{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/t14th8cf31/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Epstein, Rabbi Harry"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1986-06-19 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry H. Epstein interviewed by Dr. Mark Bauman in June 19, 24, 30 and July 3, 8, 10, 1986 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Epstein was born in 1903 in Plunge, Lithuania, into a rabbinical family.  In 1909, the Epstein family moved to Chicago, Illinois, where his father became the rabbi of the largest synagogue in Chicago.  Rabbi Harry Epstein was educated in a yeshiva in Chicago and New York.  He returned to Lithuania to study under his uncle at Slobodka Yeshiva and later in Palestine at the Hebron Yeshiva.  He was ordained in 1926.  In 1927, he returned to the United States and took his first rabbinate position at an Orthodox congregation in Tulsa, Oklahoma.  In 1928, he took the rabbinate position at Ahavath Achim Congregation in Atlanta, Georgia, where he served for more than 50 years.  Under his leadership, he lead the congregation from an Orthodox orientation to Conservative Judaism, where he introduced a Sunday school, mixed seating of men and women, and the bat mitzvah ceremony for girls.   He continued his studies at Emory University in Atlanta, earning a B.A. Degree in Philosophy and an MA. Degree in Theology in 1932.  He earned his Ph.D. Degree in Theology from the University of Illinois School of Law.  During his rabbinical career, Rabbi Epstein was involved with numerous and various local organizations with the Atlanta Jewish community and national Jewish affairs.  He was also involved with the Zionist movement.  He married Reva Chashesman in 1929.  They had two daughters.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Epstein was born in 1903 in Plunge, Lithuania.   He discusses his mother’s family and being born into a rabbinic family on both sides of his family.  He talks about his family’s move to Chicago, Illinois in 1909 and that his father served as rabbi of the largest synagogue in Chicago.   He recalls his education in Hebrew studies at a yeshiva in Chicago and Yeshiva University in New York.   He discusses his relationship with his father and his father’s influence on his decision to become a rabbi.  He discusses his close relationship with his uncle, who he studied under in at the Slobodka Yeshiva in Lithuania.  He reflects that Lithuania was the cultural and educational capital and the place where rationalistic movements started.  He reflects also on his rabbinic studies in Palestine and the colonization of Palestine.   He recalls his receiving his ordination in 1926 from six prominent rabbis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRabbi Epstein discusses the philosophy of his rabbinate and his move away from Orthodoxy.  He reflects on his rabbinic career and the changing role of the rabbi over the years.  He talks about the Orthodox congregation that he led in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1927, shortly after his ordination.   He discusses taking the rabbinate at Ahavath Achim Congregation in Atlanta a few years after that.  He reflects on his introducing Sunday school, mixed seating of men and women, and the bat mitzvah as an integral ceremony for girls at Ahavath Achim.  He talks about leading the congregation from an Orthodox orientation to Conservative Judaism.  He describes the Atlanta Jewish community when he first arrived as a growing community with youth and a great place for scholars.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHe discusses his relationship to Jews in Atlanta and the many prominent members of the Atlanta Jewish community.  He discusses the relationship between American Jews and Israel.    He talks about his career in national Jewish affairs and Zionism.  He mentions his marriage to Reva Chashesman in 1929 and their two daughters.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28606"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Rabbi Harry Esptein (personal name)","Atlanta, Ga (geographic term)","Rabbis (topical term)","Judaism (topical term)","Civil Rights Movement (chronological term)","Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Epstein (personal name)","Rabbi Ephraim Epstein (personal name)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry H. Epstein interviewed by Dr. Mark Bauman in June 19, 24, 30 and July 3, 8, 10, 1986 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Epstein was born in 1903 in Plunge, Lithuania, into a rabbinical family.  In 1909, the Epstein family moved to Chicago, Illinois, where his father became the rabbi of the largest synagogue in Chicago.  Rabbi Harry Epstein was educated in a yeshiva in Chicago and New York.  He returned to Lithuania to study under his uncle at Slobodka Yeshiva and later in Palestine at the Hebron Yeshiva.  He was ordained in 1926.  In 1927, he returned to the United States and took his first rabbinate position at an Orthodox congregation in Tulsa, Oklahoma.  In 1928, he took the rabbinate position at Ahavath Achim Congregation in Atlanta, Georgia, where he served for more than 50 years.  Under his leadership, he lead the congregation from an Orthodox orientation to Conservative Judaism, where he introduced a Sunday school, mixed seating of men and women, and the bat mitzvah ceremony for girls.   He continued his studies at Emory University in Atlanta, earning a B.A. Degree in Philosophy and an MA. Degree in Theology in 1932.  He earned his Ph.D. Degree in Theology from the University of Illinois School of Law.  During his rabbinical career, Rabbi Epstein was involved with numerous and various local organizations with the Atlanta Jewish community and national Jewish affairs.  He was also involved with the Zionist movement.  He married Reva Chashesman in 1929.  They had two daughters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Epstein was born in 1903 in Plunge, Lithuania.   He discusses his mother’s family and being born into a rabbinic family on both sides of his family.  He talks about his family’s move to Chicago, Illinois in 1909 and that his father served as rabbi of the largest synagogue in Chicago.   He recalls his education in Hebrew studies at a yeshiva in Chicago and Yeshiva University in New York.   He discusses his relationship with his father and his father’s influence on his decision to become a rabbi.  He discusses his close relationship with his uncle, who he studied under in at the Slobodka Yeshiva in Lithuania.  He reflects that Lithuania was the cultural and educational capital and the place where rationalistic movements started.  He reflects also on his rabbinic studies in Palestine and the colonization of Palestine.   He recalls his receiving his ordination in 1926 from six prominent rabbis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRabbi Epstein discusses the philosophy of his rabbinate and his move away from Orthodoxy.  He reflects on his rabbinic career and the changing role of the rabbi over the years.  He talks about the Orthodox congregation that he led in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1927, shortly after his ordination.   He discusses taking the rabbinate at Ahavath Achim Congregation in Atlanta a few years after that.  He reflects on his introducing Sunday school, mixed seating of men and women, and the bat mitzvah as an integral ceremony for girls at Ahavath Achim.  He talks about leading the congregation from an Orthodox orientation to Conservative Judaism.  He describes the Atlanta Jewish community when he first arrived as a growing community with youth and a great place for scholars.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHe discusses his relationship to Jews in Atlanta and the many prominent members of the Atlanta Jewish community.  He discusses the relationship between American Jews and Israel.    He talks about his career in national Jewish affairs and Zionism.  He mentions his marriage to Reva Chashesman in 1929 and their two daughters.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Epstein_Harry.mp3"]},"duration":21023.00735,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/121/329/original/Epstein_Harry.mp3?1629198341","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mp3","duration":21023.00735,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Epstein, Rabbi Harry [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: This is an interview being conducted by Dr. Mark Bauman on June 19,\n1986. The person being interviewed is Rabbi Harry Epstein. Rabbi, we know quite\na bit about your father and your father's family, and that will probably be a\nlarge part of this early interview. Before we get into that, I thought we might\nstart with something less well known, and that's your mother's family. Your\nmother was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hannah Israelovitch, if I'm not mistaken. Could you tell me about\nyour mother's family?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: As you say, my mother's family name was Israelovitch. Her father\nwas one of the most respected individuals in his community of Plunge...\nP-L-U-N-G-E... Lithuania. His name was Israel Elijah, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he comes from a\nbackground that I'm not familiar with, except he personally. We have a picture\nof him. He's a bearded man, a very distinguished looking person. My mother's\nmother I got to know in 1922, when I came to study in Slobodka, Lithuania, and\nthat was in the spring of the year. During the summer, I took a trip to Plunge,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the place where I actually was born. I came to this country, to the United\nStates, when I was about five years old. I wanted to see my birthplace and I\nalso got to know my grandmother, Leah Israelovitch. At that time, she was very\nfeeble, bedridden. My mother had five sisters, no brothers. All of them were\nmembers of... rather heads of very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prominent households. As a matter of fact,\none of my mother's sisters whose name was Brick, B-R-I-C-K, had a son who had a\nsimilar name like mine, Herschel, who is now in Israel. Herschel's son is the\nyoungest member of the Israeli Supreme Court, Aaron Barak. Instead of Brick,\nthey Hebraized ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it into Barak. He is considered the most brilliant of all the\nSupreme Court Justices in Israel. The others: I had an uncle--my mother's\nsister's husband--who was also a rabbi in Chicago [Illinois]. His name was\nPrale, P-R-A-L-E, who came to this country, I believe, in the late 1930's or\nearly 1940's. In the late 1930's, I would say. He was a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"distinguished man.\nHe has a fine family. His wife, my aunt, who is now 98, is still living and a\nbrilliant woman with all her faculties. The only thing is in the last two years\nshe turned blind. She lives by herself in the apartment, with her daughter\nliving just an apartment away. She takes care of herself, moves around in the\napartment. She has some help that comes in three times a week. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you speak to\nher, you're speaking to an alert, vibrant, intelligent person. It is a\nremarkable thing. This is my mother's family that I could tell you of.\n\nBAUMAN: What did your grandfather do, your mother's father?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: He was a merchant in the City of Plunge. In the First World\nWar... he was in Germany on business when the war broke out, and he wasn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"able\nto get back. He moved up into Russia, and he died in the city of Yekaterinburg\nin Russia. That's where he's buried. That's about all I know about the family.\nSome of my uncles were outstanding people, like one Mr. Schor who lived in\nLithuania, whom I got to know just one time meeting him. He was supposed to be\nan outstanding Maskil. That is an enlightened person, one who is very\nintelligent and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conversant in Hebrew, Russian, Yiddish, and Lithuanian. He was\nan outstanding personality. How do I know he was an outstanding personality? My\nfather, who was a very difficult man to please, had the highest respect for him.\nThis is my mother's family as much as I know.\n\nBAUMAN: Would you say it was a reasonably prosperous family?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: It was, yes. It was a very prosperous family, as far as the City\nof Plunge, Lithuania, is concerned. By the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"standards of Lithuanian Jewry, he was\none of the aristocratic heads of families. The Israelovitches were a very fine,\nupstanding, well-to-do, prosperous family. I imagine that this is why they were\ninterested in my father, who was the brother of Reb Moshe Mordechai Epstein, the\nhead of the Slobodka yeshiva. If they were interested in having ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him as a\nson-in-law, then the family itself must have been very prominent. Otherwise a\nshidduch would not...\n\nBAUMAN: Certainly. What was Plunge like?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Plunge was a small town, as all Lithuanian cities were. There\nwere no large towns in Lithuania. The capital city of Kovno [Lithuania], by our\nstandards, was a large village. In Lithuania, it was a large city. All of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuanian cities were small. I remember that in Plunge, there were six streets;\na large marketplace in the center, and six streets branching off. One was called\nKleester Gas, which means Church Street, where the Catholic Church was. One was\nBad Gas [Yiddish: Bathhouse Street] where the bathhouse was. One was the Butcher\nStreet where all the butchers were congregated. One was the Vilna Gas. That was\na road that could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lead you to Vilna [Lithuania] if you traveled a great many\ndays. It was a small town.\n\nBAUMAN: How long did you live in Plunge [unintelligible: T1-S1-01, 06:45.646]?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I left... I was born there, and at the age of five, five and a\nhalf, I came to Chicago with my mother. I was born in Plunge. I came to Chicago\nat the age of five, five and a half. My father at that time was a rabbi in\nChicago, in the largest synagogue. For two years he had been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by himself, first\nas a rabbi in New York City. Then he got the position in Chicago. Then we came,\nmy mother, I, another brother, and a sister.\n\nBAUMAN: What was your mother like?