is now ... My brother died, but she is in a home where they keep people who have Alzheimer's disease. So, she knows from nothing, just completely ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1410.0,1464.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Well, I know that you said that your father could understand why Germans were ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1464.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, he felt that he could really understand why they were that way because anyone who didn't, they just disappeared. You didn't know what happened to them. The whole family just disappeared.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1470.0,1481.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How do you feel about that having experienced as a child? Can you understand that point of view?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1481.0,1486.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1486.0,1486.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Or do you have a different point of view?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1486.0,1487.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: No, I understand it perfectly because if I had been a goy over there, I don't know what I would have done. Maybe at first I would have tried to defend others. But then, when I see they threaten you everyone's going to die, so you think twice. So, you do what you have to do. This girlfriend that visited me with her husband, she was saying to me, she says not only did her mother say to watch herself, but she said, \"Remember, you are putting us in danger.\" And she heard that every morning, \"You're putting us in danger.\" So, she says, \"You learn quickly you don't associate with anyone.\" She had a little Jewish girlfriend--but she's two years younger than I am--and she says she stopped talking to her immediately, but she never left her a note or anything. She just felt the girl would understand. But a lot of people didn't understand. They didn't know what happened. But this Herta, who now lives in Israel, she says to me she felt just the same as I did that we don't know what we would have done, but probably the same thing because you think of your family and you say, \"Boy, I want them to stay alive,\" right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1487.0,1556.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, what did you talk about with your friends as the 1930s wore on? I mean ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1556.0,1561.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: We just talked about schoolwork. You know, where did we go? I also belonged to the Olympics Club. I think it was in ... Right after Hitler came into power in January [1933]. By April was his birthday, April 20th. I can't forget it. The club informed my parents I couldn't send any more money in because they couldn't accept Jewish money. So, then the man who was in charge of the Olympic part ... I was very good on the horse, and on the trapeze, and all those things, so he wanted me to come. [He said] I didn't have to pay because I should instruct the others, that it's really not that difficult, and they see someone do it, that they can learn to do it, too. So, I went one time, and I really enjoyed it. Then, my father said, \"You're not going back there at all.\" I said, \"Why?\" He says, \"They don't want your money, they don't need you either, and if they don't like it, let them close down the club.\" He just was through with the whole thing and I couldn't go anymore. That upset me terribly because that was sort of my outlet, you know, something that I could still do. So, that ended. I was an alternate in nineteen ... I think it was 1936.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1561.0,1642.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Yes, the Olympics were in 1936.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1642.0,1644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Thirty-six? Okay. My mind is not so good anymore. I was there when all that took place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1644.0,1651.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What was that like? Do you remember anything?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1651.0,1652.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Oh, that was horrible. That was horrible. The only thing my father thinks saved me is that I did not have that Jewish look that some of the children had, that he thinks that's the only thing that saved me or I would have probably been dead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1652.0,1669.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, you were an alternate to the Olympic team?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1669.0,1671.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, I was an alternate to them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1671.0,1673.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: In gymnastics?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1673.0,1674.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1674.0,1675.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: That is fascinating. So, you were not allowed to compete I assume?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1675.0,1681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: No, because Hitler didn't want anyone [Jewish] to compete there. You know, he was in charge. The Olympic people weren't that way, but he was in charge. He made sure that everything goes the way he wants it to go. So, why not allow it? It's ... When I think back, I remember all the horrible things that went through my mind. [I thought,] \"Why am I living here? Please, G-d, take me.\" And the Hamalach HaGoel, the prayers that [I said] every night didn't help much at all. Nothing helped. It was a horrible story. I had one ... My father had one brother and the brother's wife told me one day, she says, \"I don't think it's good for you to pray anymore in Hebrew.\" I said, \"Why?\" She says, \"Maybe if you prayed, said it in German, maybe you'd have a chance to live.\" She was beginning to feel there is no more G-d, there's no more anything. Her whole mind changed about everything. It was really amazing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1681.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How do you feel about what she said?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1740.0,1742.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Well, I felt, as long as you have a belief and ours was so strong that I could not do this, I could not do it. But she felt strongly she wanted me to change, but I couldn't. I guess it was so embedded in me that I couldn't make that change, but she did. She just felt it's not worth it. She even felt that maybe she should even say, \"Heil Hitler.\" My father forbade that. He says, \"You don't ever say 'Heil Hitler.'\" She wanted just to fit in, and to be able to be alive, and become human again, you know. She was already a little dehumanized. But I think that's probably why my sister-in-law became an Alzheimer patient because it works on the mind and eventually it can get you if you're not strong enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1742.0,1791.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Did you feel dehumanized at that point?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1791.0,1793.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I didn't because I had so many things going for me. My mother registered me with the ... Oh, where do they have the nuns? What do they call that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1793.0,1806.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Convent?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1806.0,1806.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, registered me in the convent. When I had a little spare time, I would go to the convent and learn how to sew, and we would sing little songs. There was one other Jewish girl who also came there, but she soon disappeared. I don't know if they found her or what. You didn't ask any questions because you didn't want to put anyone else in jeopardy, so you just ... It didn't work. You just didn't ask.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1806.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: About what year was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1830.0,1832.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: That was in 1938, early 1938.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1832.0,1835.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, you lived through Kristallnacht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1835.0,1840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, and right there after, [in] January 1939, I left.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1840.0,1844.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Can you tell me what your memories are of that day?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1844.0,1847.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Well, my parents were saying we were just going to stay in the house and [my father] says from what he heard on the shortwave radio--which was soon thereafter taken away from him because some neighbor heard that he has one--and that it was simultaneously done all over Germany, so it was very well planned. After the war, I met the son of a preacher, who came to the synagogue to speak. That was in 1988 when they had that new synagogue dedicated in Darmstadt. He told me. He says he was five years old at the time, and he went with his grandfather, who was also a preacher, and they stood there as the building was burning in one part. The looters were in the other part, taking the gold and silver out of the building, as much as they could haul away themselves before it burned down. His grandfather said to him, \"Just always remember. These are human beings just like you and I are and we have to respect them. They have their religion. You have your religion,\" This was a Protestant man. He says, \"We can't ever forget that.\" That's why he became a preacher himself. He spoke there in the synagogue later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1847.0,1924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, what happened to your family that night?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1924.0,1927.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: We all stayed in the house. We didn't move, wouldn't dare move.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1927.0,1931.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Nobody came in?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1931.0,1932.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: No one came in, no. No, they were so busy trying to find synagogues. In Darmstadt they had three synagogues. So, they were so busy trying to find the synagogues and set them on fire. Then, there was another synagogue nearby called Eberstadt [Germany], which was a pretty big town also. They could not burn it to the ground because a Jewish family, a Christian family, took care of the Jewish, the Shabbos work, you know, what they call a 'Shabbos goy.' I don't know if you're familiar with this word. They didn't want to put them out on the street, so they didn't burn down that church that night, that synagogue that night. So, that synagogue survived, but everything inside--it was just a hollow little frame--was taken out, the benches, the cushions. Whatever was worthwhile for someone else to grab, it was gone, everything was gone. So, it was like a shell from a Holocaust, you know, there's just nothing there. That was interesting to me that they couldn't burn the building down because of her and her children. Otherwise, it would have been gone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1932.0,2000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Did your father find work in Darmstadt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2000.0,2003.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: We lived on our money. He couldn't bring all the money from the other town into this town because it became Hitler's money, so the bank account was turned over to the Hitler people. That's how they could build the highways and what they call the Autobahns [German: highways] and everything else. [It] was from the money they took away from the Jewish people. Later, that girl that came to visit me with her husband said that she remembers her mother risking her life going to Darmstadt with some money and some vegetables that she put in a big suitcase like she's going to travel somewhere and gave that to them. She says they just lived on whatever people gave to them because they couldn't be seen in stores. They had the yellow star, the Magen David, on their sleeve and you weren't allowed in grocery stores either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2003.0,2059.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Did you have the Magen David on your sleave?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2059.0,2060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: No, I did not. I did not because I stayed inside. I didn't have it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2060.0,2065.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, you just, after the decree came down that you were supposed to have it, you just did not put it on your clothes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2065.0,2069.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I didn't put it on and I didn't go outside. I just stayed inside. That was ... That actually came after the Kristallnacht. That's when that came. I just stayed in the house for another month and a half and then I was gone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2069.0,2084.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, this is ... How old were you in 1939?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2084.0,2088.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Fifteen. Actually not. In March, I would have been 15. I was still 14.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2088.0,2093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, born in 1925?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2093.0,2094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I'm born in 1924.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2094.0,2101.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Twenty-four?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2101.0,2102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: [Yes].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2102.0,2102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Okay. So, describe how this decision was made and how you felt about leaving your parents and ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2102.0,2107.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I didn't want to leave. I said, \"Whatever happens to you will happen to me also.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2107.0,2111.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What did you think would happen by that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2111.0,2114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I figured we would all die.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2114.0,2116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: You really thought that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2116.0,2116.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I really felt we would die. Either Hitler would be killed by someone, you know, because a lot of people had no use for him, and we'd be all right or we'd all die. I mean, it was getting to the point where I didn't even care. Just before I left Germany, my parents sent me on a trip around the country to visit all the relatives and tell them goodbye. I did that on my own because they were afraid if we traveled together, they would know something was up. I did it without a star. No one knew who I was. My father always said, \"Don't speak to anyone on the train,\" so I didn't. If someone wanted to start a conversation, I'd nod like I'm asleep or something. So, they'd look at me. I'm asleep? Fine, leave me alone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2116.0,2170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Was that because your accent might have been a little bit different or what was he afraid that people would think that you were Jewish?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2170.0,2176.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I may come out and say it. He was afraid I might say it and it's the best thing [if] you keep your mouth shut. No one knows what's in your mind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2176.0,2185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How about your mother? What did she say about that, around that same time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2185.