{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/t43hx16t68/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Bakman, Aleks"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2022-04-19 (captured)","2022-04-28 (captured)","2022-05-09 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Bakman, Aleks (Interviewee)","Berman, Sandra (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAleks Bakman was interviewed by Sandra Berman on April 19, April 28, and May 9, 2022.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eAleksander (Aleks) Israel Bakman was born in 1954 in Stalino (now Donetsk) Ukraine to Netta Sokolova Bakman and Israel Bakman. Aleks graduated from the school of mathematics at the Soviet Academy of Science at the age of 16 in 1970. As a Jew, Aleks was not able to pursue graduate education in the Soviet Union, and instead went to mining engineering school. Aleks worked as a mining face heavy equipment mechanic from 1980 to 1989.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter working for several years to leave Ukraine, Aleks arrived in Atlanta, Georgia on January 20, 1990. He began working as a welder at Niagara National Corporation, Lois and Larry Frank’s family business, two weeks after arriving in Atlanta. Aleks worked for Niagara National from 1990 to 1993, and during that time started his graduate education at the School of Mechanical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Aleks attended graduate school at Georgia tech from 1992 to 1995 and studied fluid dynamics, robotics, turbodynamics, tribology, rheology, material science, advanced dynamics, and vibrations. In 1995, Aleks began working at Gwinnett Hospital developing new surgical technology to support his mother and brother living in Israel. Aleks was attending ophthalmology and facial surgery to learn more about the medical field.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSince 1995, Aleks has been working in the United States aerospace industry with companies like Lockheed Martin, Boeing, and Sikorsky Aircraft as a flight hardware analysis engineer. Aleks also works to provide critical input into the design of many aircraft, spacecraft, and space launch vehicles. From 1995 to 2005, Aleks was working for Lockheed Martin Space Systems and was involved in the development of many new products. From 1995 to 2000, Aleks worked on the Atlas 5 rocket core booster and the Centaur 3 upper stage as a member of the engineering analysis group. In 2003-2004, Aleks worked as a structural analysis engineer of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, a spacecraft that was developed by Lockheed Martin Space Systems for NASA. In 2005, Aleks provided concept design and structural analysis of the heat radiator and other components for the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO). Aleks also performed structural analysis of the solar panel installation on the Mars Lander in 2005 and did design trade study for the Orion Crew Module from 2003 to 2005. Aleks left Lockheed Martin to work with Sikorsky and Boeing in 2006. Aleks provided structural analysis of the airframe of the Sikorsky Helicopter SH-60 Seahawk in 2006 and structural analysis of the engine attachment of the Boeing 747 Freighter in 2007. In 2008, Aleks worked on the structural analysis of the airframe and landing gear of the Sikorsky Heavy lift Helicopter CH-53K and worked on the structural analysis of the wing of the Boeing 787 Dream Liner in 2007and 2013.  In 2011, Aleks developed, manufactured, and hand assembled his Onedof Turntable.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAleks has achieved many accomplishments and received awards during his career. He obtained his first patent at the age of 22 for inventing a computer for an unmanned mining 250-meter-long robot that works without electricity. While in graduate school at Georgia Tech, Aleks designed and successfully tested a surgical tool for operations on the human cornea using a microscopic supersonic water jet. In 1999, Aleks was awarded a special NASA medallion for participating in experiments on board of Space Shuttle Columbia.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThis interview with Aleks Bakman happened over three days in three separate recordings. The first interview begins with Aleks discussing the background of his last name, where in Ukraine he was born, and some family history about his parents during World War II. He also speaks about the environment in Ukraine after Stalin died and when he was born. Aleks shares about his family that perished in the Holocaust and how his father was elected to be a Hasidic Tzadik. He recalls discovering a mass Jewish grave in a coal mining shaft in Donetsk and discusses how he realized how many people were buried in it. Aleks reflects on how he can never and will never reconcile how Ukraine was complicit in some Holocaust war crimes. He also discusses finding a job after his father died and how he became a blue-collar mechanic in a coal mine.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAleks goes on to discuss the interactions and intermarriages between the Jewish community and non-Jewish community before World War II in Ukraine. Aleks recalls how his family observed Jewish traditions and customs growing up under Soviet rule. He also begins discussing the process he underwent to immigrate to the United States. Aleks recollects about his grandfather’s experience with practicing Judaism in Ukraine, helping Jewish families immigrate to Israel, and how matzos were delivered to Jewish families in Ukraine. Aleks describes participating in the Rukh movement to recover Jewish tradition in the Odessa region and being a founding member of the Jewish Cultural Center in Donetsk.  \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe second interview with Aleks begins with Aleks sharing his experience attending the Academy of Science in Donetsk, Ukraine, and how his employment opportunities shrank after the Six Day War. Aleks recalls paying back his free education by developing mining equipment for three years and later working in the coal mine as a blue-collar mining equipment mechanic. He details when he first thought about emigrating from Ukraine and what finally made him decide it was time to leave. Aleks details the process of finally emigrating from Ukraine and immigrating to the United States and deciding to help other Jewish families immigrate to Israel. He talks about getting his mother to immigrate to the United States after he arrived and who his American sponsor was.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAleks goes on to describe what it was like for him coming to America the first time in 1990. He shares a story about why his name is spelled A-L-E-K-S, rather than the traditional spelling of Alex. Aleks talks about the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta helping him find housing when he arrived in Atlanta, Georgia and his first experiences in Atlanta. He describes how he met Lois Frank and how he ultimately got a job at the Frank family company, Niagara National Corporation. Aleks also shares how he learned English by listen and transcribing The Beatles songs. He reflects on his mother’s feelings about the Soviet Union and how she tried to adapt to living in the United States before moving to Israel. Aleks then recalls his experiences getting more involved in Judaism and at synagogues when he moved to Atlanta. He describes his first day in Atlanta, sharing about going to a free classical concert and meeting new friends. Aleks shares why he decided to leave Atlanta and move to Denver, Colorado.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe third interview with Aleks begins with Aleks sharing how he felt leaving his friends and family behind when he immigrated to Atlanta. He shares a story about how he came to define decency and how that made leaving very easy for him. Aleks describes some of the obstacles he faced with learning a new language and culture when he moved to Atlanta. He goes on to detail how he decided to attend Georgia Tech for graduate school, how he learned what graduate school really was, and how he was able to afford going to Georgia Tech. He then shares how his mother had a hard time adjusting to life in the United States and how she ultimately decided to move to Israel. Aleks talks about becoming a US citizen, how long it took, and how he felt when he officially became a United States citizen. Aleks discusses moving to Denver, Colorado, and his career as Lockheed Martin, Sikorsky Aircraft, and the Boeing Company as a structural analyst. The interview concludes with Aleks sharing his opinion on what Jewish people today truly care about – keeping the Jewish community alive and attractive. He discusses the Jewish take on good versus evil and trying to be the best Jew he can be. Aleks closes the interview by discussing the mass Jewish grave in a coal mining shaft in Ukraine from World War II and about the KGB archives opening.  \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28887"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Bakman, Aleks (1954- ) (personal name)","Dr. Lewin, Myrtle (personal name)","Frank, Lois (personal name)","Frank, Larry (personal name)","Dr. Brickman, Stanley Perry (1931- ) (personal name)","Brickman, Shirley Berkowitz (1935- ) (personal name)","Karp, Miriam (personal name)","Dr. Karp, Herbert Rubin (1994-2016) (personal name)","Dr. Zinn, Ben T. (1937- ) (personal name)","Dr. Wepfer, William (personal name)","Bair, Scott (personal name)","Simon, Paul (1941- ) (personal name)","Stalin, Joseph (1878-1953) (personal name)","Brezhnev, Leonid (1906-1982) (personal name)","Gorbachev, Mikhail (1931- ) (personal name)","Yeltsin, Boris (1931-2007) (personal name)","Zelenskyy, Volodymyr (1978- ) (personal name)","Mikoyan, Artem (1905-1970) (personal name)","Gurevich, Mikhail (1893-1976) (personal name)","Carter, James Earl \"Jimmy\" (1924- ) (personal name)","Nixon, Richard (1913-1994) (personal name)","Clinton, William \"Bill\" (1946- ) (personal name)","National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (corporate name)","Donetsk National University (corporate name)","Georgia Institute of Technology (corporate name)","MiG Airplane (corporate name)","Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta (corporate name)","Jewish Family \u0026amp; Career Services (corporate name)","Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (corporate name)","Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta (corporate name)","Niagara National Corporation (corporate name)","Lockheed Martin Space (corporate name)","Sikorsky Aircraft (corporate name)","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (corporate name)","Boeing Company (corporate name)","Ahavath Achim Synagogue (corporate name)","Donetsk, Ukraine (geographic term)","Donbas, Ukraine (geographic term)","Moscow, Russia (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Denver, Colorado (geographic term)","Rome, Italy (geographic term)","Soviet Union (geographic term)","Ukraine (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","United States of America (geographic term)","Communist Party (topical term)","KGB (topical term)","Nazis (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Hasidic Judaism (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","Shabbat (topical term)","Passover (topical term)","Seder (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship (topical term)","Coal Mine (topical term)","Rukh (topical term)","Six Day War (topical term)","Methane (topical term)","The Holodomor (topical term)","Perestroika (topical term)","Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (topical term)","Zaban Park (topical term)","Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (topical term)","Infrared Space Observatory (topical term)","The Beatles (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAleks Bakman was interviewed by Sandra Berman on April 19, April 28, and May 9, 2022.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAleksander (Aleks) Israel Bakman was born in 1954 in Stalino (now Donetsk) Ukraine to Netta Sokolova Bakman and Israel Bakman. Aleks graduated from the school of mathematics at the Soviet Academy of Science at the age of 16 in 1970. As a Jew, Aleks was not able to pursue graduate education in the Soviet Union, and instead went to mining engineering school. Aleks worked as a mining face heavy equipment mechanic from 1980 to 1989.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter working for several years to leave Ukraine, Aleks arrived in Atlanta, Georgia on January 20, 1990. He began working as a welder at Niagara National Corporation, Lois and Larry Frank\u0026rsquo;s family business, two weeks after arriving in Atlanta. Aleks worked for Niagara National from 1990 to 1993, and during that time started his graduate education at the School of Mechanical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Aleks attended graduate school at Georgia tech from 1992 to 1995 and studied fluid dynamics, robotics, turbodynamics, tribology, rheology, material science, advanced dynamics, and vibrations. In 1995, Aleks began working at Gwinnett Hospital developing new surgical technology to support his mother and brother living in Israel. Aleks was attending ophthalmology and facial surgery to learn more about the medical field.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSince 1995, Aleks has been working in the United States aerospace industry with companies like Lockheed Martin, Boeing, and Sikorsky Aircraft as a flight hardware analysis engineer. Aleks also works to provide critical input into the design of many aircraft, spacecraft, and space launch vehicles. From 1995 to 2005, Aleks was working for Lockheed Martin Space Systems and was involved in the development of many new products. From 1995 to 2000, Aleks worked on the Atlas 5 rocket core booster and the Centaur 3 upper stage as a member of the engineering analysis group. In 2003-2004, Aleks worked as a structural analysis engineer of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, a spacecraft that was developed by Lockheed Martin Space Systems for NASA. In 2005, Aleks provided concept design and structural analysis of the heat radiator and other components for the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO). Aleks also performed structural analysis of the solar panel installation on the Mars Lander in 2005 and did design trade study for the Orion Crew Module from 2003 to 2005. Aleks left Lockheed Martin to work with Sikorsky and Boeing in 2006. Aleks provided structural analysis of the airframe of the Sikorsky Helicopter SH-60 Seahawk in 2006 and structural analysis of the engine attachment of the Boeing 747 Freighter in 2007. In 2008, Aleks worked on the structural analysis of the airframe and landing gear of the Sikorsky Heavy lift Helicopter CH-53K and worked on the structural analysis of the wing of the Boeing 787 Dream Liner in 2007and 2013. \u0026nbsp;In 2011, Aleks developed, manufactured, and hand assembled his Onedof Turntable.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAleks has achieved many accomplishments and received awards during his career. He obtained his first patent at the age of 22 for inventing a computer for an unmanned mining 250-meter-long robot that works without electricity. While in graduate school at Georgia Tech, Aleks designed and successfully tested a surgical tool for operations on the human cornea using a microscopic supersonic water jet. In 1999, Aleks was awarded a special NASA medallion for participating in experiments on board of Space Shuttle Columbia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis interview with Aleks Bakman happened over three days in three separate recordings. The first interview begins with Aleks discussing the background of his last name, where in Ukraine he was born, and some family history about his parents during World War II. He also speaks about the environment in Ukraine after Stalin died and when he was born. Aleks shares about his family that perished in the Holocaust and how his father was elected to be a Hasidic Tzadik. He recalls discovering a mass Jewish grave in a coal mining shaft in Donetsk and discusses how he realized how many people were buried in it. Aleks reflects on how he can never and will never reconcile how Ukraine was complicit in some Holocaust war crimes. He also discusses finding a job after his father died and how he became a blue-collar mechanic in a coal mine.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAleks goes on to discuss the interactions and intermarriages between the Jewish community and non-Jewish community before World War II in Ukraine. Aleks recalls how his family observed Jewish traditions and customs growing up under Soviet rule. He also begins discussing the process he underwent to immigrate to the United States. Aleks recollects about his grandfather\u0026rsquo;s experience with practicing Judaism in Ukraine, helping Jewish families immigrate to Israel, and how matzos were delivered to Jewish families in Ukraine. Aleks describes participating in the Rukh movement to recover Jewish tradition in the Odessa region and being a founding member of the Jewish Cultural Center in Donetsk. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe second interview with Aleks begins with Aleks sharing his experience attending the Academy of Science in Donetsk, Ukraine, and how his employment opportunities shrank after the Six Day War. Aleks recalls paying back his free education by developing mining equipment for three years and later working in the coal mine as a blue-collar mining equipment mechanic. He details when he first thought about emigrating from Ukraine and what finally made him decide it was time to leave. Aleks details the process of finally emigrating from Ukraine and immigrating to the United States and deciding to help other Jewish families immigrate to Israel. He talks about getting his mother to immigrate to the United States after he arrived and who his American sponsor was.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAleks goes on to describe what it was like for him coming to America the first time in 1990. He shares a story about why his name is spelled A-L-E-K-S, rather than the traditional spelling of Alex. Aleks talks about the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta helping him find housing when he arrived in Atlanta, Georgia and his first experiences in Atlanta. He describes how he met Lois Frank and how he ultimately got a job at the Frank family company, Niagara National Corporation. Aleks also shares how he learned English by listen and transcribing The Beatles songs. He reflects on his mother\u0026rsquo;s feelings about the Soviet Union and how she tried to adapt to living in the United States before moving to Israel. Aleks then recalls his experiences getting more involved in Judaism and at synagogues when he moved to Atlanta. He describes his first day in Atlanta, sharing about going to a free classical concert and meeting new friends. Aleks shares why he decided to leave Atlanta and move to Denver, Colorado.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe third interview with Aleks begins with Aleks sharing how he felt leaving his friends and family behind when he immigrated to Atlanta. He shares a story about how he came to define decency and how that made leaving very easy for him. Aleks describes some of the obstacles he faced with learning a new language and culture when he moved to Atlanta. He goes on to detail how he decided to attend Georgia Tech for graduate school, how he learned what graduate school really was, and how he was able to afford going to Georgia Tech. He then shares how his mother had a hard time adjusting to life in the United States and how she ultimately decided to move to Israel. Aleks talks about becoming a US citizen, how long it took, and how he felt when he officially became a United States citizen. Aleks discusses moving to Denver, Colorado, and his career as Lockheed Martin, Sikorsky Aircraft, and the Boeing Company as a structural analyst. The interview concludes with Aleks sharing his opinion on what Jewish people today truly care about \u0026ndash; keeping the Jewish community alive and attractive. He discusses the Jewish take on good versus evil and trying to be the best Jew he can be. Aleks closes the interview by discussing the mass Jewish grave in a coal mining shaft in Ukraine from World War II and about the KGB archives opening. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/160/925/small/Bakman_Aleks.mp4_1655136809.jpg?1655136813","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Bakman_Aleks.mp4"]},"duration":11989.31198,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/160/925/small/Bakman_Aleks.mp4_1655136809.jpg?1655136813","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/160/925/original/Bakman_Aleks.mp4?1655136697","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":11989.31198,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Bakman, Aleks [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Okay. Today is April 19th, 2022. I am with Aleks Bakman, who has\nagreed to participate in the Esther and Herbert Oral History Project of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nWilliam Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. My name is Sandy Berman, and I would\nvery, I'd like to extend my appreciation for you participating in this project.\nI want to ask, before we get started, that when you mention a specific city or a\nfamily name that is the least bit difficult for a transcriber to perhaps spell\nwhen they're transcribing the interview that you spell it out. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That would be\nvery helpful for the transcriber. So, let's begin by if you could tell me your\nname, where you were born, and your complete name, where you were born, and a\nlittle bit about your early years in the Soviet Union.\n\nBAKMAN: My name is Aleks Bakman. It spells ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"B-A-K-M-A-N. The meaning of B-A-K is\nvery rare. It's one of a few ancient Hebrew last names that are acronyms. B-A-K\nstands for Ben Kadosh, the child of the Saint. In the 13th ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"century, one of the\nlast crusades was aiming to convert the Jews to Catholicism, and particularly\nJews in the German city of Speyer refused to convert, and they were burned along\nwith their families in their homes. So, their descendants are called the childs\nof the Saints, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bakman. And my first name is Aleksander. Everybody is Alexander\nin Ukraine. The name belonged to my father's brother who perished in the\nHolocaust in Ukraine at the teen age. After the war, all generations of Bakman's\nhave Alexander's. I think it's an excuse. It's just a name that they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like. And\nalso, in Russia they give you a patronymic, the name of your father. My father's\nname was Israel. So, it sounds Aleksander Israelevich Bakman in my Soviet\npassport. It was a habit in the working class of the Soviet Union to call\nspecially respected people by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patronymic.\n\nBERMAN: What city in Ukraine were you from?\n\nBAKMAN: Oh, yeah, I forgot. The place where I was born is called, at the time\nwhen I was born was called Stalino, now it's called Donetsk. It belongs to the\ncoal mining basin based on the Donets River. The name of the region is Donetsk\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coal Mining Basin, Donbas in short. This is where the battle is raging on today.\nAnd I escaped from there at the age of 35 in 1989. I was born in 1954, one year\nafter Stalin's death. A lot of Jewish kids of my age had older brothers and\nsisters born in 1945, 1946, immediately after the war, because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the surviving\nJews were celebrating the survival and had families and children as soon as\npossible. But then the anti-Semitic purges started in the Soviet Union. My\nparents were both decorated in combat, participating in the resistance to the\nNazis. My father was a hero in Stalingrad, and my mom was a doctor in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Caucasus.\nMy father was wounded and decommissioned at Stalingrad Battle, which was a meat\ngrinder. Anybody's interested. My mom spent three and a half years fixing people\nas a surgeon in Caucasus, France. After the war, my parents were teaching. My\nfather was teaching history, and my mom was teaching physiology. She was also\npracticing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surgery. But in 1948, the Jews were not welcome first in medical\nprofession because Stalin was paranoid and then Jews were not welcome anywhere.\nAnd my father, who was a dean of the university at the age of 27 after the war,\nhe had to switch to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coal mining industry. My mom had become an\nepidemiologist because she could not practice physiology. So, I was born one\nyear after Stalin's death because everybody thought your life would be\ndifferent. And it was not.\n\nBERMAN: Can I go back for one second? If you could just tell me your parents'\nnames and spell out their names, please?\n\nBAKMAN: Yes. My father's name was Israel. And my mom's name was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Netta, spells\nN-E-T-T-A. And Israel is common name.\n\nBERMAN: Yes, common. My father was also an Israel. I would like to go back a\nlittle bit again and talk about the years before the war, I mean, the years\nduring the war. You mentioned some of your relatives perished in the Holocaust.\nDo you have, how many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"members of your family perished and who survived? And if\nyou could go into that period of time a little bit.\n\nBAKMAN: I'm sorry, Sandy. This is very sensitive. As you were asking this,\npronouncing this question, I have a chill go down my spine. Those are\nuncountable. The perished numbers. We only know the few, but the perished\nmembers are probably in the dozens ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you collect all the cousins of my parents\nbecause my mom came from a family with a lot of children. My grandmother on my\nmaternal side, her name was Rosa Sokolova and she had eight brothers and\nsisters, including herself. Probably three of them survived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust. And on\nthe father's side, my grandfather was born in 1886, and he was a Hasidic Tzadik.\nThe community of Hasidic Jews in Odessa region where he was living, elected him\nto be a saint, the leader of the prayer on Shabbat. The tradition ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that he\nhas as many children as he can, and he did. He's got multiple wives. I only know\nthree. A personal note too, but my actual grandfather died before the war, many,\nmany years before I was born. I want to tell you a little story about my\ngrandfather. When I was 28 and my grandfather ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was close to 90, he walked across\nthe city, afraid of riding the public transportation. Again, he was born in\n1886. He was afraid of busses and cars, and it was like a rocket to him. He was,\nhis profession before he had become a professional cleric, he was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"driver or\nTeamster delivery man with the horse and the carriage. That was his\ntransportation of choice for decades. So, he walked across the city just to meet\nme and tell me the most essential thing before he dies. The most essential thing\nwas he informed me that we are the Jews. That was the first time, I was 28, my\nparents didn't tell me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what it meant.\n\nBERMAN: Yes.\n\nBAKMAN: His name was Euseui, and I don't know how to spell it. Probably\nE-U-S-E-U-I. That's the legal name. But his nickname was Shika.\n\nBERMAN: How do you spell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that?\n\nBAKMAN: That was a very religious, very respected and very wise and very\nself-respecting man. But he did have one glass of vodka every day all his life,\nand he lived to be 96. Shika means the one who drinks in Yiddish.\n\nBERMAN: Oh, yes, Shiker. Wonderful.\n\nBAKMAN: Okay, so my grandfather walks across the town to tell me that we are the\nJews. And it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"means that we are the nation comprised by the text of the book. And\nthat every Jew must read the book and form his or her own opinion. Not to trust\nanyone else. Whoever it would be. Their parents, the cleric, the sages of the\npast, philosophers. Nobody matters except ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your own opinion. If it comes to the\nbook. That's all. He turned around and went back home.\n\nBERMAN: Wow.\n\nBAKMAN: I love that.\n\nBERMAN: What a great story.\n\nBAKMAN: So, my father was . . . I'm sorry. You were asking something about the\nwar time.\n\nBERMAN: I was just asking, but if it's too painful, I totally understand. I was\nasking about how the family members that survived and what happened ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to. But if\nthere's, if it's too painful, we can move on, certainly.\n\nBAKMAN: No, it is not too painful. It is painful, but, it had, the story has to\nbe told just because it is painful. So, most of the family perished in the\nconcentration camp in Donetsk, which was called Stalin during or before the war.\nThe Jews that were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"captured and held in the ghetto and the concentration camp\nwere tossed alive down the coal mining shaft, 385 meters. I had discovered that\nshaft all by myself, completely incidentally, just because I'm poking\neverywhere, and the city is pretty big. But it was on my way to the cemetery. My\nmom and I would take care of the graves of my father's and my, our\ngrandchildren, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandparents. And on the way back from the cemetery, I saw the\nmonument and I just jumped out of the bus on the way. And I just check out\nwhat's written. The plaque was saying the Soviet citizens, 27,000 of them got\nthose down alive in the coal mine shaft. I happen to be a coal mining engineer\nat the time, and I knew exactly how ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to calculate the depth and the volume. So,\nif you multiply the cross-section area of that shaft and the depth of it, and\nthen divide by the average volume of the human body, it would come to 120,000.\n\nBERMAN: Oh, my gosh.