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: All I can say to you, Mark, is I have not met many women like my\nmother. In all the years I grew up, and until the age of seventeen and a half, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nstayed home. I lived at home. I never saw my mother raising her voice. I never\nheard my mother saying in a loud voice anything critical of us children. She was\na most saintly person; good, kind, gracious, and a marvelous person. There's no\none more refined than this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lady was. Plunge was close to the German border. Her\nYiddish was always interspersed with Germanic phrases because she had studied\nGerman. But never have I... maybe when she was angry and she said, \"I don't like\nwhat you're doing,\" that would be the harshest thing she ever said to any of us\nchildren. My father was different. He was a disciplinarian. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My mother wielded a\nsort of influence on us because of the respect all of us had for her. We would\ntry to behave just for her sake.\n\nBAUMAN: Did she have an education?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No. No formal education.\n\nBAUMAN: Was she well read?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: As a young woman she was, but not in the time when I knew her. My\nmother didn't read too much. She was too busy having children. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were nine\nof us. Five left. Four of her children met their deaths by accident. She was a\nbrave person, a very brave person.\n\nBAUMAN: How did she behave in the role of rebbitzin, the rabbi's wife?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: She was a typical rebbitzin. People respected her. People had a\ngreat deal of respect for her because you couldn't help it. She was so refined.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was cautious about offending anyone. She was really angelic in that sense,\nbut they knew that this was the Rebbitzin Epstein in Chicago and many of the\nrebbitzins, the other rebbitzins, felt close to her.\n\nBAUMAN: Did she participate in any community activities?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes, she was the head of the Mizrachi, Women's Mizrachi\norganization in Chicago. She actually founded the Mizrachi organization, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and for\nmany years she was its president. In the Mizrachi Home for Girls in Jerusalem\n[Israel], there is a room dedicated to her memory, which we in the family made\nit possible. We contributed towards it. She was identified especially with the\nWomen's Mizrachi, Mizrachi being the religious Zionist movement.\n\nBAUMAN: Was she involved in any other organizations?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I presume she was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because she gave charity. She belonged to many\norganizations. I don't know of any organization that meant as much to her as\nthis Mizrachi, because I knew she would preside at meetings. She had meetings in\nher home. She had meetings elsewhere. She was always the president. My father\nused to say, \"What did you say at the meeting,\" [unintelligible: T1-S1-01,\n11:00.973]. Mother said, \"When you make a speech, I don't interfere. Don't\ninterfere, and don't ask me what I said. I know what to say.\"\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: She wanted that independence.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes.\n\nBAUMAN: All right. Let us go over then to your father's family. I know your\ngrandfather was the rabbinic head of Bakst [Lithuania].\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That's right.\n\nBAUMAN: I want to go further back. From everything I read, you come from a long\nline of rabbis. Let's go further back.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: It goes back to those who were close to the Vilna Gaon, the Gaon\nof Vilna. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My grandfather whose name I bear, because I was born after he passed\naway, Zvi Chaim... in Yiddish it's Hershel, but in Hebrew it's Zvi Chaim. That\nwas his name. His father was also a rabbi, and his father's father was one who\nwas close to the disciples of the Gaon of Vilna. That's the yichus that we have.\nHe himself was an outstanding person, in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small town, of course. He had one son\nwho was the head of a Slobodka yeshiva, who was a student of the famous Volozhin\nyeshiva, and one of its great disciples. He was world famous, one of the\nrabbinic authorities of his generation. He died in 1935. In those years when he\nwas head of the yeshiva in Slobodka ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the one he founded in Hebron in\nPalestine, he was recognized as one of the rabbinic greats of this generation.\nThe family goes back. An interesting thing is that my grandfather's family was\nan unusual one. They were not all pious people, but they were all highly\nintelligent people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, one of them was one of the leaders of what we\nnow call Herut, the Revisionists, and a follower of Ze'ev Jabotinsky.\n\nBAUMAN: That would have been in the 1930's and 1940's?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Even before. He was one of the Poalei Zion, the Labor Zionists.\nBoth he and a sister of his, an uncle and aunt of mine, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both were members of the\nPoalei Zion, the Labor Zionists. That was a socialist Zionist group. They\nweren't religious. They weren't observant. They both finally wound up in\nCleveland, Ohio.\n\nBAUMAN: What were their names?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Their names were Shaya Epstein, Yishaya Epstein. Isaiah would be\nhis name. We called him Saul. In English, he would be Saul Epstein. He was a\npoet. He was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most unusual individual. My Aunt Feiga, she was a dynamo. She was\na member of the Revisionist Party. He remained a Labor Zionist. She turned a\nfollower of Ze'ev Jabotinsky. She finally wound up in Israel and she died there.\nThere was another brother, for example, who had immigrated to New York. When ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nwas a student at the Yeshiva University, before it was known as the Yeshiva\nUniversity--the Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan Rabbinical Seminary, which later became\nthe Yeshiva University--he was a grocery man in New York City. He was a very\nuncultured person, a very simple person. That was the amalgamation of that\nfamily. There were some outstanding intellectuals and very ordinary people.\n\nBAUMAN: These people were your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandfather's generation or your father's generation?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: My uncle's generation.\n\nBAUMAN: Your uncle's.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: My father, of course, was part of them. He was one of the younger ones.\n\nBAUMAN: What was it in the family background that would lead some towards Labor\nZionism, some not to be pious at all? Why that variety?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: First of all, it was a household that didn't know much about\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"economic... the desire to grow economically, materially. It was a culture\noriented family. Some of them became students of Judaic law. Some became\nstudents of secular law. Education was one of the pillars of that household.\nThere is one member of that... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a brother of my father, who remained in Moscow\n[Russia]. He was a rabbi there. His son now is also a man who is very pious, I\nunderstand. We sent him some money through certain rabbis who traveled there. He\nis a pious man. I even have a picture of him. He's not a rabbi. The household,\nall of them were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"geared towards education, self-education. None of them went...\nhad any formal education.\n\nBAUMAN: Your grandfather is Zvi Hirsch Chaim? This is correct?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes.\n\nBAUMAN: He was educated in Volozhin, correct?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes... in that yeshiva.\n\nBAUMAN: Could you tell me something about the Volozhin yeshiva?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Volozhin yeshiva... In the Middle Ages, there used to be two\nfamous academies who were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"responsible for the development of the Talmud. They\nwere known as Sura, S-U-R-A, and Pumbedita. Sura was headed by a man by the name\nof Rava and Pumbedita was headed by the name of Samuel. These two centers of\nlearning were centers that have gone down in Jewish history as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"classical\ninstitutions who promulgated and developed the Jewish law. In the same sense,\nthe yeshiva of Volozhin was in the Lithuania-Polish area, that center of\ngreatness. Chaim Nachman Bialik for example, was a student at the Volozhin\nyeshiva. His poem, Ha-Matmid, the diligent one, is also a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"description of what a\nstudent of the Talmud means. Volozhin was the greatest yeshiva we have had in\nmodern times, from the middle of the nineteenth century to the twentieth\ncentury. Finally, it had to disband. Why? The Russian government demanded that\nany educational institution must have a certain amount of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"secular studies\ntogether with its religious studies. The heads of the yeshiva of Volozhin\nrefused to go along with it. Instead of going along with it, to include secular\nstudies, they closed the yeshiva. Rabbi Soloveitchik, who is one of the great\nprofessors at the Yeshiva University now, is a descendant of the Soloveitchik\nfamily. Soloveitchiks were the heads of the Volozhin yeshiva.\n\nBAUMAN: What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"type of training did they give there? What was the method?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: The method was merely the study of Talmud and its commentaries,\nand to be able to develop a point of law of modern times along the lines of how\nthe Talmud treated various Jewish laws. The Talmud itself is a research work,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developing Jewish law on the basis of biblical texts. The Bible does not spell\nout all that Jewish practice consists of now. There are insinuations in the\nBible of things that the rabbis developed. All that the yeshiva did in those\ndays--and even in modern times, in Israel today, in the ultra-Orthodox\nyeshivas--you study ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Talmud. You study Talmud. Study, and study, and study\nTalmud... nothing else... and its commentaries. If you have a good memory and\nyou remember everything, you're an outstanding student.\n\nBAUMAN: Your father wrote a book, Gevurot ha-Ari. In this book, he describes two\nother people who have been...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Wait a minute. My father?\n\nBAUMAN: Ephraim Mordechai Epstein.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Moshe Mordechai [Epstein] is my uncle. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father didn't write a book.\n\nBAUMAN: Your uncle wrote Gevurot ha-Ari?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No, not that I know of. He wrote Levush Mordechai. There is no\nsuch thing as Ephraim Mordechai. My father's name was Ephraim. My uncle's name\nwas Moshe Mordechai, but he did not write. No. That's already going into\nmysticism, and these people were so far removed from anything that was mystical.\nThey were rationalists, complete rationalists.\n\nBAUMAN: Interesting. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm getting this information from the Encyclopaedia\nJudaica. I assume Ephraim Mordechai is...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Someone else.\n\nBAUMAN: ...someone else entirely.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Someone else, completely. Yes.\n\nBAUMAN: I was going to ask you about Abraham Meir ben Aryeh Leib Epstein, but\nthere's no relationship there.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: May I make a comment?\n\nBAUMAN: Certainly.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: A legitimate Epstein is always a lady. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are not legitimate\nEpsteins. Our original name was Bakst, B-A-K-S-T. Because a great-grandfather,\nmy grandfather's father, didn't want to serve in the Czarist army, the name was\nchanged to Epstein. We became Epsteins. The original name was B-A-K-S-T.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wherever there is a Bakst in this country, he's somehow related. My father used\nto look them up in New York. There was a man by the name of Bakst who had a\nchain of drugstores. My father looked him up. He certainly was. He was a member\nof the family. Originally we were not Epsteins.\n\nBAUMAN: Your grandfather was the head rabbi of Bakst. What type of role did he\nplay in that community?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI EPSTEIN: Bakst was a small town. He was the rabbi, the representative,\neverything that the people looked up to. In order to make a living, he had a\nbusiness on the side. In those days, these people did not become rabbis for the\nsake of becoming a head of a synagogue or... a community looked upon him as the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leader, and being... He was everything that a community needed: social\nactivities and fostering education from the Torah. Various things that a\ncommunity has, he supervised. He earned a livelihood from having a traveling\nplace, an inn.\n\nBAUMAN: Your father's name is Ephraim.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That's right. One name.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: Ephraim Epstein. He was born in Svencionys, Russia, in 1876.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: He was born in Bakst.\n\nBAUMAN: In Bakst?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes. He was born in Bakst, B-A-K-S-T.\n\nBAUMAN: It's good that I'm able to make these corrections at this stage.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Sure.\n\nBAUMAN: Your father had a fine education. Your father was trained in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which yeshiva?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: In the yeshiva of Slobodka. When he was eight or nine years old,\nhis father from Bakst sent him to his brother, to my father's brother, Reb Moshe\nMordechai Epstein, in Lithuania, to study. There he grew up. There my father\ngrew up in the yeshiva. How, I don't know.\n\nBAUMAN: What was the relationship between your father and your uncle?