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: My mother cried all the time. My mother just couldn't believe any of this was real. She just ... It was too much for her to take all together. She cried most of the time. In fact, as I left, the tears were just pouring. She just sobbed like nobody's business. Then, for me to have to go, they took me to the train station. It was just horrible. A Christian neighbor went with her, and took her away, and my father stayed with me until the train left. It's just horrific. It's something that, even I now, as I think about, can barely believe that it happened. It's like some vicious dream that really wasn't true when it was true. In fact, there was the governess that took care of us children. She came one time to Darmstadt, and she wanted to take me and my brother with her, and she says she [will] raise us as cousins of her daughter and say that we were bombed out and that's why we're there and do it in that manner. But my parents said, \"No.\" They wouldn't let me go. But later, I thought it was the wrong thing to do. They should have let me go. This Elizabeth, her brother was killed because he carried a Bible all the time and that was forbidden. So, he was murdered, but she stayed alive. In fact, I went to her cemetery plot and visited with her and then her granddaughter started to write to my daughter. I don't know if they're still corresponding or not, because my daughter lives out in California and this girl still lives in Germany, but they corresponded for the longest time. My daughter went over to visit them one time and she, because my daughter speaks German, she went to the school and picked up their daughter. You know, people would say, \"Well, who are you?\" She said, \"That's my aunt,\" That is all they would say.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2190.0,2321.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: That is so sweet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2321.0,2321.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: So, yes, it went on and on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2321.0,2323.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How did you feel about leaving Germany?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2323.0,2330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I felt I was leaving my home. This was my home, my whole life, you know. Think back when you were little. That's your whole world, and suddenly it's all gone. It's just mind-boggling. It's difficult to comprehend. Then, on the ship, I was sick most of the time, so the captain bought me a little captain doll. I still have it somewhere. I don't know where, but I still have it. He was ... I should pet it and that would console me a little bit. Just the odor from the food and the motion of the boat, everything going up and down, I just stayed sick for the whole nine days that I was on the water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2330.0,2374.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: By that time, there was not the threat of German submarines, was there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2374.0,2380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: No, not that we knew. There may have been.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2380.0,2383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: This was 1939?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2383.0,2384.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2384.0,2384.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, maybe not quite yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2384.0,2384.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Maybe not. Maybe they were still building them. I have no idea, but I never heard any drill or anything on the boat. We never did anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2384.0,2392.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Where did you arrive?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2392.0,2394.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: In New York [City], New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2394.0,2396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What was that like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2396.0,2398.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Well, that was bad, too, because a cousin of my father's was supposed to meet me at the boat because I knew her children, her three boys. She never got the information to meet me. And I am standing there, at the boat, with two suitcases, tears in my eyes. Where do you go? That same captain came along--that's a German officer--and he says, \"You go with me to my hotel.\" And he says, \"We'll contact them and see.\" I knew where they lived in [the New York City neighborhood of] Forest Hills. I even had the street, but I didn't remember the number. He found it in the phone book or something. He found [it] and then, they came and got me, but until then, I was just a lost soul, but this man maybe had children of his own. He really took an interest in me and took care of me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2398.0,2450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: He knew you were Jewish?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2450.0,2451.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, he knew I was Jewish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2451.0,2453.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: This is a German?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2453.0,2454.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: This is a German captain of the boat, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2454.0,2459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, you get kind of a mixed message about how ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2459.0,2461.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, you see, yes, there were a lot of people. Now see, he was now in America, so he figured no one's gonna get after him, you see? So, he felt freer. On the boat, he was in charge. No one else was in charge, so he could also visit me. He'd come to my cabin frequently. You know, when he brought me that doll, I sort of felt more at home, like someone really cares, because the other people, I looked at them all like nothing but Nazis, even though they may not have been, you know. Later, I was thinking. I met some lady. She came from Chicago [Illinois]. I really never put any faith in her, but she said she would help me because I felt she was nothing but a Nazi just coming from Germany. But she had a son about two or three years younger than I and he spoke a very good English, so he and I would converse a little bit in English. They evidently had lived here for about 15, 20 years, but would go home every year to visit her parents. So, you see, there were some that were really good, but you just were afraid. I guess my parents had instilled this into me: you just don't talk, you keep your mouth shut. And I did for fear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2461.0,2534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, your family finally came to get you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2534.0,2541.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: They came to get me and I stayed two or three days there. Then, my cousin, who was the rabbi in Cincinnati [Ohio], he called them, and he says he found for me a place in Atlanta, Georgia, [with a] family [that] have only one child that was adopted. They want me to come stay there, so they put me on the train. I wanted to spend the money. My parents had put some money in my shoes, you know, anything to keep things going. They said, \"No,\" I [should] keep this, I may need it in Atlanta. Oh, when I came here, that family with this child came to the train station to fetch me. I went home with them. I stayed with them about nine or ten months. The daughter was very upset that she thought they loved me more than they did her, so they gave me the sad news that I had to move out. By that time, I was going to Emory University, and I was saying, \"Well, I'll just have to cut my subjects and work part of the time.\" I went to Richard Rich, who had the Rich's department store in the corner of Broad Street and Alabama. There was a Mr. Tuck, who employed me. I didn't know, but he was Jewish. I didn't know he was a Jew at the time. He says, \"Can you dress a window?\" I don't know what about dressing a window. He says, \"You know, we have that corner window there and it always needs to be fixed up because of the new things we get in.\" I said, \"Oh, yeah, I can do that.\" Never had done it in my life. I don't know what I was talking about. [I said,] \"Oh, I can do that,\" anything to get a job, you know. He went down there, and he gave me some things there on the side and he said, \"Okay, dress the window.\" So, I went in there and I said, \"Please, G-d,\" I must have prayed a hundred times, \"help me fix up this window.\" I had no idea what I was doing. Eventually, he looked, and he says, \"You have the job.\" He was so impressed with what I did. I don't even remember what I did. I was so frightened. I got the job. I was dressing the corner windows and then, on each side, some windows, so I was able to make my own money and get along. Then, let's see, [it] was about 1941 by then. I used to always go to Ahavith Achim synagogue, which was on Washington Street, up high on Washington Street. I met a young man who was my husband's younger brother, and we'd walk toward where we live. He said to me, \"You must meet one of my brothers.\" I said, \"Why do I have to meet one your brothers?\" I was interested in making a living, and getting through, and getting somewhere in the world. He says, \"Because they both speak German.\" So, I had a girlfriend named May Shapiro. We sat in her apartment one evening and who walks in there, but this Ray Schwarz. She says, \"Hi Raymond, come on in.\" So, we're talking. He says, \"Well, I just got my new car.\" And he says, \"Would y'all like to take a ride to the airport?\" So, she said, \"Of course we will.\" I said, \"Well, I don't know if I should,\" because the next morning my whole schedule starts again. He says, \"Oh, you just sit in the car, you don't do a thing, you just ride to the airport.\" So, May says, \"Well, let me call Frances.\" Frances lived below her. Frances Miles was her name. She's since passed away. Fran says, \"Yeah, my cousin Bernard is here.\" So, \"Okay, we'll take him too.\" So, it was Ray Schwartz, May Shapiro, Frances Miles, her cousin, Bernard Silliman. We four we went to the airport. At that time, the airport, the planes were right behind the fence. It wasn't like it is now. So, you just stood by the fence and you watch the planes go off. You know, it was really fun. Going there, I sat with Bernard in the back and may sat in the front with Ray, and before long, we switched. He was in the back with May, and I was in the front with him because he was driving. I was in the front with him, and she was in the back with Bernard and Francis. So, that's how it began.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2541.0,2829.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: When you got here, did you even speak English?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2829.0,2832.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2832.0,2833.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: You had learned English in school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2833.0,2834.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Oh, well, yes. I took three languages. I took Latin, Hebrew, and English.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2834.0,2841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, you were able to at least navigate your way around and ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2841.0,2844.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Oh, yes. I also studied Spanish too, yes. But with the Latin and the Spanish, I didn't have much problem with the English. I could sort of fiddle my way through it all the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2844.0,2854.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What did you think of Atlanta back when you first arrived? What was your impression?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2854.0,2857.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: It was a little town. It was a little country town because I came from a city with tall buildings and everything was built up, and here, [it was] just a yokel town. I wasn't much impressed with anything. And the houses were so poorly constructed. It was a nothing. But I felt I was amongst people that I could speak to, you know, and not feel that I had to keep my mouth closed. That helped a lot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2857.0,2882.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Were people nice to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2882.0,2884.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes. There's only one family I will never forget that. He was very nice to me. In fact, I visited him in the old age home just before he passed away and he remembered. His wife had told me anytime I felt depressed I should come by because she wasn't working. I should come by and she'd gladly, you know, sort of talk to me so I'd forget myself. I said, \"Thank you,\" that meant so much to me. One day, I was so depressed. I had tears in my eyes. It was Thursday afternoon. I went up to her door and I said, \"Hi.\" She said, \"Oh! It's you. What do you want?\" I said, \"Nothing,\" and I walked away. It was a horrible thing. But I didn't know at that time that the Southerners always say, \"Come to see me and do this.\" It doesn't mean a thing. It's like saying goodbye, you know, and I didn't know that. I felt what everyone says, that's what they mean. So, I had a shrewd awakening at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2884.0,2945.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Well, how did you feel coming to a city that was in the midst of the Jim Crow laws and the segregated races? I mean, what was that like coming from Germany?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2945.0,2957.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: That didn't bother me at all, because I associated only with Jewish people, so that didn't bother me. I was busy studying, and working, and I had no time for any social life. I remember one time, some girl wanted me to go with her to a movie, so I said, \"I can't spend that.\" I think it was. twelve cents, something like that. It was very ... I said, \"I can't spend that money. I need that money.\" She said, \"Well, I'll give it to you.\" I said, \"No.\" I might want to go more. So, I just did away with it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2957.0,2988.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Well, what were you studying at Emory?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2988.0,2990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: At Emory, I was taking courses that would help me in business. I didn't work for a degree. I just took courses. They said you could do that, you know, since you didn't want a degree. I wasn't interested in a degree. I was interested in finding something that I can use in my life to make a living, so I took accounting, I took business law, I took different courses that ... I took some higher math, but their higher math wasn't any more than what I already knew, so I finished that anyway. But I never took any more math courses. And I took an English course, which I thought would help me, but I found my German translate was better than the English course, so I dropped that also. Then, I took a little American history, just things that I felt I should know to get along with the people, you know, because I knew nothing about America except that Atlanta had burned down at one time. That's about all because I had read that in a book years and years before that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2990.0,3050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, your friends were ... You were living on Washington Street?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3050.0,3053.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I lived on Washington Street for nine months and then I moved to Noble Drive, and I lived with a family where I paid my own way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3053.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: But you got to meet other young Jewish ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3060.0,3063.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, we went to the Jewish Alliance. I didn't have to pay. Others had to pay to go there, but since I was new and didn't have anything, I could go to the Jewish Alliance. I met a lot of girls there and I met boys. Then, I started going out with boys. I was very close with Larry Bregman. I know you've heard of him. Well, he and I went together all the time. We had a lot of fun. So, when he got serious, I said, \"No, I can't marry. I got to work.\" I wasn't about to get myself involved in anything because my parents evidently had trained me well enough you take care of number one first. So, I was working on that, but I had a lot of fun, went out with him many times and Julius Levitt. I went out with Jewish people, you know, that I met at the Alliance. That's how we met. Everyone went there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3063.0,3113.