\n\nBAKMAN: But most of the victims were emaciated by hunger, a lot of them were\nchildren, and the other people, they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not having any volume, so it would be\na lot more of them. Besides, if you toss anything down the coal mine shaft and\nthe coal mine doesn't work, there is a river of water flowing at the bottom, so\ncould have been twice as many. So, I believe this is one of the biggest\nuncovered mass graves of the Jews. And the biggest, one of the biggest crimes\nstill not described. I did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"write to the Holocaust Museum in Washington. They\ndidn't know about it. And this is an occupied area since 2014. Before that, the\ndocumentation was held in the archives, so nobody really knows who was, who were\nthe victims, and the Germans kept the books. So, it is somewhere and will be\ndiscovered eventually.\n\nBERMAN: I wanted to, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mean, the Germans, yes, were the invading army, but many\nUkrainians were complicit in some of these war crimes. How do you reconcile that\nwith your feelings about the Ukraine, the country and the people that were your neighbors?\n\nBAKMAN: I don't. I don't reconcile. I will never and it shouldn't be reconciled.\nThe Ukrainians, the ethnic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ukrainians should not reconcile the crime that their\nancestors had committed. The reality is not what common folk think about it. The\nreality hit me in 1980, right after my father died. At the time, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was preparing\nto start graduate education in the coal mining engineering area because my\nchosen applied math was not accessible to me. But even in coal mining school, I\ncould only start graduate school with my father's connections, no matter how\ngood I was. I was pretty good. But when he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died, I couldn't find any job. So, I\nstarted working in the coal mine in 1980. I was a blue-collar mechanic fixing\nheavy equipment in something called coal mining face, which is the dead end of\nthe tunnel. So, my coworkers were common Ukrainians, mostly. Ukraine is a very\ndiverse nation. It has many ethnic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"groups. There are ancient Greeks, there are\nTatars, Germans, Jews, The Russians, the Ukrainians, Belarusians, Lithuanians.\nAnd in the Soviet Union it was a jungle. So, the people were group around the\nethnicity. I happen to work in the team of only Ukrainians. The profession is\ncalled road hitting or tunnel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"making. Everybody was Ukrainian ethnically, except\nme. But I still believe I am one of them. I speak the language. I think\nUkrainian. I do the same, I did the same things they did. Some of them, very\nfew, were pathological anti-Semites. The rest were just agreed. Well, silent\nmajority. They would never voice any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protest when the anti-Semitic joke was\ntold, but very soon turned out that they all depend on my work because without\nequipment they mean absolutely nothing. And I was responsible. I was trying to\nmake sure that they can feed their families and equipment is working all the\ntime. So, I was basically sacrificing my life just like they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did. We were\nbrothers. In the same time, every now and then we would have a conversation. One\nof them would say, one of the Ukrainians, my Ukrainian brothers would say, \"I\nwill never forgive the Jews. The crucifixion of our Jesus Christ.\" Our. And I\nwould say, you know, \"Jesus was a Jew. There is no documentation that he\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"existed. But there is a vast documentation of Ukrainians bulldozing the Jewish\nbodies in the ravines all over Ukraine and I will never forgive it to you\npersonally, no matter what you or your parents did during the war.\" I grew in\nthe environment in Ukraine where some of the kids in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school, in the class, in\nthe presence of the teacher, especially if the teacher was Jewish, would yell\nout Nazi slogans. Okay. So, my point is that we should not forgive or forget. We\nshould always remember what happened. But we also should remember that in the\nbook of Joshua, the Jews were committing genocide. In the book ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Joshua, the\nauthor who was the historical figure. The leader of the Jews named Joshua, the\nson of Navon [Nun]. He describes the Holocaust, I'm sorry, not Holocaust,\ngenocide that the Jews were committing to their neighbors because the land was\npromised to the Jews, along with the people who lived in them. And that is a\nvery old ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"book, three and a half thousand years old. And we're supposed to be\nproud of that. I can't reconcile with that either. Where it's not to say that we\nall have some sins, and they all have to be forgiving and forgetting? No. Hello.\n\nBERMAN: I can hear you.\n\nBAKMAN: Alright. So, we should live ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on, and I think because of that terrible\nexperience through the thousands of years when people were killing each other\nfor the shape of the border, for the color of the flag, for the national anthem,\nfor nonsense. We should love each other more. We should enjoy our lives. We\nshould create more beautiful things just to outweigh the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evil. That's my answer.\n\nBERMAN: Before the war. Was there much interaction between the Jewish community\nand the non-Jewish community, or was your Jewish life fairly insular?\n\nBAKMAN: Which war do you mean?\n\nBERMAN: I'm sorry. Before World War II. I know you weren't born then, but did\nyour parents, did they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"associate . . . I'm here.\n\nBAKMAN: In the illustration that I sent you yesterday, there is a picture of my\nmother. Uh, there's a picture of my mother's and her cousin.\n\nBERMAN: Right.\n\nBAKMAN: They don't look terribly Jewish. You know, they showed their hair. They\nare in their underwear, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basically because this bathing suits were not available\nin the retail. They are Soviet girls. And the difference between Jews and\nnon-Jews was not perceivable in most of the time. There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are many negative parts\nof Soviet living which makes animal out of anybody. But my mom and her mostly\nJewish girlfriends, but a lot of them were non-Jewish, were wonderful women.\nThey all went to medical school. They all went to war if didn't perish in\nHolocaust. And they were basically saints. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So . . .\n\nBERMAN: Was there much, I'm sorry, was there much intermarriage between Jews and\nnon-Jews in the Soviet Union?\n\nBAKMAN: Oh yeah. I was married to a half Russian, half Ukrainian girl for a\nwhile. Short while though. She was a wonderful wife. We still have wonderful\nconversations 35 years after divorce. Oh, yeah. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I did not feel like maintaining\nany tradition until I discovered that coal mining shaft full of Jewish bodies.\nThen I started really thinking hard. I don't know. Let me tell you the story\nabout reconciliation. It's not really a reconciliation. It's just exactly\nillustration to what I said ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before. We have to create a joy. My father had an\nolder brother, Shlomo. I don't know how to spell Shlomo in the English, this\nlike S-H-L-O-M-O.\n\nBERMAN: I think that's it.\n\nBAKMAN: It's the King Solomon name. My grandfather gave great names to his sons.\nAlexander, Israel, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Solomon, Shlomo. So, Shlomo was married before the war, and\nhe got two daughters, Ukrainian neighbors, and he lived in Poltava in Ukraine.\nThe Ukrainian neighbors inform the Nazi administration because my uncle could\nnot escape, and he was on the occupied territory. So, the neighbors gave him up\nto and his family to the Nazis. The Nazis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shot him and his family and tossed him\nto the ravine and covered with the dirt, but my uncle survived. He crawled out\nof the mass grave, and he crossed the front line into the Soviet territory.\nAfter the war, he was too old to serve in the army. But after the war, he\nremarried a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cossack woman, not just Slavic, but Cossacks are specifically\nanti-Semitic people. Although she was a wonderful aunt, I loved her, and they've\ngot three kids. The youngest also Alex Bakman, because, you know, as I told you,\nevery generation has Alexander. Anyway, so this Shlomo, Uncle Shlomo, came to\nvisit me in the summer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp when I was in the sixth grade or seventh grade. He\nbrought his son, Sasha, Alex and a trumpet. I met him at the train, at the bus\nstation at 10 p.m. It was dark. The summer camp was at the shore of the Azov\nSea, populated mostly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the fishermen of Ukrainian ethnicity and Greek. Let me\nsee the . . . absolutely first time in the region, my uncle Shlomo said, \"You go\nback to your camp, and I'll go make some money with my trumpet.\" And he went\ndown the street, 3:00 in the morning, the local folks brought my Uncle Shlomo to\nmy summer camp. He never been there. He didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know the name of that summer\ncamp. He found me, nevertheless. Between 10 p.m. and 3 a.m., he was entertaining\nlocal folks, and it was a weekday. It was not weekend. So, when they brought him\nback, his pockets and his hat were full of rubles. He was just stuffed with\nmoney. There was no place on his entire body where he could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put additional\nmoney. And they, and the women who brought him were all drunk. They were smiling\nand they were laughing of joy, and they were asking Shlomo to play some more.\nShlomo would answer, \"My lips are not holding air anymore. Oh, sorry. I have to\ntake a break.\" I never heard . . . can you hear me?\n\nBERMAN: Mm hmm. Yes.\n\nBAKMAN: I never heard Shlomo play trumpet. But apparently, he played it really\nwell. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, he was a simple guy. He was a solid horse teamster, teamster himself.\nAll he knew about Ukrainians is that they are devils who gave him up to the\nNazis. He played for them nevertheless, and he made them so happy with his\nmusic. I wish to all American and English musicians to be so successful in their\ntrades ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like my uncle Shlomo. Next question.\n\nBERMAN: Under the Soviets, both before the war and after, was there any way that\nyou could, that your family could still observe Jewish traditions and customs?\nOr was it totally . . .\n\nBAKMAN: That is another chilling story. So, my grandfather visited me more than\nonce. During other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"visit he told me slowly, in small pieces, it was like mosaic\nthat was putting itself together during my entire 35 years of living in the\nSoviet Union. So, because he was a leader of the . . . the Jewish community of\nAtlanta [Georgia] brought me to the United States from Europe, from Italy. The\nAmerican law states that the person applying for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"political refuge in the\nUnited States must stay on the territory of the third country and prove to the\nAmerican government that he cannot return to his home country. After I managed\nto prove that I was persecuted on the basis of my ethnic and religious\naffiliation. I was supposed to wait for some sponsors, a sponsor in the United\nStates who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would give a word to the government of the United States that I am\nnot a criminal, I'm not a terrorist, I'm a positive guy. I'm going to pay taxes\nand I'm going to look for a job. Something like it. So that was Jewish community\nin Atlanta who brought me. And for that, I am forever grateful. The pieces, two\npieces of I.D. that I donated to your museum when I was still in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta in\n1995, I believe that was the only evidence of my legal entry to the United\nStates. So, I gave you something that is really important to me.\n\nBERMAN: Well, I'm very -\n\nBAKMAN: I was expecting to have, I'm sorry.\n\nBERMAN: No. I just was saying -\n\nBAKMAN: And every time you ask me or every time I have something that I can help\nyou with or provide you with, I will do that with pleasure and whatever time it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"takes.\n\nBERMAN: Thank you so much.\n\nBAKMAN: This my gratefulness to the Jewish community of Atlanta.\n\nBERMAN: Well, we're grateful to you for taking the time to do this. We did a\nproject with members of the Russian community and Soviet community, the people\nwho came during the seventies and eighties to Atlanta a number of years ago, I\ngot funding from a particular family, and I interviewed probably 10 to 15\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ex-Soviet or . . .\n\nBAKMAN: I understand.\n\nBERMAN: That came during the seventies and the eighties. You were already gone\nwhen we did this project, you were not in Atlanta. So, I'm so happy that we can\ndo this now. I have so many questions and we just really got started. I'm very\ninterested about . . .\n\nBAKMAN: If we have time now, I think you have, I think we can spend some time\nnow. I'm not in any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hurry. I will do it again another time and as many times as\nyou need or enjoy or whatever. I, as I said, anything I can provide you with.\nLet's go ahead with your question that you had.\n\nBERMAN: Let's go on for a little bit longer. And if you cut off again, we will\nstop it and reschedule.\n\nBAKMAN: So, let me say in advance, I really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enjoyed. I enjoyed the fact that my\nthoughts may be important to somebody now, and if they are recorded, they will\nbe -\n\nBERMAN: In the future.\n\nBAKMAN: Helping somebody to understand what it means to be a Jew.\n\nBERMAN: Well, before we cut off again, you were speaking to whether or not -\n\nBAKMAN: My grandfather's experience with the persecution and no, not\npersecution, the practicing of Judaism. So, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents were brought up, my\nfather was born in 1918, and my mother was born in 1921 after the Bolshevik\nRevolution. The Bolshevik ideology spread like a fire and a gunpowder among the\nJews. Jews were the first to help Bolsheviks to establish their power because\nthe Jews were the most persecuted minority.\n\nBERMAN: Right.\n\nBAKMAN: So, he was summoned to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KGB every year and given a booklet with the set\nof prayers that he must had read. Besides the traditional Jewish players in\nHebrew, it was translated. It was in Russian and Yiddish. The prayer for the\nCommunist Party, the prayer for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"personalities in Moscow [Russia], like\nBrezhnev, the bringer of peace and all that nonsense. Otherwise, the praying\nhouse would be closed, and the praying house was his own house, so he had to\ncomply. Most of the Jewish tradition practicing at our home was matzos for\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover. I have learned the hard way where the parents would, my parents would\nget the matzos for Passover. They were made only in one place in the Ukraine, in\nKiev synagogue and then distributed clandestine, well, undercover, secretly in\nall the cities in throughout Ukraine. In the last ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three years of my living in\nSoviet Union and Ukraine, I was helping Jewish families to cross the border and\nget to Israel. It was all legal, except I was giving bribes so that, to the KGB\nofficers, so that the paperwork would not have to, the people would not have to\nwait the paperwork for two years or three years. They would only wait a couple\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weeks. At the time it was the late eighties under Gorbachev, KGB had become\ncorrupted really fast. So, we were passing through Kiev, and I would take a taxi\nand bring those Jewish people that I was helping to the Kiev synagogue and ask\nthe rabbi to give them some matzos if it was close to Passover time. The rabbi\nwould always answer, \"Go back to your hometown, because we are distributing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it\nevenly and fairly.\" And I said, \"These people will never come back to their\nhome. To Israel.\" And the rabbi said, \"The only thing is fair distribution here.\nThey want matzos, go back to their hometown. Count out whoever you can to get\nthose matzos.\" So, it was a really precious asset, that homemade matzos. I saw\nthe way it was made in Kiev, too, was just a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few Slavic women in there, on the\nground in the basement of that synagogue, making homemade matzos. They don't\nlook anything like you can buy an American grocery store. But we had matzos\nevery year. We made our own kosher wine out of cherries. My father was a big\nmaestro in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"winemaking. We did not celebrate any holidays openly, but my parents\nwould take me and my brother to my grandpa, my grandfather's house, and we would\nhave dinner. But the kids were not told what it is. No explanations. We would\njust have a dinner. All right. So, I give you a general idea. We did not\npractice Judaism, per se. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were Soviet Jews, meaning we were Soviet citizens\nfirst. Our ethnicity and religious affiliation did not matter at all to us.\nExcept when the Soviet Union collapsed, we discovered that it is, it has prime\nimportance to, that family and community affiliation. And as a matter of fact, I\nneed to praise Ukrainian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government, all Ukrainian governments in the last 32\nyears of independence. They have provided beyond imaginable means to revive,\nrecover the ethnic and religious communities of all people who populates\nUkraine. The Greek, the ancient Greek tradition is flourishing. The Jewish\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tradition, especially Hasidic, especially in the town where my father was born\nin, it's a Nikolaev region. It was Odessa, would be the region of Odessa. And\nit's an international hub of Hasidic tradition now. So, and I know that because\nI participated in that movement when I was still there. It was called Rukh, the\nMovement in Ukrainian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"language. But this grassroots movement was to recover a\ntradition. And I was among the first members of the Jewish Cultural Center in\nDonetsk. It is called Aleph, the first letter of Hebrew alphabet, and it still\nexists. There is a Hebrew and Yiddish school in that center now. People who are\nnot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish join Jewish tradition, not necessarily religion. The synagogue is\nflourishing in Donetsk now and it is not under occupy, under Russian occupation.\nRussian occupation is the Nazi occupation, cannot describe it any better. But\nUkrainian government, the Ukrainian culture has to be now really praised ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for\nappreciating and embracing any significant or even insignificant, especially\nJewish tradition. I don't have to remind that last two administrations in Kiev\nare thoroughly Jewish. The President is Jewish. The key ministers are Jewish.\nThe Defense Minister is Jewish. The head of the office is Jewish. I mean, and\nit's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not, even the previous administrations that I would not consider any\npro-Jewish at all, they were mostly from Moscow. There was still, it seems like\nthey really need Jews back.\n\nBERMAN: Well, on that note, I know where we have ended. I want to talk some more\nabout life under the Soviets, and then I have, I don't know if you can see this\nlist. I have so many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"questions.\n\nBAKMAN: I miss Atlanta big time. But I probably have to work out issues here in\nColorado because I never come back. It's another Jewish thing, by the way, in my\nopinion. You don't go back where you were happy. This is, by the way, I don't\nremember where I got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this slogan, but it hit me so badly, so many times. I don't\nknow how to describe it. Being a Jew never, even though I am trying to be\nthoroughly positive, as the ancient tribe with the book, we insist in that book\nthat people love each other and the God that we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"invented is the God of love. So,\nwe have to practice accordingly. Nevertheless, if I have to go back to where I\nwas happy once, it means in my new place I did not work out all the issues and\nthey keep bringing it back. That's my Jewish position in life. I have to work\neverything out. Nobody is going to do it for me.\n\nBERMAN: I love it. All ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right. Well, we will see you hopefully next week.\n\nBAKMAN: Okay.\n\nBERMAN: Okay.\n\nBAKMAN: Thank you Sandy.\n\nBERMAN: Thank you.\n\nBAKMAN: Absolutely enjoyed meeting you and talking.\n\nBERMAN: Same here. Well, we're going to be online a lot in the next time,\nbecause this is just the beginning. Okay.\n\nBAKMAN: Okay.\n\nBERMAN: Okay. Thank you very much Aleks. Bye.\n\nBAKMAN: Have a great day. Bye.\n\nBERMAN: So, let's get started. This is our follow up interview with Aleks\nBakman. Hopefully technology will work a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"better. It is the 28th of April\n2022, and this is part two of Aleks' story, which we left off at the point where\nyou were discussing your time working in the mines, the job that you were, had\nto take on, the only jobs really available ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to you even though you had a degree\nthat in a less autocratic environment, you would have been able to do other\nthings. So can we talk about your experiences in the mines a little bit longer\nand then we'll go on to other aspects of your life.\n\nBAKMAN: Yeah, we can. I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the government systematic anti-Semitism in\nthe Soviet Union has a lot of coverage. I read a wonderful British history book.\nThe author, Paul Johnson, it's called History of the Jews. Issued in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1987.\nThere's a big chapter on the anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union. Paul Johnson is\none of the prime historians on many subjects. He did an excellent job covering\ninternal attitudes and policies of the top Soviet ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Union government in the\nbranches of the Communist Party and KGB. But the lives of the actual Jews,\neveryday life, was not covered at all. Looks like probably 2 million Russian\nspeaking immigrants into the United States and Western Europe, as well as one\nand a half million who immigrated to Israel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had not told their stories. And I do\nnot think that what I'm going to tell you now is actually believable. Because I\nwas eligible for the graduate school the age of 17. At 16, I graduated with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\ndegree or bachelor level degree in mathematics from The Academy of Science. We\nhad a division of the Academy of Science in Donetsk, in Donetsk University, in\nthe Mathematical Department. And I would go there on weekends. On regular school\ndays, I mean, six days a week, I was attending regular school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where it was a\nphysics class. We were physics like theory of relativity and quantum mechanics\nin the ninth and tenth grade. And that education also put me at the bachelor\nlevel in theoretical physics at the age of 17. So, I had both mathematical and\nphysics ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"background. But after the Six Days War where Jews and Israel had to beat\nfive Arab countries backed up by the Soviet Union. So, the government would not\ntrust the Jews anymore with their state secrets and everything that would be\navailable at any school in Moscow. That would refer to the aerospace or\nscientific ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job would be banned from all Jews. It's funny because the airplanes\nand the rockets developed and manufactured in the Soviet Union were all mostly\nJewish. Thinking. Like famous MiG Airplane, stands for Mikoyan and Gurevich.\nGurevich was Jewish, and he was Ukrainian. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, I had to work for three years\nafter graduation from mining engineering school. I only had a choice of mining\nengineering when I went to school. So, our class was mostly Jewish, probably 70\npercent of the boys and girls were from Jewish families, and the rest, 30\npercent were Communist Party members who didn't know first thing about\nmathematics or physics or anything that refers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to any engineering discipline.\nBut they would be given engineering diplomas so that they can boss us, the Jews.\nSo illiterate people was the Communist Party membership. There was one point\nwhen a theoretical mechanics professor really wanted to expel a party organizer.\nHe wanted to expel him from the school. And there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a sympathetic guy. So, I\nwent with that party guy to that professor's office, and I ask to give the\ncommunist a second chance. The professor told me, professor also was Jewish, he\nsaid, \"Don't have any pity on communists. They will not pity you when it comes\nin your life.\" And he was right. When I was looking for a job, I could not find\nany ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job on the surface. So, I wound up working in a coal mine. Before working in\nthe coal mine, I had to spend three years returning the free education, free\neducation value, and that was three years of development of mining equipment. I\ncan tell that anything developed in the Soviet Union has to be reduced by, the\nvalue of that has to be reduced by huge factor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the pay was miserable.\nNobody was happy. The common saying was \"They pretend to pay us, and we pretend\nto work.\" So that equipment was still delivering all coal in the Soviet Union\nand other minerals, and I got to fix it when I got in coal mining job as the mechanic.\n\nBERMAN: Can I just ask you real quickly, Alex, can you tell me what year that\nwas, please?\n\nBAKMAN: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started working as a blue-collar mechanic of 1980, in April, 12th of\nApril first day on the ground and the last day on the ground was also 12th of\nApril 1989. In October 1989, I moved. I immigrated. I escaped from the Soviet\nUnion three years before it collapsed. Nobody knew when it would collapse. After\na few months in Europe, I wound ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up in the United States in 1990 in Atlanta. So,\nthe job was to maintain 35 sets of heavy equipment in the mining faces one mile\nunderground. 1,000, some 600 meters under the ground. The delivery of breathing\nair to that depth is very expensive. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"goal of the administration was to save\nall equipment but not save all the people. So, people would work to death,\nliterally, because the temperature was hundred . . . I mentioned that\ntemperature in my email to you, Sandy, 125 degrees because that temperature is\nthe highest possible or permitted temperature in the American coal mines\npermitted by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OSHA, the organization for safety in the United States. When I\ntranslated it back to of centigrade, turned out temperature was much higher in\nreality. So, it was at least 125 Fahrenheit, plus two percent of methane, that's\nallowable content of, coal emits ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"methane entire length of existence. As long as\nthere is coal, there is methane until we burn it. So, two percent of methane\nmeans two percent less of oxygen. That makes you sleep all the time. So just\nsitting in there would make you tired in one hour. The very powerful Ukrainian\nworkers would die ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from exhaustion at the rate of one third of the crew in two\nyears. We lost exhaustion, including very young and very, very, very athletic\npeople. It was one guy who was the wrestler of the traditional Greek wrestling\ncompetition. He won in Ukrainian level. He died at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the age of 19. The usual\ndiagnosis would be the cause of deaths would be heart attack, but reality was\ndehydration and exhaustion. Everybody knew that. The difference was that\ndehydration as exhaustion relates to the mining job, and that means that\nadministration would have to work to pay workman's compensation to the family.\nBut a heart attack can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happen to anybody, and it was free to the government.\n\nBERMAN: How often were you at that, in that atmosphere?\n\nBAKMAN: Every day for nine years except the, we wouldn't call those days\nweekends. We'd call them sleeping days. Because you can only sleep and work.\n\nBERMAN: Did you have any health issues ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of that time in the mine?\n\nBAKMAN: All of them, yeah. Usual length of such job was two years. After two\nyears a miner either dies or get sick or just get smart and runs the hell out of\nthere, and I couldn't. I couldn't find any other job, so I just kept on it. In\ntwo years, we were, my mom and I were coming from the cemetery. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We would take\ncare of the graves of my father and my grandmother at the cemetery every\nbirthday of my father. It was in the fall. So, a homeless lady, homeless woman\ngets into the bus where my mom and I were sitting, and she shouts from the top\nof her lungs, \"The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sedka coal mine exploded. Everybody is dead.\" Well, she\ndidn't really know, but this is how usually information is spread when\ngovernment doesn't let anybody know what's going on on the ground. Nobody knew\nhow many people, how we work and how we live and how we die every day on the\nsurface. People like the United States right now, you think everything is like\nbusiness as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"usual. In reality, we're in the middle of World War III with the\nRussian Nazis. Same thing with the coal mining. Coal miners were delivering\nvital minerals to make a lot of weapons. By the way, that's the same weapons\nthat, that's the same steel that we were making that is now burning in the\nfields of Ukraine in the shape of the Russian tanks. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway -\n\nBERMAN: Can I interject for just for one moment, I have a question. So, you are\nworking in these horrible conditions. Do you, when was the first time that you\ncan recall thinking about emigrating? Did you hear the word refusenik? What was\nyour awareness of people trying to leave?\n\nBAKMAN: Well, first of all, I survived the massive ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish immigration. I didn't\nmean it was difficult to survive. All or almost our entire set of neighbors and\nfriends of everybody I knew, with two exceptions, my brother, myself, our\nparents, and people like our parents, people who, the Jewish people of the\ngeneration of my parents would not be thinking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of immigration because they\ndefended Soviet Union against Hitler in World War II and they were real heroes.\nCome back decorated, both of our parents. So, our family, regardless of how\nhorrible it was, would never think of immigration. So, the first time I really\nthought that the Soviet Union is actually a concentration camp for everybody who\nlives in there, and it's best idea for me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just to run, it was when I've heard\nabout organized famine in Ukraine in 1930s, organized by Stalin in order to\nreplace a population in Ukraine. Ukrainians are traditionally difficult to make\nslaves. They were rebelling. So, the famine was organized. 6 million Ukrainian\npeasants would die in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"single year and there were few waves of famine. The\nofficial number I believe was 9 million over two or three years of organized\nfamine. So, after that, the teenage boys and girls who were 12 or 14 were forced\nto work in the mines in 1932. When I started working as a worker, as the\nblue-collar mechanic in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1980, there were still, some of them were still working\nin the mines. Just think about it 50 years later. So, they were in their\nsixties. The reason why they would still work was the pension was miserable, but\nthe most strange thing is that the miners would not survive more than a couple\nof months after retirement. Just going on, you know, keep going, keeping going\non is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"essential for survival. If you lose the meaning of your life, you die\nalmost immediately because there is no health left after so many years. So, the\nminers of that old age told me the stories, the horrible stories of the famine.\nHow the Bolsheviks would organize the deaths of the children and families. And\nthat's a horrible ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"story, but it was not mine, it was not supposed to be mine. I\ndidn't know, we, people learned about that famine in the late nineties. And by\nthe way, the only book that I would trust about this famine, it's called Red\nFamine, written by the American journalist Anne Applebaum. She is a famous\nperson. She was a famous columnist from Atlantic magazine, formerly from The\nWashington Post and Wall Street Journal.\n\nBERMAN: I listen to her all the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time.\n\nBAKMAN: Yeah. Anne Applebaum had written a wonderful story of Gulag, Gulag: A\nHistory. She won Pulitzer Prize for that book in 2003, and I read all her books.\nIn Gulag, the conditions of the inmates are much more horrible than what I had\nin a coal mine. But they didn't work in that sauna every day. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cold, it\nwas not hot. We would work 5 minutes and then 15 minutes of break. The sweat\nwould fill my rubber boots every half an hour. But you know what? I was really\nproud of myself being one of the tough guys. I was a foreman, too, that was\nresponsible for 12 lives. And we had explosions of the methane. We had,\nexplosions are happening ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very rarely. And we were lucky not to be in the way.\nBut the methane is coming out in massive amounts quite often. Almost every week.\nAnd when methane comes out in big volumes, it pushes out all oxygen. So, there\nis no way it can burn or explode. For that reason, we have, for the kind of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occasion, we would have rebreathers with us. That rebreather is good for one\nhour. If you run, in 5 hours if you sit and wait. So, sitting waiting was no use\nbecause our labyrinth was so long, and nobody would care to save us. Running\nwas, the instruction was as long as they indicate that, there's indication,\nsounds like a methane indicator, by the way, that little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sound we just heard.\nSo, when you hear that sound, you put on your rebreather and run. But as a\nforeman, I didn't feel like leaving my guys behind without checking that they're\nokay. So, I would check them. And they were 16-year-old vocational school\ngraduates. Really young guys. A lot of them, a lot of them would be pretty lost\nin a situation like this and they would not be able to put on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rebreathers. So, I\nwould, in the beginning, I would put rebreathers on them and that would be more\nthan two dozen times before I realized that my life is actually is as at least\nas valuable as the lives of those guys. And I would just run. But the first\nseven years I wouldn't run. I started running from the methane explosion, it's\nnot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"explosion, it's methane, massive methane emissions. I would start running\nafter the event when the one of the mining faces exploded. Indeed, methane\nexploded and killed the whole shift. So, when we had a meeting at the coal mine\noffice, it's a common place like conference room for a thousand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people plus the\nbroadcast would be on the whole city, so at least 10,000 were listening. It was\n1987, and the perestroika, Gorbachev told us that we can tell the truth. So,\nwhen the coal mine director asked the audience, \"Guys, who would want to say\nanything about the explosions and why that happened?\" So, I came to the podium.\nEverybody knew me, I was servicing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"machinery in the whole coal, we had 10,000\nunderground personnel. It's a huge enterprise. 35 mining faces for just making\ntunnels, plus about ten actual mining faces where they remove coal, extract\ncoal. So, I came to the podium, and I said in the microphone, \"The wages of a\nlucky miner, a man is 5,000 rubles before taxes are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extracted and the cost of\nthe electric cable is 65,000. So, replacing the whole team of the miners is much\ncheaper than replacing the cable. That's why we keep repairing those cables and\nthat's why we have explosions. They're not supposed to be replaced if they're\npierced,\" and they're pierced every time there's, because in some places we\ndrill and load the explosives and blast through to make the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tunnel. So, when the\nrocks fly, they damage the cable. So, when I was saying that, behind my back it\nwas, on the podium, there was a board sitting and there was a KGB general with\nthis wide stripes on his pants. And those stripes, for some reason, were the\nmost scary thing. I felt those are stripes we're not happy with what I was\nsaying. And sure enough, they told me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that because of perestroika, because of\nGorbachev policies, they will not put me in the mental institution, but instead\nI would work only the night shifts so I could not socialize with anyone. Night\nshifts meaning I would be emergency mechanic at night. So, I didn't sleep for\nthree years. That was the worst torture, but I would still have to go on the\nground and work, and that's much worse hell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than first shift when you can sleep.\nFrom six o'clock in the morning plus eight, I mean plus six, that's till noon,\nor eight until two, different arrangements. So, the, I want to come back to me\nbeing proud of the tough guys. First of all, it was the most terrible time of my\nlife. But I felt brothers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then . . .\n\nBERMAN: What was the catalyst then? Finally saying, \"I've had enough. I'm\nemigrating. I'm leaving. I'm getting out.\"\n\nBAKMAN: I had lost the sense of danger very fast. In the first two months, I\ndidn't feel in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"danger. At night we had an emergency in the mining face. The guys\ncame out and the special rescue team was going underground. They sent me to save\nequipment. Can you believe that? I was supposed to save a piece of machinery\nwhen people died. So, I was in the [Unintelligible: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1.08.59] underground in the\nshaft. The shaft is one kilometer, 1,000 meters deep. I was in the empty cage\ngoing to the emergency call and the director of the coal mine was taken out of\nhis bed in the middle of the night, and he was with his entourage was going in\nthe same cage. So, when the cage is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"loaded, when the people are coming, the cage\nis supported by the special mechanism to stay put. But when the people are\nloaded, those holders are removed and the cage is swinging freely on the\nmetallic rope, cable. So, when the cage starts swinging, you feel like in the\namusement park. If you are, you know, if you can hold ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your fear because there's\none kilometer deep hanging over us that cage and that cage is itself 60 tons.\nSo, the . . . guy by the . . . standing face to face with me, and the cage\nstarts swinging. He gets so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scared.\n\nBERMAN: Yes, I can hear you.\n\nBAKMAN: You can?\n\nBERMAN: Yeah, I can hear you.\n\nBAKMAN: Hello? All right. So, I looked at the director's face and he was full of\nfear. He was really scared. Then I realized that the normal person has to be\nscared. It is a scary situation. And I have nothing . . . I was concerned with\nonly my job, how to save that stupid 80 pounds of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"machinery. I got down, I did\nmy job and got down the next day . . .that was enough for . . . it was a new\nemployee who was . . . and I was supposed to teach him how to behave\nunderground. So, I took him underground and I told him, \"Listen, now you're on\nyour own. I'm not going there anymore. You do whatever you please. I'm just\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting out.\" And that was one year before I would earn my pension benefits. So,\nI give up my pension benefits as the underground worker. If you work underground\nten years, you can retire at the age of 15. That's your benefit. So, I gave it\nup, but I didn't think of benefits because I knew I'd been, you know, it is a\nscary place. What am I doing here anyway? Also, it was 1989. It was different\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time and I, that was kind of immediate reason, but the real reason why I quit\nmining, I think I told you in that email, I was trying to organize the\nco-operative, the private enterprise with my guys, which was the man who I\ntaught how to fix mining equipment. We had to fix really terribly designed and\nmanufactured equipment that would break down every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day. So, we take apart two\nnew machines to make one working machine. That was, you know, without,\nregardless of the breathing, I mean, the working conditions, it was a horrible\njob even if it was in the daylight and in the fresh air. It was just really,\nreally difficult, but it was good enough. The most difficult part is that the\ncommunist bosses would always yell at us, \"Go faster, go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"faster. We have to\nfulfill the plan. Without plan, we would not get all of our bonuses. Without\nbonuses, the bonus is 80 percent of pay. Without bonus, there is no reason to go\nunderground.\" Yeah, for them, there's no reason. For me, there was no choice not\nto go. So, I offered my guys to form the enterprise and by the scrap metal, I\nmean the machinery was actual ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scrap metal and the other way around. We would\nmake machinery out of scrap metal. I would say, \"Let's buy that scrap metal at\nthe cost of scrap metal, and then made machinery out of it and then sell it to\nChina for the hard currency.\" It was already allowed in 1989, but my buddies\nwere so brainwashed by the Soviet propaganda, by the upbringing, they didn't\nrealize that private enterprise actually exists, and what it is, they have no\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"idea. So, I really was frustrated after three years of trying, that was, those\nwere three years when I was working night shifts and I was really horribly\ntired. So, it's amazing that I held out for three years. So, when I saw that,\nexcuse me, when I saw the scared eyes of my director, I knew I have to get out\nof here. Go ahead.\n\nBERMAN: So, it's 1989 and things had changed. Gorbachev is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in power. But how\ndifficult was it to get out at that point? Was it relatively . . .?\n\nBAKMAN: It was super easy. It was quite difficult to get into United States. I\nwant to tell the story how I got out. This is really cool. So, I, the permission\nfor the Jews to leave the Soviet Union was stipulated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in intercontinental\nballistic missile treaty, signed by President Carter in 1973 or 1975. 1973. It\nwas prepared by the Nixon administration but signed by the Carter\nadministration. So, there was one paragraph stipulating that the Soviet Jews\nwould be allowed to join their families in the United States or Israel. So, the\nkey word, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"families, because I didn't have any family anywhere other than\nDonetsk. I had to prove to the KGB in charge of permissions to learn that, I\nmean, to leave Soviet Union, I had to prove that I have a family, and that would\nbe a piece of paper from Israel or the United States inviting me to join the\nfamily. So, in order to get that invitation, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I spent all those nine years in a\ncoal mine. That was the reason why I had to work in the coal mine because I\ncouldn't leave right away. As I told you, I heard the story of the famine, and I\nknew I have to run. So, the way I got that invitation was really exotic. It was\n1987 when, I believe 87 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or 88 when the Ukrainian government started the movement\nto make people of all ethnic groups more comfortable with living in Ukrainian\nSoviet Socialist Republic, which was one of the 15 republics of the Soviet\nUnion. So, they used the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grassroot movement, which is in Ukraine, the word in\nUkrainian is Rukh, movement, to organize ethnic groups in the cultural centers,\nincluding the Jewish Cultural Center. So, I would go to that cultural center,\nand the first gatherings were maintained by the KGB instructor who would tell us\nreally cool stories about the state of Israel that was created by Hitler and\nStalin in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"order to create trouble for the British authorities in Palestine.\nThat's the first thing I've learned about Israel. It was Hitler's creation. So,\nof course, I was already experienced worker, and I would not trust any lie. But\nI met the people who studied Hebrew in that group. And through them I've met the\nteachers of, one teacher, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew, and turned out there was a network of Hebrew\nteachers that survived 72 years of the Soviet Union without being discovered.\nNobody gave them up. So that guy was an Orthodox Jew who practiced Judaism, and\nhe lived literally across the street from me in a small apartment with 12\nchildren, like all Orthodox Jews are supposed to multiply like rabbits. So, he\ndid. So, he gave me a telephone number at which I found it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in Moscow, the\ncentral hub of that organization. They gave me the names of the Jewish families\nin Donetsk who tried to leave for Israel. I told them right away, \"I'm not going\nto Israel. I want to go to United States. But I would like to help other Jews\nwho want to go to Israel. I want to help them to cross the border. I want to\nhelp them to go through the paperwork faster,\" because I have money. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As a coal\nminer, I was making a lot of money I could not spend. There was nothing\navailable to buy. So, I was married at the time and my wife was a schoolteacher,\nbut she was also making money by making dresses for the women. And I asked her\nto put a six-point star on my white shirt. And I told her, \"Please use the white\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"threads and do the embroidery of the Star of David so that I can,\" I mean,\npeople across the street could not see my star, but the people close to me would\nsee that star on my chest. Again, it was not banned. It was not against the law\nto have that star on my chest. But you can never tell in the Soviet Union. There\nwould be some idiot KGB officer who tried to make another star, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another, you\nknow, kind of credit for himself, he would just take me and put me somewhere\nthat would nobody know. I would just disappear. So, my wife, for some reason,\nused the yellow threads to embroider the star. At the time, we did not know that\nthe yellow star is the Nazi mark for the Jews in Western Europe to, were marked\nfor extermination. She really thought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the yellow star is the proper color.\nShe was married to a Jew. She was not anti-Semitic. So, I come to the first\nfamily that I was supposed to transfer across the border, and I help them with\nthe paperwork before that, I just gave bribe. The first, the most tricky was the\nfirst bribe. We approach the KGB officer, they all dressed as the police\nofficers, but everybody knows it's a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KGB under cover of police. So, I gave him,\nthe officer, the two passports, the mother and the son who was going to, they\nwere going to Israel. And in each passport, I put in 100-ruble bill and made it\nvisible. So, I gave him two passports with $200, 100 rubles, and he says,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Done.\" That's the only word. And in two weeks, they were done. Otherwise, they\nwould be waiting two years. So, I come on the day, I first met these people on\nthe day when they were going to the railroad station because the passports were\ngiven to me through the organization, Hebrew pictures. In other words, they kept\nsecrecy until the very last moment when you cannot really hide yourself anymore,\nyou have to help people across the border because you have to give the bribe at\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the border too. The paperwork is totally legal, everything is fine, but the\nofficer at the border has all the power over you. You don't have Soviet\npassport, you don't have any paperwork at all, you don't have any rights, any\nmoney. So that's why I have to accompany those people. So, I knock on the door.\nThey open the door, and there's a lady. They were waiting for me, and the door\nwas open just inside and just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immediately, so she sees my yellow star and she\nstarts crying buckets. I was shocked. I tried to figure out what's going on. I\nsaid, \"Please, calm yourself down. We have to go to railroad station. We're\ngoing to be late.\" So, we went to the, I took the taxi, and we went to the\nrailroad station. And she told me that during the war, during the Nazi\noccupation, she was a tailor who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was sewing those yellow stars to the Jewish\ngarments. And no, but I mean, she said it was hundreds and hundreds and\nhundreds. And, you know, she survived only because she was born with blue eyes,\nand nobody gave her up. So, she had a husband who died early and with her son,\nthey were going to Israel. So, I transported like three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"families before I\nreceived that invitation. By that time, KGB guys were already appropriately\nbribed, and the only problem was that there was no airplane or train ticket\navailable anywhere. There was only one place where I could cross the border from\nthe Soviet Union into Hungary. The country of Hungary, it's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not hunger, it's a\ncountry. Those trains were bought out years ahead because all the Jews all of a\nsudden, it was 1989, all the Jews were just on the way to the West.\n\nBERMAN: Well, what about your wife and your mother?\n\nBAKMAN: I divorced, unfortunately. She was a good woman, but it was impossible\nto. . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, I don't what to explain.\n\nBERMAN: No, but she stayed in the Soviet . . .?\n\nBAKMAN: She didn't stay, no. She did not stay. She lives in France now, but she\nleft. They just went after me. My mom, I prepared the papers for my mom and\nmyself. My mom refused to go. She was a Soviet patriot. And she just said,\n\"Well, you decide for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yourself, but I cannot go.\" I said, \"Mom, coal miners are\non strike. It means there is not going to be any income in this city for a while\nand there will be anti-Jewish pogroms. You're in dire danger.\" Of course, I was\nright. After I left, she was receiving the phone calls with the death threats.\nSo, I had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"move really fast to prepare her papers already from the United\nStates. The trouble is, when you go in in a big crowd of the refugees into\nUnited States, the status of political refugees given to everyone. We had, we\nstill had to go through interview and proof that we cannot go back to our home\ncountry, that they would put us to prison or kill us or persecute us. I have to\ntell the story. I was coal miner instead of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mathematician or aerospace engineer.\nSo, my word was fine, but my mom, when she was on interview in Moscow, told them\nthat she doesn't mind living in the Soviet Union, except her son is living in\nthe United States. And, of course, American authorities told her, \"Fine, you can\njoin your son at his own expense.\" So, I had to pay when my mom came to Atlanta\na year and a half after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. And if she ever heard of Lois Frank, she can tell\nyou the story of how I did it. Go ahead.\n\nBERMAN: Well, tell me how you got to Atlanta. So, you, did you have an American\nsponsor then?\n\nBAKMAN: The sponsor was the Atlanta Jewish Federation or Georgia Jewish Federation.\n\nBERMAN: Okay. And they, how did they get your name or how did you get to the\nGeorgia . . .?\n\nBAKMAN: There were 50,000 Soviet Jews waiting for the asylum, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the American\nasylum waiting in Italy, around Rome. Living on their scarce welfare from\norganization called HIAS. Hebrew Immigration . . .\n\nBERMAN: Aid Society.\n\nBAKMAN: Aid Society, right. So, they were given us some money to rent apartment,\nor I was renting a bed, not apartment, a bed in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the apartment and some food for\nthree or four months. And then I got the interview in the American embassy, and\nthe airplane tickets that I had to pay back. I was, I would be suspicious, a\nsuspicious person, because I was a single man, 35-year-old. A single man,\n35-year-old from a Soviet Union would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"normally be criminals. So, I have to, the\nJewish Federation in Atlanta had to take a risk accepting me.\n\nBERMAN: Can you describe how you felt the first time you stepped off that plane\nin Atlanta?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAKMAN: You know, what you're asking for, that emotional explosion happened a\nlittle later. When I came to that same building where the museum, it was at the\ntime, it was called Zaban Park. This is where the Museum of Jewish Immigration\nwas founded a little later. But I would go to that building for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the English\nclass, class on English language. So, I entered the building first time probably\nin May 1990 and which is a couple of months after, because I was going for the\nEnglish Languages Lessons in different locations before that. But then I decided\nto try Zaban Park, which is now called probably called Berman or Breman.\n\nBERMAN: No, no, it's different. But it's Marcus Jewish Community Center.\n\nBAKMAN: Whatever facility it was. So, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I entered the building and there is a\nbasketball court inside the building and Jewish kids are playing basketball. Two\nteams of Jewish kids, some kids in kippahs, but all of them look Jewish. I\nstarted crying. Spontaneously. It was easy. It was safe to be Jew, to be a Jew.\nI mean, I wouldn't have to be brave to carry that star on my chest. I don't\nknow. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I started crying. I should have started crying before that when I was in\nthe Dutch embassy in Moscow, because Israel didn't have diplomatic relations\nwith the Soviet Union or the way around, Soviet Union refused to have. So Dutch\nEmbassy was representing interests of Israel. So, I meet the first clerk who is\nfilling the blank for the immigration, for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immigration into Israel. Because\nofficially I was going to join my family in Israel. This was the reason for me\nto get the permission to get out of the Soviet Union. So, this guy is totally\nilliterate Soviet citizen, writing as he hears in Latin letters, my first name,\nAlexander. So instead of writing as a supposed to be A-L-E-X, he wrote\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A-L-E-K-S. I look at his spelling and I realize that he is an idiot. But I am so\nhappy to be there. I am preparing my papers and I am already in the Dutch\nembassy, it's a foreign territory for the first time in my whole life. And I\ntell this idiot, \"Thank you, man, for filling my papers. It took me ten years to\nget here.\" And he says, listen to this, he says, \"You didn't have to!\" And all\nthese years, I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working under ground, by the way, I was working under ground\n12 years, nine years only as a blue collar, but before that, as an engineer, I\nhad to go underground about one third of the year. So, he said, \"You didn't have\nto spend all those years in a coal mine. You could have, you could come to our,\nto the Dutch embassy and tossed a piece of paper with your name and the mailing\naddress over the fence. And we would send you that invitation from Israel and\nyou would get it ten years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ago.\" I wanted to smash his face. Where the hell\nwhere you been all this ten years? I was making this 10 million tons of coal\nevery year. That's why I keep my first name spelled A-L-E-K-S, because that\nstupid spelled that way.\n\nBERMAN: That's a great story. So, was it the Federation that helped ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you with\nhousing and when you first came to Atlanta? Where did you live?\n\nBAKMAN: What did they what?\n\nBERMAN: Where did you live when you first came to Atlanta?\n\nBAKMAN: That is a, that story has to go to the next Bible. How the, first of\nall, when I was seeing Boeing 747's taking off every day from the Rome airport,\nit was visible from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where I was living in Italy. Every day for November,\nDecember, January, I came on January 24 to United States, so three months I was\nevery day there was one or two planes coming out of Rome airport filled with,\npartially filled with the Soviet Jews taking them to the United States. And\nevery time I saw that airplane, I felt biblical level and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gratitude to the\ninternational Jewish community that was able to organize that massive migration\nof people like me who were in not necessarily life danger, like in my case and\nthe case of 12 Jewish guys who were working with me in my team. But hundred\npercent of the Soviet citizens were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exposed to the mass murder of their souls\nand hearts. And you can see it now every day in the news what's going on in\nUkraine. Those are undead, Soviet characters who rape Ukrainian girls today. So,\nI was one of the Soviet citizens who were being killed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spiritually, hundred\npercent. So, I escaped my spiritual death by going underground in 1980. Going\nliterally underground. Oh, one funny anecdote. When I came to Atlanta. I met\nsome Jewish people, and I met some Christian people. So, some ladies who met me\nat the time felt like I am supposed to bring, I am supposed to be a good omen\nbecause I survived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nine years in the coal mine. So, one lady was a professional\ntheatrical artist from New York, and she was looking for a job in Atlanta. She\nsaid, \"Aleks, would you mind going with me to the meeting was my agent because I\ndesperately need a job as a performing artist.