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI EPSTEIN: There wasn't a very intimate relationship. My uncle, Moshe\nMordechai, knew he was there. Let's put it that way. He knew he was there. I\npresume that he didn't pay too much attention to him. I don't... I think so. My\nfather had a great deal of respect for him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because he was the head of the\nyeshiva, and so to speak he was his teacher. My uncle was my father's teacher.\nMy father leaned to the other builder of the yeshiva, Rabbi Nathan Zvi Finkel,\nwho was the spiritual leader of the yeshiva, the one who founded the Slobotka\nyeshiva, and the one who brought in Reb Moshe Mordechai Epstein to be the head\nprofessor. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father was very close to Reb Nathan Zvi Finkel, more so than to my\nfather [uncle]. In my father's time, when he was a student, whenever a problem\ncame up in the yeshiva, my father was always sent on missions. For example, Reb\nNathan Hirsch [Zvi] Finkel, who was really the driving force of the yeshiva,\ndecided that a yeshiva should be organized in Slutsk [Belarus], the city of\nSlutsk, that's already Poland. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He sent my father to organize that yeshiva and\nget the people of Slutsk to be able to maintain that yeshiva. My father was\nalways a key person in that yeshiva, but his relationship with my uncle was less\nthan his relationship to this Rabbi Nathan Zvi Finkel.\n\nBAUMAN: Why did your family seem so cruel?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI EPSTEIN: First of all, Moshe Mordechai Epstein had five daughters and one\nson. I never heard his children asking him directly, \"Would you like to have a\ncup of tea?\" Never. Does one like to have a cup of tea? Does one like to eat\nnow? Never speaking to him directly. They looked... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they worshipped him from a\ndistance. They put him up on a high pedestal. He was so absorbed in his studies\nthat everything around him, he didn't pay attention to that much. There was an\naloofness. His daughters never spoke to him directly, \"Pa,\" or \"Father, would\nyou like a cup?\" Never directly. Does one like to have a cup of tea? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not a cup,\na glass, glass of tea. You don't drink from cups, you drink from glasses.\n\nBAUMAN: What was it in the cultural environment? What was it in the family\nbackground? Frankly, what I've written down... and this I was going to get into\nin relation to your relations with your father, is that it almost reminds me of\na Chaim Potok novel, like this concept of separation, a very...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I never asked my father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for any spending money. Never. I wouldn't\ndare approach him to ask him for anything. He was a strict disciplinarian. I\nhave a great many beatings to testify to that, until I was thirteen years of\nage. After that, no more. He wanted me to be something special. Until the age of\nten, he did not allow me to go to public school. He kept tutors ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for me, to teach\nme--not, God forbid, secular studies like arithmetic or English. No. Hebrew\nstudies, the Bible. At nine years of age I enrolled to study Talmud. I remember\nI didn't know what it was all about. Nine years of age. He put me in a class of\nTalmud, in the Yeshiva Etz Chaim as it was called in Chicago. My father, I\nlooked up to and respected and was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afraid of him. Why? My father was a sort of\nperson who was an unusual person. I never heard him talk... what do we call\nit... just...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: My father... I never heard my father talk small talk. For\nexample, when he would write me a letter, the first sentence was: \"How are you\nfeeling? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How is Reva doing?\" When the children were born: \"How are the\nchildren?\" [He would] go into a discussion of some idea or ideal that he had at\nthat moment, and gave me a big dissertation on two or three pages, either in\nHebrew or in Yiddish. Because of that, I always looked upon my... that was the\ntenor of the house. There was no small talk in the family, with my father. With\nmy mother, I could gossip, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could ask her how things are going along. Not with\nhim. There was a certain aloofness there too. It was bred by respect. I always\nthought of my father as the role model of my life. I would never have become a\nrabbi if it weren't for my father talking to me. When? When did he talk to me?\nWhen he was... we lived far away from the synagogue. It was a long walk.\nWhenever he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said to me, \"Chaim,\" that's how he used to call me, \"would you mind\nwalking with me to the synagogue?\" I knew that he was going to talk to me about\nsomething. He is the one who impressed me with a desire to continue the heritage\nthat was his, not to break the line, the rabbinic line, because with the other\nchildren he didn't have too much hope. He put all his hope in me. This persuaded\nme to go into the rabbinate because I detested it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: Your father has received some input from five different individuals.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes.\n\nBAUMAN: Isser Zalman Meltzer.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That's right.\n\nBAUMAN: Yeshiva Slutsk.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That's the one he founded.\n\nBAUMAN: Did these individuals have any influence on him in terms of his\nphilosophy of Judaism or his relation to Talmud? Let's go down the line.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Isser Zalman Meltzer was a brother-in-a-law of Reb Moshe\nMordechai Epstein. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reb Moshe Mordechai Epstein and Reb Isser Zalman Meltzer were\ntwo of the illustrious students of this Volozhin yeshiva. They became\nbrothers-in-law. There was no place for both of them in Slobodka yeshiva, so in\norder to make room for Reb Isser Zalman Meltzer, Reb Nosson [Nathan] Finkel\nurged that a yeshiva be established in Slutsk so that Reb Isser Zalman [Meltzer]\nwould have a place. My father... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an influence of Reb Isser Zalman [Meltzer],\nperhaps. I don't think Reb Moshe Mordechai influenced him too much, but Rabbi\nNosson [Nathan] Finkel influenced him a great deal.\n\nBAUMAN: In what ways?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: He gave him an insight into what Judaism means. For example,\nrabbinic authorities know the law. They know how to develop a point of law. They\nknow all the sources. It's an old ride. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reb Nosson [Nathan] Finkel gave them an\ninsight into what Judaism means. You may call it the philosophy and ethics of\nJudaism. There were two movements in Jewish life: the Hasidic movement and the\nMusar movement. Here's the distinction that I would draw between the two.\nHasidism tried to bring down heaven to earth to make you feel that you're also\npart of heaven. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whether you're a scholar or not, you're just the equal of anyone\nelse if you follow the way of piety and the way of rejoicing in God's word.\nMusar--the ethics of Judaism which Slobodka propagated--was bringing a person up\nto heaven, making him heavenly above the average stripe. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For a Hasid, God walks\nthe earth. He is with you all the time. For the philosophy of Slobodka, a person\nis elevated to heaven. He walks with the gods.\n\nBAUMAN: Your father was also ordained to receive smicha from Rabbi Jacob David Willovsky.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Rabbi Willovsky. Yes, he was an unusual person without a doubt.\nHe was a great ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scholar. Finally wound up in Safed, Palestine. He was a person\nwho was... they wanted him to be the chief rabbi of the United States. When he\ncame to this country, he stayed only one year. He saw that it was impossible in\nthe United States, with a democracy, to have everybody follow one rabbi. It was\nimpossible, so he left. This was one of the great sages.\n\nBAUMAN: Safed, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if I'm not mistaken, in ancient times was the head of Kabbalah, mysticism.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That was the nucleus of mysticism, sure.\n\nBAUMAN: Why would he go there? Was there an association with the mysticism and...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Safed has always been the source of Jewish mysticism. Why the\nRidbaz went there, I don't know. I don't think he was altogether a mystic\nfellow. He may have some inclinations towards it, I don't know.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: Your father also went to Khorol...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Khorol...\n\nBAUMAN: ...with Rabbi Kamai of Mir [Belarus].\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That's right. Rabbi Kamai of Mir. Rabbi Kamai was also one of the\ngreat students. Khorol was one where the older students, just before marriage or\nafter marriage, used to devote years of study. My father, when he married in\nPlunge, became a merchant himself. He already had received his ordination. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where\ndoes a rabbi... where do you wind up as a rabbi in the small towns of Lithuania\nor the small towns of Poland? For a while, he became a merchant. [He] used to\nbe, by the way, the leader of the Jewish community of Plunge. Whenever that Reb\nNathan Zvi Finkel had something important for the yeshiva--some mission--my\nfather would leave his business and travel for the yeshiva. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then he came to the\nUnited States because things were getting very bad.\n\nBAUMAN: Your father received smicha from [Rabbi] Yechiel Michael Epstein?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: [Rabbi] Yechiel Michael Epstein. That's no relation of ours.\n[Rabbi] Yechiel Michael Epstein was one of the outstanding authorities a\ngeneration before my uncle. He was an older man.\n\nBAUMAN: What did your father, and I guess this is going to the nature of\nsmicha... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what was he getting from these different individuals? Why does he go\naround and get these different smicha, as you do later on?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Why? He was not a product of any one institution although all his\nyears were spent in Slobodka. He considered himself a disciple: a rabbinic\ndisciple, a disciple of the Torah, a disciple of the Talmud, and a disciple of\nall the Jewish law. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He wanted to test himself to see whether he could stand an\nexamination by these greats who would be able to endow him with smicha. What is\nsmicha? Smicha means that you are able to be a research person in Jewish law. As\none rabbi told me when he gave me my ordination, he said, \"I don't think you\nknow everything in Jewish law, but I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think you know exactly where to find the\nanswer to every question you might have. That's already a stage.\" It was a sense\nof pride. You test yourself. You go to a few people. This was a sort of vanity.\nIt's a vanity.\n\nBAUMAN: One last individual in that regard. Your father also obtained smicha\nfrom Rabbi [Isaac Jacob] Reines who is the founder of Mizrachi.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI EPSTEIN: [Rabbi] Reines.\n\nBAUMAN: There seems to be a close relationship between the community in\nLithuania and obviously religious Zionism. Why?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: This I may tell you in all confidence. My father always had an\nambivalent feeling towards Zionism. The ultra-Orthodox like Moshe Mordechai\nEpstein were absolutely opposed to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionism. Why? The Zionist leaders were not\nobservant Jews. They were not practicing Jews, in the sense of following the\nHalakha. Religious Zionists were truly... It's true that there were practicing\nJews, but they were associated with the non-practicing Jews. The ultra-Orthodox\nalways looked askance at that. This is the great conflict we have now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the\nState of Israel too, where all the leaders of the State of Israel are not\nobservant people. The ultra-Orthodox group is violently opposed to that. They're\nviolently opposed to the State [of Israel] itself, so to speak. My father had an\nambivalent feeling. On the one hand, he was ultra, ultra-observant, ultra,\nultra. At the same time, he had a very modern outlook on life. For example, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he\nonce told me that when he came to the [United] States in 1905, and he saw what\nwas going on here, he would have liked to have had a razor and a pair of shears.\nHe would have cut the beards off all the rabbis, and cut their long garbs that\nthey had worn here from the old country. Why? In order to be able to speak to\nthe younger people, the more modern people, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"face to face, and on an equal basis.\nIn that way we'd win them over. As we are, we wear beards. Most people don't\nwear beards. We wear long robes, kapotes as they call them. They stand off from\nus because we're a different breed. He had a very modern outlook on life, a very\nmodern outlook. At the same time, his religiosity at... I know in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our house, it\nwas a sin to violate the most insignificant custom imaginable. For example, it's\na practice that on Friday afternoon you don't eat. Why? So you can have a better\nappetite for the Friday night dinner. I once came home from school and I was\nstarved to death. I asked my mother for something to eat. She said, \"I'm afraid\nto give you anything. I'll tell you, if you go in the bedroom, I'll bring\nsomething ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in to you.\" My father found out, and there was \"h\" to pay. He was a\nvery strict person. He wanted us to observe every detail, every small practice.\n\nBAUMAN: Was that actually a ritual?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No. You shouldn't do it. You shouldn't... he tried to avoid\neating in the afternoon so you could have a better appetite, for Kabbalas\nShabbos, in the honor of Sabbath.\n\nBAUMAN: You would have had a very good appetite that evening. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Coming back\nbriefly, what was it in that area of Lithuania that seemed to breed... let me\nstart off with the Zionism once again, in Mizrachi. We're going to come back to\nthis because I see a lot of different ideas going on in Lithuania at roughly the\nsame time. Let's start off with this idea of religious Zionism. What was it in\nthat community that seemed to breed it?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Lithuania was the breeding place for all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cultural and\nrationalistic movements. Take a look at some of the great giants in every field:\nmathematics and philosophy, plus Jewish learning. You'll find that most of them\ncome from Lithuania. For example, in the Jewish Theological Seminary of America,\nthere were a few greats there. There was the man who was... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just died a few\nyears ago... There was first Louis Ginsberg. He was the great communist in the\nJewish Theological Seminary. He died about ten, twelve years ago. He was a\nstudent of Telshe yeshiva, yeshiva of Telshe, also one of the great institutions\nof Lithuania. Saul Lieberman--who wrote so many of the commentaries on rabbinic\nlaw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and who was the pride and joy of the [Jewish Theological] Seminary--was\nlooked upon askance by the ultra-Orthodox group in Palestine, in Israel, because\nhe went over to the Seminary. They were all graduates of Slobodka. Lithuania was\na very impoverished country. Culturally, it was on the highest level. Many of\nthem went over to Germany to study in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"universities. It was a breeding place\nof culture and education, and that's what it was known for. Therefore, when the\nZionist movement came... First of all, what was the Zionist movement? Why was it\nso successful in Eastern Europe more than any other place? Jews in Eastern\nEurope, and let's take Lithuania as an example, they had no future there. There\nwas no future for them. They had to leave. Where do you go? Some of them went to\nSouth America. They went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Argentina. Some of them went to South Africa. I have\na cousin who went there. Until a few years ago, he was there, and he lived there\nmany years. I had an uncle who went there too. Most of them wanted to find a\nplace where they could live an independent life. In Russia, they could not go to\nuniversities; they could not go to high schools. They founded high schools in\ntheir own towns. Plunge had a high school, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a realschule where they taught the\nsecular subjects and Hebrew. Most Lithuanian Jews knew Hebrew very well. Those\nwho went to the yeshiva didn't know a word of Hebrew, except what they picked up\nfrom the learning. In the cities themselves, there were... then they wanted to\ngo to Palestine. Why Palestine? That was the land of our origin. They had some\nhistoric attachment to it. They were willing to go anywhere to get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away from\nRussia and from the cramped life there.\n\nBAUMAN: Rabbi, why did your father decide to go to New York?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: He couldn't make a living. Lithuania, Plunge, didn't offer him an\nopportunity to develop. First of all, my father had great ambitions. He was one\nof the most ambitious people I have ever known. How did he get his position in\nNew York in the first place? He was going just to get away from Lithuania. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On\nthe boat, a Jewish man died. They wanted to throw him overboard. My father went\nto the captain, gave him an argument, and pleaded with him. I want to bring him\nto New York and bring him to the burial. He brought him to New York. He gave the\neulogy at the grave. They were written up in the paper about this incident. It\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so dramatic a eulogy, that he got the position in...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: ...out of Kovno, the capital city, who died. He volunteered to\neulogize him in the city of Kovno as a student of the Slobodka yeshiva. He did.\nHe made a remarkable impression, a phenomenal impression. On the boat, he got a\nposition the first moment he got off because of the eulogy he gave to this man.\nHe was an excellent speaker, one of the finest speakers I've ever heard in my life.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: Do you know the name of the congregation in New York?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I don't remember offhand. I used to know. Maybe I'll find it in\nthe record.\n\nBAUMAN: You were still in Plunge while your father was in New York?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Two years. One year in New York and one year in Chicago.\n\nBAUMAN: Do you know what he did in New York?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes, he was a rabbi.\n\nBAUMAN: Were there any activities he participated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in especially?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No, that was his first experiment in the rabbinate. He used to\ntell me that he had a very difficult task. He used to teach in the morning the\nTalmud and in the evening Talmud. He used to speak Friday night. He used to\nspeak on Saturday morning. He tells the following story: he used to have to give\nan announcement in the Tageblatt, which was the Yiddish paper in New York. He\nhad to do it himself, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"giving the announcement that this synagogue was going to\nhave a sermon given by so and so. He used to bring it himself. First, he said,\nhe used to send somebody else. Somebody else used to say that I'm doing it on\nbehalf of the synagogue. He said, \"Why should I send somebody else? I'll go and\ngive it in and say I'm doing it on behalf of the synagogue.\" Once, late Friday\nafternoon, he was going back to his quarters. The family wasn't there yet. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\nstreetcar started moving, and he ran after it, and he couldn't get a hold on the\nhandle of the door of the car, and he fell. While he fell, he was thinking to\nhimself, thank God I'll break a leg and I won't have to speak tomorrow. That's\nhow difficult it was for him the first year in the position. He was always\ninvolved in activities, especially in Mizrachi.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: How did he get the contract to go to Chicago? Why did he change?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: The large synagogue, the Anshe Kneseth Israel--one of the largest\nOrthodox synagogues in Chicago--they were looking for a rabbi. Somebody... like\nin my case... somebody mentioned my name to the leaders. A man from New York\nmentioned to them that Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Epstein's brother is a rabbi in\nNewYork, and he's an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outstanding personality. They brought him down on trial.\nThey liked him and he remained there. That's how it worked: by word of mouth.\n\nBAUMAN: What was your life like in those two years when you were still in Plunge\nwith your mother?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I was too young to...\n\nBAUMAN: How did your mother support you?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I don't know. I imagine that my grandfather helped out a great\ndeal. I don't remember. That I don't know. Maybe my father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sent something too\nfrom New York, possibly.\n\nBAUMAN: What was life like for your father in this very well established\ncongregation in Chicago?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: First of all, he was such an ambitious, intelligent person, he\nmade his reputation immediately. He spoke on all occasions, all functions. He\nwas active in every civic enterprise in the community. He was well known. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was\none of the founders of Mizrachi in this country. We have a picture at home. I\ndon't know if I have it, unless I have it in one of my suitcases, where he and\nRabbi Meir Berlin founded Mizrachi in the city of St. Louis [Missouri]. He was\none of the spokesmen. He was one of the spokesmen for Mizrachi. He was always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an\nadvocate of the yeshivas in Lithuania and Poland, and in Palestine. He used to\nraise a great deal of money for them. Then the war came. There were a great many\nrefugees, and the Joint Distribution Committee was founded. He was one of the\nfounders of the Joint Distribution Committee. There were various groups from the\nreligious element of Jewry in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States. He was a representative. In\n1918, right after the war, he was sent on a mission by the Joint Distribution\nCommittee to Germany, Holland, Belgium, Lithuania, Poland, and he brought them\nmoney. I meet a man, in Miami, who tells me that when he was a student in\nBrussels in Belgium, my father passed through ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he examined him, gave him an\nexamination. He listened to him. He remembers it to this day. He was a very\nprominent person. Every Mizrachi convention always had my father as one of the\nspeakers. In Chicago itself, you name it and he was there... every activity in Chicago.\n\nBAUMAN: He attended the First American Jewish Congress in 1918. Did he tell you\nany stories about that Congress?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: My father never spoke about these things. He'll tell you what he\nsaid. He'll tell you about the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"content of his talk, but he won't tell you what happened.\n\nBAUMAN: What did he say? Do you remember that?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No. I don't think he would confide in me. In 1918, I was a\nyoungster of 15. I don't think he would tell me very much.\n\nBAUMAN: I was just wondering if there were conversations afterwards then.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No. He just was worried that I shouldn't skip cheder. I should be\nhere to go to the school, to the yeshiva there.\n\nBAUMAN: In 1941, your father helped establish the Federation of Jewish Charities.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Correct, in Chicago. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Certainly.\n\nBAUMAN: As I understand it, he worked with the Federation of Orthodox Charities\nbefore that with Julius Rosenwald, Saul Silber, and Judge Harry Fisher.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Julius Rosenwald was one of the Joint Distribution Committee leaders.\n\nBAUMAN: Why did they get together to establish this, what they called...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Because of the need. There were so many... of the Orthodox, you\nmean? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox needs were a little different than the others. They had to have\nkosher meals. They had to... there were many rabbis who had no position, so it\nwas a different element that you had to deal with. Some people were not\nqualified to be artisans, shoemakers, and they had to have special care, taking\ncare for them. The Joint Distribution Committee didn't particularly involve\nthemselves in taking care ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the needs of certain elements. They had a cross\nsection. They gave everyone a dollar, so to speak.\n\nBAUMAN: Do you remember Julius Rosenwald?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Sure, I remember him, having seen him.\n\nBAUMAN: Do you remember anything about him?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No, other than that he was the head of Sears Roebuck.\n\nBAUMAN: What was the relationship between him and your father? Did they work\nclosely on other things?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That's something I don't know.\n\nBAUMAN: Rabbi Saul Silber?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Rabbi Saul Silber and my father were the two leading Orthodox\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbis. Rabbi Saul Silber took over to be the head of the Hebrew Theological\nCollege when my father stepped down. These were the two representative leaders.\nThere was a certain competition between them, all of that. That I knew.\n\nBAUMAN: What was the nature of the competition?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: They were both prominent. Who speaks where? Who doesn't speak?\n\nBAUMAN: Was there difficulty of who would supervise kashrut?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Saul Silber never engaged in that. Rabbi Saul Silber\nwas not a great Talmudist. He was a good speaker, but not a great Talmudist. He\nwas a very fine person.\n\nBAUMAN: In 1921--coming back for a second--your father participated in the\norganization of the Federation of Jewish Charities in Chicago. I assume that the\nGerman Jewish organizations were merging with the East European Jewish\norganizations. How did he get along with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the German Jewish community in Chicago?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: When you ask me about this, I don't know. In 1921, I was already\nin New York studying at the Yeshiva University.\n\nBAUMAN: You weren't involved in these things?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No, I wasn't involved. Even if I were in Chicago, I would be the\nlast person my father would talk to about this. Later on, he would. Up until\nthat time, I was still on the border: should I continue my studies or not\ncontinue my rabbinic studies.\n\nBAUMAN: Your father helped ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"establish Beth Midrash HaRabbonim.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Correct. It was first called Beth Midrash HaRabbonim, and then it\ndeveloped into what is now known as the Hebrew Theological College. It is still\nin existence.\n\nBAUMAN: He did this with a number of other Midwestern rabbis, especially in\nChicago. What was the purpose of establishing the school?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: There came a time, he was mainly interested in me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He wanted me\nto have someplace to study. In Chicago, there was what was called the Talmud\nTorah, the citywide Talmud Torah, which was the Hebrew School for the community.\nThen there was the Yeshiva Etz Chaim, which was a yeshiva of a select group of\nstudents, of boys, in the City of Chicago, who already studied the Talmud. I was\na member of that, but then I outgrew it. When I became... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I graduated\ngrammar school, and I was to enroll in high school, my father came up with the\nidea to create the Beth Midrash HaRabbonim. He wanted to follow the pattern of\nthe German school, the Academy for Development of Rabbis. So I, Shephard Z.