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Did you know other young German Jews that had come to Atlanta at about the same time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3113.0,3121.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I'm trying to think if there was any. There was a Walter Strauss. But then, his parents, I think, came to this country, so he had no more use for me, you know, once they came. But there were a few people. I can't even think of anyone else at this time. I'm trying even to think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3121.0,3144.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Did you ever go to anything with the New World Club?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3144.0,3148.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: No, I didn't even know about a New World Club.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3148.0,3152.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: It might have been a little later. I am not sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3152.0,3153.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I was associated only with the Americans who spoke English. I didn't speak to anyone else. At one time, there was one professor. I said, \"I don't want everyone to speak another word of German,\" and he says, \"Don't do that.\" He says, \"Even if you have to speak to it alone at home, don't forget it.\" I said, \"Why? Who must have remembered all this?\" And he says, \"Someday it may come in handy.\" Later, I became a sworn translator for German work into English, so it did. He did me a lot of good for saying, you know, I should not give it up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3153.0,3185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Were you able to be in contact with your parents during that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3185.0,3189.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: [No].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3189.0,3189.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Not at all?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3189.0,3192.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: No, the Germans didn't let any mail in or any mail out if it came from Jews. In fact, I think you couldn't even send any, even Christians couldn't get any mail. Because I remember one lady said she couldn't even hear from her parents because when they blocked the ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3192.0,3213.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: The borders?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3213.0,3214.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, the borders. It was blocked for everything. Because see, they had to have all this for ammunition and everything else, so they were afraid someone maybe said something that might be bad. You really could not get anything across. My mother had sent me one or two letters and they were all cut up, so a lot of it was already taken out of it that she couldn't say anymore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3214.0,3238.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: By the censors?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3238.0,3238.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, so it got to the point where it just didn't work. I remember they were constantly sending me little coupons so I could write back to them and not have to worry about money. It was called an exchange certificate. You'd go to the post office and they'd give you a stamp to write to Germany. But evidently, they didn't get any of my mail. Nothing went out. I remember this girl saying, \"How come you didn't write to your parents?\" I said, \"I did, but you didn't get it, just like I didn't get any mail from them.\" Because she said they really would have loved to have heard from you. But it wasn't going through.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3238.0,3274.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Did you hear what was going on in Germany through the newspapers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3274.0,3278.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: That's about all, only through newspapers and then, a lot of those things, you don't know if it was true or not. But I constantly got mail from the navy and the army that I should enlist because they thought Ilse was a male person, so it came to Mr. Ilse Wolf. One time, I had to go to the post [office] that was in what they called then the 'new' post office, down on ... What was the name of that street?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3278.0,3314.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Pryor?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3314.0,3314.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: No, it was a white building between Mitchell Street and some other street I can't think of. Anyway, it was called the 'new' post office. I had to go there. The immigration [office] was there, and I said, \"Look, I'm a girl and I'm getting all this mail.\" And then I gave them about five letters, and they said, \"Okay, we'll have to correct that.\" But it was always they're looking for me to join the service. I understand a lot of the newcomers did join the service and ... What else was I going to say? I was going to say something else. There goes my old head. It vanishes into ... 'Getting old gracefully' is what I say. They said it's some sort of a moment. I just call it 'getting old gracefully.' It just happens and I have no control over it. I'm sorry. I don't remember what it was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3314.0,3367.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Okay. It does not matter. So, the Jewish Alliance ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3367.0,3372.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: That became my second home. Every few moments I had, I would spend over there just to talk to people and be with someone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3372.0,3380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What did they do there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3380.0,3382.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Oh, we played basketball, we played shuffleboard, we played tennis. We did all sorts of things. I was very much in sports. I enjoyed that. It was a good outlet for me. Then, we had meetings. I think they called themselves ... I belonged to a Jewish club called the Zaborians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3382.0,3407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What is that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3407.0,3407.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Zaborians. That's what we called each other. We would get together and maybe have a picnic together or play basketball together. I think we were about ten girls. Then, we even made ourselves pins. I must have the pins somewhere at home. We made our own little pin that we belonged to that club, you know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3407.0,3433.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Who were some of the people that you were friendly with then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3433.0,3436.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: At that time, it was Edith Newman, May Shapiro, Frances Miles, Ida Borochoff. Ida ... What was she before? Ida. She married Charles Borochoff. Ida Sloan. She was Ida Sloan. She was our group leader. We'd go to the Progressive Club, and we'd have dances and different things. We just had a good time whenever we could, period. No one had any money. I remember one, I think May Shapiro, got her father's car. About four of us girls would get together, each one give three or four cents, and we'd buy a gallon of gas, and we'd get to the Alliance. It was so fun. She said, \"I don't know why Daddy always gives me the car when it's empty,\" but gasoline was about eleven cents, ten cents a gallon, you know. We'd just pitch in and we'd ride to the Alliance. She's the only one that had a driver's license.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3436.0,3506.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: You were also a member of the AA at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3506.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, they let me go to the AA and when they had graduations, I always had to do the Hebrew because they had no girls evidently that had studied Hebrew at the AA. So, there were all these boys constantly and I would have to read the Hebrew. Rabbi [Harry] Epstein would always hand me the siddur and macḥzor [Jewish prayer books]. I said, \"Why don't the people do this?\" He says, \"Well, this is good for our image that we're teaching everything in our religious schools.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3510.0,3539.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Well, I am going to change the tape and then we will... So, you were telling me about the Jewish Alliance, and then some of the other activities that the young people got into, and you were also being active in the synagogue. Can you tell me what you remember about Rabbi Epstein?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3539.0,3556.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Rabbi Epstein was a businessman, 100 percent businessman. I liked him very much because he was nice to me, but his whole business and life was to get ahead. He did everything in his power to get ahead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3556.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What kinds of things did you see that he ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3570.0,3575.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Well, I tell you one thing I did not like. When my husband was stationed overseas--I was engaged to him--and he wanted a book where he could tell people why he was laying tefilin and why he was doing this. He says, \"I'm not that knowledgeable on Judaism and I really don't know. Can you get me a book on that?\" So, I went to Rabbi Epstein's office, and he says, \"Sure,\" he can get me a book. Well, about two months later, I did not receive a book. I call him up. He says, \"Oh, I forgot. I'll look into it again.\" By that time, I was very disgusted because my husband says, \"They ask me daily and I don't have anything.\" So, I called up my cousin, who at that time was a rabbi in Los Angeles, California, and I said, \"Alfred, can you send me some sort of book that would help Ray to tell people why he does things?\" He says, \"Oh, there's a beautiful little booklet,\" he says he can carry with him wherever he flies. It's a thin little book. And he says, \"I'm going to mail one out to you this afternoon.\" Within three days, I had the book, so I mailed it to him in Europe. After, that he was in heaven because he said he could explain everything he was doing to people. He says, when he grew up, he says, \"You just did it. No one asked you why or what. Do it, you know. That's it. It's done.\" So, I still have that little booklet. It really explained everything thoroughly, but it's only about a quarter of an inch thick, but it had everything in it. I told the rabbi, I said, \"You can get by.\" He said, \"Oh, I forgot again.\" I said, \"You don't have to look into it again.\" See, in other words, if I had been he, I think it would have been very important to satisfy me as a young kid so I would know what to do with a thing and help someone else. But he was more interested in whatever he could promote for himself. But I loved his wife, Reva. She was a fantastic person, and his two girls were wonderful, too. But he was strictly out to improve himself, period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3575.0,3695.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Do you remember if people were talking at the synagogue about the circumstances in Europe?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3695.0,3705.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3705.0,3705.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Of the Jews as that news started to filter in?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3705.0,3708.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: No, a lot of them didn't believe it. I went one time. They started to have these memorials at the ... What's the name of that cemetery?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3708.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Greenwood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3720.0,3721.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Greenwood Cemetery. And I met a Jan ... I've forgotten his last name. He came from Poland, but he was married to a Jewish lady. I can't think of his last name now. I spoke with him for quite some time. He says, \"Mrs. Schwartz, I went to Washington, D.C. four times and spoke to President [Franklin Delano] Roosevelt that he must do something about the Yehudim [Hebrew: Jews] in Europe because things are getting worse and eventually, they'll all be dead, and President Roosevelt said he was not interested. He knew what was going on, but he was not interested.\" And he says, \"I told him how I was captured and some Polish nuns let me out of a hospital prison.\" They thought he was insane, this man, Jan. What was his name? He's a very famous Polish man. He's since passed away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3721.0,3782.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Karski?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3782.0,3782.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, Jan Karski. That's who I spoke with. He says, \"These nuns knotted sheets together,\" so he could come from the third floor down and escape. And he escaped three times from that German [institution] where they were going to make him a nut, you know, to keep him there forever. And he always managed through some Catholic influence to get back to Washington [D.C.] and see Roosevelt, and \"Never did this man move anything,\" he says, and finally he decided he wasn't interested in doing anything. Roosevelt had so many Jewish people, had so much faith in it, [but had also no use for Jewish people. And that's probably why Joseph Kennedy could be so strong in his belief in saying, \"Who wants Jews? We got too many already.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3782.0,3831.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How do you feel about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3831.0,3832.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Oh, it makes me very angry. I couldn't vote for it, for Kennedy even when they came around to my door and said, \"This is the only good guy to vote for.\" I said, \"I cannot vote for him.\" And Rose [Kennedy] didn't even want ... When her granddaughter married a Jewish boy, she named one of the Jewish parents to be at her granddaughter's wedding. This ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3832.0,3855.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Schlossberg.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3855.0,3855.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, Schlossberg. I can't think of her ... Caroline. Didn't want them to be at the wedding. So, I said, \"They're all a bunch of antisemites,\" and here this child marries a Jewish man. Then later on, even Jack's wife ... What's her name? Jackie. She was going with a Jewish man. So, it really took them years to really overcome all their antisemitism. So, I felt good when this girl married the Jewish guy anyway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3855.0,3887.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Did anybody ever give you a hard time here in Atlanta for ... I guess you probably had a German accent at the time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3887.0,3894.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3894.0,3895.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: No?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3895.0,3895.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: No, I never had any German accent. No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3895.0,3899.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: No, just a Southern accent?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3899.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I have a Southern now, but at first, I had an English accent because I learned English. I didn't learn American English. I learned English. I learned English.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3900.0,3908.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: The real language.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3908.0,3908.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes. [I said things with an English accent, such as,] \"I can't eat this,\" and \"I want some calf's liver,\" and things like that. They looked at me. And I'll never forget when I first came here, someone asked me if I could dance. I said, \"What's dancing,\" you know? Dance? So, they did. I said, \"Oh, you mean dance.\" One girl put this in my face one time--I think it was May or Frances--said, \"Oh, she didn't know what dancing meant but she knew what dance meant.