\" So, we went to some fancy\nneighborhood towards the Atlanta airport, and it was a big house, very wealthy,\ntheatrical and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cinematographer, cinematographic agent. Because there is a, you\nknow, there's a huge television production in the Atlanta, CNN and other\norganizations. It's a massive flow of money. So, this is very big house, I never\nsaw as big house in my, of course, at that time, I didn't see much. So, the\nhouses filled with tens of all sorts of theatrical people who are trying to get\na job. And the host of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the party was a black lady, African American lady, who\nwasn't theatrical, she was the actual agent that everybody was trying to please.\nSo, the room full of people, it's a party, everybody is talking simultaneously,\nand the lady next to me, I, you know, I'm standing to some kind of people in the\nroom, and they ask me, \"Your accent is funny. Where are you, where did you come\nfrom?\" I said, \"I came from Ukraine.\" \"What did you do in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ukraine?\" And you\nknow, I am supposed to boost that artistic lady. I cannot tell her that, I can't\ntell anybody that she brought the coal miner with her, right? So, I said, \"I was\nin the underground business.\" And the person who asked me the question, \"Oh!\nBlack market?\" I said, \"Yeah, very black.\" And the agent lady, the African\nAmerican lady across the whole room ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"Are you discussing racial issues over there?\"\n\nBERMAN: Oh, is that funny. That's a great story.\n\nBAKMAN: So, I wanted to answer \"Yeah, I'm really black inside. You can trust\nme.\" I'm sorry, I didn't answer your question, Sandy. I'm really sorry. So,\nFederation, the Jewish Federation would rent an apartment for me and another\nsingle guy. We had a two-bedroom apartment ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sharing with him for my first six\nmonths until I got the job and was able to rent by myself. I got the job with,\nas a welder in two weeks actually because of the Jewish Federation, they were\ncollecting pleas for donations. You know, people pleaded money for the needs of\nJewish Federation in Hyatt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ravinia Hotel in Atlanta. And Perry Brickman brought\nme to that meeting because I have bad teeth, and I wound up in the chair of her\nhusband, Perry Brickman.\n\nBERMAN: Yes. Shirley's husband, Shirley Brickman's husband, yes.\n\nBAKMAN: Right. I'm sorry. I mixed the names. Those are my most wonderful angels.\nBoth of them, Perry and Shirley. So, Perry told me that he doesn't fix teeth.\nHe's a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surgeon, he pulls teeth. But I got, I had to go to somewhere else. But I\ngot to meet Shirley, and Shirley brought me to that plea, I mean, donation fair\nin Hyatt Ravinia. So, I got to speak to the whole Jewish Federation. This is\nwhen Lois Frank heard me and she said, she came over to me in the lobby and she\nsaid, \"My husband has a company. Maybe he's got a job that you can get.\" So, I\ngot that job right away, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that was important because I could reach Niagara\nNational Corporation in downtown Atlanta, riding my bicycle. Other jobs were\nalso offered, but they were so far, I had to have, and I could not drive at the time.\n\nBERMAN: Was it difficult for you to learn English?\n\nBAKMAN: It is still difficult now. It depends on how serious you think. I'm\ntrying to answer that question from the standpoint of all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immigrants who came to\nthe United States and had to jump the language barrier. In my case, I was\ninterested in the British culture, in British literature, in particular in the\nBeatles literature, because when you hear the Beatles song, it doesn't make much\nsense ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to you, but you don't care because it is your native language, and you\nreally don't care what the street musicians in Liverpool were thinking when they\nwere teenagers. Because entire set of the 300 Beatles songs is the narrative of\nthe Liverpool teenager in 1950s. But to the Soviet teenagers like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself, it was\ncrucially important to listen to the Beatles. We didn't understand the language,\nbut we knew the songs by heart. Let me tell you the story. I have a cousin, many\ncousins in Odessa. So, one day she comes, I didn't know she existed until she\ncame to Donetsk and knocked on my door. I opened the door and there's a lady and\nshe says, \"I am, my name is Leah Bakman. I am your cousin. I came for business,\nand I decided to meet ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you.\" I said, \"Welcome in.\" And of course, I had Beatles\nsongs playing all the time. At the time, it was coincidence that it was\nparticular song \"The Girl\" from the Rubber Soul album. She said, my cousin Leah\nsaid, \"I know that song, but I don't know what it means.\" I said, \"What do you\nmean, you know this song?\" And she said, \"I know the text!\" I said, \"Can you\ndictate?\" Because I was, you know, internet didn't exist. It's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1970s, early\n1970s, and I was exchanging letters with the whole Eastern Europe, trying to get\nthose texts. And \"The Girl\" text was my favorite song, and it was missing. She\ndictated entire song by heart, not understanding a single word.\n\nBERMAN: Amazing.\n\nBAKMAN: This is how important the Beatles was. So naturally, I translated and\nmemorized, you can ask me about any song. So that was my first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attempt, and then\non the like third Beatles album, I realized that I need some grammar. I can't\njust use the dictionary. I need to learn. We were learning English from the, in\nthe regular Soviet school from the fifth grade. Five years, but the teacher\nnever spoke any English. So, we, I remember we had a tape recording ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the\nBeatles song \"Can't Buy Me Love.\" We brought the tape recorder to the class and\nasked the teacher, the English teacher to translate the text of this of the\nsong, and she couldn't understand the first song. So, I was lucky. I met a good\nteacher. He was a department, English department chair in my engineering school\nin Donetsk. He was Crimean Tatar. It's one of the most ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prominent Ukrainian\nethnic groups. They are normally very smart people. There is a suspicion that\nthey accepted Judaism five or 600 years ago, but then the persecution of Crimean\nTatars was so bad under czar, and then by Bolsheviks they were deported to\nSiberia. Most of them died. It was a, I mean, terrible, terrible treatment for\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them, but they were, if you meet a Crimean Tatar, you'll like it because it's\nnormally very valuable person. So, this man could understand Beatles songs by\nheart, but he also taught me the grammar. It was 1976, I was 22. So, after that,\ntranslating the Beatles was easier, much easier, not to say that not only the\nBeatles, but I started reading English language books. My favorite science\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fiction and, my favorite American authors, Kurt Vonnegut, Truman Capote, Scott\nFitzgerald, Francis Scott Fitzgerald, J.D. Salinger. At some point in Colorado,\nin Hot Springs, I met a team of the Colorado, University of Colorado Graduate\nSchool, the class of English ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"majors, along with the professor. They happened to\ntalk, to discuss to discuss Kurt Vonnegut novels, and I could mention more Kurt\nVonnegut novels than the professor of English, because it was, I was a foreign\nlanguage, I had to go. Then when I came to, when I was in Atlanta in six months,\nI rented a room from the house of Myrtle Lewin. It was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"special program when\nsome Jewish people, the older, Myrtle was not old, but she lived alone in the\nbig house. Children moved on, she divorced, and she was alone in the\nfive-bedroom apartment, five-bedroom house in Sandy Springs in Atlanta. So, I\nrented one room. There was another guy renting another room. And then my mom\ncame, and Myrtle let me rent another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room for my mom. Myrtle was subscribing for\nNew York Times. So, I started reading New York Times six months into my living\nin the United States. From New York Times, I learned about New Yorker magazine,\nand I subscribe for The New Yorker as soon as I graduated from Georgia Tech in\n1995 and I am still subscribing, so it's been more than 25 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years. I'm a New\nYorker. When I got a job in Lockheed Martin Space Systems, my title was Senior\nAnalysis Engineer. Just think about it. Blue collar mechanic underground, five\nyears before that, I was mining coal. I'm supposed to write reports, analysis of\nthe flight hardware, rockets and satellites. So naturally . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"oh, yeah, that\nwas another story before. I had to write my thesis from Georgia Tech. When I\nwrote my first article, my first chapter, my thesis advisor put some grammar\nmarks on the page. I would make a mistake in every single word. The whole page\nwas marked. He said, \"You first have to learn English before you start writing.\nI mean, we don't mind you studying engineering, but if you write something, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you\nknow, it's Georgia Tech.\" By the way, my thesis is still being downloaded from\nGeorgia Tech Laboratory. I can tell you another time why. So, I wrote 1,500\npages of that thesis of which 150 pages were in the final edition. I mean, 1,500\nwas the final edition of my many, many, many drafts. The final draft was reduced\nto 150. So, after that, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already in Lockheed Martin, Lockheed Martin Space\nSystems would invest a lot of money into classes to make us more productive. So,\nmy professional writing class in here in Colorado in Lockheed Martin Space\nSystems polished my English finally. From the Beatles all the way to Lockheed\nMartin reports to the customers like NASA and Department of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Defense, DARPA,\nNIST. NIST is the national standardization agency, it's bigger than NASA, it\nalso flies a lot of satellites.\n\nBERMAN: I have a question about your mother. When she got to Atlanta, did she\never change her feelings about the Soviet Union? Did she adapt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to her thinking\nabout her life in the Soviet Union and her life in a free, democratic country?\n\nBAKMAN: My mom wouldn't understand the difference. She was 70. Let's see in 1990\nshe was, 1991 she was exactly 70-year-old. But after father's death when she\nwas, it, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father died ten years before that. In 1979, my father died. My mom lost\nsome of her faculties.\n\nBERMAN: Oh, I'm sorry.\n\nBAKMAN: She, she was normal person, but it was difficult for her to learn\nanything. She had photographic memory. She would in her telephone book there\nwould be no names. There were hundreds and hundreds of telephone numbers, and\nshe remembered ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody's name. But given, I mean, changing her notion that\nSoviet monarchy, when she was looking at Brezhnev, Gorbachev, Yeltsin. Those are\nthe monarchs, stars, kings, in her opinion. When I had learned about the famine\nand I that told my mom that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"story, and she lived through famine in the Soviet\nUnion, when that famine happened, she was in her teenage. She told me, \"You are\na terrible anti-Soviet man.\" And I said, \"Yes, I am.\" So, when she came to the\nUnited States, first two weeks or two months, I don't remember, and it's Sandy\nSprings, it's a really Polish neighborhood. I'm sure it's different now after\nthe Olympics, they rebuilt everything. But it was really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sanitized, very pretty,\na lot of flowers, myrtle trees are blooming, roses are blooming, azaleas are\nblooming all the time and magnolias are booming. It was, it's a paradise\ncompared to where she spent her entire life. She was afraid of coming out of the\nhouse for two months. It was, took her two months to get to the mailbox.\n\nBERMAN: Wow.\n\nBAKMAN: So, she did not appreciate the United States at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all because nobody spoke\nRussian. And she tried, when I took her on a walk around the block, finally I\nwas able to persuade her, and in Atlanta, it's the south, everybody is friendly,\neverybody says hello. People are driving cars slowly in the road and they wave\ntheir hands. And my mom said, \"Are those your friends?\" I said, \"I've never met\nthis people.\" \"Why are they saying this? Why are they saying hello?\" I took her\nto the All You Can Eat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"buffet and she kept, I mean, I kept bringing food and she\nsaid, \"Why are you not paying for this? Are you stealing on this food?\" I said,\n\"No, we just paid. I paid once at the entrance.\" She said, \"Show me the proof\nthat you paid!\" Here is this small piece of paper, was the like $10 bill. And\nshe said, \"This cannot be. You are stealing this.\" Go ahead.\n\nBERMAN: I'm sorry to interrupt, but Cassandra texted me that we have about 20\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"minutes left of recording time, and I have a few more questions that I really\nwant to ask. So, in the Soviet Union, you didn't observe Jewish holidays, you\nweren't allowed to participate, was it important to you to either join a\nsynagogue or start observing Jewish holidays when you got to Atlanta?\n\nBAKMAN: It had . . . when I got to Atlanta?\n\nBERMAN: Mm hmm.\n\nBAKMAN: It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very important. It was more important than anything. When we\nfirst set down, when I started renting with Myrtle Lewin, she, I said, \"I need\nto see Dr. Lewin,\" because she is a professor of mathematics. She looked at me\ncooking and she said, \"No, you cannot. This is kosher. I cannot allow this. So,\nyou're going to eat with me.\" So, we ate mostly vegetarian food. We set up the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat dinner on first Friday, and she said full brachahs. I memorize them\nright away in Hebrew, and I didn't know a word in Hebrew before that. So, I\nmean, I memorize everything that is important. I still remember those brachahs.\nI did not try to learn Hebrew because I had to survive George Tech. And before\nthat it was a welding job for three years. Well, I wouldn't say the job was too\ntough for me, but was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to, you know, it was difficult. And I had to prepare for\nthe English exam all this time. I kind of did not feel like learning Hebrew.\nNow, if I went back to 1990 today, I would start learning Hebrew immediately,\nbecause there's vast literature, not only Torah and I am into literature. So,\nthe importance was lost in synagogue, in Ahavath Achim ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Synagogue in Buckhead\nbecause I realized that for anybody inside that synagogue except me there is no\nphilosophical meaning to the religion. Everybody else was there for the sake of\nkeeping community, for the sense of belonging to that community, and for the\nsense of continuing tradition. For ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, it was the philosophical experience. So,\nI could not, I could not share my attitude towards religion with anybody in\nsynagogue and I, you know, metaphysics makes it really difficult for me to\nactually socialize with people. People who believe in miracles. I cannot talk to\nthem. I don't know how to talk to them. So, I can offer a lot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Jewish\ntradition because I came to the United States. Back in Donetsk, I was building\nup the, you know, I was the originator of the economic branch of the Jewish\ncenter so that, and they still survive. It's called Alef. Maybe next time\nsomehow, I tell you that story.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I can go back to your arrival in Atlanta, can you describe or can you\nremember that very first day how you felt?\n\nBAKMAN: Sandy, I will answer that question after I tell you the story of my mom\ngoing to synagogue.\n\nBERMAN: Oh, okay.\n\nBAKMAN: That is $1,000,000 story, so -.\n\nBERMAN: All right.\n\nBAKMAN: We go to synagogue in Sandy Springs. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't remember the name of the\nrabbi, but he was the close friend of the Myrtle Lewin's.\n\nBERMAN: Rabbi [Arnold] Goodman?\n\nBAKMAN: No, Goodman was in the Ahavath Achim.\n\nBERMAN: At AA, yeah, right.\n\nBAKMAN: That was a different synagogue. I don't remember. Somehow the rabbi had\nlearned that I brought my mom to synagogue and after the service he said,\n\"Please, everybody rise up and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"applaud to the lady who is 70 years old and she\nis first time in American synagogue.\" So, everybody clapping. Then rabbi asks my\nmom, \"When did you go to synagogue the previous time?\" So, I translate to my mom\ninto Russian, \"When did you go to synagogue?\" She said, \"The synagogue was in\nDonetsk was closed in 1932. That was last time.\" And I translated back into\nEnglish. And, you know, 60 years before, right? For 60 years, she was not able\nto attend ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue. So, Rabbi takes Torah, huge, very expensive Torah from the\ncabinet, and you know, Torah is taken out of the cabinet for the ceremonial\nreason and that's the high point of the service. He takes the Torah out of the\nenclosure and asks my mom to kiss the text. I translate, my mom kisses the text,\nand she leaves the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lipstick on the [Torah]. I go numb! I go, \"Oh! I will pay for\nthe cleaning!\" Rabbi said, \"No, you will not. This Torah should be proud of your\nmother's lipstick.\" Everybody applauds. Everybody is crying. So back to your question.\n\nBERMAN: Was that Rabbi [Philip N.] Kranz maybe at Temple ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sinai?\n\nBAKMAN: I would not remember. I was there only once. I know that rabbi refused\nto sell his house for the Olympics because they were making huge parking lot and\nhe put a lot of trees on his parcel, so he would not give up his trees. That's\nthe only, I don't remember his name. I remember his face very well. I can ask\nLois, I mean, Myrtle Lewin. We are still in touch.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay.\n\nBAKMAN: The question I refuse to -.\n\nBERMAN: Describe your first day in Atlanta. What was the very first thing you\nremember? What do you remember about that first day?\n\nBAKMAN: I found a thick newspaper, Creative Loafer, it's a free newspaper -\n\nBERMAN: Loafing.\n\nBAKMAN: Creative Loafing, at not my door, but the door of the manager of the\napartment complex. So, I went to the advertisement ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"section, and I found\nadvertisement of a free classical music concert. It was conductor Robert Show,\nfamous choir conductor from Atlanta. I had his records in my collection back in\nDonetsk. I immediately recognized the name. Somehow, I found a way to get there,\nchanging bus at least three times. It was way out of the way, anyway. I lived in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gwinnett, and it was in Buckhead somewhere. So, I got to that church, it was my\nfirst day in the United States. I came 10 P.M. the day before, but next morning,\nI went looking for that church with the free classical music concert. The\nconcert was great, was free, and church was full of people, but for some\ncoincidence, next to me there were sitting two graduate students ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Emory\nUniversity, you know, they're both Jewish, both medical students. Orenstein,\ntheir name and, where I'm from, which is Europe, it is conventional in the\nclassical music concert to meet everybody around you and discuss what you hear,\nof course, between the, you know, in the lobby. But the people who go to\nclassical music concerts are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sociable in Europe, unlike the United States. These\npeople, I forced those people to meet me just because they are sitting next to\nme. So, Susan, I believe her name was Orenstein, looks at me and she goes, she\nhears my accent and I answer, \"Yes, I'm a Jew from Ukraine.\" And she said, \"Are\nyou Jewish? You don't look Jewish!\" The word Jewish struck my ear. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was like\nsomething I never expected to be called. I didn't understand. I know what the\nJew means. I kind of feel that it is adjective to the Jew, I mean, Jewish person\nof Jewish origin or Jewish affiliation. Jewish persuasion, as Jack Nicholson\nputs it, in the Chinatown movie. I love it. Jewish. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that was the most\nsignificant meeting in my whole life, because before meeting Raffi Orenstein,\nthe sport doctor, the graduate student from Emory, I was limping. You asked me\nabout my coal miner's problem. I was limping on both knees. We have bursitis\nbecause we were working on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knees, and I could not walk at some point. I was\nsupposed to ride wheelchair for the rest of my life. Instead, I bought the\nbicycle, and I would ride the bicycle to work and that was to fix my knees. So,\nI came to the States, I was limping, but I was already walking. I would refuse\nto go with the stick. Sometimes when it goes really bad, I would have to walk\nwith a stick. Raffi Orenstein introduced me to ibuprofen. You were born with it.\nYou don't know how important it is. So, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before my running or jogging workout, I\nwould take two pills of ibuprofen, and I was able to run for 10 minutes, and\nthen for 15 minutes, and then eventually a half marathon in high altitude. That\nwas the consequence of my first day attendance of the classical music concert.\n\nBERMAN: That's a great story.\n\nBAKMAN: Huge, huge importance!\n\nBERMAN: I know we're going to be having to end ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soon. I just want to ask, how did\nyou, why did you leave Atlanta and go out to Colorado?\n\nBAKMAN: I got a job in Lockheed Martin Space Systems. I got better job offers in\nAtlanta because I got citizenship, United States citizenship in August 1995. At\nthe same time, in May 1995, I got my master's degree from Georgia Tech. So, I\ngot massive flow, influx of job offers because I filed my resume on the job\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fair, but I think it was the website already. Somebody called me from Denver\n[Colorado] and they said, \"We need an engineer who speaks English, who speaks\nRussian,\" I'm sorry. I told them, \"I do not wish to be an interpreter. I put a\nlot of effort to become an American engineer.\" And they say, \"Okay, we're going\nto love American engineer with Georgia Tech degree. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still want you.\" So, I\ncame to Denver for the job interview, and during the that interview, I've heard\nthe names like, I mean, expressions like space flight hardware, or Jupiter\norbiter, Saturn orbiter, Mars orbiter. By the way, there is a piece of hardware\nthat I developed almost entirely ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"structure wise, structures, mechanisms. Mars\nReconnaissance Orbiter is working for 16 years on the orbit of Mars. All\npictures coming from Mars are coming through that spacecraft for 16 years. I\ndon't say I was one of 14 engineers developing it, but my responsibility was\nstructural analysis, which is, I believe, most important. So that's why I went\nto Colorado. And then I, you know, I saw these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beautiful mountains. I've become\nmountain climber and I've climbed every single knob in four states. I mean, I\nlove Atlanta, but Colorado. And by the way, my breathing is permanently\nobstructed by the dust. It's not the coal dust, it's the rock dust, which is\nmuch finer, and it doesn't go anywhere. It's a silica dust, so eventually it\nwill kill me, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in the meantime, I can really breathe only in high altitude\nbecause it's very dry here. There are multiple answers.\n\nBERMAN: Yes, multiple answers. I have so many more questions. Cassandra, I want\nto know how we're doing on time. Cassandra?\n\nHANKIN: We are close, but we can reschedule for later today or another day if\nyou guys want. This one's almost -\n\nBERMAN: Why don't we finish up here and you'll edit everything, and then we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can\nsee if we, and you can think about it, Aleks, and I can think about it, and we\ncan maybe do another half hour now or later on next, I'm going to be out of town\nnext week, but the week after, if that's amenable to you.\n\nBAKMAN: I want to, the answer is yes, sure. Whatever your schedule, I will go\nfor it. Any time, any number of times. I want to, if we are still on the record,\nI want to make one statement in response to a question about difficulty to learn\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English. So wonderful interpreters that serve Soviet government have done most\ndamage to the international relations when they translated from the English.\nBecause the expression \"the position of power\" can be translated into Russian\ntwo ways. Either ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"powerful position, or dominance position. And, of course, the\nSoviet interpreter would only take the worst case, dominant position. This was\nexpression used by Eisenhower. Ever since that point, the Soviet and now Russian\npropaganda is using that misinterpretation as the basis for the entire buildup\nof hatred towards ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America. But my answer, there is my answer. Now, people who\ncome to United States from the Russian speaking countries like Ukraine, Russia,\nand the rest of the Soviet Republics, they all have the same problem. They do\nnot really speak or think English. Almost entire set of people. My professor in\nGeorgia Tech who taught differential equations, mathematician, didn't speak a\nword of English outside the classroom when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he taught in English. This is\ndifficult to comprehend that you have to completely switch to the new culture,\nand that is where the language is. Not the other way around. You don't, you\ncannot learn language without learning or belonging to the country or to the\nculture, you see?\n\nBERMAN: Okay. Well, on that note, I think we need to conclude because we're\nrunning out of time. We'll get back to you week after next. Figure ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out another\ntime and maybe do another.\n\nBAKMAN: Whatever. Yes, I am always.\n\nBERMAN: I'm so appreciate.\n\nBAKMAN: The answer is yes, whatever your question is.\n\nBERMAN: Was, this was a great interview and I love the stories. Think of some\nmore. I love that story about your mother with the Torah. That's, I think that's\nmy favorite. So, think of a few more. I want to ask you more, the next time we\nmeet, more about those early years in Atlanta, about working with Lois, with the\nFrank family, and all of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that.\n\nBAKMAN: Sandy, listen, if you're not in a terrible hurry, let me spend one\nminute telling you something about Lois -\n\nBERMAN: Think it's going to cut off Aleks. I think it's going to -\n\nBAKMAN: Why not they cut it, whatever, whatever. But you have to hear this. Lois\nhas four sons. The second son, Aaron, at the time was an Emory Law School\nstudent. I am in Atlanta for a couple of months, and the Franks invited me for\nthe first seder of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pesach to their house. This is when I met the four guys.\nAdam, Aaron, Joshua, and Isaac. So, Aaron, I don't know if I'm pronouncing,\nAaron, the second son of Lois, asks me the first, I mean, it's my first meeting\nwith the real American intellectual. I'm sorry everybody is intellectual, but\nthis guy was studying the law, right? And he was, he asked me the first\nquestion, \"How possible is extremism in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the United States from your point of\nview? You just entered the country. What is your first impression?\" You have to\nhear this. And I said, \"Extremism is based off ignorance. I've heard on the\nradio so many times that schools are rated by the number of children that\ngraduated the school. Quality of education doesn't even matter. This is a source\nof extremism.\" I did not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think at the time that Americans will storm capital in\nWashington, D.C., but I think it was really important first impression of a\nperson who barely spoken any English.\n\nBERMAN: Okay, then. Thank you. Have a nice day.\n\nBAKMAN: Thank you Sandy. Until next time.\n\nBERMAN: Have a nice day in the Rocky Mountains. I appreciate it.\n\nBAKMAN: Every day is a holiday here.\n\nBERMAN: We'll get back to you. Okay. Thanks, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aleks.\n\nBAKMAN: Thank you Cassandra, too. Bye-bye.\n\nBERMAN: Bye.\n\nBERMAN: Today is May 9th, 2022, and I am here again with Aleks Bakman, who is\nparticipating in the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project of the\nWilliam Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. This is the third and final interview.