\nBaum, and Louis Lehrfield--the three of us--and two of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi [Chaim Zvi]\nRubenstein's sons, Charles [Zadok] and Sam[uel], we were the five who founded\nthis yeshiva, so to speak, this institution.\n\nRabbi Rubenstein became our teacher. Rabbi Rubenstein had a position in South\nChicago which was about an hour and a half ride by streetcar, changing three\nstreetcars, from where I lived. We used to leave Sunday morning, early Sunday\nmorning, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and stay in South Chicago until Friday after school. Friday after\nschool we would come back home for Shabbat, and that's the way we spent a whole\nyear: studying under Rabbi Rubenstein and going to high school. My first high\nschool was Bowen High in South Chicago. This is how it was founded. After the\nfirst year, other rabbis became interested, like Rabbi Abraham Kardon. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another\nEpstein in Chicago, Rabbi Azriel Epstein, also became interested. They rented\nthe top floor of the Grenshaw Street Talmud Torah where afterwards all of us\ngathered, not only five, but many more came around... and this is how the\nyeshiva grew.\n\nBAUMAN: Can you tell me anything about Rabbi Rubenstein? What type of man and\nteacher was he?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: He was the most marvelous person you could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ever conceive. He was\na man...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Rabbi Rubenstein was a man who came from Jaffa, Palestine. He had\na very winsome personality. He was the one who was unusually qualified to handle\nthe five wild animals who were interested more in baseball than in studying. He\nused to give us a baseball. He said, \"How much did a baseball cost?\" We told\nhim, \"Fifty-five cents.\" He gave us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"55 cents to buy a baseball on condition: you\ndevote these and these hours to study and then you play ball all you want. He\nencouraged us. Because of him, we got a love for studying. We were all of 14 at\nthe time... 13. He studied with us for a year in South Chicago. His wife--really\na pious woman--used to prepare meals for us all the time, for the five of us. We\nboarded out elsewhere. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was really the backbone of all that the Hebrew\nTheological College is now, because he began it. He taught at the Grenshaw\nStreet Talmud Torah too. They had other teachers too. There was a Rabbi Simon\nWinograd who came from Jerusalem, who was an unusual person, a bachelor, and\nthen the head of the rabbis. This is how it began. Rabbi Rubenstein was the key person.\n\nBAUMAN: Would you say ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Rubenstein had the greatest influence...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: ...the greatest influence on us, yes... as youngsters, sure. That\nwas just as we began high school.\n\nBAUMAN: Your father was very active in the Agudath Harabbonim.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Agudath Harabbonim, the Orthodox rabbinical organization.\n\nBAUMAN: He was the vice president of the Union of Orthodox Congregations. How\ndid he get involved in those types of activities?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: He was interested in Jewish life all over the United States. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He\nused to attend all their meetings. He used to go up to New York to attend\nmeetings. He wanted to further the influence of the rabbinate. He had certain\nprojects for them. He thought they were too fanatic. He wanted them to become\nmodernized. He was interested in the... he had to be a member of some\norganization. That was the organization he belonged to, the Mizrachi. He was one\nof the founders of American Mizrachi and Agudath Harabbonim. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also, in Chicago\nalone, there was Merkaz Harabbonim, the center of Orthodox rabbis. He was the\npresident of it many years.\n\nBAUMAN: What you just said is very [unintelligible: T1-S2-01, 15:31.936 ] to me\nabout him thinking that the leaders of Agudath Harabbonim ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were too fanatic.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: He thought they were too extreme. He thought they were too right.\nHe thought they should go out more and interest themselves. In those days a\nrabbi was there just merely to supervise kashrut, period. A rabbi didn't\ninterest himself in anything else. Here was my father, who took it upon himself\nto found an organization, or an institution ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"known as... a rabbinical institution.\n\nBAUMAN: He was also involved with the establishment of the rabbinical council.\nThat was essentially a group of rabbis who were more Americanized.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I don't think so. The rabbinical council...\n\nBAUMAN: He was the president of the Orthodox Rabbinic Association, is that the\norganization in Chicago?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: In Chicago, yes... called Merkaz HaRabbonim. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was the vice\npresident of Agudath HaRabbonim. That's a national... He was well known in all\ncircles, especially in the Orthodox rabbinate, because he was an Orthodox rabbi.\nHis leanings were more to modernism, without compromising Jewishness\n[unintelligible: T1-S2-01, 16:56.060].\n\nBAUMAN: Before we leave Chicago, although we're going to come back to it when we\ngo into your background... I'm reading a book called Maxwell Street, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is\nalmost as close to a history of Chicago as we have here, all the problems and\nthat. Did you live in that Maxwell Street area?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No, but I went to the cheder there. The yeshiva Etz Chaim was one\nblock away from Maxwell Street. We were on Fourteenth Street and Peoria Street,\ntwo blocks west of Halsted Street. We used to go on Maxwell Street to get our\nlunch. If you had a dime, you'd buy a sandwich in a kosher...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI EPSTEIN: ...sausage company was there. [unintelligible: T1-S2-01,\n17:45.154] used to be close to Maxwell Street, sure.\n\nBAUMAN: What was life like there?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Like it is now. You ever been there?\n\nBAUMAN: No.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: You should be there while they still have pushcarts there on all\nof Halsted Street. It's a little more modern now, but it used to be a street\ncompletely crowded with pushcarts, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was the business place of people, and\nthey used to sell their wares. All the bargains you could get there. It was a\nrundown place. It was in the slum area of Chicago at that time, but it was a\nvery busy place. Many Jewish people got a start there.\n\nBAUMAN: What was your home like? What type of community was that?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: My home?\n\nBAUMAN: Yes.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: It was more modern. My home was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much nicer place.\n\nBAUMAN: Let's come back to Lithuania, and let's come back to your uncle. Your\nuncle was born in Bakst. He attended the Volozhin...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: ...Volozhin yeshiva.\n\nBAUMAN: We've discussed that. He was considered a prodigy, the prodigy, the Illui...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That's right. Ilui.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: He supported Hovevei Zion.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Hovevei Zion. Right. In 1897, as a young married man... or was it\n1887? In 1887 it must have been. He went on a trip to Palestine and bought\nhimself a parcel of land in what is now known as Rehovot. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was one of the\nfounders of that city. He was always a dreamer and lover of Zion, Hovevei Zion,\nbut he was not a Zionist. He was from the Agudath Israel which was opposed to Zionism.\n\nBAUMAN: I want a little bit of explanation on that. He was a lover of Zion...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Lover of... yes, because that was Zion. That's our homeland.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's where the beginnings of our people were. The promise of the prophets is\nthat we will ultimately return to there. He loved it. It was the duty of every\nperson to try to live there. Whoever lives in Eretz Israel, the land of Israel,\nis assured of a place in heaven. This was the dream of everybody. Naturally, to\nbuy a piece of land there was a mitzvah. Who were the Zionists? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were the\nnon-observant, the atheists. He couldn't go along with them.\n\nBAUMAN: In 1893, he became the head of the Knesset Israel Yeshiva.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That's Slobodka yeshiva, yes.\n\nBAUMAN: It's Slobodka yeshiva.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes.\n\nBAUMAN: During World War I, because of invasions and conflict, the yeshiva moved\nfrom town to town in Russia.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That's right.\n\nBAUMAN: After the war, your uncle co-founded the Rabbinical Council of\nLithuania. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you tell me anything about that?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: He was... I came there in 1922. He returned in 1920... 1919 or\n1920. I don't recall. He was a leading personality, not the leading, but a\nleading personality of Lithuanian Jewry. He was looked up to by Polish Jewry,\nand certainly by Lithuanian Jewry; together with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Abraham Shapiro, who was\nthe Chief Rabbi of Kovno, which means the Chief Rabbi of Lithuania. They were\nthe ones who furthered the interests of traditional Judaism in that country.\n\nBAUMAN: For a short period of time, Lithuania was independent. Jews actually had\na separate position in the pluralistic society.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That's correct.\n\nBAUMAN: Was your uncle involved with the politics of that?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he wasn't. He wasn't one of the government people. No. He was\nthere to watch over the interests of the Orthodox community of Lithuania.\n\nBAUMAN: This Slobodka yeshiva was known for a special way of understanding the\nTorah, and a special way of instructing.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That's right.\n\nBAUMAN: Would you describe that?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: It was the rationalistic approach: research ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to come to the\nheart of the matter by direct approach, not to go beyond reason. It was a\nrationalistic approach. That's the best way I can present it.\n\nBAUMAN: Can you give an example of the type of way they might have taught it specifically?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: First of all, everything that was written is so. You don't\ndeviate. This is the way it was. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Any law that was propounded is so. If there's a\ndifference of opinion, then you had to come to the root of the matter and to be\nable to discover which is the sound judgment. It was a... it's difficult to\nexplain. For me, it's difficult to explain what actually it is. It's a direct\napproach. Like one teacher once told me, he says, \"When you study the Talmud,\ndon't go in crooked ways.\" You have to watch me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Don't go in crooked ways.\nAlways go directly to the essence of the matter.\" That's the rationalism. A\ndeduction. Deduce the proper way. He had the ability to deduce rationally one\npoint of view from the other.\n\nBAUMAN: Your uncle studied Maimonides' thoughts as you later do with your\nMaster's thesis. Could you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"show the influence of Maimonides' thoughts on your uncle?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: First of all, Maimonides is the one who has set up standardized.\nWhen you study the Talmud, you don't come to any conclusion. There's no\nconclusion about what the rabbis have discussed as to what their point of view\nis. You have to deduce from it. Maimonides set up codex. Such and such is the\nlaw, and such and such is the law. Many times, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he contradicts himself because he\npoints out that the law in one case is something different than in another\nsituation. Reb Moshe Mordechai [Epstein] and so many of the others have come to\nbe able to adjust and adjudicate between apparently contradictory points of\nview. This is what most of the Volozhin... this is how the laws are taught.\nSlobodka followed in that way. Whenever there is some contradictory ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or\napparently contradictory statements, and especially in Maimonides, this is where\nyou study it. You come to think: how could he have said this when it seems a\ncontradiction from the other point of view. You go back to the entire core of\nlearning and you bring out references to show how he really meant the same thing\nin one or the other. He said it in different ways. Something of that sort.\nWhenever I used to listen to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discourse by Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Epstein, I\nused to be amazed. He used to build up a building, floor by floor, floor by...\nthen topple it down, all the way down, and come to the essence. Just fantastic.\n\nBAUMAN: The yeshiva was influenced, as you've indicated, by Musar. Musar, as I\nunderstand it, was an emphasis on ethics...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: ...on ethics and the meaning of Judaism, the philosophy of\nJudaism. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not the dry legal aspect of it. What does Judaism actually want of you.\nI remember this Reb Nathan Zvi Finkel, told me when I was with him in Germany on\na vacation... I used to attend to him. He said, \"What is the basis of Judaism,\nof Musar? It is as follows, a verse in the Book of Psalms: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'Find favor in the\nsight of God and of people.'\"\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: This is the essence of Judaism: that your ways shall make you\nfavorable in the sight of God's requirements of you, and also at the same time\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have people pronounce you as a proper person. This is the essence of what\nMusar was.