\" So, I had to ... You know, an elevator was a lift. So, a lot of things I had to learn. But I did not have a German accent. No, and when I spoke Spanish, I didn't have any accent of the Germans either. It was Spanish. So, evidently, I have a good ear for languages.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3908.0,3953.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Tell me about your life as the end of the war approached, and at what point you found out what happened to Jewish communities in Europe, and what happened to your family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3953.0,3970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Well, I learned it by writing to the Red Cross in Germany and they sent me back information telling me all about the Jewish people that my father was taken away with from Darmstadt. They did not return. But they did learn that my father was alive at the end of the war. That they knew. And they knew he was in Buchenwald. That's about all they knew. I had all this with a red seal on it, but when we were in Massachusetts in 1953, they had a ... I keep saying earthquake. It wasn't an earthquake, a hurricane. They had a hurricane. A lot of my good things were lost because the water just washed everything out there. I tried to dry it out. There was nothing left. All crumbled away. So, I lost a lot of pictures and a lot of good things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3970.0,4025.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Again, your parents were both deported ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4025.0,4027.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: They were killed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4027.0,4030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: ... to Auschwitz?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4030.0,4030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: No, my father to Buchenwald and my mother to Auschwitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4030.0,4033.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Do you know what the year was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4033.0,4035.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Forty-four.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4035.0,4037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Now, how are they allowed to stay in Germany that late?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4037.0,4039.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Because my father had the papers [as] an honorary German citizen, see? And slowly, they took all of his papers away. For a good leader, for a fantastic war fighter, and for helping other Germans, and then getting the medal on top of that. So, he had these five different, four papers and one medal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4039.0,4065.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, he was quite a well-known person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4065.0,4066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4066.0,4069.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How did you find out your mother also ... You found out through the Red Cross?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4069.0,4074.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Only through the Darmstädter Red Cross. They had that information. And now, there is a tremendous bakery right near Darmstadt and it's called the Wolf Bakery. I went there because I figured it may be a relative of mine. But they don't want to even be Jewish anymore. They were Jews, but they're not Jewish anymore. So, the old man said to me, he says, \"I don't want to even be reminded of this and this and that.\" I said, \"I just thought, you know, maybe we were relatives.\" He says, \"We may be, but I don't want to know about it.\" He didn't want to know that. Kroger [grocery] stores buy a lot of things from that company, Wolf's Bakery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4074.0,4118.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Do you ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4118.0,4118.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I got some kosher pretzels, and has an 'UO' on it, in Kroger's, and they come from the bakery, Wolf Bakery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4118.0,4131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Kind of ironic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4131.0,4132.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, and I feel sure that they must have been ten0 percent Jewish and just didn't want to have anything to do with it anymore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4132.0,4138.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Is that a point of view that you understand or are you ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4138.0,4141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I understand it, but I feel now that he should go back, you know, and become Jewish. But there's three generations now that are goyim, so I guess they won't even be bothered with it, you know? If it's happened once, it can happen again. Just now, I got something from ... Oh, what is this thing that Bronfman is involved in? Edgar Bronfman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4141.0,4161.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: The Claims Conference?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4161.0,4162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: No, I don't get any claims because I'm a German. Germans don't get any claims. Everyone else can get claims and get money, not I. The German Jews can't get anything, but if you're from Poland or Romania, they get money. We can't get anything. They can just scan off everything. We get nothing. But Bronfman just ... He sends out about every three months a little pamphlet of what's going on in the world. I just got one today. I haven't even looked at it. It tells you what's going on. In the last one, I read about three months ago--it comes out four times a year--that in Germany, they're starting in again with the antisemitism and in Holland, which never had any antisemitism. So, it's coming all over again. So, you really can't blame this old man Wolf for not wanting to have anything to do after three generations of now goyim, you know? So, I don't know how I feel about it. I just feel now they should have gone back and maybe left the country, period. What I didn't like when the synagogue was opened in Darmstadt, where there were three, one was open that the city paid for, that the people from Israel that came, they were Polish people from Israel came to Germany to live in Germany, to raise their children as Germans. I said to one young man who was maybe 30, 32 years old, I said, \"Why would you do a thing like that?\" He says, \"Because there's money to be made.\" That was it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4162.0,4251.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: You are talking about Polish Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4251.0,4251.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Polish Jews moved to Germany. Now, they have Russian Jews, Polish Jews, Bulgarian Jews, Romanian Jews, a few Czech Jews. From different parts, they suddenly have a lot of influx of Jews again in Germany. And they do not have to work on any Jewish holiday while the Christians have to work on Jewish holidays. And the Christians, they thought the Jews should have to work on Christmas and Easter, but, no, they get off that, too. I said, \"I think that is what's making the new antisemitism and people don't realize it.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4251.0,4288.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How do you feel about Germany today?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4288.0,4292.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Well, the people today, a lot of them don't know about it. I spoke in Germany at one of the universities in Darmstadt back in 1988, when they had that big ... Because it was the 50th anniversary from Hitler, freedom. I mean, the beginning of the Kristallnacht. I think that's what it was. I spoke at one of the universities. They made ... went to Frankfurt to get me kosher food because they knew I didn't eat anything treif and prepared it there, but I watched to make sure it's kosher. I said, \"These people, they want to do everything right, but they don't know how horrible their parents were.\" And when I was telling the stories, two of the young men came afterwards to me. [They told me,] \"You know, my father slapped my face when I asked him what he was in the war.\" I said, \"They don't want to tell you the truth. They didn't want you to even talk about it.\" He said, \"Well, that's how it was in the school, in the high school, and then college. No one wants to discuss it.\" I said, \"Well, now if you heard me speak,\" I said, \"I hope you bring it.\" He said, \"I certainly will, lady.\" He will talk about it. But everything was hushed up. You forget that that part of history is wiped out. You don't even talk about it and you don't want your children to talk about it, so the grandchildren know nothing. At the time when my daughter was visiting with them--the granddaughter of Elizabeth, our governess--she was telling them a few things. They said, \"You know? You come to our school and tell us what your mama told you because we have not heard any of that either.\" So, none of the schools were mentioning anything about what went on. Those years were just wiped out as if they never existed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4292.0,4402.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: But when you talk to groups ... I know you have talked to groups here at the museum. When you talk about your experiences to young people, whether they be German or Jewish, what kind of message do you try to ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4402.0,4414.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I try to tell them that the people are the same all over the world and you've got to be prepared if anything comes up very early in life that they call you a damn Jew or something that is just a little antisemitic. Speak up at the time. Don't wait till it's too late. Because you have one saying in there [at the museum] about a Martin [Neimoller] somebody. He was a Protestant minister. I don't know if you know that part. He says, \"First, they came after the Jews. Then, they came after the cripples. Then, they came after the Zigeunerin [German: gypsies].\" The people that wander all around.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4414.0,4459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Gypsies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4459.0,4459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Gypsies. \"They came after the gypsies. And then, they came after me. And by the time I spoke out, it was too late.\" And he was put in a jail, but fortunately he was able to get out because the Americans came and the English came to rescue people. You have to speak out in the beginning. You cannot wait. If you wait, it becomes too late. I've gotten a very good report from a lot of Jewish and Christian schools, but I spoke in one school in Smyrna, Georgia. They were high school kids. After I got through talking, he says to another kid, \"It's a pity they didn't get her, too.\" That was in Smyrna, Georgia. The teacher heard it and she turned him over to the principle. I said, \"You see? It's going on here.\" And they hear it at home. It's still a little hushed up, but you have to speak up and just at that time, do something about it. Don't let it go on because he could enlist others and then it all starts. Another time, I was at Lenox Square and there was this young guy with his father. He had on this red swastika and he had the German uniform on. I went up to the young man. I said, \"Do you know what you're doing?\" He says, \"Yeah, we hate Jews.\" I said, \"Well, I'm Jewish.\" He says, \"No, you're not.\" I said, \"Yes, I am.\" And the father came over, \"Get away from my son.\" That happened at Lenox Square. So, it is going on, but we have to constantly fight it before it is passed onto many people. And that's very important. If children learn that ... In fact, I had one kid in there who said that \"Oh, my ...\" Either the mother or the father, one of them was Christian, the other one was Jewish. She says, \"Well, if they go after the Jews, I'll be a Christian. If they go after to the Christians, I'd be a Jew.\" I said, \"You don't have time for that. You have to make up your mind what you're going to be now. You don't have time to switch because that's what you're going to be associated with, whatever you are now.\" But see, they're also already looking, you know, how they can stay alive without having to do anything. But you just have to speak out. Maybe it's the loss of one or two lives. You just have to do it. Otherwise, we're gone. And that's why everyone is so busy fighting it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4459.0,4598.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How do you feel about Israel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4598.0,4601.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Israel should build walls all around. You know, they have to listen a lot to the American government--otherwise, they can't act--but they need to fight for themselves. I spoke to one of the councils that was here some years back. He says, \"We must try and get along with them.\" I said, \"You cannot learn to get along with them. It's embedded for thousands of years. It's impossible. You've got to learn to defend yourself. So, you've got to build walls, and you've got to learn to be independent, and not bring all these Palestinians into work in Israel.\" And the few times I was in Israel, they always had these workers they bring in every morning and take them out in the evening. I said, \"That's more antisemitism because they see how well you're living and then they're going back to what they don't have. And they have to share their meager earnings with all the rest of them or they'll get killed.\" So, I said, \"It's no good. You just have to live on a little island all of your own and then maybe even talk peace with them.\" I think a lot of the problem is this guy whom I can't even stand to look at, [Yasser] Arafat. Every time I look at him, I nearly throw up. That man has to be gotten out of. I don't know if they can kill them, or poison him, or what they can do with him here, to get rid of them. I think he's a lot behind everything, even though he claims he's not active anymore. He's as active as ever. So, they have to do that if they want to survive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4601.0,4690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What do you think is the future?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4690.0,4693.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: The future for Israel is only to become independent and not to have to rely on America, which is difficult because they don't have all the know how to act with them. And maybe give them more weapons where they can hide them somewhere in the sand, like in Iraq they did in the sand, you know, and just pull them out when they need them. Because if you're not strong ... I remember my father even saying when I was a little kid, he used to pray with me every night, and he'd say, \"We just got to learn to be strong. Because if you're strong, you'll survive. Otherwise, you'll be taken in.\" And he would say, \"You've got to have a strong army, you've gotta have a strong navy, and you have to have your people realize that they must be strong, to fight even if it kills one of their members in the family.\" He always said that to me. I remember I must have been four years old at the time. And he was right, because otherwise, destruction takes place. You can see. You can probably remember when Lebanon was defeated. The Lebanese never had an army. The Palestinians could just move in and take over. You've got to have that. It's very important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4693.0,4764.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: I do not know whether there is any kind of ... Do your views come out of or were they influenced by what happened to the Jewish communities of Europe?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4764.0,4775.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, that's where mine come from.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4775.0,4777.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Can you talk about that a little bit?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4777.0,4780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Well, we had one section [where] there were Polish people that lived in Germany. It was called Frankfurt. It was about another 20 miles past Darmstadt. They would openly walk with their siddurs out, and their big hats, and the payess hanging down, and really make themselves outstanding, \"Here I am. Do something to me.\" My father used to say, he says, \"You see, darling? I have siddurs on, too, but I got them in my pocket.