\nToday, I would like to really just spend a little bit of time or the remaining\ntime on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life in Atlanta, because that's the purpose of our oral history project,\nto talk about life in Atlanta with newly, with immigrants who came from\ndifferent parts of the world. So, my questions are all going to be about what it\nwas like, your experiences when you first came to Atlanta, how you, how involved\nyou got, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your relationship with the Atlanta Jewish Federation, Jewish Family\nServices. But I'd like to begin with just tell me how difficult it was to leave\nyour family and your friends when you immigrated.\n\nBAKMAN: Was not difficult at all because my wife was very lonesome. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was\nmarried, but the marriage didn't work out because I always worked. And if I\ndidn't work, I would sleep. And if I sleep on the phone rings, I have to pick it\nup because there are some emergency in the coal mine and I have to help with\nthat. So, my wife was always facing my mother. They both are awesome ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women, but\nit takes time to eliminate all the roughness in the relationships and while they\nwere working on those roughnesses I was really worried for each one of them. And\nthe marriage just, unfortunately, I was not wise enough to help my mom and my\nwife. So, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could not escape. I couldn't eliminate my mother, so I eliminated my\nwife and I still feel guilty. I did let her know that I feel guilty. The most\ndifficult was the notion, the actual the absence of the notion of what to do\nnext. Because the war is looming, the war that is going on right now in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Donbas,\nI expected to break out in 1989 when the first coal miners' strike happened.\nEven though I already quit the coal mine and I was preparing my immigration\npapers and I was helping Jewish families go to Israel, I was trying to figure\nout ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what would I do even if I was halfway to America already? I didn't know if\nGeorge Bush the First would accept me. It was absolutely zero information. I\nhave no source that I would learn from what to do after I step the border. But\nbeing a coal miner for 12 years, I just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't care much about the unknown. But\nmy heart was still in my homeland, my hometown, and with my coal mining\nbrothers. So, I want to stress that this is the most pressing issue for me, and\nI suspect it should be for any Jew. Because my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stories from the previous two\ninterviews are supposed to tell the listener that the goyim are after us, that\nthey are destroying us. It's true. In the Soviet Union and in the Nazi Germany,\nthe Jews didn't feel home very safely. But even though it is necessary to expect\nthe assault ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and fight against the persecution and fight for these, our own soul\nand our own lives, our own ability to maintain human feelings, we also need some\npositive landmarks. How do we project what do we live ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for? What are we\nstruggling for? What we're struggling against is quite obvious. The anti-Semites\nmade it clear. But we have to invent ourselves or reinvent ourselves all the\ntime. And not be so sure about the quality of our past. You have to be critical.\nSo, I'm going to tell the story that is not necessarily Jewish, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think\nbeing a Jew, I feel the most important thing is to know what you're after. The\nstory is about the first Democratic election in my hometown. That is the answer\nto the question \"What was the most difficult part of leaving?\" My friend, who\nwas a very prominent coal miner, he was the foreman of the rotating crew. The\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"toughest of the tough, the most intelligent, the most decent people I have ever\nmet who could do a very decent job in unimaginable difficulties. So, this guy\ndecided that he, if he wants, if he can make tunnels, he can also be an elected\nofficial. So, he offers his candidacy to the mayor of the position of the mayor\nof Donetsk, the first elected mayor of Donetsk. And ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he asked me, because I am\neducated, and he was not educated. He asked me what he should tell his voters.\nAnd I told him, \"Listen, you and I have been together for years and we know darn\nsure we can do anything. We just want that the government does not interfere\nwith us. We can feed anybody. We can create an enterprise. We can produce any\nproduct.\" It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1989 or 87, Gorbachev said, \"There's going to be freedom.\"\nWe're going to be free to start enterprises and create products and jobs and\ncreate basic capitalism. So, I told him, \"Just let us work and keep some of what\nwe have earned. Make sure that bank doesn't disappear, that money doesn't\ndevalue.\" And his response just struck me. He said, \"If I start telling people\nthat they have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to work, they will never elect me. I will have to promise them\nraises of salaries and reduction of prices.\" They did not elect him anyway. But\nI think that basic decency still has a lot of margin for expansion. We have to\nadhere to the notion, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we meaning all people, especially the Jews, because we are\nthe center of attention somehow for thousands of years. So basic decency means\nthat we make sure that the political and economic system provides everybody with\nthe chance, not equal chance, equality doesn't exist in the nature. Jews are\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never offered any equality in any circumstances, much less in the United States.\nCompetition actually is about inequality. So, we have to be sure that everybody\nhas a chance to earn success. That's my definition of decency. And when I, heard\nthe answer of my friend, I started thinking about definition ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of decency. It was\n1987, well, more than 30 years ago, and I'm still thinking about it. I think\nthat's the core issue. Wherever you go, that's the basis, you have to define and\nredefine your own decency, decency of your environment, your country, your\nnation, and how you place yourself to be most efficient and useful. I figured I\ncould not be useful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in an environment where everybody wants the raise of pay\nsalary and reduction of prices. So, I left was really easy. Hard, no problem.\n\nBERMAN: Can you describe some of the obstacles you faced culturally with the\nlanguage when you first got to Atlanta?\n\nBAKMAN: The difficulty ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was cultural. Language is part of the culture if we're\nthinking always in the categories of the culture that we are accustomed to. So,\nand by the way, a very good answer to your question how I was involved in Jewish\ncommunity ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life, Shirley Brickman brought me to the big meeting in big hotel,\nHyatt Ravinia Hotel in Sandy Springs in Atlanta. It was the pledge drive. And my\nstory was supposed to be a guy from Auschwitz telling the Jews how bad the goyim\nare, so we have to collect money. And ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I did help. The next week we had actually\nsitting on the phones, calling around, collecting pledges, and we collected $2\nmillion in one day in pledges, and I was part of it. I was very active, not\nefficient, but unfortunately, we had to start from zero back in the Donetsk when\nwe originated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Jewish Community Center, which doesn't, which still exists,\nand now Jewish Community Center is having imminent occupied Donetsk as occupied\nby the Russian Nazi government. Donetsk Jewish community has Jewish education,\nreligious education, secular history, and most of the attendees are not Jewish.\nI mean, almost everybody is. I think there was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one Jew in that, I'm sorry, I\ndon't like the word Jewish. It's like blackish or whiteish. I like the word that\nis all the way defining who the person is. I don't think Jewish or Jew actually\nis a complete definition of the person. It's a quality of dialog. If a person is\ncapable of maintaining sensible dialog, I don't care if it's Jewish or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"goyim. I\njust enjoy or don't. Oh, by the way, I asked Myrtle Lewin to remind the name of\nthe synagogue and rabbi where my mom was kissing Torah. The synagogue was\nCongregation B'nai Torah, and the rabbi was Juda Mintz.\n\nBERMAN: Okay.\n\nBAKMAN: Awesome ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guy. Actually, looking back, I was not smart enough, I was\nworking all the time. I had to, I had to work. I was a welder in the Niagara\nNational Corporation, and also, I was preparing for the English as second, oh,\nby the way, this is the right answer. How do you jump over the language barrier?\nFirst thing you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have to really understand, that language is part of culture. You\ncan't learn words and grammar and start speaking English. You have to understand\nthe notions, you have to understand some history. You have to listen to the\nradio and read newspapers. It is not the language only. It's not just what you\nhear. It's what you think and how ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you think. How you compose your thoughts and\nhow you use your brain, and that is culture, I think. I probably was in a big\nadvantage because wherever I go, I find the symphony hall first. And I told you\nbefore I found a free concert in church in Buckhead was the Robert Shaw concert.\nAnd I met ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some people there besides the Jewish couple of Raffi and Susan\nOrenstein. I met Puppetry Art Theater artist from New York who was on the tour\nin Atlanta, Puppetry Arts Theater. So, the same evening, I was watching his\nperformance in downtown Atlanta, and then we went out to the restaurant with the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole crew of the Puppetry Art Theater. I remember the leading of that,\neverybody was Jewish for some reason, and they were only like two or three\npersons anyway. We were sitting in the restaurant and the waitress was, you\nknow, a local girl from Atlanta. She came running to our table and she asked the\nguy I just met, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Are you Paul Simon?\" You see, I translated the lyrics of Paul\nSimon's and Art Garfunkel's songs probably first time 20 years before that\nevent. The event was 1990 and I started my translation efforts with the\ndictionary in the seventies when I was in high school and then in engineering\nschool. So, I immediately connected to all these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people around me because\nobviously the waitress was the representative of very core community of the city\nof Atlanta and it's Deep South, in my opinion, and in the deep South, they still\nknow the Yankee songwriter and the fact that he's Jewish and he looks Jewish and\nhe talks Jewish, all his thoughts are Jewish. Paul Simon was Jewish to me even\nbefore I knew he was Jewish. I recognized the philosophy in his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"texts, and this\nyoung lady who doesn't have any relation to Judaism in any kind, she's just\ntypical shicksa. She is so enthusiastic about Paul Simon. I was at home right\naway with my first evening in Atlanta. I think it's a great story.\n\nBERMAN: It is a great story. That's amazing. I love it. That's wonderful. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How\ndid, so how old were, what made you decide to go to Georgia Tech, and how old\nwere you when you went back or went to Tech?\n\nBAKMAN: There was a wonderful lady, Miriam Karp, the daughter of Herb Karp, and\nI forgot the name of her mother. I met her parents before I met ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Miriam. Lois\nFrank introduced me. The story is very funny. Lois said, \"Jewish girls are in\ngreater number here than the Jewish eligible men and you are eligible. So, what\nkind of girl do you want?\" I said, \"You're kidding. I have no job. I don't speak\nEnglish.\" And Lois says, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"What kind of addictions do you have? What do you\nlike?\" I said, \"I like music.\" \"What kind of music?\" I said, \"Classical music\nfirst and The Beatles. I don't know what's coming, what's more important? The\nBeatles or . . .\" and she found Miriam Karp, who understood my English\ncompletely, because all my English was within the framework of the Beatles\nsongs. Miriam knew which song I quoted when. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, Miriam immediately understood.\nOh, yeah, the way I met them. Lois passed to me the invitation from Herb, from\nHerbert Karp, Professor Herbert Karp, Gerontologist from Emory Medical School.\nHe invited me to attend a concert in Ahavath Achim Synagogue. It was a classical\nmusic concert, and it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9000.0,9030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a string quartet. The first violin was Miriam's older\nbrother. Forgot his name, but we're friends on Facebook, it's just my old brain\n. . . doesn't matter. So, I met parents, I met the brother and then Miriam came\nlater. Miriam, from the very beginning told me that I am no welder, I'm not a\ncoal miner, I have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Ph.D. written on my forehead, and she dialed the number of\na great man. His name is Dr. Ben Zinn, he's Israeli, and he was department chair\nor something like that, but he also was the chairman of the American Society of\nAerospace Engineers at the time. He was professor in aerospace school, school of\naerospace engineering in Georgia Tech. I spoke ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with him two weeks after I\narrived in the United States. So, conversation was very short. He asked me,\n\"What did you do before?\" I said, \"I was mining coal.\" And he said, \"I don't\nmine coal here.\" End of conversation. Three years after that conversation, Dr.\nBen Zinn was knocking on my door, my door was locked because I was in there\nworking in the Georgia Tech laboratory on the competition ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sensitive projects,\nthe clients that pay for the research and I conducted the research, and client\nwas the American corporation or something. Dr. Ben Zinn asked me to be his Ph.D.\nstudent because I performed really well on my master's program. And he was not\nthe only one. But Miriam was more delicate than Myrtle Lewin because Myrtle kept\nrepeating that I have to go to school. The trouble was I had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get my mom out\nof Ukraine first. And I have to work as a welder longer because I needed money\nto provide for my mom A, and also, I needed to have some money in the bank\nbefore they let me bring my mom. So, Lois and Larry Frank gave me a bonus\nbecause I was employed with their company, and I used that bonus to buy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my mom a\nticket from Moscow to Atlanta. But before that, it was a very grueling one year\nwhen I was constantly on the phone with the Russian embassy in Washington, with\nall sorts of offices in Moscow and Donetsk and direct telephone connection did\nnot exist. I had to, it was really, really, really laborious procedure to do all\nthe paperwork and of course, the time difference and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"8 hours. Lois saw it all\nand she, when my mom finally came to her house for the first seder of my mom's\nfirst Passover seder, as I thought, Lois said, \"I wish my four sons would do\nsomething like what Aleks did for her, for his mom.\" But it took me a year and a\nhalf to get her out. So, when we brought my mom to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9210.0,9240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lois, Lois raised the glass\nof wine for my mom and her first Passover seder in life, and that translated to\nmy mom. And my mom said, \"No, this is not the first seder. We would go for the\nsecret seders every year until my father's death. But we wouldn't tell the\nkids.\" I told you something like that before. But, you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know, it's, now Myrtle\nLewin reminded me that it actually happened in Lois' house, this exchange. So,\nGeorgia Tech was written on my forehead. I just didn't know how to read that\nlanguage yet.\n\nBERMAN: Did the Jewish community help you pay for Georgia Tech? Were you on\nscholarship? How did you . . .?\n\nBAKMAN: It's another wonderful Jewish story. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I work as a welder and I smell the\nsmoke, and I don't have any other opportunity to visit Georgia Tech offices in\norder to somehow figure out how to get into school. So, I scheduled appointment\nwith the director of Georgia Tech Graduate, Georgia Tech School of Mechanical\nEngineering ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9300.0,9330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Graduate Education, Dr. William Wepfer. Now the word graduate is\nsounding very similar to the word gradual. It has different meaning. Gradual is\nslow and graduate is something else, but I didn't know what the graduate means.\nI had an album of the British jazz musician Bill Bruford album name ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gradually\nGoing Tornado. So, I figured graduate is probably similar and it's a school for\nthe slow people and that's me because I don't speak English. So, I schedule\nappointment with the school for the retarded people, and I'm sitting in front of\na director who graduate education and he says, \"You have five minutes. Sell\nyourself. Don't be bashful.\" And I said, \"Well, I was a Jewish guy. I won the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mathematics and physics Olympics. I went to Academy of Science. I had a degree\nin math and physics before my age of 17, and I could not get any further in my\neducation. I had to work in the coal mine.\" And he says, \"I am a German, and you\nare a Jew. I feel obliged to help a Jew because I am a German. If you find a job\nin my school, I will admit you without exams.\" I didn't know what it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"means. What\nit means, find a job. Find a job. But it didn't have more than 5 minutes, he's a\nbusy guy. So, I figured, I will figure what it means when I start. I knock on\nthe next door, and it was the door of the wonderful late world class scientist\nDr. Salant from Harvard University, who was teaching hydrodynamics. We have\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"become the best friends later. We would attend Mahler's symphonies together at\nsymphony halls across Peachtree in downtown Atlanta from Georgia Tech. So, Dr.\nSalant had the same language, \"What did you do before?\" I gave the same answer.\nHe said, \"Thank you very much.\" And then two months later, after I knocked on\nmany, many, many, many doors, Dr. Salant, I didn't, I still didn't know what it\nmeans, what I'm looking for, what kind of job, what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm offering. So, Dr. Salant\nsaid, \"There's a guy who might use you in his lab.\" I came for the appointment\nwith the guy. His name was Dr. Scott Bair. He was my thesis advisor later, but\nfirst conversation was like this. He says, \"Okay, what do you know how to do?\" I\nstarted with my coal mine, my latest welding job. \"In Niagara National I was\nwelding, I was programing, I was wiring. I was doing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just everything to make\nthose washing robots that Larry was producing,\" Larry Frank that is. And I saw\nthat there is no reaction. I thought it was really cool, but Georgia Tech\nprofessor, he doesn't care. No, I went back backwards in my resume. I started\ntalking about coal mining. \"I was fixing this kind of machinery, that kind of\nmachinery, that technology, this technology,\" didn't impress him. I told him\nthat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I graduated with the degree in mathematics and physics. No use. And then I\nremember that when I was in fifth grade, I started making aircraft models. So, I\ntold him just because I didn't have anything to say, he jumped. He said, \"Are\nyou telling me that you are a Soviet aircraft modeler?\" I said, \"That's what I'm\ntelling you.\" And he gives me a question that I would never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"answer if I wasn't a\nJew. I'm kidding. He says, \"What kind of motors did you put on your aircraft\nmodels?\" At the time I was 36 or 37, and when I last time touched that motor, I\nwas 12, and somehow, I remember the brand of the motor, the design, the origin,\neverything. He says, \"Tell me, how did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9570.0,9600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you do this?\" I mean, Soviet Union before\nwe didn't have any materials. I said, \"We would go to the junkyard and pick some\nparts. Resort them, make blanks and you know, newspapers went into skin and\nbeing a skin of the wings and we won the competition. And, you know, Russians\nare still champions of the world.\" And Scott says, \"You're admitted.\" I didn't\nunderstand what it means. Admitted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9600.0,9630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where? I went back to work and next day in\nthe morning I'm receiving a FedEx thick package and it says, \"You are offered a\nposition at a graduate school research assistantship $18,000 a year, and one\nthird of the week occupation. The tuition is waived. Your only obligation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9630.0,9660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is you\nwill have to buy your books.\" This is as far as I understood. So, I picked the\nphone, immediately, dialed Scott, and I said, \"Listen, I'm making $21,000 as a\nwelder and I have my mom. I have to pay her medical bills. Can you please match\n$21,000?\" And he says, \"I have a feeling that you don't know what it means in\nRussian 'graduate school.' It's A and B, you don't have to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9660.0,9690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work 40 hours a\nweek,\" and I was working more than 40 hours weeks. \"You can work one third of\nthe week, not every week, and if you don't show for three months, I am not going\nto call police. Just look up in the dictionary. Ask somebody who knows what it\nis being offered a position in Georgia Tech graduate school.\" So, I went home,\nand Myrtle had a daughter visiting and her daughter was a graduate student from\nHarvard Business School. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And she looked at that offer, and she says, \"Georgia\nTech is like Harvard, but for the engineers.\" I still don't understand. So, I\nopen the dictionary up the word graduate and I finally understand what it means\nand why I got, how did I, how on earth did I manage? Myrtle said, \"They accepted\nyou because you are a man, they would never do it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a girl.\" I'm sorry. This\nis what Myrtle said. I have a photographic memory and I totally agree with her.\nWomen are disadvantaged, but in our class, there were more than half women\nbecause tribology, the name of the science I was doing, is very tough and\ndoesn't pay. There's only one tribologist in a huge corporation like General\nDynamics or General Motors, there's only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9750.0,9780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one. There are no jobs. So, there are\nladies and I agree with Myrtle, I'm on the side of women, of course. But anyway,\nthis is how I got, and I don't know, I didn't know at the time that in American\nengineering schools, there is a severe shortage of eligible candidates. If we\nhave time, I will expand on that. Yeah, go ahead.\n\nBERMAN: No, no. I think that's the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most amazing story with gradual graduate. I\nmean, it's wonderful. It's a wonderful, wonderful memory, and I just love how\nthat all came together. So, you worked in a lab, the lab, and then you started\nyour classes. Were you working part time to make a little bit more money to\nsupport your mother or . . .?\n\nBAKMAN: That came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9810.0,9840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later. My mom, when I started working in the lab, they didn't\npay me, they didn't start paying me right away because I had to wait for the\nbeginning of the semester. So, for a few months, I think it was four months, I\nwas still working as a welder in Niagara National daytime, and then my evening I\nwould come to the laboratory. Georgia Tech is a conservative place. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9840.0,9870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't,\nthey don't help you much. They just, you know, they assume that you are tough,\nyou'll survive. My supervisor showed me his lab equipment and he said, \"This is\nlab equipment. Start your research.\" Research of what? In six months, I\npublished, I finished the research that they were conducting for 12 years.\nEverybody got bonus and I got first and the only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9870.0,9900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"raise of graduate compensation\nin the history of Georgia Tech. That's what Dr. Wepfer told me. He had become a\ndepartment chair later. He's retired now. I finished my first graduate project\nin six months, and I did not even start writing English sufficiently to start my\nthesis. Scott said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9900.0,9930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"While you're learning English, why don't you start another\nproject from me?\" So, I started and finished two projects, and while I was doing\nthe second project, actually, I finished the second project. It was originally\ninvented by both of us, equipment for testing lubricants that go into motor oil.\nThe significance of that work is such ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9930.0,9960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that entire park of automobiles on Earth\nis using motor oil, and many companies are making the oil. That oil is 98\npercent based, it got either natural, the leftovers of the oil industry from\npetrol oil, but variation is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9960.0,9990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synthetic polymer, but the 2 percent of additives\nmake the car run in the very cold and very hot weather. The reason why the\nAmerican's cars and after American, Japanese and the European can start, can be\nstarted in the Antarctic and Arctic is because of that 2 percent of additive.\nSo, testing those additives is crucial for the entire life on Earth, and it is\ndone according to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9990.0,10020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"technology that I have almost patented. Patent was filed,\nI only have to sign it. But 50 percent is Georgia Tech professor of Georgia\nScott Bair, and he refused to sign it. So, we didn't get the patent, but the\nmachine still works. The reason why he didn't sign it, he said, \"There's no\ncompetition. We don't need a patent.\" And so, I didn't have the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10020.0,10050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patent, but I do\nhave invention, and that's why my master's thesis is still being downloaded\nthirty years after I wrote it. It is Georgia Tech Library database. You can\ncheck it. I have it as a link on my website. So, what was the question? I forgot.\n\nBERMAN: I think you answered it. I just, I wanted to talk a little bit more, so\ndid your mom, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was she lonely when she got here? Did she . . . was she able to .\n. .?\n\nBAKMAN: That is the biggest problem of all. I'm really sorry. So, as soon as she\ngot here and that ordeal of getting her over was over, I concentrated on English\nand getting to school. So, I was working and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10080.0,10110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studying. My mom was\nextraordinarily social person. We found her a South African lady, Myrtle Lewin\nis South African and her friends. Myrtle Lewin was a professor of mathematics in\nAgnes Scott College, but she had friends from all over, and that lady somehow\nrelated to math professor Emory. She would drive across, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10110.0,10140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she lived in I think\nit's Cambridge, Georgia. It's a suburb, the other end. She would drive like 20\nmiles to teach my mom English. But my mom instead tried to try to teach that\nlady how to speak Russian. My mom didn't understand the significance. You see, I\ntold her, I told you before that she lost some faculties. It's not like she was\nmad or crazy. She did not, she would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10140.0,10170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not, she was not capable understanding how\npeople do not admire the Russian language. How do you call it? So, and my mom is\nlike a tank. You cannot argue with a tank. She's going to go straight line no\nmatter what happens. So, if nobody wants to learn Russian, she's out of here.