\n\nBAUMAN: What was the influence of Maskil at the Slobodka yeshiva?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Of Haskalah, you mean?\n\nBAUMAN: Haskalah, yes.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: The administration tried to not to have the students exposed to\nHaskalah because it would detract from their studies ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and maybe lead them astray.\nWhenever a student of a yeshiva would want to study some of these books, written\nin Hebrew or Poland by [Hayim Nachman] Bialik or some of the other authors, he\nhad to do it stealthily. If he was discovered, he would be discharged from the school.\n\nBAUMAN: That's interesting. One of the people that had given your father smicha\n[unintelligible: T1-S2-02, 07:34.666] established in the yeshiva, where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"secular\nstudies of Hebrew literature were joined. Why did your father...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Rabbi Isaac Jacob Reines was a great, a great scholar, and it was\nan achievement on his part that although he was a student of Slobodka, yet Rabbi\nReines recognized him as a person capable of being a rabbi in Israel. It was a\nvictory to receive smicha from him.\n\nBAUMAN: Was it partly a break from your uncle's emphasis?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a personal vanity.\n\nBAUMAN: What did your uncle think about secular studies?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: He didn't believe in it. Not at all. Although he himself... For\nexample, Rabbi Nathan Zvi Finkel, the one who was really the dictator of the\nyeshiva... he set the tone for the whole yeshiva... he himself knew a great deal\nabout Haskalah because he came originally from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that group. He felt that if you\nwant to remain an Orthodox Jew, and loyal to the traditions of Judaism, you\ncannot be involved in studying secular things. It will mislead you. By the way,\nit's twenty minutes to twelve.\n\nBAUMAN: A few questions on this, to bring this up to an end, if you don't mind?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: All right.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: In 1897, this Slobodka yeshiva split over the issue of Musar.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Musar, yes.\n\nBAUMAN: Rabbi Finkel and Rabbi Epstein were together.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Right.\n\nBAUMAN: Knesset Israel, this Slobodka yeshiva was forming, and the other yeshiva\nthat forms is Knesset Beit Yitzchak, named in memory of Rabbi Isaac Elhanan Spektor.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That's right.\n\nBAUMAN: Is there any relationship that you're familiar with in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conflict here?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: The Knesset Beit Yitzchak was opposed to introducing the study of\nMusar in the yeshiva because it was a waste of time. All a student had to do was\nto study the legal aspect of Judaism, of the Talmud. To go into a discussion of\nethics, that comes from studying itself. To have it as a special subject and\nwaste time was not necessary. All that we can say is that ultimately the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Slobadka way won out because in 98 and 99 percent of yeshivas all over the\nworld, Musar is incorporated, including Yeshiva University.\n\nBAUMAN: Do you know why your uncle decided to move the yeshiva from Slobodka to Hebron?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: He knew there was no future for Lithuanian Jewry. There was no\nfuture for it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At first, the students of the yeshiva, like the students of the\nChristian seminaries, were exempt from going into military service. The\nLithuanian government was clamping down on this regulation. They were\nthreatening to enlist all the students into service. Reb Moshe Mordechai Epstein\nhad a view that there was no future for Lithuanian Jewry and here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine was\nbeing colonized. It was growing. It's a mitzvah to be in Palestine because Eretz\nIsrael--the land of Israel--is a holy place. He went there. It's interesting\nthat Rabbi Meir Berlin, who was the head of the Mizrachi organization, suggested\nthat they settle in Hebron. Hebron was one of the sacred cities. There were\nthree sacred cities in Eretz Israel: Jerusalem, Hebron, and Safed. Hebron was\nnever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"colonized. They said, \"If you will take the yeshiva down to Hebron, we'll\nencourage you and we'll help you.\" So they went to Hebron.\n\nBAUMAN: Was there a change in terms of the yeshiva education when they moved\nfrom one...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: None.\n\nBAUMAN: ...I've seen a picture of the students in the Hebron yeshiva, and\nthey've got their hair cut. They do not have the...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: ...Payess.\n\nBAUMAN: ...Payess. It seems like they were modern in dress.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI EPSTEIN: If you would look at the yeshiva in Slobodka... . The most modern\ndressed youngsters you've ever seen. They believe that you must find favor in\nthe sight of God, God's commandments, but also in the sight of people. You don't\ndress strangely. You don't dress in a manner that would have people move away\nfrom you. You would want people to be sympathetic to you. Slobodka was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"known as\na place that... When they came to Palestine and when they came to Hebron, this\nwas the same pattern. Ultimately some Jews from Palestine came in too as\nstudents. They came from homes where they stressed payess and all that garb, so\nit was a different element, and different environment. Slobodka always stressed\nmodern, to be as modern as possible.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: In some ways... I've asked Rabbi David Geffen to investigate the\ngraduates and the students at Slobadka and Hebron when you were there. It seems\nto me the methods were leading people towards very independent thought. One\nperson I have in mind there is Zachariah Shuster, who apparently started out\njust like you did and then went in the direction of the American Jewish\nCommittee. He essentially ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left behind the old Orthodox structures.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Zachariah Shuster was a journalist in Lithuania when I was there.\n\nBAUMAN: Did you know him?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I've read him. I used to read him. I was one of the few who used\nto read a newspaper. The others were forbidden to do it. Being that I was an\nAmerican, the only American, I was permitted to study Bible. They were not\npermitted to study Bible. You could go astray with Bible. You study Bible\nthrough the Talmud. They interpret it properly. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zachariah Shuster, certainly...\nThere were many like that, who started off from an ultra-Orthodox background,\nand maybe a scholarly background like a yeshiva, and then drifted away. Slobodka\nalways stressed modernism, to be modern in every sense of the term. If you saw\nthose students in Slobodka itself, you'd be amazed. Is this a yeshiva student?\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It looks like a person from gymnasia.\n\nBAUMAN: Was the yeshiva training there geared towards independent thought?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: The form of study was independent. You see, I never had a teacher\nwhose class I attended. To get into Slobodka yeshiva, you were able to be your\nown instructor. You could get a colleague and study together, but there were no\nclasses. In Slobodka, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had five rosh yeshivas, five heads, Reb Moshe Mordechai\nEpstein and four others. Every day, one of them would give a lecture. I remember\n12 o'clock, from 12 to 1, or 12 to 1:30. Otherwise, you studied yourself and you\ncame to a professor once a week or once in two weeks and talked to him. He would\nsee how far you had advanced in your studies. It was all independent study and\nindependent research.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: What I'm saying is independent thought, being able to criticize and disagree...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Disagree, yes, within certain frameworks.\n\nBAUMAN: What happened if you separated from that framework?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: You were not welcome. For example, I came to the yeshiva. Because\nof my father's reputation and his helping sustain the yeshiva, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the\nprofessors gave me, every Thursday, one hour privately in his home. In 1922,\nwhen I came there--the first meeting I had with him--I asked him one question\nthat he couldn't answer, and I haven't answered to this day. How can I gain\nfaith? You say that I have to be pious, and I should believe in God. Suppose I\ndon't know how to do it. How do I gain faith? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No answer. If I stress it too\nmuch, no place here. You've got to come with faith. I never could answer that\nquestion myself either.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: When the yeshiva of Slobodka was divided into two and Knesset\nBeit Yitzchak was organized ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a yeshiva that did not include Musar, the head of\nit was Rabbi Baruch Ber Leibowitz. He was a competitor of Rav Moshe Mordechai\nEpstein. The relationship between them was such a cordial one that when I got\nmarried in 1929, this Rabbi Leibowitz happened to be in the City of Chicago on a\nmission of his own ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yeshiva--in Palestine, in Israel at that time--and who was\nthe one who officiated at my wedding? This Rabbi Leibowitz--the founder of the\nKnesset Beit Yitzchak--who was, so to speak, a contemporary of my own uncle. I\nconsidered it a merit. My father wanted him to be the one who performed the ceremony.\n\nBAUMAN: This is the end of the first part of this interview.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: This is the second part of the interview of Rabbi Harry Epstein being\nconducted by Dr. Mark Bauman. The date of this interview is June 24, 1986.\nRabbi, today we are going to go into a narrative really of your life and your\nrelationship to Jews in Atlanta, elsewhere throughout the South, and through the\nUnited States. Why don't we begin with you going through your early life and\nyour early education?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early life is a very simple one. My father apparently since my\nbirth had decided that I should be a student of Jewish law. He told me one time\nwhen I balked at the idea of becoming a rabbi... It wasn't so tempting to me,\nthe entire rabbinate, because I saw the difficulties my father had in his\nrabbinate: the aggravations and the heartaches. I was rather interested in\nmedicine. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wanted to be a doctor. He told me one thing that made a deep\nimpression on me. He said, \"I want you to be a rabbi for no other reason but\nbeing a rabbi, you'll always have to be a student. You'll always have to study.\nYou'll have to be up on subject matter, otherwise you will not be a successful\nrabbi. As long as you'll be a student all the time, and a student of Jewish law,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that will make me happy.\" The rabbinate in itself, that didn't interest him.\nWith this in mind, he trained me from early infancy towards scholasticism,\ntowards scholarly pursuits.\n\nHe kept me out of grammar school until I was ten years of age and he kept me out\nof public school, not because he didn't want me to study. He had tutors for me\nin Jewish subjects, in Bible, and in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"various interpretations of biblical\npassages. He used to give me a dime if I would learn a chapter of the prophets\nby heart. At first, it was easy for me; then it became a little more difficult.\nI used to know a number of the prophetic chapters by heart because of the dimes\nthat he used to give me. Later, it got to be a quarter because he saw I was\nbalking, but I couldn't make it. It was too much to memorize all that. At nine\nyears of age, he enrolled me in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Talmud class. In the City of Chicago, there\nwas a Hebrew school called the Talmud Torah. For the advanced youngsters, there\nwas a place that was called Y'shivath Etz Chaim, Yeshiva Etz Chaim. This\nactually was the foundation of the rabbinical school that my father wanted to\nfound and the Hebrew Theological College that was developed later. At nine years\nof age, I remember Rabbi Herman was my first Talmud teacher, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fascinating man.\nHe used to seat us according to our capacity. The one closest to him was the\nsmartest. The one furthest away from him was not the most proficient. We always\nused to try to strive to be as close to Rabbi Herman as possible. As far as my\nbeginning Talmud education was concerned, Rabbi Herman stands out in my mind.\nNot many teachers stand out in my mind as I think back, but Rabbi Herman at the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning. I had a number of other teachers, especially Rabbi Jacob\nGreenberg--who later became the Dean of the Hebrew Theological College--a man\nwho was an engineer by profession, but a great Talmudic scholar who had a great\ninfluence on youngsters. He was the watchdog of the Hebrew Theological College.\nHe saw to it that the students kept their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place and that they were doing their\nwork. He observed each and every one. He knew every one. He knew their capacity.\nHe knew their ability. Rabbi Greenberg stands out. The most important person...\n\nBAUMAN: Excuse me. Before we leave Rabbi Jacob Greenberg, you must have\ndeveloped a very special personal relationship with Rabbi Greenberg. If I'm not\nmistaken, he's the one that recommended you for the position in New Orleans in\nthe mid 1930's.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Correct. That's later on.\n\nBAUMAN: Did you continue the relationship after this?