\" He had an arba kanfot on, but it was always underneath. It was never shown openly. Those in Frankfurt, who were fortunate enough to come out of Poland, they wore it openly. People of other denominations don't like to see this sudden change. Just like now, a lot of people don't like the Arabs here, you know, when they're covered up. It is too much of a poisonous thing that is within the body, I presume, that they don't want to see this on the outside. Now, if the Arabs would just leave your hair open, leave everything. You can do that at home. You don't have to do it openly. I think that's what started in Germany with this hatred toward the Jews. If they had not been so open in showing what they're doing and [seeming to say,] \"Who cares what you think? I'm going to do it my way,\" I think it would have controlled things much better. I'm afraid if the Arabs don't learn because there are good Arabs. There are good Arabs. Do away with the headdress and the schmattes [Yiddish: rags], you know, with the checkerboard, like Arafat was doing. It'll always bring up hatred because people don't like to see that. Just like I don't like to see a man with a cross on his neck. Just like I don't want to see a child with a Magen David around it. That is something that's within you. If you want to put it on your wallet or somewhere, fine, but don't openly. See, this is what I am ... To me, that's not religion. You're trying to show something to the outside. Who knows? You may be doing everything wrong on the inside. To me, it's something that's within you. You believe in G-d, you do what's right, and you keep it to yourself. And that's why I don't believe in these people who go to other lands and try to make them Christians. I don't believe in that either. But they say if they don't do it, G-d will punish them or something like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4780.0,4928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Tell me about your life--I think many years--of teaching Jewish children here in Atlanta. Is that right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4928.0,4938.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes. Well, I think I was a good influence on them because a lot of schools wanted me. So, I must have been a good influence because I always would inject something that they could associate with. Now, I remember, one time being at the Epstein School. Who was that principal at that time? [S. Hirsch Jacobson] was his name. What was his first name? I don't even remember. The tall, slender man. He says, \"What do you do with the kids that love to come to your classes?\" I said, \"I inject some fun with the learning.\" You know, not just constantly ... After all, Hebrew is dry, you know, even if you just translate, or whatever you do, you know, have a little book and learn a few sentences. Who wants that? Like, one kid once said to me, he says, \"Mrs. Schwartz, you're right, because when I grow up, I'm not going to be teaching Hebrew. I'm going to go in the business world. And Hebrew is not going to help me at all.\" So, I had a little soft ball. It was like a sponge, but it was a ball. So, after half an hour, we would take a break. And I'd say, \"Okay, let's stand in this circle and that circle.\" I gave one a ball and I gave another one a ring, but they were rubber, couldn't hurt anything, soft, spongy rubber. And I'd make circles, and I'd say, \"Okay, everyone hide behind your back and someone in the middle has to tell you where the ball is and he has to tell you who has the ring, and we're changing.\" Everyone didn't want to be the one to go in the middle. They would have so much fun. After about seven, eight minutes, I said, \"Okay, we'll go back to work.\" So, they had a complete change and they were never bored with anything. There was always something new. Or sometimes I'd have them draw a Magen David. They never learned to say 'Magen David.' They always were the saying 'Jewish star.\" I said, \"We're Jews. We're going to say 'Magen David,' the shield of David,\" you know. And so finally it sank in. But they were so anglicized that it was very difficult to learn something in the Hebrew way. So, that's why I thought it was better not to have Hebrew teachers that come from Israel but have American teachers who studied Hebrew because they would understand more how the children feel. Because a lot of the Hebrew teachers from Israel, they knew only one thing and they were not good in translation, and so the children really did not get the feeling that they were really learning what they should learn. My husband agreed with me. He says that's why he thinks he didn't like Hebrew that much. He went three times a week to Hebrew school, and he said from the moment he got there, he was thinking, \"When am I going to get out?\" So, there may have been a lot to that. You know, it was too strenuous and just trying to drill Hebrew and who wants to be drilled? The youngest child, you can't just [say,] \"You're not going to do this, I'll do this to you.\" You have to have a little feeling for them and that's the thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4938.0,5093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: When we last met your husband, he was driving to the airport with you. So, what happened? How did you know that he was the ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5093.0,5102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: The one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5102.0,5103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: He was, yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5103.0,5104.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Well, it's the strangest thing. He said he looked at me and the way I was talking, the way I was doing. He says, \"I think this is the girl I'm going to marry.\" And when I got back to May's house, I said to her, \"You know, this guy I could really marry,\" and she laughed. I said, \"Why are you laughing?\" He said that to her too. So, it was really love at first sight and there was something there that clicked. You know, we're married 59 years. We could be married longer, but my cousin wouldn't marry us till after he came back from the war, because it was constantly in the flying in the war. He says, \"I don't want you to be a war widow at such a young age.\" So, we didn't marry until after the war. Afterwards, I was sorry, because the government was giving as much money as he was earning also to the wife who was back at home, and I missed out on all of that, so we had to start from scratch. I didn't get any of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5104.0,5158.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: But what business did he go into?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5158.0,5161.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: He was a college professor at Emory University in both the business school and in the law school. He had a law degree, and he had a business degree, and he has a doctorate, so he was active in both schools. He taught ... until after, I think it was the Korean War, and he says, \"The students are no longer students.\" And he was disgusted with how they all felt they had to have degrees, but didn't have to work for it. He says, \"I knocked my brains out to teach them things and they don't even do anything!\" So, he gave it up and he started his own law practice. But until then, he really felt he wanted to continue teaching, you know, as a professor, but it just wasn't in the children anymore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5161.0,5212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Speaking of children ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5212.0,5213.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I have two children. I have a son who is a physician, retired. And I have a daughter who is librarian over ninety-two libraries. She's just getting ready to retire now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5213.0,5225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: And their names?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5225.0,5228.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Arlene Schwartz and Ronald Schwartz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5228.0,5230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Do they live here in Atlanta or where?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5230.0,5233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Well, our son has a home here in Atlanta, out between Roswell [Georgia] and Atlanta, an unincorporated area in Fulton County. He's living most of the time in Florida, except for the hot months in the summertime. Then, he comes home. And our daughter lives in Laguna Beach, in California, and they have an apartment in Los Angeles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5233.0,5257.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: When they were growing up, do you remember teaching them any specific values or anything?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5257.0,5264.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, I told them, \"Remember, your entire life you'll always be Jewish.\" I said, \"Hitler used to say, 'Once a Jew, always a Jew.'\" I said, \"You can marry anyone you want, you're still going to be Jewish, so you might as well learn everything you can about Judaism.\" And I said, \"There will always be people who will dislike you.\" I said, \"So, you got to be well-informed in Judaism as well as in the other religions,\" and that's how I taught them. And it stuck with them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5264.0,5295.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What about ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5295.0,5296.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: In fact, my son called me up last night and he says, \"Momma, do you know Julius Caesar was killed on the 15th of March?\" I said, \"You were right, but I had forgotten about it.\" It just came to him just like that, so whatever they learned, you know ... My father used to say, when I was a little kid, he said, \"Whatever you learn, they can take away your money, your house, your food, but they can't take your knowledge out of your head unless they kill you.\" That's what I taught them and it's stuck with them. But I don't have any grandchildren, because both of them have said they would not want to raise any children in this cruel world. He says it was bad enough what I went through, and they would not want to put children through that. I tried to hide a lot of the things that I went through from them. When I didn't feel good, I'd go in the bedroom, shut the door, and I said I'd be out in a minute, I'd have to change shoes or something. I always gave a lie, you know, while I had to get out. But I felt they should have a normal life and not be interrupted like I was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5296.0,5355.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: What were you thinking about during those times that you would feel bad?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5355.0,5361.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: I just suddenly was living again in Germany, and it just was too much to handle with the kids and everything else, trying to help them with the homework and everything else. So, I just would lock the door in the bedroom and just say I'm changing shoes because I felt they should not have to experience it, G-d forbid, unless it happens to here, and I hope it will never happen again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5361.0,5382.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: So, you were concerned about giving them ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5382.0,5385.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, give them the right and happy feeling like I had. Before Hitler came into power, I had a wonderful life. And that's probably what pulled me through all together, that I had a happy family. My father had one brother, and we were friends. Alfred, he's the son of that, there's only the cousin. In fact, I'm his only cousin that's left and he's 88 years old. He was 88 in December. We talk about once a week to each other, because we don't know how long we're going to live. My mother has a brother [whose] son is living now. He was a physician. He's retired and lives in Massachusetts and he'd just spent two months in Florida because he says they couldn't take the cold weather. He grew up in Johannesburg, South Africa. And I have a cousin in another part of Los Angeles, Bernice, and she also grew up in South Africa. So, I now have a few cousins' children here. Before, I had no one, now I've got a few relatives here and we're very closely knit because that's all we have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5385.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: How big a part or has any part of anger played in your life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5460.0,5466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Every time I'd get angry, I would lock myself in the bedroom and sort of get over it because my father said, \"Anger doesn't cure anything. It'll make you sicker.\" So, I would get over that and I'll say a little prayer and I'd snap out of it. G-d has really been my savior in my life. From the early childhood, I couldn't even speak a word of German, I already knew a Hebrew prayer and a Hebrew song, so they made sure. And my father spoke Hebrew. He used to speak Hebrew with a Catholic priest in our town. So, I have a good Jewish and Hebrew background that stayed with me. I think it's gotten me through thick and thin in this world. I did not know how strong my children would be and so I felt I have to really just give them a happy life, or as happy as I could make it. I remember my daughter just recently saying, she says, \"Ma, you know, you're really ... Didn't make us sad. Sometimes we wondered. We thought maybe you was sick, you know, something like that.\" So, I said, \"That's good.\" I never wanted them to know anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5466.0,5536.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Did they ever ask what happened to their grandparents ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5536.0,5540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5540.0,5540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: ... and why they did not have any?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5540.0,5541.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Yes, they've asked that, and I explained to them, \"That was because of Hitler and when you're older, I'll explain to you more and more,\" slowly, as they got married, so they learned about it and they were perfectly fine. But they said they would not want to bring any children into the world. It's not worth it. But they were thankful to me that I did not make their lives miserable. A lot of them have. I met one lady whose daughter I taught, and she says she hated her parents like nobody's business. [She said,] \"We weren't able to laugh at home,\" because she came from a broken home in Poland. The other one, another boy, he said--I think his mother was Jewish and his father was Christian, so he was brought up the Jewish way--but his mother hated her parents for her being Jewish. So, he says hates being Jewish, he doesn't even know why he's in a Jewish school. So, when you hear all these things, you can see there's animosity in their souls. You know, they may not express it. They may tell a teacher that, but they're not going to tell their parents that. So, this hatred is building, and I did not want that in my children. Thank G-d, I succeeded. You never know, you know? You don't know. You just try. So, with G-d's help, everything worked out all right. Hashem has been on my side. But I often wondered why I even am alive because I've had cancer twice. I'm alive, so there's a lot to be thankful for and you become more appreciative of every day. Every morning, after I say a prayer, a Modeh Ani, I say, \"Thank G-d for keeping me alive,\" and \"Isn't it beautiful outside?\" Even if it's raining, you know, it's beautiful to me. The water is coming down, cleaning the streets. So, I always find something good to say about everything and it helps. That's about all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5541.0,5655.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Well, is there anything that I have neglected to ask you that you wanted to put on the tape, anything, any words to your children or anyone else who might be watching this at some point?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5655.0,5667.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: Well, I'm just thankful G-d has given me children who have brains. They both did extremely well in schools and in colleges. I'm proud of them and may Hashem keep them well and happy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5667.0,5685.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein: Well, thank you very much for talking to us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5685.0,5687.