\nShe didn't want to, I tried to explain to her that she will never be given\npermission to stay in the United States green card ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10170.0,10200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if she doesn't speak some\nEnglish, if she can't orient herself in the grocery store and some social\ndialog. She didn't care about that. She was the center of the universe. When she\narrived in Atlanta airport, the Customs spent 3 hours searching her because she\ncame in the mint mink coat in hot Atlanta. It was November, but she was in the\ncoat, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10200.0,10230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like a real thick coat. It will her favorite piece of clothing. She could\nnot leave it behind. And I was not capable to persuade her that there are places\non Earth where there is no winter. The flowers are different than the winter in\nAtlanta. She wouldn't believe it. So, she came in a coat, and they searched her\nfor 3 hours. But when she came on the empty terminal of the Atlanta airport, she\nlooked like she owns not only the airport, but the whole city. Forget ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10230.0,10260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ted\nTurner, my mom was the main man. When she actually bumped into reality that\nshe's not the main man, nobody's going to learn Russian, and I'm always\ninvisible. I'm always somewhere. I still found time to introduce her to a lot of\nRussian families I didn't care to meet, but those were intelligent people who\nare associated with Centers for Disease ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10260.0,10290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Control, the Russian physiologist, and\nthey had large Russian libraries, and my mom read them. She stayed with us\nalmost, about a year and she read many libraries in that time. She is a profound\nreader and she read everything she could find in the Russian language, and then\nshe was really bored. And she started getting sick, visibly. My mom's skin is\nlike, in Russia ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10290.0,10320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would call it blood with milk, just very like blindingly white\nskin person with rosy, very healthy hue of her cheeks. But when she gets upset,\nshe becomes dark skinned like northern African. In Donetsk I saw her dark face\ntwice, when I was leaving her behind, I was leaving on the plane to go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10320.0,10350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moscow\nand then to Vienna, and when I quit coal mining. Not when I started coal mine,\nbut when I quit coal mine. She was concerned that we will have no income. So,\nbut in Atlanta she was dark all the time. In the, you know, after the first\nexcitement was gone, she had nobody to talk to, and she didn't see me. She\nwanted me in front of her eyes all the time. That's what I call loss of\nfaculties. She couldn't understand why I'm not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10350.0,10380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. She had a sister in\nIsrael, and my brother lives in Israel. So, she, her sister persuaded, I tried\nto keep her in America because I love my mom. It was my, I don't know, I need to\nexplain about this. This is really Jewish story. At the age of 30 I had a verbal\nfight in the coal mine. Somebody made an anti-Semitic joke, and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10380.0,10410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a man with\nauthority, and even if I wasn't, I couldn't let it go. I just responded to the\nguy, and it was within the framework. I did not mean to be mean, but I had to be\ndecisive. And I discovered so much hatred in my heart that I was really\nconcerned how to live after that because I didn't have anything, any feeling\nother than hatred. Everybody around me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10410.0,10440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was responsible, but I blamed myself. I\nstarted thinking, how do I get out of this miserable state of hatred over hating\nmyself, hating the world, hating the life? And I figured that I need some love\nin my heart. The book called Johann Sebastian Bach by Austrian musician and\nphysiologist Albert Schweitzer, Nobel Prize ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10440.0,10470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laureate. The book, The Life of\nJohann Sebastian Bach help me to understand that I'm not the only one suffering.\nBach had 21 children and only nine survived, so he had a funeral every year. But\nhe kept on composing wonderful music, and he left huge heritage for the whole\nmankind. He was a motivation. That was first step. Then I started to look\naround, \"Who can I love?\" And natural ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10470.0,10500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"choice was my mother. It was, she's that\ndifficult character, you know, she was a frontline fighter, the military surgeon\nfor three and a half years in the frontline. I don't think that too many people\ncan sustain three and a half years in the frontline without rotation, and she\ndid. And I just figure out how to start loving my mom. And after I figured that,\nI could not figure it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10500.0,10530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, when she decided to go to Israel, I was heartbroken,\nbroken hearted. It was her sister who persuaded her. My mom was lonesome, all\nright, but, you know, I was trying to take care of her. So, that was huge, huge\nnegative events. But I kept supporting her. She lived to be 86 in Israel.\n\nBERMAN: In Israel. So, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10530.0,10560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a question about you and becoming a U.S. citizen. How\nlong did it take you before you became a citizen? How did it feel when that\nactually happened?\n\nBAKMAN: Excited. I finally had home. My trip, my journey ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10560.0,10590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the country that I\ncan call my home started not when I left my home country, not when I left\nUkraine, it was in Italy. I was tossed in Italy. I mean, I just came there.\nJewish agencies were giving us something like $80 a week to sustain, but they\nwould not, you know, be our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10590.0,10620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"psychiatrist or psychologist. They wouldn't listen\nto our stories. They had 50,000 of refugees to take care of. And there were too\nmany of us, the Soviet Jews in Italy. There was no place to spend the night, and\nI already was on my way to the beach. It was 10:00 pm and I was actually going\nto the beach to spend the night and was in November 1989. I met ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10620.0,10650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a couple of\nRussian refugees like myself, and they offered me a place on the floor in a room\nthat they rented from the Italian home in the Italian house. We have to walk\nacross the huge empty field. It was starry night, no moon, a lot of stars, no\nlights, clear road. This young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10650.0,10680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couple with the nursing baby on their hands and\nthe suitcases in their hands. And I have nothing. I was empty handed. I came\nwithout luggage. We just were going into nowhere. They never been there. They\ngot us the direction from the Italian guy who rented them a room, but who, but\nthey didn't know where, what, I mean, we could have been lost completely. And\nthat's what we assume. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10680.0,10710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We just kept walking until we find somebody to ask a\nquestion. So, we walk in the empty Italian field under the stars. And I have no\npapers, no money, no identification. Nobody is waiting for me anywhere. My mom\nprobably had buried me in her mind. When she gets dark face, it means she cut me\noff. All right. I have no connection with anything or anybody anywhere. No\ncountry, no people, no brothers, nothing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10710.0,10740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emptiness. I felt free. That's what\nfreedom was like for me. First sip of freedom, and then six years later, in\nAugust 1995, I'm getting a letter from personally Bill Clinton signed, \"Now\nyou're a citizen of this country. Congratulations.\" I took advantage. At the\ntime, I had two side jobs. One was developing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10740.0,10770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surgical technology and was that\njob brought me to the operation room with Perry Brickman. I was assisting Perry\nBrickman in the facial surgery. Coincidentally, my mom was facial surgeon at\nwar, and my second job I was doing statistical modeling and analysis for the\nSleep Disorders, Georgia Sleep Disorder Center. That Georgia Sleep ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10770.0,10800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Disorders\nCenter sent me to the International Congress Convention of the Sleep Disorder\nScholars in Bahamas. Coincidently, my citizenship, reception of my citizenship\nand my first passport coincided with the convention. So, I went to the Bahamas\non the first day of my citizenship. It was pretty cool. And not only could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10800.0,10830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\ntravel outside the United States, most importantly, I could get back.\n\nBERMAN: That's wonderful. So, I just, I guess I just have one final question\nbefore we wrap this up. Why did you leave Atlanta?\n\nBAKMAN: Mm hmm.\n\nBERMAN: We'd like to get you back, no?\n\nBAKMAN: Oh, definitely. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10830.0,10860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You probably will if I fulfill my current dream. So,\nwhen I was three my father brought a toy airplane from Moscow, from his business\ntrip to Moscow. When I saw that airplane and when people like my parents and my\nbrother saw me look, three-year-old looking at the plane, they decided that I\nwant to be an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10860.0,10890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aerospace engineer. It was decided and I couldn't do anything with\nit. So, everything I had done after that, it was for the purpose of being\naerospace engineer. So, when I was at one of my jobs that I just mentioned, I\nhad an office in one of those startup companies in Atlanta, and I was the only\none engineer there, only one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10890.0,10920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"employee. I did the form that I put on my resume,\nand the resume was online on Georgia Tech website. So, the person from Denver\ndivision of Lockheed Martin Space Systems, at the time it was called Lockheed\nMartin Astronautics, he calls me and he says, \"This is Lockheed Martin\nAstronautics calling. Are you ready to get a job?\" And I was like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10920.0,10950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"numb. At the\ntime, I was already a citizen, and I had a bunch of offers from other American\ncorporations, but none of those corporations had the word astronautics in it.\nThen I came for the interview to Denver, and they started mentioning Jupiter,\nMars, Saturn. I took the offer with the least money, but it had astronautics in\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10950.0,10980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name.\n\nBERMAN: So how long have you been in Denver?\n\nBAKMAN: I came in October 1995. So, I'm still here.\n\nBERMAN: Wow. I didn't realize you'd been gone for so long.\n\nBAKMAN: But, I only worked in astronautics first ten years after graduate\nschool. From 1995 to 2005. In 2005, I got really seduced by the recruiter who\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10980.0,11010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking for an engineer to work with Sikorsky Aircraft, which is the, well,\nSikorsky is Ukrainian, was Ukrainian, Igor Ivanovitch Sikorsky. He was kicked\nout of the country by Bolsheviks in 1919. I studied the history because he is a\nRussian aviator, and it was clear to me that Sikorsky is not just helicopter\nguy, a helicopter ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11010.0,11040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guy, but he also significantly advanced aviation technology as\na whole. When Wright brothers were still flying circles on the plywood airplane\nin Dayton, Ohio, Sikorsky already built 93 strategic bombers in Russia.\nAmericans don't want to know that. That was 1913, and I knew that. So, when I\nheard the name Sikorsky, I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11040.0,11070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as quickly seduced with that name. Besides, it\nwas the time of Second Gulf War, 2005, scientific projects that I really\nadmired. I was a lead engineer on the projects called Hubble Telescope Robotic\nRepair Mission. If we fulfill that mission, the United States would be ahead of\nthe world, ahead of China, ahead of Europe, ahead of Japan, ever, ahead of the\nwhole world, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11070.0,11100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the robotics and what we call now artificial intelligence. And I\nwas a lead analysis guy on the project. It was incredible. But last moment,\nalmost last moment, the government decided to send astronauts to repair the\nHubble telescope. And they did a good job, very good job, but we don't have the\nrobotic technology the way we would have it in 2005. So, I was really\ndisappointed, and they laid people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11100.0,11130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off because of that, they closed that\nproject. And I felt really disappointed because those were excellent American\nengineers and they had to look for a job at a very advanced age. I volunteered\nto be laid off. They wouldn't let me go anyway, so I quit. I started my first\ncontract with Sikorsky in Connecticut, and then most of the time after that I\nwas, have been contracting with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11130.0,11160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boeing anywhere in Seattle [Washington], in Los\nAngeles [California], in Philadelphia [Pennsylvania], in Long Island, New York,\nLewisham [London, England], I mean, everywhere there's a Boeing office. My\nparticipation is structural analysis and I'm a contractor, I'm not holding on to\nthe job and they're not holding on, you know, I can quit any time. Pay is really\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11160.0,11190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good. I invested everything I've earned into the technology I'm trying to\ndevelop now. The first product is that wonderful turntable that you liked, but\nthat's only to prove that technology works. The actual goal is actually much\ncooler. In 1998, I got the decoration from NASA for participation in the orbital\ntesting of the new ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11190.0,11220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"technology for the Orbital Infrared Telescope astronomy. It\nwould make resolution of the telescope much greater than new invention. My part\nwas to analyze the test data and separate it from the noise. So, when I analyzed\nthe noise, I suggested improvements, and NASA gave money . . . hello?\n\nBERMAN: I'm here.\n\nBAKMAN: So, NASA ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11220.0,11250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give money for the continuation of my project. I basically,\nthere were multiple publications, and I got the decoration for the reduction of\nnoise, but now I'm developing technology for that, it's not telescope\ntechnology, it's a drive, the thing that drives telescope. You see, the\nspacecraft on the lowest orbit is moving at seven kilometers, seven, nine or 12\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11250.0,11280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kilometers per second. That means that telescope has to be pointed wherever the\nstar, the object is all the time. The drive was working 24 hours every day for\nmany, many years. That kind of stuff is, by the way, working on Mars\nReconnaissance Orbiter on orbit of Mars. I did not develop technology, I was\nusing it. That's the NASA technology standard, but it still needed to be\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11280.0,11310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"analyzed and put to work in that particular mission, and I'm responsible for\nthat. So now I'm technologing, I'm developing something that would be much less\nnoisy, meaning seeing further away, better resolution, just one number. At the\ntime, when I, on that project in 1998, the radius of visible university,\nuniverse, I'm sorry, was 13 billion light years. Today it is 44 billion light\nyears. I don't say I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11310.0,11340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"am responsible for that improvement, but I was involved in it.\n\nBERMAN: Well. Aleks, this has been a wonderful, I think we've done about 6 hours\nof or 5 hours of interviewing, and it's been a real pleasure. Is there anything\nthat I have missed that you would like to say before we conclude?\n\nBAKMAN: Yes, very much. From some of your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11340.0,11370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"questions and from my own experience\nwith the Jewish communities in Atlanta and Denver and other connections with the\nJewish people, being Jewish myself, I can conclude that all the Jews currently\nare, and always for the last 5,000 years, are really concerned with two things.\nA, keeping Jewish community alive and attractive. That's B. So . . .\n\nBERMAN: What was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11370.0,11400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"second? I'm sorry, I didn't hear.\n\nBAKMAN: Attractive. Not boring. All right so, I think the Jews have made\nmiraculous improvement or advancement for the whole mankind when many thousand\nyears ago they decided, they started thinking about formulation of the moral law\nto separate good from evil. Later, it turned out, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11400.0,11430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually from the text of\nTorah it is clear you cannot separate good and evil. It's relative. What one\nman's good is another man's evil. So, this is where I think is the key for the\nsolution of that 10,000 years long problem. Because 5,000 is only rhythmic\nhistory, right? You cannot write that huge book unless 10,000 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11430.0,11460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years before that,\npeople kept telling their stories and improving them all the time. I think the\nJews in general, and especially people who are giving money for the foundation\nlike Breman, they have to remember that. You cannot just base, you cannot assume\nthat all the Jews are scared of the anti-Semites, and that's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11460.0,11490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why they keep\ntogether. That's not enough. You have to offer something, and what is uniquely\nJewish offering I call moral law and everybody else does. That's what people\nhate Jews for and that's what people love Jews for. The attempt to formulate\nmoral law. What is the definition of decency and how do you conduct your life as\na decent person? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11490.0,11520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is what I really think is missing, no matter how\nintelligent or dumb people are. They, it's not the Jews and anti-Semites. It's\nnot the decent versus indecent people. It is the presence or absence of the\nefforts to move from bad to good, and that's what Jewish is, the meaning of it.\nBecause the meaning ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11520.0,11550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the word Jew is a guy from another country, a foreigner.\nThe other kind. That's the, all names of the Jewish people other than Israel,\nthe tribe of Israel. That's the only legitimate name for the Jews. The word Jew\nmeans, it's a derogatory word. In the Ukraine, in the Yiddish language, we're\ncalling ourselves Yidden. That's multiple for the Jewish people, for Jews, for\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11550.0,11580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews. In America, the word Yid is derogatory. Because it is. So, we have to\nforget that somehow or live with it, but also be ourselves. It is not a\ncoincidence that 50 percent of Nobel laureates are Ashkenazi Jews. It is a\nconsequence of terrible hardship back in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11580.0,11610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe. Like my life, for instance. I\ncannot deny that the Jews have a special place in human history. And I don't say\nI am trying to be the best Jew I can. I'm just trying to be useful, that's all.\nI don't think am I decent or not? I'm sure if I make myself ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11610.0,11640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"useful, I\nautomatically am a decent person. And maybe, excuse me, and people may even like\nmy story, and that is already being useful.\n\nBERMAN: Well, I can concur. I loved your story, all your stories. I'd also want\nto invite you to write some more things down and send them to us because we're\ngoing to keep everything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11640.0,11670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on file. So, you know, if something comes into you that\nwe haven't talked, if you could, you know, write a, you know, another long\nemail, we just print them out, we'll put them in your file, about any of the\nexperiences that you want to address. Then everything will be cataloged and made\navailable to researchers. So, I'd invite you to continue in that vein.\n\nBAKMAN: Thank you, Sandy. It was a pleasure. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11670.0,11700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I cannot promise. Usually when\nsomebody is listening like you are, I can keep talking forever, but if I start\nwriting about my life . . . I asked my mom to write her autobiography when she\nwas in Atlanta, and I still have her handwriting. It's just one page. It she,\nshe could talk forever if somebody is listening. I don't know. It is, it doesn't\nseem ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11700.0,11730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be important. When I started talking to you, I discovered I have two\nundergraduate degrees in math and physics. It's true. Georgia Tech could not\naccept those credits because they were like thousand credit hours in\nmathematics. How do you calculate that in America? Nobody could believe it. But\nI do have, and I only realized it when I told you about it. I didn't really\nthink about it. Yeah, I think, are we still on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11730.0,11760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"record?\n\nBERMAN: Yes.\n\nBAKMAN: Okay. So, I want to repeat, if I didn't say before. There is a coal mine\nshaft filled with the dead bodies during World War II. Some of these people are\nfrom the concentration camps. Those are Jews. There were tens of thousands of\nJews mixed with the P.O.W.s, with the Russian soldiers. The first victims at the\nvery bottom of that shaft were the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11760.0,11790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"P.O.W.s. There were few tens of\nthousands of them. On the top of them, there was a mix of P.O.W.s and the Jews,\nincluding my family, including my immediate family, my brothers and sisters on\nmy mothers and fathers and their cousins. Nobody knows who is in there. The\ninformation is preserved in the KGB archive in Donetsk. It had not been opened.\nThe first time KGB archive was really opened in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11790.0,11820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kiev was 2014 when the Ukrainian\nwent on Maidan of Independence, and they made the KGB archive opened and that\nwas the real reason why Putin invaded Donbas. Now Donetsk is about to be\nliberated by the Ukrainian troops and there is a very nice Ukrainian lady who is\na deputy prime minister of Ukraine, I forgot her name, but she is in charge of\nthe occupied territories. She is trying to help ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11820.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who the Russians are\ndeporting to Russia from Ukraine, from occupied Ukraine. And that's already, the\ncount is in millions. But she is the first person to talk to when the Donetsk is\nliberated. She was in charge of, she initiated construction of the Holocaust\nMonument in her hometown in western Ukraine, and for that she connected with the\nEuropean ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11850.0,11880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish organizations to collect money and material information. So\ncurrent Ukrainian government and she is the right hand of the Ukrainian\nPresident Zelenskyy. I want to put it on the record, because this is the\nprobably the biggest mass grave of World War II where, just like Babi Yar, Babi\nYar is famous because it is in Kiev and it is on the surface, and this is the\nmine, coal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11880.0,11910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mine. I could not get any information about it when I was still in\nDonetsk because archives were closed, but also people were closed. You know, the\npeople were either anti-Semites or very scared Jews. So now is the first time\nwhen the documents are about to see the light of day in a few months.\n\nBERMAN: Okay, Aleks. Well, on that note, I will say ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11910.0,11940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"goodbye.\n\nBAKMAN: Thank you, Sandy.\n\nBERMAN: It was a pleasure.\n\nBAKMAN: My pleasure too. I really appreciate. First of all, it is an expression\nof my gratitude to the Jewish community of Atlanta who helped me to get to\nAmerica, who put the word out for me as a political refugee to make, to calm\ndown the worries of George Bush's administration. They said to Bush that, you\nknow, \"Aleks is not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11940.0,11970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/transcript/39498/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to kill and rape. He's going to go to job and pay taxes.\"\n\nBERMAN: And go to Georgia Tech!\n\nBAKMAN: They wouldn't know about that.\n\nBERMAN: All right.\n\nBAKMAN: Thank you Sandy.\n\nBERMAN: Thank you, Aleks. Bye.\n\nBERMAN: All right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11970.0,12000.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Esther and Herbert Taylor Family Foundation supports The Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection at the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History at the Breman Museum in Atlanta, which consists of a thousand oral histories that document Jewish life in Georgia and Alabama. The Foundation was founded in 1983 and is administered by the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAleksander Israel Bakman (b. 1954) is a Ukrainian Jewish immigrant and an American citizen. He worked as a blue-collar mechanic in Donetsk, Ukraine for nearly 10 years before immigrating to Atlanta, Georgia in 1990. Aleks is a Georgia Institute of Technology Graduate School graduate and has worked at numerous aerospace engineering companies, including Lockheed Martin, Sikorsky Aircraft, and Boeing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Atlanta celebrates and commemorates Jewish history, culture, and art through events and museum spaces. The Breman also contains the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History, which houses thousands of manuscripts, oral histories, and photograph collections, related to southern Jewish history and the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSandra Katz \"Sandy\" Berman is an American archivist. A native of Cleveland, Ohio, she was the founding archivist of the Cleveland Jewish Archives. She later moved to Atlanta, Georgia, and in 1985 became the founding archivist of the Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. During her 28-year tenure at the Breman, she co-curated multiple exhibitions and expanded the scope of the museum to include collections from Jewish communities throughout Georgia and surrounding states. She is the interviewer for many of the oral histories that can be found in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was a country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. The State was dissolved on December 26, 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1929, Joseph Stalin renamed current day Donetsk, then Stalin, to Stalino. The city was again renamed to Donetsk in 1961 and is today a center for coal mining and for the steel industry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDonetsk, formerly known as Aleksandrovka, Yuzuvka, Stalin and Stalino, is an industrial city in eastern Ukraine located on the Kalmius River is Donetsk Oblast. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Seversky Donets or Siverskyi Donets, usually simply called the Donets, is a river on the south of the Eastern European Plain. It originates in the Central Russian Upland, north of Belgrood, flows south-east through Ukraine and then again through Russia to join the river Don, about 100 km from the Sea of Azov.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Donets Basin or Old Donbas is a large mining and industrial region of Ukraine that contains one of the major coal fields in the world with proven reserves. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Vissarionovisch Stalin was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs dictator of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin promoted repressive policies that conspicuously impacted Jews shortly after World War II, especially during the anti-cosmopolitan campaign. In November 1948, Soviet authorities launched a campaign to liquidate what was left of Jewish culture in the Soviet Union. The leading members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee were arrested and charged with treason, bourgeois nationalism, and planning on setting up a Jewish republic in Crimea to serve American interests. The Museum of Environmental Knowledge of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast and the Jewish Museum in Vilnius were both closed in 1948. The Historical-Ethnographic Museum of Georgia Jewry, established in 1933, was shut down by the end of 1951. On the “Night of the Murdered Poets” on August 12-13, 1952, thirteen of the most prominent Yiddish writers of the Soviet Union were executed on the orders of Stalin. There was also a campaign carried out in 1952-1953 to remove Jews from positions of authority within the state security services. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Stalingrad was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II where Nazi Germany and its allies unsuccessfully fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in Southern Russia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Caucasus, or Caucasia, is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range, have historically been considered as a natural barrier between Eastern Europe and Western Asia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhysiology is the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEpidemiology is the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism [also sometimes called Chasidim (From the Hebrew word \"Chasid\" meaning \"pious”)] is a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith. Hasidic Judaism refers to a branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTzadik\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: righteous one] is a title in Judaism given to people considered righteous, such as biblical figures and later spiritual masters. The root of the word means “justice” or “righteousness.” Since the late 17th century, in Hasidic Judaism, the institution of the mystical \u003cem\u003eTzadik \u003c/em\u003eas a divine channel assumed central importance, combining popularization of Jewish mysticism with social movement for the first time.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOdessa is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and is a major seaport and transportation hub located in the southwest of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat \u003c/em\u003e(Hebrew) or \u003cem\u003eShabbos \u003c/em\u003e(Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat \u003c/em\u003eobservance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. \u003cem\u003eShabbat \u003c/em\u003ebegins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003eHavdalah \u003c/em\u003eblessing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA teamster is a driver of a team of animals. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShiker \u003c/em\u003eis a Yiddish word that as a noun means a drunkard and as a verb means to drink or to get drunk.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is the United States’ official memorial to the Holocaust. The USHMM provides for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust history. It is dedicated to helping leaders and citizens of the world confront hatred, prevent genocide, promote human dignity, and strengthen democracy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTatars, also spelled Tartar, are any member of several Turkic-speaking peoples that collectively numbered more than 5 million in the late 20th-century and lived mainly in west-central Russia along the central course of the Volga River and its tributary, the Kama, and then east to the Ural Mountains. The Tatars are also settled in Kazakhstan and, to a lesser extent, in western Siberia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBelarusians, also known formerly as Byelorussians, Belarussians, or Belorusians, are an East Slavic ethnic group native to modern-day Belarus and the immediate region. Over 9.5 million people proclaim Belarusian ethnicity worldwide. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Book of Joshua is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament. It is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoshua was the son of Nun of the tribe of Ephraim. He functioned as Moses’ assistant in the books of Exodus and Numbers, and later succeeded Moses as leader of the Israelite tribes in the Hebrew Bible’s Book of Joshua. According to the Bible, he was born in Egypt prior to the Exodus. The Hebrew Bible identifies Joshua as one of the twelve spies of Israel sent by Moses to explore the land of Canaan. In Numbers 13:1, after the death of Moses, Joshua led the Israelite tribes in the conquest of Canaan, and allocated lands to the tribes. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarriage between people of different races, castes, or religions. In this case, a marriage between a Jew and a non-Jew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSolomon, also called Jedidiah, was, according to the Hebrew Bible and Christian Old Testament, a wealthy and wise monarch of the United Kingdom of Israel who succeeded his father, David.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePoltava is a city located on the Vorskla River in central Ukraine. It is the capital city of the Poltava Oblast (province) and of the surrounding Poltava Raion (district) of the oblast.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cossacks are a predominantly East Slavic Orthodox Christian people group originating in the steppes of Ukraine. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sea of Azov is a sea in Eastern Europe connected to the Black Sea by the narrow Strait of Kerch and is sometimes regarded as a northern extension of the Black Sea. The sea is bounded by Russia on the southeast and by Ukraine on the northwest. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta is the capital of the US state of Georgia. It played an important part in both the Civil War and the 1960s Civil Rights Movement. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Elliott and Judith Cohen Russian Jews Oral History Project was a special project, which was funded by Elliott and Judith Cohen in 2005. The project was sponsored to document the experiences of Russian Jews who immigrated to the United States and the reestablishment of their lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe October Revolution, officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution under the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917-1923. It was the second revolutionary change of government in Russia in 1917. It took place through an armed insurrection in Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) on 7 November 1917. It was the precipitating event of the Russian Civil War. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe KGB was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 13 March 1954 until 3 December 1991. As a direct supervisor of preceding agencies such as the Cheka, GPU, OGPU, NKGB, and MGB, it was attached to the Council of Ministers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Communist Party is a political party that seeks to realize the socio-economic goals of communism. The term communist party was popularized by the title of The Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848) by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoscow is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stan on the Moskva River in Central Russia and is among the world’s largest cities. It is the most populous city entirely in Europe, the largest urban and metropolitan area in Europe, and the largest city by land area on the European continent. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeonid Ilyich Brezhnev was a Soviet politician who led the Soviet Union as General Secretary of the Communist Party and as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. His 18-year term as general secretary was second to Joseph Stalin’s in duration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMatzo\u003c/em\u003e, or \u003cem\u003ematzah\u003c/em\u003e, is an unleavened flatbread that is part of Jewish cuisine and forms an integral element of the Passover festival. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: \u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e. The celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzo\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev is a Russian and former Soviet politician. The eighth and final leader of the Soviet Union, he was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMykolaiv, also known as Nikolaev, is a city and municipality in southern Ukraine, the administrative center of the Mykoliav Oblast. Mykoliav is located on the Southern Bug with access to the Black Sea and is one of the main shipbuilding centers of the Black Sea. The city is an important transportation hub of Ukraine as it is a seaport, a commercial port, a river port, a highway and railway junction, and an airport.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRukh\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003erookh \u003c/em\u003eis the Ukrainian word for “the movement.” The organization Aleks is speaking of started as a grassroots movement in the Western part of Ukraine where anti-Semitism was widespread. Rukh was embracing of many diverse ethnic groups, including Jews, Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, and Greeks in South Ukraine, Hungarians, Romanians, Czechs, and Poles in West Ukraine, and Russians and Belarusians in Eastern and Northern Ukraine. Initially organized as the People’s Movement of Ukraine for Reconstruction, Rukh was founded in 1989 as a civil-political movement as there were no other political parties allowed in the Soviet Union other than the Communist Party.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAleph is the Jewish cultural center located in Donetsk, Ukraine. It was organized in 1988 as a Jewish cultural and social organization. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVolodymyr Oleksandrovych Zelenskyy is a Ukrainian politician and former comedic actor who has served as the sixth and current president of Ukraine since 2019.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOleksii Yuriyovych Reznikov is a Ukrainian lawyer and politician who has served as the Minister of Defense of Ukraine since 4 November 2021. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAndriy Borysovych Yermak is a Ukrainian film producer, lawyer, and current Head of the Office of the President of Ukraine. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy appointed Yermak on 11 February 2020.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaul Bede Johnson CBE is an English journalist, popular historian, speechwriter, and author. Although associated with the political left in his early career, he is now a conservative popular historian.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaul Johnson’s \u003cem\u003eA History of the Jews\u003c/em\u003e is a 4,000-year survey that covers Jewish history and the impact of Jewish thought and imagination had on the world.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine is a self-governing state-funded organization in Ukraine that is the main center of development of science and technology by coordinating a system of research institutes in the country. The regional science center in Donetsk, Ukraine has nine research institutes. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDonetsk National University is one of the leading higher education institutions of Ukraine. The University was founded in 1937 as a pedagogical institute and was transformed into Donetsk State University in 1965. It was accorded the National status in 2000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Six-Day War was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known at the time as the United Arab Republic), Jordan, and Syria. Relations between Israel and its neighbors had never fully normalized following the 1948 War of Independence and in the period leading up to June 1967 tensions became heightened. As a result, Israel launched a series of preemptive airstrikes against Egyptian airfields on June 5 following the mobilization of Egyptian forces along the Israeli border in the Sinai Peninsula. The outcome was swift and decisive. Israel took control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. The Sinai was returned but the other territories were incorporated into Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiG airplanes are any member of a family of Soviet military fighter aircraft produced by a design bureau founded in 1939 by Artem Mikoyan (M) and Mikhail Gurevich (G). The i in MiG is the Russian word meaning “and.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArtem Ivanovich Mikoyan (1905-1970) was a Soviet Armenian aircraft designer, who cofounded the Mikoyan-Gurevich design bureau with Mikhail Gurevich. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMikhail Iosifovich Gurevich (1893-1976) was a Soviet aircraft designer who co-founded the Mikoyan-Gurevich military aviation bureau along with Artem Mikoyan. The bureau is famous for its fighter aircraft, rapid interceptors, and multi-role combat aircraft which were staples of the Soviet Air Forces throughout the Cold War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a large regulatory agency of the United States Department of Labor that originally had federal visitorial powers to inspect and examine workplaces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCentigrade is a thermometric scale on which the interval between the freezing point of water and the boiling point of water is divided into 100 degrees with zero degrees representing the freezing point and 100 degrees the boiling point. Centigrade is comparable to Celsius.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMethane is a colorless, odorless gas that occurs abundantly in nature and as a product of certain human activities. Methane is the simplest member of the paraffin series of hydrocarbons and is among the most potent of the greenhouse gases.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Refusenik” is an unofficial term for individuals, typically but not exclusively Soviet Jews, who were denied permission to emigrate by the authorities of the former Soviet Union and other countries of the Eastern bloc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holodomor, also known as the Terror-Famine or the Great Famine, was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. The Holodomor famine was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1932-1933 which affected the major grain-producing areas of the country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRed Famine: Stalin’s War on Ukraine\u003c/em\u003e is a 2017 non-fiction book by Anne Applebaum, focusing on the history of the Holodomor. The book won the Lionel Gelber Prize and the Duff Cooper Prize.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnne Elizabeth Applebaum is a Polish American journalist and historian. She has written extensively about the history of Communism and the development of civil society in Central and Eastern Europe. She has worked at \u003cem\u003eThe Economist \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eThe Spectator \u003c/em\u003eand was a member of the editorial board of \u003cem\u003eThe Washington Post\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Atlantic \u003c/em\u003eis an American magazine and multi-platform publisher. It features articles in the fields of politics, foreign affairs, business and the economy, culture and the arts, technology, and science.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Washington Post\u003c/em\u003e is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C. It is the most-widely circulated newspaper within the Washington metropolitan area and has a large international audience. Daily broadsheet editions are printed for D.C., Maryland, and Virginia.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Wall Street Journal \u003c/em\u003eis an American business-focused, international daily newspaper based in New York City, with international editions also available in Chinese and Japanese. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal\u003c/em\u003e, along with its Asian editions, is published six days a week by Dow Jones \u0026amp; Company, a division of News Corp.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGulag: A History\u003c/em\u003e, also published as \u003cem\u003eGulag: A History of the Soviet Camps\u003c/em\u003e, is a non-fiction book covering the history of the Soviet Gulag system. It was written by American author Anne Applebaum and published in 2003 by Doubleday. \u003cem\u003eGulag \u003c/em\u003ewon the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction and the 2004 Duff Cooper Prize.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pulitzer Prize is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine, online journalism, literature, and musical composition within the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA rebreather is a breathing apparatus that absorbs the carbon dioxide of a user’s exhaled breath to permit the rebreathing (recycling) of the substantially unused oxygen content, and unused inert content when present, of each breath. Oxygen is added to replenish the amount of metabolized by the user. A rebreather is generally understood to be a portable unit carried by the user. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA vocational school is a type of educational institution, which, depending on the country, may refer to either secondary or post-secondary education designed to provide vocational education or technical skills required to complete the tasks of a particular and specific job.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePerestroika was a political movement for reform within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the late 1980s widely associated with CPSU general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost policy reform. Perestroika is the policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system. First proposed by Leonid Brezhnev in 1979 and actively promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev, perestroika originally referred to increased automation and labor efficiency, but came to entail greater awareness of economic markets and the ending of central planning. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty or ABMT) (1972-2002) was an arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against ballistic missile-delivered nuclear weapons. The treaty was intended to reduce pressures to build more nuclear weapons to maintain deterrence. Under the terms of the treaty, each party was limited to two ABM complexes, each of which was to be limited to 100 anti-ballistic missiles. Signed in 1972, it was in force for the next 30 years. In 1997, five years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, four former Soviet republics agreed with the United States to succeed the USSR’s role in the treaty. In June 2002, the United States withdrew from the treaty, leading to its termination, citing risks of nuclear blackmail. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Earl “Jimmy” Carter Jr. (1924- ) was the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967 and as the 76th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. Founder of the Carter Center, he was awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize for work to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development. He is the author of numerous books, including Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid (2006), An Hour Before Daylight (2001) and Our Endangered Values (2005). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard Nixon (1913-1994) was the nation's 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961, after he came to national prominence as a representative and senator from California. He served as the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office in the wake of the Watergate Scandal. He was a Republican.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, abbreviated as the Ukrainian SSR, UkrSSR, or UkSSR, and also known as Soviet Ukraine, was one the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1991. In the anthem of the Ukrainian SSR, it was referred to simply as Ukraine. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a de jure sovereign state in Western Asia. It is officially governed by the Palestine Liberation Organization and claims the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Magen David (Hebrew: Shield of David), or as it is more commonly known, the Star of David, is the symbol most commonly associated with Judaism today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJews throughout Nazi-occupied Europe were forced to wear a badge in the form of a Yellow Jewish star (\u003cem\u003eMagen David\u003c/em\u003e) as a means of identification.    \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ruble, or rouble, is the official currency of the Russian Federation. The ruble is subdivided into 100 kopeks. The first Russian ruble replaced the Soviet ruble in September 1993 at parity or 1 SUR = 1 RUR.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi Party adopted and developed several pseudoscientific racial classifications as part of its ideology (Nazism) in order to justify the genocide of groups of people which it deemed racially inferior. The Nazis considered the putative “Aryan race” a superior “master race,” and they considered black people, mixed-race people, Slavs, Gypsies, Jews, and other ethnic groups racially inferior “sub-humans”, which members were only suitable for slave labor and extermination. These beliefs stemmed from a mixture of 19th-century anthropology, scientific racism, and anti-Semitism. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It’s capital, Budapest, is bisected by the Danube River. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community. Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities. It is an affiliate of the Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was founded in 1881. Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating. During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East. They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere. Since that time, the organization continues to provide support for refugees of all nationalities, religions, and ethnic origins. The organization works with people whose lives and freedom are believed to be at risk due to war, persecution, or violence. HIAS has offices in the United States and across Latin America, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Since its inception, HIAS has helped resettle more than 4.5 million people.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZaban Park is a 52-acre area in Dunwoody, Georgia that houses the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta. The Zaban Park campus in Dunwoody today has a fully equipped fitness center, indoor pool, outdoor pool complex, boating and fishing lake, gymnastics center, ball fields, gymnasiums, tennis courts, and more. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Community Center was officially founded in 1910, as the Jewish Educational Alliance. In the late 1940s it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold, and the center moved to the suburb of Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish men cover their heads during prayer with a small skullcap called a \u003cem\u003eyarmulke \u003c/em\u003e(Yiddish) or \u003cem\u003ekippah \u003c/em\u003e(Hebrew). Orthodox Jewish men wear it at all times to remind themselves of God’s presence. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Boeing 747 is a large, long-range wide-body airliner designed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes in the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRome-Fiumicino International Airport is an international airport in Fiumicino, Italy, serving Rome. It is the busiest airport in the country, and eleventh-busiest airport in the Europe. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCNN is an American cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Turner Broadcasting System, a division of Time Warner. Edward “Ted” Turner III founded the 24-hour cable news channel in 1990 in Atlanta, Georgia. CNN was the first to provide 24-hour news coverage and was the first all-news television channel in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA black market, underground economy, or shadow economy is a clandestine market or series of transactions that has some aspect of illegality or is characterized by noncompliance with an institutional set of rules. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Stanley Perry Brickman (1931-), a native of Chattanooga, Tennessee, was kicked out of Emory University’s School of Dentistry in 1951 because he was Jewish. Brickman spent the next few years interviewing dozens of Jewish students who attended the school in the 1950s and 1960s, compiling a video that revealed a pattern of antisemitism by the school’s dean. In 2012, Emory University administrators issued a public apology. Dr. Brickman is a noted oral surgeon practicing in Atlanta, and released a book, \u003cem\u003eExtracted: Unmasking Rampant Antisemitism in America’s Higher Education\u003c/em\u003e, in 2019. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShirley Berkowitz Brickman (1935-) is a native of Atlanta, Georgia. Along with her husband, Dr. Perry Brickman, she is a long-time volunteer with Jewish organizations in the community, including as a docent at the William Breman Jewish Heritage \u0026amp; Holocaust Museum and a founder of the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta's newcomer program, Shalom Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLois Frank is an active member of the Atlanta Jewish Community. She is a past president of the Atlanta Jewish Committee (AJC) Atlanta and was the 1988 recipient of the Selig Distinguished Service Award. She is a current member of the AJC’s national Board of Governors. Lois was appointed by former Georgia Governor Roy Barnes to serve on the Georgia Juvenile Justice Commission, a position she held until 2006, and she currently serves on the Executive Committee of the Georgia Budget and Policy Institute. Lois is the past national chair of the Jewish Coalition for Literacy, a former National Chair of the Jewish Council for Public Affairs, and a past president of Women’s Philanthropy of the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and a former National Board Member of MAZON. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNiagara National Corporation is a machinery company based out of Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, that comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. They are regarded as the most influential band of all time and were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music’s recognition as an art from. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLiverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. It is the tenth largest English district by population and its metropolitan area is the fifth largest in the United Kingdom. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Girl” is a song by the Beatles from their 1965 album \u003cem\u003eRubber Soul\u003c/em\u003e. It was written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon-McCartney. “Girl” was the last complete song recorded for that album and is considered to be one of the most melancholic and complex of the Beatles’ earlier love songs.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRubber Soul\u003c/em\u003e is the sixth studio album by the Beatles. It was released on 3 December 1965 in the United Kingdom on EMI’s Parlophone label. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Can’t Buy Me Love” is a song by the English rock back the Beatles that was released in March 1964 as the A-side of their sixth single. It was written by Paul McCartney and credited to the Lennon-McCartney partnership.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCrimean Tatars are a Turkic ethnic group and nation who are an indigenous people of Crimea. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSiberia is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of Russia since the latter half of the 16th century, after the Russians conquered the lands east of the Ural Mountains.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKurt Vonnegut (1922-2007) was an American writer known for his satirical and darkly humorous novels. In a career spanning over 50 years, he published 14 novels, three short story collections, five plays, and five nonfiction works, and further collections have been published after his death. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTruman Garcia Capote (1924-1984) was an American novelist, screenwriter, playwright, and actor. Several of his short stories, novels, and plays have been praised as literary classics, including the novella \u003cem\u003eBreakfast at Tiffany’s\u003c/em\u003e and the true crime novel \u003cem\u003eIn Cold Blood\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrancis Scott Key Fitzgerald (1896-1940) was an American novelist, essayist, short story writer, and screenwriter. He is best known for his novels depicting the flamboyance and excess of the Jazz Age, a term he popularized. During his lifetime, he published four novels, four story collections, and 164 short stories. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJerome David Salinger (1919-2010) was an American author best known for his 1951 novel \u003cem\u003eThe Catcher in the Rye\u003c/em\u003e. Before its publication, Salinger published several short stories in \u003cem\u003eStory \u003c/em\u003emagazine and served in World War II.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHot Sulphur Springs is a statutory town and the county seat of Grand County, Colorado. The town is located near Byers Canyon between Granby and Kremmling, 95 miles northwest of Denver and 30 miles northwest of Winter Park. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Colorado is a system of public universities in Colorado consisting of four campuses: University of Colorado Boulder, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, University of Colorado Denver in downtown Denver and at the Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Myrtle Lewin is a Professor Emerita of Mathematics at Agnes Scott University. She was hired by the University in 1983 and went on to become to first tenured Jewish faculty member at Agnes Scott. Dr. Lewin is an environmental activist and started gardening initiatives at Ahavath Achim synagogue after retiring from teaching. Dr. Lewin chairs AA’s Greening Group along with planning and helping to maintain several areas situated in what the AA calls an urban forest setting. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Georgia Institute of Technology, commonly referred to as Georgia Tech or, in the state of Georgia, as Tech, is a public research university and institute of technology in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLockheed Martin Space is one of the four major business divisions of Lockheed Martin. It has its headquarters in Denver, Colorado, with additional sites in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, Sunnyvale, California, Santa Cruz, California, Huntsville, Alabama, and elsewhere in the United States and United Kingdom. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Department of Defense is an executive branch department of the federal government charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government directly related to national security and the United States Armed Forces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is a research and development agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is a physical sciences laboratory and non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce. Its mission is to promote American innovation and industrial competitiveness. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoris Nikolayevich Yeltsin was a Russian and Soviet politician who served as the first president of Russia from 1991 to 1999. He was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1961 to 1990. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSandy Springs is a city in northern Fulton County, Georgia, and an inner ring suburb of Atlanta. As of 2020, it is Georgia’s seventh-largest city. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1996 Summer Olympics were an international multi-sport event held from July 19 to August 4, 1996, in Atlanta, Georgia. These were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States and marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKashrut \u003c/em\u003eis a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term \u003cem\u003ekashér\u003c/em\u003e, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\" \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrachah \u003c/em\u003eor \u003cem\u003ebrocho \u003c/em\u003eis a Hebrew term that is usually translated as meaning “blessing.” \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuckhead is the uptown commercial and residential district of the city of Atlanta, Georgia, comprising approximately the northernmost fifth of the city. Buckhead is the third largest business district within the Atlanta city limits and is anchored by a core of high-rise office buildings, hotels, shopping centers, restaurants, and condominiums. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMetaphysics is the branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental nature of reality, the first principles of being, identity and change, space and time, causality, necessity, and possibility. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Arnold M. Goodman served as senior rabbi of Ahavath Achim in Atlanta, Georgia from 1982 to 2002. He came to Atlanta from Minnesota where he had served as rabbi of Adath Jeshurun in Minnetonka since 1966. He currently serves as its senior rabbinic scholar. Upon his retirement, the synagogue honored them by designating its adult education program as Beit Aharon: The Rabbi Arnold and Rae Goodman Learning Institute for Adult Studies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e scroll [Hebrew: \u003cem\u003eSefer Torah\u003c/em\u003e] is the holiest book within Judaism, made up of the five books of Moses. It is hand-written by a pious scribe in the original Hebrew and must meet extremely strict standards of production. \u003cem\u003eTorah \u003c/em\u003escrolls are routinely read aloud in all synagogues and are a core representation of Judaism itself. When not in use in services, it is stored in the holiest spot in a synagogue, the\u003cem\u003e Aron Kodesh\u003c/em\u003e (Holy Ark), which is usually an ornate curtained-off cabinet or section of the synagogue built along the wall that most closely faced Jerusalem, the direction Jews face when praying. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Philip N. Kranz (b. 1943) was the Senior Rabbi at Temple Sinai in Atlanta from 1980 until 2006. Prior to that, he served as rabbi of the Chicago Sinai congregation. He continues to serve the Atlanta Jewish community today and Temple Sinai as Rabbi Emeritus. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Sinai was founded as a Reform congregation in 1968 and met in a variety of locations before establishing a synagogue on Dupree Drive in Sandy Springs, north of Atlanta. Rabbi Richard Lehrman was chosen as the congregation's founding rabbi. The current rabbi is Rabbi Ron Segal (2021).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCreative Loafing\u003c/em\u003e is a US city monthly paper serving the Atlanta metropolitan area covering local news, politics, art, entertainment, food, music, and events.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGwinnett County is located in the north central portion of Georgia and forms part of the Atlanta metropolitan area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Joseph “Jack” Nicholson (b. 1937) is a retired American actor and filmmaker. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest actors of the 20th century. 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The film was inspired by the California water wars, a series of disputes over southern California water at the beginning of the 20th century, by which Los Angeles interests secured water rights in the Owens Valley.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBursitis is a painful condition that affects the small, fluid-filled sacs, called bursae, that cushion the bones, tendons, and muscles near your joints. Bursitis occurs when bursae become enflamed. 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It is the 19th-most populous city in the United States and the fifth most populous state capital.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMars Reconnaissance Orbiter is a spacecraft designed to study the geology and climate of Mars, provide reconnaissance of future landing sites, and relay data from surface missions back to Earth. 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Silica dust is made up of small particles that become airborne during work activities with materials that contain crystalline silica.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) was the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, headquartered in Reims, France. He was a Republican.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University School of Law is located in Atlanta, Georgia. It is currently ranked #30 among ABA-approved law schools by the 2023 US News \u0026amp; World Report.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSeder\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: order] is a Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. It is conducted on the evening of the fifteenth day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar throughout the world. Some communities hold seder on the first two nights of Passover. The \u003cem\u003eseder \u003c/em\u003eincorporates prayers, candle lighting, and traditional foods symbolizing the slavery of the Jews and the exodus from Egypt. It is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdam Frank lives in Israel with his family. He served as a rabbi of the Conservative Movement’s Congregation Moreshet Yisrael in downtown Jerusalem for 13 years. After stepping down from the pulpit in 2019, Adam has engaged in activism in the areas of animal welfare and religious pluralism in Israel. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsaac Frank leads Frank Family Foundation missions to Poland and Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn January 6, 2021, following then-President Donald Trump’s defeat in the 2020 presidential election, a mob of his supporters attacked the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. The supporters sought to keep Trump in power by preventing a joint session of Congress from counting the electoral college votes that would formalize the victory of President-elect Joe Biden. According to the House select committee investigating the incident, the attack was the culmination of a 7-part plan by President Trump to overturn the election. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish Family and Career Services (JF\u0026amp;CS Atlanta) is a group of professionals and volunteers offering programs, and resources for individuals and families of all faiths, cultures and ages. Services include counseling, tools for employment, and support for people with developmental disabilities. JF\u0026amp;CS is a member organization of the Association of Jewish Family \u0026amp; Children's Agencies (AJFCA). JF\u0026amp;CS is a result of the merging of two separate organizations, both of which started as committees of the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta. The first, Jewish Family Services was founded around 1890. The agency became an autonomous organization in 1982. In 1979, Jewish Vocational Services was started. It became independent in 1985. The two agencies merged in 1997 to become JF\u0026amp;CS. The Jewish Family \u0026amp; Career Services of Atlanta hosts a Child Survivor Support Group that meets bi-monthly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 1, 1989, nearly 100,000 miners in the Soviet Union’s largest coal-producing region staged a two-hour warning strike in defiance of appeals by President Mikhail Gorbachev for suspension of industrial protests. In addition to routine economic demands, the strikers in Donetsk, Ukraine called for abolition of the leading role of the Communist Party and direct election of the Soviet president. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Herbert Walker (H. W.) Bush (1924-2018) was an American politician, diplomat, and businessman who served as the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGoy\u003c/em\u003e (plural: \u003cem\u003egoyim\u003c/em\u003e) is a Yiddish term meaning “people” or “nation.” In common usage, it designates a non-Jewish or Gentile person. The word \"\u003cem\u003egoyishe\u003c/em\u003e\" would be used as an adjective to describe something non-Jewish. The word is sometimes used in a pejorative sense but can also be neutral.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Traditional synagogue in Sandy Springs, Georgia. It was founded in 1981 by young unaffiliated Jews who met in the Hillel facilities of Emory University on the High Holy Days. In 2004 they became affiliated with the Conservative movement. As of 2022, its Senior Rabbi is Joshua Z. Heller. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Judah Mintz is a rabbi of over 20 years and is former rabbi of the Mount Freedom Jewish Center in New Jersey where he served from 1999 to 2000. He also founded Congregation B’Nai Torah in Atlanta, Georgia.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Lawson Shaw (1916-1999) was an American conductor most famous for his work with his namesake Chorale, with the Cleveland Orchestra and Chorus, and the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. He was known for drawing public attention to choral music through his wide-ranging influence and mentoring of younger conductors, the high standard of his recordings, his support for racial integration in his choruses, and his support for modern music, winning many awards throughout his career. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Center for Puppetry Arts, located in Atlanta, is the United States’ largest organization dedicated to the art form o puppetry. The center focuses on three areas: performance, education, and museum. It is one of the few puppet museums in the world. The center is located in Midtown, the city’s arts district. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaul Frederic Simon (b. 1941) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and actor whose career has spanned six decades. He is one of the most acclaimed songwriters in popular music. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArthur Ira Garfunkel (b. 1941) is an American singer, poet, and actor. He is best known for his partnership with Paul Simon in the folk-rock duo Simon \u0026amp; Garfunkel. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Deep South” is a descriptive category of the cultural and geographic sub-regions in the American South. Today, the Deep South is generally considered to be Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia and South Carolina. Some people add parts of Florida and Texas as well.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShicksa\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eshikse \u003c/em\u003eis a derogatory Yiddish term that refers to a non-Jewish girl, or a Jewish girl who fails to live up to traditional Jewish standards.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiriam Karp is an Atlanta native and a custom ketubah artist at her company, Custom Ketubah. Since 1995, Miriam has been creating custom ketubahs, \u003cem\u003ebar \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e certificated, \u003cem\u003etallit\u003c/em\u003e, fabric banners, and more.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Herbert Rubin Karp (1994-2016) was a Neurologist and the chair of Emory University’s Department of Neurology. Dr. Karp became the inaugural medical director at the Wesley Woods Center in 1983 and went on to work as Associate Medical Director for the Georgia Medical Care Foundation from which he retired when he was 90. Dr. Karp founded the chamber music series at Ahavath Achim Synagogue and was heavily involved with chamber music at Emory University. He also served as president of AA Synagogue where he sounded the \u003cem\u003eshofar \u003c/em\u003eat High Holidays for over three decades.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerontology is the study of the aging process and the problems that elderly individuals might encounter. Professionals in this field typically study and find ways to treat physical, mental, emotional, and social problems. 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Founded in 1936 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and among the most prestigious in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGustav Mahler (1860-1911) was an Austro-Bohemian Romantic composer, and one of the leading conductors of his generation. 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Hartsfield died on February 22, 1971, and on February 28, what would have been Hartsfield’s 81st birthday its name was changed to “William B. Hartsfield Atlanta Airport.” In 2003 to honor late Mayor Maynard H. Jackson, the Atlanta City Council legislated a name change to “Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport” in recognition of the leadership that both provided to the city and the airport.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10200.0,10230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Edward Turner III (b. 1938) is an American entrepreneur, television producer, media proprietor, and philanthropist. He founded the Cable News Network, the first 24-hour cable news channel. 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It is a United States federal agency, under the Department of Health and Human Services, and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10260.0,10290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) was a German composer and musician of the late Baroque period. He is known for his orchestral music, instrumental compositions, keyboard works, organ works, and vocal music. 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Bach\u003c/em\u003e by Albert Schweitzer is a two volume series about Bach, the musical climate before and during his life, and a look at his continuing influence in music.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=10470.0,10500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Jefferson Clinton (1946- ) was the 42nd President of the United States. He served from 1993 to 2001. He was a Democrat. Clinton was impeached in his second term. 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NASA’s chief Sean O’Keefe announced the agency would pursue proposals regarding the feasibility of a robotic servicing mission to observatory. The possibility of a robotic repair mission was brought about in light of the February 2003 loss of the crew and shuttle of the Space Shuttle Columbia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11070.0,11100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Boeing Company is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets, satellites, telecommunications equipment, and missiles worldwide. 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Police violently dispersed crowds in Kyiv’s Maidan Nezalezhnosti (“Independence Square”), and as protests continued into December, demonstrators occupied Kyiv’s city hall and called on Yanukovych to resign. In turn, Russia offered to cut the price of natural gas and purchase $15 billion in Ukrainian binds to prop up the country’s faltering economy. Demonstrations gave way to rioting in January 2014, and President Yanukovych signed a series of laws restricting the right to protest. Hundreds of thousands took to the streets of Kyiv in response to the new laws. Violent clashes between police and protestors ensures. Protestors occupied the justice ministry in Kyiv, and Ukraine’s parliament repealed the anti-protest measures. The bloodiest week in Ukraine’s post-Soviet history ended on February 21, 2014, with an EU-brokered agreement between Yanukovych and opposition leaders that called for early elections and the formation of an interim unity government. The parliament responded by approving the restoration of the 2004 constitution, this reducing the power of the presidency. Parliament also approved a measure granting full amnesty to protestors. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11820.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUkraine opened its Soviet-era KGB archives in 2015, allowing the public to be able to dig into the files and uncover many secrets. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11820.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Donbas is an ongoing military offensive tat is part of the wider eastern Ukraine offensive of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The battle began on 18 April 2022 between the armed forces of Russia and Ukraine for control of the provinces (oblasts) of Donetsk and Luhansk. Military analysts consider the battle to be part of the second strategic phase of the invasion. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11820.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYulia Anatoliivna Svyrydenko (b. 1985) has served as First Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine and simultaneously Minister of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine since 4 November 2021. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11820.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/annotation_set/813/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBabi Yar or Babyn yar is a ravine in the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv and a site of massacres carried out by Nazi Germany’s forces during its campaign against the Soviet Union in World War II. The first and best documented of the massacres took place on 29-30 September 1941, killing some 33,771 Jews. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=11880.0,11910.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Bakman, Aleks [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Background Information, Family History, and Early Years in the Soviet Union","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=97.0,756.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, let's begin by if you could tell me your name, where you were born, and your complete name, where you were born, and a little bit about your early years in the Soviet Union.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=97.0,756.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aleks Bakman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Battle of Stalingrad","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Caucasus Mountains","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Donets River","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Donetsk Coal Mining Basin","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Donetsk, Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hasidic Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel Bakman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Joseph Stalin","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Netta Sokolova Bakman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Odessa, Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rosa Sokolova","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet Union","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stalino, Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=97.0,756.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family Perishing in the Holocaust and Discovering a Mass Grave","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=756.0,928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, it is not too painful. It is painful, but, it had, the story has to be told just because it is painful. So, most of the family perished in the concentration camp in Donetsk, which was called Stalin during or before the war. The Jews that were captured and held in the ghetto and the concentration camp were tossed alive down the coal mining shaft, 385 meters.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=756.0,928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coal Mining Shaft","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Donetsk, Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mass Grave","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=756.0,928.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His Feelings on Ukrainian Involvement in Word War II and the Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=928.0,1329.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wanted to, I mean, the Germans, yes, were the invading army, but many Ukrainians were complicit in some of these war crimes. How do you reconcile that with your feelings about the Ukraine, the country and the people that were your neighbors?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=928.0,1329.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coal Mining","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reconciliation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"War Crimes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=928.0,1329.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Interactions Between the Jewish Community and Non-Jewish Community in Ukraine Before World War II and Reconciliation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1329.0,1816.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before the war. Was there much interaction between the Jewish community and the non-Jewish community, or was your Jewish life fairly insular?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1329.0,1816.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coal Mining Shaft","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Intermarriage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poltava, Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ukraine Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1329.0,1816.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta Jewish Community Bringing Aleks to the United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1816.0,2032.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Jewish community of Atlanta [Georgia] brought me to the United States from Europe, from Italy. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1816.0,2032.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sponsorship","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=1816.0,2032.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Practicing Judaism and Jewish Traditions under Soviet Occupation and Helping Families Immigrate to Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2032.0,2337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My grandfather's experience with the persecution and no, not persecution, the practicing of Judaism.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2032.0,2337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bolshevik Revolution","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bolsheviks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Holidays","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Tradition","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KGB","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Matzah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moscow, Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Passover","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2032.0,2337.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Revival of Religious Communities and the Rukh Movement in Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2337.0,2682.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as a matter of fact, I need to praise Ukrainian government, all Ukrainian governments in the last 32 years of independence. They have provided beyond imaginable means to revive, recover the ethnic and religious communities of all people who populates Ukraine.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2337.0,2682.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aleph","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Donetsk, Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hasidic Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Cultural Center","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious Revival","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rukh Movement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2337.0,2682.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working in the Coal Mines as a Blue-Collar Mechanic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2682.0,3455.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So can we talk about your experiences in the mines a little bit longer and then we'll go on to other aspects of your life.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2682.0,3455.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Blue-Collar Mechanic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coal Mines","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communist Party","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Donetsk University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Donetsk, Ukaine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"History of the Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KGB","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Methane","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MiG Airplane","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mining Equipment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moscow, Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Six Day War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Academy of Science","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=2682.0,3455.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Deciding to Emigrate from the Soviet Union","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3455.0,4466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, you are working in these horrible conditions. Do you, when was the first time that you can recall thinking about emigrating? Did you hear the word refusenik? What was your awareness of people trying to leave?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3455.0,4466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anne Applebaum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bolsheviks","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holodomor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Joseph Stalin","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Methane","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mikhail Gorbachev","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mining Equipment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Perestroika","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Private Enterprise","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Refusenik","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Great Famine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=3455.0,4466.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helping Families Immigrate and Aleks Immigrating to the United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4466.0,5076.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, it's 1989 and things had changed. Gorbachev is in power. But how difficult was it to get out at that point? Was it relatively . . .?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4466.0,5076.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Cultural Center","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KGB Officer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"President Jimmy Carter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rukh Movement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Star of David","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States of America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=4466.0,5076.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Getting His Mother to Immigrate to the United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925#t=5076.0,5197.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/74882/file/160925/index/51834/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She didn't stay, no. 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