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes. As a matter of fact, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before my bar mitzvah, he was my\nteacher. I used to have a session with him at his house. He taught me, for\nexample, how to create a Jewish calendar for a hundred years. I've forgotten it\nsince, because I didn't follow up. He took a liking to me. He was a person who\ninfluenced me a great deal. Later on, when I was a rabbi in Atlanta in 1935, New\nOrleans was looking for a rabbi. They had a very prominent rabbi who had left\nthem, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi [Henry] Raphael Gold, who while he was a rabbi there went to medical\nschool and became a psychiatrist. They wanted somebody to fill his place. He\n[Rabbi Greenberg] recommended me. As a matter of fact, I did come down to New\nOrleans in 1935. I took the position immediately, and then came back in Atlanta\nand told them I can't accept it. I incurred the wrath of the entire congregation\nat that time because it was difficult for me to leave Atlanta. I had great hopes\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for Atlanta. I saw that it was a budding community, a growing community. There\nwas a youth here, and there was a great deal to do. Secondly, it was... this was\na great place for scholars. When I came here, there were three members of my\ncongregation who had published Hebrew books, one of them on grammar. He was an\ninsurance man by avocation, but by vocation he was a student of grammar, Hebrew grammar.\n\nBAUMAN: Who was this?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Mr. [David] Gershon. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Gershon. There was Mr. [Charles] Glazer,\nand Mr. [David] Hadas... Rabbi Kline, Klonitsky-Kline, who published a\ncompilation of all the sayings of the rabbis of the Talmud, which was a very\nfine work. This is the type of people who were part of my environment here in\nAtlanta. It was a stimulating environment because it kept me on my toes. I used\nto conduct a class of Talmud every single day ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except Saturday and Sunday. Sunday\nwas a peculiar day here in the City of Atlanta. No one had time on Sunday. The\nolder people used to visit their children and grandchildren on that day. The\nyoung people didn't come to synagogue altogether. Sunday was a day off.\nSaturday, because of the Sabbath, we didn't have a class in Talmud. Five days a\nweek, though, every single day, we went through the entire Talmud in a number of years.\n\nBAUMAN: I'm sorry. I led you into the digression. You were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talking about one\nimportant teacher at Yeshiva Etz Chaim that you recall.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Rabbi Herman and Rabbi Greenberg. The other, Rabbi Leventhal and\nRabbi Levine were also... I still remember them vividly, but they didn't have\nmuch of an influence on me. Rabbi Greenberg... Rabbi Herman first and then Rabbi\nGreenberg. As far as my Hebraic studies were concerned, the man who really\ninfluenced me more than anyone else was Rabbi Rubenstein, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was rabbi of South\nChicago. After I had finished grammar school, when I began high school, we used\nto go to South Chicago... three others and I... and this was the foundation of\nthe Hebrew Theological College or the Beth Midrash HaRabbonim that my father\nwanted to create. I think we spoke about it last week. I didn't have any...\nYeshiva Etz Chaim also became... I outgrew that too. A few other students\noutgrew it. We had no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place to be, so my father came up with the idea of\ncreating a super school, a yeshiva. He called it Beth Midrash HaRabbonim, a\nseminary that would produce rabbis. Later that was a term they didn't like, so\nthey changed it to Beth Medrash LaTorah, a house of study of Torah, and that's\nwhat it's called now. I was actually the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first student, and with me it was first\nfounded. Rabbi Rubenstein was a great... Some others came. For example, there\nwas a man by the name of Rabbi Star, S-t-a-r [Selig Starr]. His name was\nStarobinski, when he came from Lithuania, from Slobodka yeshiva. He taught me\none summer. He was the one who prepared me to enroll in the... what is now\ncalled the Yeshiva University. At that time it was called the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Isaac\nElchanan Rabbinical Seminary.\n\nBAUMAN: I'm sorry once again for interrupting. Last we spoke, you mentioned the\nBeth Midrash HaRabbonim...\n\nBAUMAN: ...last we mentioned that Beth Midrash HaRabbonim had been influenced by\nwhat was happening in New York with the gradual development of the Hebrew\nTheological Seminary. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was the influence?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: In New York, there was the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Rabbinical\nSeminary, Yeshiva of Rabbi Isaac Elchanan. Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan was one of\nthe great rabbis of Lithuania. He was the chief rabbi of Kovno. After him--by\nthe way, they just celebrated their hundredth anniversary--they founded a\nyeshiva in his name. That was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"greatest institution of Jewish learning on the\nAmerican scene at that time. Finally, Dr. Revel built up a Hebrew... a high\nschool along with it, and also a college. It finally became the Yeshiva\nUniversity, as it is now. In 1920, Rabbi Starr taught me and two others during\nthe summer, and then we went to the Yeshiva Yitzchak Elchanan ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in New York, and\nRabbi Revel examined us on the tractate that we had studied that summer, and we\nenrolled as students. Rabbi Starr is... I remember...\n\nI started high school while I was studying with Rabbi Rubenstein in South\nChicago for one year. Then we came back. I think we mentioned last time, we went\nto the Grenshaw Street Talmud Torah, which was a famous Talmud Torah in Chicago\nat that time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father and others rented the third floor of this Grenshaw\nStreet Talmud Torah for the students who were starting to enroll in this\nneo-Beth Medrash LaTorah. I studied there only one year. I started my high\nschool career in Bowen High. Bowen High School was in the south side, South\nChicago. Then I enrolled in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marshall High School. In Marshall High School, I\nremember one teacher especially, Dr. McLain. In my sophomore year, he taught\nhistory. It was the first time in my life I got an appreciation of history. I've\nalways been very fond of history, and have followed it and read about it because\nof Dr. McLain's influence. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other teacher in my high school career was a\nwoman by the name of Mrs. Zimmerman. I finally found out when I came to Atlanta\nthat she was a Jewish woman and a member of the Zimmerman family here... not\nmembers of my congregation, but a Jewish family that was very well known in the\nCity of Atlanta. She was an excellent teacher as far as my grades were concerned\nbecause she always gave me an A plus, but I never learned any Latin from her.\nThe other teachers, I just... it's nebulous with me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's hazy. I don't remember\nthem too well.\n\nBy the way, going back to my grammar school career, before high school, there\nwas one teacher whom also I will never forget: Mrs. Geleck, who used to teach us\nin the eighth grade, the graduating class, the last class of the grammar school.\nShe introduced us to opera. We used to have a music session. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Her music session\nwas devoted entirely to excerpts from opera. She played. We sang. At the\ngraduation, I remember it was just operatic excerpts that we performed. Mrs.\nGeleck is also a person who developed in me an appreciation of music, and I've\nnever lost that love for opera to this very day. As far as my other teachers are\nconcerned, Dr. Revel who was the leader of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeshiva Yitzchak Elchanan in New\nYork was a man whom I admired a great deal. He had an open mind, a fantastic\nmemory, a brilliant man. He was the one who really built the very foundations of\nthe Yeshiva University. When he came to be the head of the Yeshiva Yitzchak\nElchanan, there was no high school attached to the school.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Dr. Bernard Revel is the one who examined me when I came in, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\ninterestingly enough, later on in 1927 when I came back from my studies from\nLithuania and in Palestine, my first position was in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Why Tulsa,\nOklahoma? Dr. Revel was a son-in-law of the wealthiest man in Tulsa, Oklahoma,\nby the name of Dave Travis. He considered Tulsa, Oklahoma as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his province. Dr.\nRevel was not satisfied with the idea that in 1922 I left the yeshiva in New\nYork and went to study under my uncle in Slobodka in Lithuania. When I came\nback, I passed through Tulsa accompanying my uncle who was on a speaking tour of\nthe United States and at the same time trying to raise money for his yeshiva\nwhich he founded ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Palestine in Hebron. He wanted me to come as a former\nstudent of the yeshiva and because I knew English. He thought I was a good\nEnglish speaker. I never had spoken in my life up until then. I accompanied him.\nHe used to speak in Yiddish or Hebrew, and I used to speak in English.\n\nWhen I passed through Tulsa, they wanted to engage me as a rabbi. They needed a\nrabbi at the time. Dr. Revel wanted to place ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a student of his own there. To me\nit became a challenge, and I said to myself, I'm going to take this position.\nThat's how I wound up in Tulsa, Oklahoma. While I was in Tulsa, Oklahoma in\n1927... In June 1928, I received a letter in Hebrew from a Mr. Glazer here in\nAtlanta, saying that they heard of me and would I consider a position in\nAtlanta, Georgia. That's how I got to be here. This is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Revel, fascinating\nman, a man to whom American Jewry owes so much. If not for him, the Yeshiva\nUniversity would not be what it is today. He was the one who... with his broad\nvision, his great influence, and the stature that he had among all the learned\nrabbis of the country, he was able to accomplish that. There was a great deal of\nopposition at the time of having a yeshiva becoming a university ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too. He fought\nit through. Dr. Revel stands out in my mind.\n\nBAUMAN: Later on you called him personally your rabbi. You said Dr. Bernard\nRevel was personally my rabbi.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Because of his affiliation with Tulsa, Oklahoma. His wife used to\ncome for all the holidays there, the short time I was there. She came for the\nHigh Holy Days. She was a Travis. She came for the High Holy Days. She came for\nPassover. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We built up a fine relationship together. He was my rabbi actually,\nbecause in Tulsa, Oklahoma, this was Dr. Revel's forte. Because it was, it\nchallenged me to try to get the position and not the student he would recommend\nfrom his own yeshiva. That's how I wound up in Tulsa.\n\nMy rabbinic studies... I never ceased studying. From the time, I don't know\nwhen. I guess from my birth, I always studied. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I went to grammar school, I\nonly studied four hours a day during the week days... Sunday from nine until two\no'clock. Saturday I was home. That was a free day. Even when I went to high\nschool, it was always from four until eight, in the Yeshiva Etz Chaim and then\nin the embryo Hebrew Theological College ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was developing. I left Chicago for\nEurope at the inducement of some rabbis with whom I struck up an acquaintance,\nEuropean rabbis. I left Chicago on the day that the building of the Hebrew\nTheological College on Douglas Boulevard and Homan Avenue was dedicated. I was\nthere at the dedication. I left and took the train going to New York and then\nthe boats.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: In New York, did you deal with people like Henry Pereira Mendes?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No. He was before my time.\n\nBAUMAN: And Mordecai Kaplan?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No. I was away... I wasn't a part of the Jewish Theological\nSeminary. My training was altogether Orthodox. I had no association with the\nJewish Theological Seminary. My association with the Jewish Theological Seminary\nbegan while I was a rabbi here in Atlanta ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After many years, when I felt that\nsome of the innovations that Conservative Judaism has brought about... I had to\nfollow in order to be able to attract a people who didn't have a sound\nfoundation of Jewishness. For example, the first thing I did was to introduce\nEnglish readings. It was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starting thing. It was a difficult thing for some\npeople to accept. I had to do it; otherwise I would have lost them. Even\nannouncing pages at every few minutes was something new in this congregation...\nor some other things like that or having men and women together.\n\nBAUMAN: We'll get back into the activities of the congregation. Again, I'm sorry\nfor interrupting...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: This isn't the question of activities of the congregation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This\nis a philosophy that developed into a philosophy of my rabbinate. That is why I\ndeviated from Orthodoxy.\n\nBAUMAN: What was the source of your deviation?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Just observing the Jewish scene here in Atlanta and throughout\nthe United States, including Chicago. I was raised in an ultra-Orthodox\nenvironment. I found here an ultra-Orthodox congregation. When I announced ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nfirst High Holy Day that I was here, 1927, that I was going to give my sermons\nin English, there was an uproar. The Board went into session. They wanted to\nfire me. You don't speak English in a synagogue on the Holy Day. I had to\ndeviate. I had to change a great many things.\n\nBAUMAN: It seemed like when you got here, even in Tulsa to some extent, you were\nvery prepared to do those things, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you were aware of the concepts of modern\nOrthodoxy. These innovations were innovations that different people were doing\nthroughout the country. You were an exemplar of this in Atlanta, and certainly\nin the South. It was not totally unusual for other people throughout the country\nto be observing the same types of things. Again the question is: where did you\ngain this insight? Was it the trip around the country with your uncle? Was it\ntraining in Slobodka or in Hebron?