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/transcript/80887/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schwartz: You're welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5687.0,5687.31497"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZwingenberg lies in the Bergstrasse district in southern Hessen, a state in central Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=32.0,36.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrankfurt [German: Frankfurt am Main] is a central German city on the Main River. It is about 27 miles (44 kilometers) north of Zwingenberg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=39.0,45.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDarmstadt is a city near Frankfurt in southwest Germany. About 3,000 Jews lived in Darmstadt in 1933, but by August 1938, fewer than 700 remained, mostly due to emigration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=48.0,74.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNazi leaders began to make good on their pledge to persecute German Jews soon after their assumption of power. Organized attacks on Jews began in March 1933, just weeks after Hitler assumed power. In April, a general boycott against German Jews was declared. SA members stood outside Jewish-owned stores and businesses to prevent customers from entering. A week later, the first of multiple laws which banished Jews from the civil service, judicial system, public medicine, and the German army were passed. Ceremonial public burnings of books by Jewish authors took place throughout Germany. Increasingly restrictive decrees targeted Jews at all levels of society. Jews were banned from universities; Jewish actors were dismissed from theaters; publishers rejected Jewish authors and journalists. The exclusion of Jews from German cultural life was highly visible, ousting their considerable contribution to the German press, literature, theater, and music. In September 1935, the “Nuremberg Laws” were passed, stripping Jews of their citizenship and forbidding intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews. Many cities and towns banned Jews from entering certain streets, squares, parks, woods, and other public places, while private organizations, associations, and enterprises also excluded Jews. Jews were increasingly isolated and ousted from German life. By the outbreak of war in 1939, more than 400 decrees and regulations restricted all aspects of their public and private lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=77.0,231.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Neue Synagoge [German: New Synagogue], also known as the ‘Holocaust Memorial Synagogue’, is a Reform congregation synagogue, community center, and museum located in Darmstadt, Germany. It was inaugurated in 1988, as part of an initiative to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Kristallnacht. It is located on the site of the city’s former Gestapo headquarters. In 1988, the congregation had 116 members. By 2003, it had grown to 670, due to the immigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=235.0,319.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHeidelberg University, officially the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, is a public research university in Heidelberg, Germany originally founded in the 14th century. Despite having been one of the first German universities to accept Jewish students in the early 18th century, antisemitism was rampant among students and staff, especially after the First World War. A series of anti-Jewish demonstrations took place in the 1920s, with non-Jewish students demanding the expulsion or limitation of Jewish students and faculty allowed at the university. Jewish students were frequently attacked physically, denied entrance to buildings, and even chased off campus. In 1930, protests denied a Jewish professor appointment to a senior academic position. In 1933, “The Law for the Return of Control of the Professions to Their Origins” was put into effect. At least 47 professors were dismissed from their positions. The “Law Against Overcrowding in Schools and Institutions of Higher Education” was also enacted in 1933, setting strict limitations on the number of Jewish students permitted. Finally, in 1938, Jewish students were expelled from all universities, technical schools, and other institutions of higher education.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=395.0,467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict from 1914 to 1918 that embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=395.0,467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=395.0,467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April 1, 1933—less than three months after coming to power—the Nazis carried out the first nationwide, planned action against Jews: a boycott. It was presented to the German people as both a reprisal and an act of revenge for the bad international press against Germany and Adolf Hitler. On the day of the boycott, Storm Troopers (Sturmabteilung; SA) blocked the entrances of Jewish-owned businesses and the offices of Jewish professionals, shouting and holding signs with antisemitic slogans, as well as painting the Star of David across thousands of doors and windows. Police intervened rarely as acts of violence against Jews and Jewish property occurred. The boycott only lasted one day and was ignored by many individual Germans, but it marked the beginning of a nationwide campaign against Jews that culminated in the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=395.0,467.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt first, the confiscation of Jewish businesses and property was, according to the Nazis, “voluntary.” Especially after 1935, Jewish property was forcibly transferred to so-called “Aryans” (non-Jews) in a process known as Arisierung [German: Aryanization]. \"Aryanization\" meant the dismissal of Jewish workers and managers of a company and/or the takeover of Jewish-owned businesses by non-Jewish Germans who bought them at bargain prices fixed by government or Nazi party officials. In 1937 and 1938, German authorities again stepped-up legislative persecution of German Jews. Following Kristallnacht, Nazi leaders stepped up \"Aryanization\" efforts. After November 1938, Jews were forbidden to do business and had to liquidate their property under the supervision of a governmental trustee or Treuhänder [German: trustee]. The trustee would arrange for the Jewish owner to receive a nominal payment for the enterprise that was generally paid into a blocked account and then sell the very same business to an Aryan for market value thereby turning a sizeable profit for the Reich.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=467.0,468.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “Aryan” when used in relation to the Third Reich means the Nazi vision of the blond-haired, blue-eyed physical ideal of men and women. According to the Nazis, “Aryans” belonged to the master race of perfect humans. Everyone else was considered to be racially inferior.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=468.0,476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Patrick Kennedy Sr. (1888-1969) was a prominent businessman, investor and politician. Born in East Boston, Massachusetts, he became the patriarch of the Irish-American Kennedy political family (which included three senators, an attorney general and a President). Among other appointments, Kennedy served as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1938 until late 1940. In November 1940, he resigned; he was convinced that Britain was doomed to Nazi conquest and believed America’s only hope lay in isolation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=717.0,744.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917-1963), often referred to by his initials \"JFK\" and by family as “Jack,” was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War, and much of his work as president concerned relations with the Soviet Union and Cuba. A Democrat, Kennedy represented Massachusetts in Congress prior to becoming president.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=717.0,744.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Immigration Act of 1924 had imposed limits on the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted to the United States from any country. Germany was assigned a quota of about 26,000 immigrants per year. Increasing antisemitism and persecution led approximately 125,000 Germans, most of them Jewish, to immigrate to the United States between 1933 and 1935. However, immigration became increasingly difficult as new restrictions were put in place that made it more difficult for Germans to obtain visas. In 1936, about 7,000 German immigrants were approved for visas. By 1938, that number had increased to more than 20,000. After Germany annexed Austria in March 1938, the United States had combined the German and Austrian quotas into one “German” quota. In 1939, the quota allowed for 27,370, but 7,818 went unissued, even though increasing antisemitic persecution made the waiting list grew to over 139,000. After World War II began in September of that year, the waiting list grew to more than 300,000 people, mostly Jewish. The German quota was almost filled in 1940, but in the summer of 1941, all U.S. consulates in Nazi-occupied territory had been closed. When the U.S. officially entered the war in December 1941, Jews trapped in Europe had almost no hope of immigrating.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=717.0,744.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War I, 100,000 Jews fought for Germany. As Nazi racial laws were implemented in the 1930s, veterans were initially exempted from many. These exceptions reinforced the way many veterans identified themselves—as Germans rather than as Jews—and created a false and short-lived sense of security. Eventually, all German Jews—regardless of their earlier service to their country—were disenfranchised and suffered under the increasing anti-Jewish laws and abuses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=744.0,877.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Iron Cross [German: Eisernes Kreuz] is a famous German military medal dating back to the 19th century. During the 1930s, the Nazi regime in Germany superimposed a swastika on the medal, turning it into a Nazi symbol. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=744.0,877.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuchenwald was a Nazi concentration camp established on Ettersberg hill near Weimar, Germany, in July 1937. It was one of the first and the largest of the concentration camps within Germany's 1937 borders. Many actual or suspected communists were among the first internees. Prisoners came from all over Europe and the Soviet Union—Jews, Poles and other Slavs, the mentally ill and physically disabled, political prisoners, Romani people, Freemasons, and prisoners of war. There were also ordinary criminals and sexual \"deviants.\" All prisoners worked primarily as forced labor in local armaments factories. The insufficient food and poor conditions, as well as deliberate executions, led to 56,545 deaths at Buchenwald of the 280,000 prisoners who passed through the camp and its 139 subcamps. The camp gained notoriety when it was liberated by the United States Army in April 1945; Allied commander Dwight D. Eisenhower visited one of its subcamps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=744.0,877.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=939.0,964.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=964.0,964.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe deportations of Darmstadt's Jews began in December 1940. Between 1942 and 1943, approximately 380 local Jews were deported to Theresienstadt, Auschwitz-Birkenau, and other death camps. Darmstadt's Jewish population was 491 in 1940, 464 in 1942 and 213 in July 1944. \u003cbr\u003eAccording to the Arolsen Archives – International Center on Nazi Persecution, formerly the International Tracing Service (ITS), Amanda Anna Frankel Wolf and Zacharias Saly Wolf were deported from Darmstadt on March 25, 1942. Amanda is recorded as having been sent to Buchenwald and Zacharias was sent the Piaski ghetto in Poland. At least 1,000 Darmstadt Jews perished in the Holocaust.\u003cbr\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=968.0,986.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHeinrich Himmler had obtained permission from Hitler to begin deporting Jews from Germany in September 1941. At the time, no extermination camps had been constructed and, because killing German Jews could be politically sensitive, they were to be relocated east before being deported even further east the next spring. Riga and Minsk became the sites of ghettos for German-speaking Jews deported from the Reich in late 1941 and early 1942. In October 1941, German authorities began deporting Jews from the so-called Greater German Reich—including Austria and the annexed Czech lands of Bohemia and Moravia. They were sent to ghettos, labor camps, shooting sites, concentration camps, and killing centers, primarily in German-occupied Poland, the German-occupied Baltic States, and German-occupied Belarus. In the first half of 1942, many of the German Jews were again deported, together with Polish Jews, to the extermination camps at Chelmno, Treblinka, and Belzec. In May 1943, the Reich was declared Judenrein [German: free of Jews]. The mass deportations had left fewer than 20,000 Jews in Germany. In all, between 160,000 and 180,000 Jews from the Greater German Reich were killed during the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=968.0,986.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945, when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. May 8 was celebrated by the Allies as “V-E Day,” which stands for “victory in Europe.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=968.0,986.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJews have lived in Germany since at least the 4th century. However, they faced repeated periods of persecution. German Jews were subjected to many indignities after the Crusades, including accusations of poisoning wells and ritual murder—slanderous charges that often led to massacres. Various laws were introduced that discriminated against Jews, including what professions they could engage in and where they were permitted to live. Even during the Enlightenment, Jews had few civil rights. German Jews did not receive full equality under the law until Germany’s unification in 1871. Throughout history, bizarre, unfounded accusations have been leveled against Jews—often around the time of Easter and Passover. The accusations often accused Jews of blood libel--kidnapping a Christian child who was then murdered and his or her blood used for ritual purposes. In late medieval Europe, Jews were also accused of poisoning water sources to destroy the Christian majority. The accusations often led to violent attacks against Jewish communities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1057.0,1083.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBubonic plague is an infection spread mostly to humans by infected fleas that travel on rodents. Called the Black Death, it killed millions of Europeans during the Middle Ages.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1057.0,1083.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1092.0,1146.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt least one Orthodox day school existed in Darmstadt and following the expulsion of all Jewish students in public schools, the Jewish community established a makeshift school in early 1939.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1159.0,1217.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1159.0,1217.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGoy (plural: goyim) is a Yiddish term meaning “people” or “nation.” In common usage, it designates a non-Jewish or Gentile person. The word \"goyishe\" would be used as an adjective to describe something non-Jewish. The word is sometimes used in a pejorative sense but can also be neutral.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1159.0,1217.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChalutzim (Hebrew: pioneers; plural of Halutz or Chalutz, also spelled Halutzim) were Jewish pioneers who immigrated to the region of Palestine especially as part of a movement in the years after World War I to work the land and create Jewish settlements.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1219.0,1284.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the face of increasing persecution at public schools in the 1930s, Jews in Germany turned increasingly to private schools for their children. After Kristallnacht, all Jews were barred from all public schools and universities. In June 1942, Jewish children were forbidden from attending any school whatsoever, and \u003cbr\u003eall Jewish schools were closed\u003cbr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1219.0,1284.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Kindertransport” is the name given to a series of rescue missions that assisted Jewish children in leaving Nazi-occupied Europe. The United Kingdom took in nearly 10,000 predominantly Jewish children from Nazi Germany and the occupied territories of Austria, and ex-Czechoslovakia. The children were placed in British foster homes, hostels, and on farms. Some transports were organized by Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE) in France where German-Jewish children were put up in a series of OSE children’s homes. Beginning in March 1939, several transports brought children from Vienna, Berlin, Frankfurt and other places in Germany to France. When the Germans occupied France, the 144 children, in two separate transports, were smuggled out of France into Portugal where they caught a ship to the United States. The first transport left on June 21, 1941, and the second on September 1, 1941. Altogether the OSE sheltered and assisted in getting nearly 1,600 Jewish children out Nazi-occupied areas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1307.0,1310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEupen is a city in the Belgian province of Liege and the capital of German-speaking Community of Belgium. It is about 9 miles (15 kilometers) west of the German border and south of the Dutch border. It is 126 miles (203 kilometers) northwest of Darmstadt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1315.0,1408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1315.0,1408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGermany attacked western Europe on May 10, 1940. On April 9, 1940, Denmark was occupied by Germany. Belgium and the Netherlands surrendered in May and France signed an armistice agreement on June 22, 1940. Soon after the Netherlands fell to the Germans, a series of anti-Jewish measures began. In January 1941, all Jews in the Netherlands were required to register themselves as Jews. A total of 159,806 persons registered, including 19,561 persons born of mixed marriages. The total included some 25,000 Jewish refugees from the German Reich. The situation deteriorated quickly, with new regulations and measures issued every month. By September 1941, Jewish students had been expelled from public schools. Despite public protests, Dutch Jews were increasingly driven into social isolation and stripped of their possessions until deportations began in the summer of 1942. Between 1942 and 1944, the Germans and their Dutch collaborators deported 107,000 Jews. Only 5,200 survived. Most were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau or Sobibor, where they were murdered. Two-thirds of the 25,000-30,000 Dutch Jews who went into hiding managed to survive. In all, less than 25 percent of Dutch Jewry survived the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1315.0,1408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, Switzerland was officially a neutral country. However, it also served as a repository for Jewish capital smuggled out of Nazi Germany and the states threatened by it, and for vast quantities of gold and other valuables plundered from Jews and others all over Europe. During World War II, approximately 300,000 people crossed the border into Switzerland from Nazi-occupied countries.  Of the refugees, around 30,000 were Jews.  An estimated 24,500 mainly Jewish civilians, however, were turned away.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1315.0,1408.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBerlin, Germany hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics. The games were held from August 1-16, 1936. Nearly 4,000 athletes from 49 teams competed in 129 events. The games were opened by Adolf Hitler. In the face of mounting discrimination against Jews, there was discussion of boycotting or moving the games, but Germany made assurances that German Jews would be allowed to try out for the Games and compete (although only one ultimately competed).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1642.0,1644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHamalach HaGoel is a prayer for protection often directed at children. It comes directly from Genesis 48:16, “May the angel who hath redeemed me from all evil, bless the lads; and let my name be named in them, and the name of my fathers, Abraham and Isaac; and let them grow into a multitude​ in the midst of the earth.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1681.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi salute, also called the 'German greeting' by the Nazi Party, 'Hitler greeting,' or ‘Sieg Heil’ salute, is a gesture that was used as a greeting by the German National Socialist (Nazi) party in the 1920s. The greeting later became compulsory in Nazi Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1742.0,1791.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 7, 1939, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew living in Paris, shot German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath in Paris. Grynszpan apparently acted out of despair over the fate of his parents, who are trapped along with other Polish Jewish deportees in a no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland. The Nazis used the shooting as antisemitic propaganda fervor, claiming that Grynszpan was part of a wider Jewish conspiracy. When Vom Rath died two days later, the Nazis used the incidence to fuel violent pogroms. On November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called “Kristallnacht,” which means “Night of Broken Glass,” because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. Thousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany. Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1835.0,1840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1939, German Jews were required to turn in all property “essential to the war effort” such as radios, cameras, bicycles, electrical appliances, and other valuables, to local officials.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1847.0,1924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEberstadt is a town in southern Germany, approximately 57 miles (92 kilometers) south-southeast of Darmstadt. In 1933, 60 Jews lived in the town. The synagogue, which had been built in 1915, was burned on Kristallnacht. By then, less than ten Jews lived in the town. Only one would survive the Holocaust.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1932.0,2000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Shabbas goy [Yiddish] is a non-Jew who is employed to perform certain types of work that observant Jews are not permitted to do on the Sabbath. Tasks typically included extinguishing the lighted candles or lamps on Friday night and making a fire in the oven or stove on Sabbath mornings during the cold weather.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1932.0,2000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the years immediately following World War II, survivors typically referred to the systematic state-sponsored killing of Jews as Sho’ah [Hebrew: catastrophe] or Hurban [Yiddish and Hebrew: destruction]. Scholars and writers popularized the term holocaust [from the Greek word holokauston, which is a translation of the Hebrew word olah, meaning a burnt sacrifice offered to G-d] in the 1960s and by the late 1970s, it had become widely used.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=1932.0,2000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstimates place the total of assets stolen by German officials from Jews in Germany and in areas occupied by Germany during World War II at around 120 billion Reichsmarks, or the equivalent of 20 billion US dollars today. This is estimated to have financed at least 30 percent of the German war effort. As early as 1934, tax laws discriminated against Jews, seizing the wealth of those who managed to emigrate. In 1937 and 1938, German authorities stepped up legislative persecution of German Jews and the “Aryanziation” of Jewish property. On April 26, 1938, the “Decree for the Reporting of Jewish-Owned Property” required Jews to report all wealth over 5,000 Reichsmarks—including furniture, art, life insurance and stocks—and their access to bank accounts was restricted. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2003.0,2059.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Magen David [Hebrew: Shield of David], or as it is more commonly known, the Star of David, is the symbol most commonly associated with Judaism today. During the Holocaust, the symbol was used by the Nazis to identify and isolate Jews. In September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2003.0,2059.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Jews were the primary victims persecuted by the Nazi party’s policies during World War II, historians estimate that another five million non-Jewish victims were also murdered during the Holocaust. Other groups singled out by the Nazis included LGBTQ individuals, the physically and mentally disabled, Roma (gypsies), Poles and other Slavic people, Jehovah’s witnesses, and members of political opposition groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2190.0,2321.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIlse set sail for the United States on October 27, 1939, aboard the S.S. Hamburg, a German ocean liner owned by the Hamburg America Line and launched in 1925. It was commanded by Captain B. Majewski. The ship arrived in New York on November 4, 1939.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2330.0,2374.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBy January 1942, German submarines [German: Unterseeboots; or U-boats] were regularly entering the waters along the east coast of North America. The U-boats posed a serious threat to U.S. and Allied shipping. During the first three months of 1942, they sank more than 100 ships off the east coast of North America, in the Gulf of Mexico and in the Caribbean. Losses decreased after August 1942 when American cities enforced blackouts, air patrols were increased, radio communication was controlled, and the convoy system put into operation. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2374.0,2380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2541.0,2829.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard H. Rich (1901-1975) was a merchant and business executive, born in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Herman and Rosalind Rich Rosenheim. His mother was the daughter of Morris Rich, founder of Rich's department stores. He began working at Rich’s in 1924 and upon his death was the chairman of the executive committee. Rich served in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II. He was also founding chairman of the Atlanta Arts Alliance and the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, and chairman of the Greater Atlanta Expressway Committee. He was president and life trustee of the Rich Foundation, a charitable non-profit corporation, and a member of The Temple, the Standard Town and Country Club, and the Atlanta City Club.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2541.0,2829.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRich's was a department store retail chain, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, which operated in the southern U.S. from 1867 until March 6, 2005, when the nameplate was eliminated and replaced by Macy's. It was founded by Hungarian Jewish immigrant Morris Rich (born Mauritius Reich) in Atlanta in 1867 as \"M. Rich \u0026amp; Co. Dry Goods\" Many of the former Rich's stores today form the core of Macy's Central, an Atlanta-based division of Macy's, Inc., which formerly operated as Federated Department Stores, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2541.0,2829.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2541.0,2829.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUntil the Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended what were known as “Jim Crow” laws, racial segregation was mandated in practically every aspect of public life in the South beginning in the 1890's. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. Private businesses, political parties, and unions also created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring blacks from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2945.0,2957.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn early September 1864, Union troops captured Atlanta, dealing a significant blow to the Confederacy during the Civil War. By early November, Union General William T. Sherman ordered his troops to abandon the city and begin their infamous “March to the Sea” to capture the port city of Savannah. Along the way, Union troops followed a scorched earth policy meant to disrupt the Confederacy’s economy and transportation networks. In Atlanta, Sherman ordered the strategic destruction of the city’s railroad track, depots, car and store houses, and shops. By the time Union soldiers left Atlanta, an estimated 40 percent of the city was in ruins.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=2990.0,3050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) operated from 1910 to 1948 on the site where the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium was later located. The JEA was once the hub of Jewish life in Atlanta. Families congregated there for social, educational, sports and cultural programs. The JEA ran camps and held classes to help some new residents learn to read and write English. For newcomers, it became a refuge, with programs to help them acclimate to a new home. The JEA stayed at that site until the late 1940s, when it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3063.0,3113.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalter Strauss (1923-2018) was the middle of three children born to a Jewish family in \u003cbr\u003eAlsfeld, Germany. He immigrated to the United States in 1937 and eventually settled in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents and younger brother immigrated to Africa in 1938 and finally joined him in the United States in the 1948. His older sister did not manage to immigrate and died in a concentration camp in Poland. Walter was the founder and former proprietor of Walter's Clothing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3121.0,3144.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe New World Club was a support group formed by German Jews who immigrated to Atlanta immediately prior to the outbreak of World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3144.0,3148.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1933, the United States Post Office Annex was constructed at 77 Forsyth Street, next to Atlanta’s former Terminal station and adjacent to the United States Post Office and Courthouse built in 1911. The ten-story building housed 200 Federal offices and was known as the “New Post Office.” In 1980, the Post Office ceased use of the building, which then became the Martin Luther King Jr. Federal Building.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3278.0,3314.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdith Newman Waronker (1924-2020) was born in New York and moved to Atlanta as a young child. Edith married Jay Waronker and had two sons. She worked at Ahavith Achim synagogue for many years. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3436.0,3506.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e Ida Dorothy Sloan Borochoff (1922-2005) was a Jewish artist, author and dancer married to Atlanta businessman Charles Zachary Borochoff (1921-1990). Ida danced with the Atlanta Civic Ballet and was a columnist for “The Jewish Georgian.” \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3436.0,3506.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Progressive Club was a Jewish social organization in Atlanta, Georgia. It was established in 1913 by Russian Jews who felt unwelcome at the Standard Club, where German Jews were predominant. At first the club was in a rented house until a new club was built on Pryor Street including a swimming pool and a gym. In 1940 the club opened a larger facility at 1050 Techwood Drive in Midtown with three swimming pools, tennis, and softball. In 1976 the club moved north to 1160 Moore’s Mill Road near Interstate 75. The property was eventually sold to the YMCA as the club faced financial challenges. The Carl E. Sanders Family YMCA at Buckhead, which stands on the former site of the Progressive Club, opened in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3436.0,3506.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Hyman Epstein (1903-2003) served as rabbi of Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia from 1928 to 1982, when he became rabbi emeritus. Under Rabbi Epstein, the formerly Orthodox congregation began to shift to Conservative Judaism and officially joined the United Synagogue of America (now the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism), in 1952.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3510.0,3539.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTefillin, also called “phylacteries,” are a set of small black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the Torah, which are worn by observant Jews during weekday morning prayers. They are worn around the arm, hand and fingers and on the forehead in a process called lehani’ach tefillin [Hebrew: bind tefillin]. The Torah commands that they should be worn as a “sign” and “remembrance” that G-d brought the children of Israel out of Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3575.0,3695.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReva (Rebecca) Chashesman Epstein (1905-2001) was the well-educated daughter of an Orthodox rabbi. She was born in Poland, raised in Russia, and her family immigrated to Chicago, Illinois from Poland after World War I. She earned degrees from the University of Chicago and Sorbonne University in Paris, France. In 1929, she married Rabbi Harry Epstein, and they moved to Atlanta where Rabbi Epstein was the leader of Ahavath Achim Synagogue. In Atlanta, she became a regional education chairman for Hadassah and founded a women's study group at the synagogue. Reva and Harry had two daughters, Renana Lavin and Davida Weiss.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3575.0,3695.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Memorial to the Six Million is a granite monument topped by six torches, with each torch representing 1,000,000 Jews killed in the Holocaust. Eternal-Life Hemshech, an organization of Holocaust survivors, at Greenwood Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia erected it on April 25, 1965.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3708.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s (FDR) legacy regarding the Holocaust remains controversial. When World War II began in September 1939, most Americans hoped the United States would remain neutral. Although Americans had access to reliable information about the persecution of European Jews as it happened throughout the 1930s and many were sympathetic, most could not imagine the mass murders of the Holocaust could happen. Domestic concerns about the economy and national security further combined with prevalent antisemitism and racism in the United States to make any efforts to assist refugees or rescue victims of Nazism unlikely. By 1942, information regarding the mass murders of Jews had begun to reach the Allies. In December 1942, FDR met with prominent figures in the Jewish community, who expressed their horror at the news and provided him with a report on mass murder in specific countries, but the president did not promise any new rescue action. In July 1943, FDR met with a Polish resistance member, Jan Karski, who described what he had witnessed in the Warsaw ghetto. A seminal moment in the Roosevelt Administration’s response to the Holocaust was a January 16, 1944 meeting at the White House involving the President and Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr. At the meeting, Morgenthau presented a lengthy and blunt report to FDR on what he and other Treasury officials believed to be the State Department’s obstruction of efforts to rescue European Jews. As a result, FDR established the War Refugee Board (WRB) to coordinate governmental and private rescue efforts. The Board is credited with saving at least 200,000 Jews, but critics argue that if FDR had acted earlier, and more boldly, even more lives could have been saved.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3721.0,3782.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJan Karski (born Jan Kozielewski) (1914-2000) was a Polish soldier, resistance fighter, and diplomat during World War II. He is known for having acted as a courier in 1940–1943 to the Polish government-in-exile and to Poland's Western Allies about the situation in German-occupied Poland. He reported about the state of Poland, its many competing resistance factions, and also about Germany's destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto and its operation of extermination camps on Polish soil. Karski was born to a Roman Catholic family in Lodz, completed law school and trained to be a diplomat before World War II. After the war, he emigrated to the United States, earning his doctorate and teaching at Georgetown University. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Karski was honored by the new Polish government, as well as honored by the US and European nations for his wartime role.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3782.0,3831.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRose Elizabeth Fitzgerald Kennedy (1890-1995) was an American philanthropist, socialite, and matriarch of the Kennedy family. Married to Joseph Kennedy, she was the mother of nine children. Three of her sons, Robert, John and Ted, were elected to public office and two of them killed by assassins.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3832.0,3855.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCaroline Kennedy and Edwin Schlossberg were married in a Catholic church in 1986. Her almost 96-year-old grandmother, Rose Kennedy, was reportedly too ill to attend the wedding but did host the reception.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3832.0,3855.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCaroline Bouvier Kennedy (born 1957) is an American author, diplomat, and attorney. She is the daughter of John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. Caroline served as the United States ambassador to Australia from 2022 to 2024 and as the ambassador to Japan from 2013 to 2017. In 1986, she married Edwin Arthur Schlossberg (born 1945), an American designer, artist, and author from an Orthodox Jewish family. The couple has three children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3855.0,3887.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis (1929-1994) was an American writer, book editor, and socialite who served as the first lady of the United States from 1961 to 1963, as the wife of President John F. Kennedy. Following his death, she was married to Aristotle Socrates Onassis (1906-1975), a Greek and Argentine business magnate. In the last years of her life, Jackie’s longtime companion, Maurice Templesman, a diamond magnate and merchant, lived with her. Templesman was born in 1929 to an Orthodox Jewish family that fled Belgium for the United States to escape Nazi persecution in 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3855.0,3887.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross (“Red Cross”) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland. At the end of World War II, the Red Cross worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected by the war and set up a registration and tracing service for missing persons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=3970.0,4025.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\").\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4118.0,4131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn ’OU’ symbol on food products indicates is has been certified kosher by the Orthodox Union, meaning the product and its production adhere to all kashrut, or kosher, law requirements.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4118.0,4131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Kroger Company or Kroger is an American retail company that operates grocery stores and multi-department stores throughout the United States. The company was founded in 1883 in Cincinnati, Ohio by Bernard Kroger.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4118.0,4131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdgar Miles Bronfman (June 20, 1929 – December 21, 2013) was a Canadian-American businessman and philanthropist. Bronfman was President of the World Jewish Congress from 1979-2007. He was also the President of the World Jewish Restitution Organization, founding Chairman of the International Board of Governors of Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life, and served as chairman of both The Samuel Bronfman Foundation and the United States Commission on Holocaust Era Assets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4141.0,4161.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1945 and 1947, the Allied governments enacted various legislation dealing with reparations to be paid to the victims of Nazi oppression. The Jewish Agency presented the first official claim to the Allied governments in September 1945. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference) was established in October 1951 to help with individual claims against Germany arising from the Holocaust. The Claims Conference initially recovered $100 million from West Germany, with direct compensation to Holocaust survivors paid in installments. In 1952, the government of West Germany reached an agreement with the state of Israel and the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany to pay reparations for material losses and injuries incurred during the Holocaust. Three separate German laws, known as the West German Federal Indemnification Laws, were adopted in 1953, 1956, and 1965. They further provided for compensation in the form of one-time payments and monthly pensions to Holocaust survivors. In the years since, other agreements for reparations have also been reached.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4161.0,4162.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the World Jewish Congress, there are 118,000 Jews living in Germany, making it the fourth largest Jewish community in Western Europe and the eighth largest in the world as of 2023. The majority of Jews who currently reside in Germany were born in the former Soviet Union (USSR).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4162.0,4251.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTreif (also trayf, treyf, or traif) is the Yiddish word for “unkosher” and comes from the Hebrew word treifah, which means something mangled or torn.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4292.0,4402.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFriedrich Gustav Emil Martin Niemöller (1892-1984) was a German theologian and Lutheran pastor. He is best known for his opposition to the Nazi regime during the 1930s and for his quote, “First they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out—because I was not a socialist. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out—because I was not a trade unionist. Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out—because I was not a Jew. Then they came for me—and there was no one left to speak for me.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4414.0,4459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Gypsy” is a term often used to refer to Roma, [singular Rom; also called Romany]. Roma are an ethnic group that originated in northern India but live worldwide today, principally in Europe. This minority is made up of distinct groups called “tribes” or “nations” and includes the Roma, Sinti and Lalleri family groupings. They were called “Gypsies” because Europeans mistakenly believed they came from Egypt. As a traditionally nomadic group, Roma have often been viewed as outsiders. For centuries, Roma were scorned and persecuted across Europe. The term “Gypsy” is now seen as pejorative by some. Among the groups the Nazi regime singled out for persecution on so-called racial grounds were the Roma, Sinti and Lalleri (Gypsies), whose fate was parallel to that of the Jews. Some 23,000 Gypies in the Greater German Reich were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. At least 19,000 died there. Uniquely, entire families were housed together in a special compound that was called the \"Gypsy family camp.\" In the spring of 1944, camp leadership decided to murder the inhabitants of the Gypsy compound. After transferring as many as 3,000 Roma capable of work to Auschwitz I and other concentration camps, the SS killed the remaining inmates on August 2, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4459.0,4459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe word swastika comes from the Sanskrit svastika, which means “good fortune” or “well-being.” It first appears to have been used in Eurasia, as early as 7000 years ago. The symbol experienced a resurgence in the 19th century due to growing interest in Europe for the ancient civilizations of Near East and India. The symbol was later taken up by racist groups as a symbol of “Aryan identity” and German nationalist pride. The Nazi Party was not the only party to use the symbol in Germany. The swastika has become associated with the idea of a racially “pure” state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4459.0,4598.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLenox Square is a shopping mall in the Buckhead district of Atlanta, Georgia, that opened in 1959.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4459.0,4598.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf al-Qudwa al-Husseini, popularly known as Yasser Arafat (1929-­2004), was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and then President of the Palestinian National Authority (PND). He was also the leader of the Fatah political party and paramilitary group which he founded in 1959.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4601.0,4690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLebanon, officially Lebanese Republic, is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. From 1975 to 1990, Lebanon was embroiled in a civil war. The conflict arose conflict from tensions among Lebanon's Christian and Muslim populations. In response to Palestinian attacks from Lebanon, \u003cbr\u003eIsrael invaded the country in 1978 and again in 1982. The Lebanese Civil War was a multifaceted and bloody conflict that displaced almost one million people and led to an estimated 150,000 fatalities. Among the consequences of the war was the Syrian occupation of Lebanon until 2005; the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon until 2000; the creation of the Hezbollah, a Shiʿi militia formed to confront Israel and later adapted into a political party and social welfare network; and the expulsion of the PLO from Lebanon.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4693.0,4764.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIlse is referring to a keffiyeh or kufiyyeh [Arabic: relating to Kufa], also known as a hatta, which is a traditional Arab headdress. Historically, it was worn by nomadic men from different areas in the Middle East. It's typically a square scarf made of cotton and adorned with distinctive woven patterns in a variety of colors. It became a political statement during the 1936 Arab Revolt— an uprising against British rule that included demands for independence and an end to Jewish immigration—when Palestinian men began wearing black and white keffiyehs so that the British could not distinguish the fighters from others. In the 1960s, it became associated with Palestinian nationalism, particularly due to its adoption by leaders like Yasser Arafat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4780.0,4928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArba kanfoth [Hebrew: four corners], also referred to as Tallit Katan or Small Tallit, is a rectangular piece of cloth with fringes at the corners and a hole in the center for the head. It is a smaller, similar ritual garment to the tallit, but is worn daily beneath clothing. A tallit is a prayer shawl worn in accordance with biblical law. The wearing of tallit at worship is obligatory only for married men, but it is customarily worn also by males of bar mitzvah age and older. In non-Orthodox congregations, women may also wear the tallit if they so choose.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4780.0,4928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePayess or payot [Hebrew: sidelocks or sidecurls] are worn by some men and boys in the Orthodox Jewish community based on a Biblical injunction against shaving the “corners” of one’s beard. They generally take the form of long, curled sideburns.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4780.0,4928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1933, more than 26,000 Jews lived in Frankfurt, making the city the second-largest Jewish community in Germany. Altogether, only 600 Jews from Frankfurt survived the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4780.0,4928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Hirsch Jacobson (1938-1997) was an American educator. Jacobson graduated from Boston University and Hebrew Teachers College and held a Master of Hebrew Literature degree from the Jewish Theological Seminary and a Master of Education degree from Georgia State University. He was the founding headmaster of the Solomon Schechter Day School in Atlanta, Georgia before becoming the Epstein School’s headmaster from 1973 until 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4938.0,5093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Epstein School (also known as the Solomon Shechter School of Atlanta) is a private Jewish day school in the Atlanta area located in Sandy Springs. In 1973, Rabbi Harry H. Epstein and the leaders of Ahavath Achim synagogue wanted to create a Conservative Jewish day school. The first campus was housed at the synagogue. In 1987 the school moved to Sandy Springs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=4938.0,5093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Korean War was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the support of the United Nations, principally from the United States). The war began on June 25, 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and insurrections in the south. The war ended unofficially on July 27, 1953 in an armistice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5161.0,5212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142/annotation_set/1910/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Modeh Ani [Hebrew: I give thanks] is a short, two-line Jewish prayer said every morning upon waking, before getting out of bed. It expresses gratitude to G-d for restoring one's soul. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/150123/file/276142#t=5541.0,5655.0"}]}]}]}