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No, Mark, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was not the trend in Orthodox circles to do what I\ndid, including a bat mitzvah ceremony which I introduced immediately. It was not\nthe trend. I was criticized for it by the Orthodox group. I had too much... too\nmany English readings. I interrupted the services continually with explanations.\nIt was a question of either ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accomplishing something here or forgetting about a\ncertain element in this community who certainly would not want to follow the\ntenets of my philosophy of Judaism. What did I accomplish by it? Merely by\nhaving members in the congregation? That was never in my mind. When I got them\ninto the synagogue, I developed a sense of philanthropy and charity. I exposed\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them to certain institutions that I cherished and that were necessary for the\nmaintenance of Jewish life in this country and abroad.\n\nAhavath Achim became the stronghold of all Jewish concerns, whether it be\nZionism or Mizrachi. I did both. I reorganized the Zionist organization. I also\ncreated the Mizrachi organization because some people preferred to be more with\nthe religious Zionists. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even was friendly with the Arbeiter Ring, which was a\nsocialist oriented community. They used to come to listen to me speak. I spoke\nin Yiddish a great deal at that time. Yiddish was their language. When I came\nhere, by the way, I found... besides our Hebrew School, I found that there was a\nYiddish day school... not a day school, but a Yiddish afternoon school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among the\nArbeiter Ring. Then there was the Arbeiter Farband, which was the organization\nof Zionist Socialists, or Socialist Zionists, one of the two. They both had\nschools, and I used to visit them. I even conducted a wedding ceremony in The\nLyceum which was the headquarters of the Arbeiter Ring. On one condition, they\nsaid: that I do it in Yiddish. I told them I'll be glad to do it in Yiddish also\non a condition: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there are certain prayers I've got to do in the Hebrew.\nThey agreed. That was the first and only time in my life that I conducted a\nservice entirely in Yiddish.\n\nMy object was to bring people closer to what Judaism is, and make them better\nJews. I think to a certain extent I've succeeded. To a certain extent I failed\nbecause it works both ways. You become lenient, and there is no limit to\nleniency. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To some of my people, when we joined the alternate Conservative\nmovement, it meant that it was giving an approval of not keeping the Sabbath, of\nnot keeping kashrut. It was... Conservative Judaism in their mind was a\nminimizing of Jewishness. I had to overcome that too.\n\nFrankly, to this very day, I think that the Conservative movement has been\nbankrupt. I don't think it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accomplished what it set out to do. At this time, in\nmy opinion, there is very little difference between Conservative Judaism and\nReform Judaism. I think ultimately... I believe there will only be two\nmovements: the Orthodox and the non-Orthodox. Conservative Judaism, Reform, and\nReconstructionism would all be one, except that in each movement there are right\nand left wings. There will be this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberal wing. There will be right and left,\nas we have in Conservative Judaism now. There are many Conservative rabbis who\ndon't believe in God, and a different attitude towards divinity that is\naltogether different from what Orthodox Jews believe.\n\nBAUMAN: When you went to Slobodka to attend your uncle's yeshiva, was there a\nculture shock?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: To me? No. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I grew up in that environment. I don't know whether I\nmentioned to you or not, one of the head men of the Slobodka yeshiva...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: ...was a person who knew my father from years back. He was a\nperson who devoted one hour a week privately with me. He said, \"You're an\nAmerican young man. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You haven't been brought up in the environment in which we\nhave grown up. I want you to ask me any question, and I'll try to elaborate on\nthe question that you ask.\" The first question I asked him, I still haven't got\nan answer to. This has been my search. I'm sorry I didn't follow through with it\naltogether. I asked him as follows, \"There are two commandments that are most\nessential in Judaism.\" I didn't tell him that, but Christianity also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teaches\nthat. One of them is \"Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, with\nall thy soul, and with all thy might.\" That's the first. That's the Shema. \"Hear\nO Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one.\" V'a-hav-ta eit A-do-noi\nE-lo-he-cha, B'chawl l'va-v'cha, u-v'chawl naf-sh'cha, u-v'chawl m'o-de-cha\n[Hebrew]. You should love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, with all thy\nsoul, with all thy mind. The greatest teaching in Judaism, according to Rabbi\nAkiba is: V'a-hav-ta l'reiackha ka-mo-cha [Hebrew]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You shall love your neighbor\nas yourself. \"Rabbi Sher\"--his name was Rabbi [Isaac] Sher--\"please tell me how\ndoes one attain the ability to love God with all one's heart, with all one's\nsoul, with all one's mind? How can I be told to love God, and it's essential to\nJudaism to do so? How? How can you direct me to love God? For what purpose?\nSecondly, you shall love your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neighbor as yourself. Rabbi Sher, is it possible\nto command a person to love? Is it possible to tell me to love 'A' and 'Z'? Some\nof them, I like, and some of them I can't stand. It's only normal. How does one\ndevelop a sense of love of God and love of fellow men?\"\n\nHe began a series of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conversations with me which I later found out followed the\ntrend of Rabbi Judah Halevi. Rabbi Judah Halevi in the twelfth century, in the\neleventh century, wrote the book The Kuzari, tells the story of about a Russian\ntribe that didn't know what to believe, so they got a Moslem authority, a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Christian authority, and a Jewish authority to have a dialogue or a debate, each\none of them to propose their way of life. At the end of the book, The Kuzari,\nthis Bulan found out that whatever Moslems believe is based on Judaism, and\nwhatever Christians believe is based on Judaism, so he accepted Judaism as his\nfaith. In the book, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Kuzari, in the Twelfth Century, Rabbi Judah Halevi tries\nto show that faith must be based... that belief... love of God is based on\ncomplete faith, blind faith, from tradition. For example, and Rabbi Isaac Sher\nwas trying to impress me, the Bible says that when God gave the Torah to Moses\nand the Children of Israel, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were six hundred thousand people present at\nthat instant. Will six hundred thousand people lie? The testimony of these six\nhundred thousand has gone down in the Biblical record, that God revealed the\nTorah to Moses and the Children of Israel on Mount Sinai. It doesn't prove\nanything to me. Who wrote the Bible?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are questions I've never been able to answer. 'Thou shalt love thy\nneighbor as thyself\" is a problem that not only I asked--I found out later--but\nthe great Hillel, who lived just a few years before the period of Jesus,\n[asked]. I think he died in 33 B.C., or thereabouts. The Elder Hillel, Hillel\nHaZaken, the Great Hillel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who loved everybody... A heathen came to him and asked\nhim that he wants to accept Judaism, but he wants to be told where all of\nJudaism is while he stands on one foot. He had gone before to Rabbi Shammai.\nShammai drove him out of the house, \"What are you doing joking with me? I've\nspent a lifetime studying about Judaism. You want me to tell what Judaism is\nwhile you can stand on one foot, in that short a period of time?\" Hillel,\nhowever, told him, \"Sure, my son. Stand on one foot and I'll tell you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all that\nJudaism is. All that Judaism is: what is hateful to you, do not do to others.\nThis is the entire Torah. The rest is commentary. Now go study commentary.\"\nRabbi Akiba, after him... Rabbi Akiba died in the year 135. Hillel died before\nthe Common Era, before the Christian Era. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Akiba and all the others accept\n\"thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself\" to be the most all-inclusive verse in\nthe Bible. He really meant it. How can you love, tell a person to love your\nneighbor as yourself? It means as follows: You don't have to love him. What is\nhateful to you, do not do to him. Give him a fair shake. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Give him the respect\nthat's due to a human being and as long as it does not violate your conscience,\nyou'll see that he has so many good qualities that you can come to love him\nwithin time. Hillel commented, \"thy shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.\" [That]\nI can understand. But \"thy shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, with\nall thy soul, with all thy mind?\" As a youngster I struggled with it. I struggle\nwith it to this day. Now I can appreciate it more. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I see God's working in the\nuniverse, among people, among nations, in trends of history, and I can\nunderstand that there are many things beyond my understanding, beyond anything\nthat the great philosophers have been able to determine. There must be some\npower beyond me I can understand. I still am struggling with it. When I had to\ndo my Master's thesis, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't write a definitive answer to this question, but\nthis I posed: What is religious certainty? What is the foundation of religious\ncertainty? I wrote that it was only an introduction, a prolegomenon, an\nintroduction, an introductory statement. I didn't cover it all. What I did, I\nwent to the sources. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to The Kuzari. I went to Saadia Gaon who was the\nfirst one. Saadia Gaon came immediately after the Talmud was redacted. He lived\nin Babylonia, which is Iraq, and he was a great philosopher. He and Solomon ibn\nGabirol, Judah Halevi, Maimonides, and Nachmonides. Some of them like The Kuzari\nsaid like Judah Halevi, who said you have to believe in the tradition. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is\nthe tradition handed down to you. What the tradition says: you shall love the\nLord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your mind,\nbecause He did these wonderful things. The Bible says [it].\n\nBAUMAN: In your Master's thesis, I don't want to say you established the\nplurality, because essentially what you did was show a spectrum.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That's right.\n\nBAUMAN: The spectrum went from faith, accepting God and certainty on faith, all\nthe way from the other extreme of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rationalism.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Correct. Among the Middle Age rabanim, the sages of the Middle\nAges, we find that disparity. The Kuzari bases it on tradition. Maimonides is a\nrationalist. He bases it on reason. When Maimonides wrote his book, The Guide to\nthe Perplexed, he was excommunicated by many rabbis.\n\nBAUMAN: In your conclusion, you indicate that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"essentially the rational strain\nwas stopped in Judaism with what happened with Maimonides.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Right. Who followed him? Nachmanides, 100 years later, who was\nalso... who defended Maimonides, but didn't agree with him. He said you don't\nexcommunicate a man like that. He's a genius. He's an outstanding person, but he\ndisagreed with him. Why? Nachmanides was a mystic, and Nachmanides says not\neverything that you read is apparent. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are things behind what you say. He\nbecame a mystic. Then Crescas came along. Crescas already died in the early\nFifteenth Century, 1410, I think, somewhere in that. Crescas also based it on\nreason, but reason... first comes revelation. That's the foundation. You can't\nbudge from that. You try to reason things out. I'm left in the lurch to this\nvery day.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: The way you put it is most expressive. In your book... what I've seen,\nin the conclusion to your thesis... essentially what you imply is that you're\nvery much the rationalist, and yet rationalism tends to be based on a certain\namount of faith. You keep raising this issue: Where can you find faith? How can\nyou learn faith if you are not born with it? Also in your thinking, you\nemphasize and you give a lot of stress to mysticism. You accept the\ncontributions of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mysticism.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Right. I do believe that. I believe that strongly, the older I\nget, if you read between the lines. First of all, the Talmud taught me that.\nWhat's a Talmud? It's actually an interpretation of Bible. The Talmudic rabbis\ndid not read the Bible literally. They read between the lines, and what the\nliteral meaning implies, insinuates. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mysticism is also that. There's an\ninsinuation that's beyond our chochem, intuitive, intuition. By the way, many\nscientists will tell you that intuitive apprehension of things is also\nimportant. Some scientists believe that. Intuitively, we've got to come to have\nfaith. I still don't know how to... how can I tell you to have faith in God.\nYou'll ask me, \"On what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basis do you tell me that?\" I don't know how to\ninterpret it.\n\nBAUMAN: Did you learn anything from Rabbi [Isaac] Sher?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes. He was a person of great faith, ethical person of the\nhighest degree, a beautiful personality, a student. Whatever he taught\nethically... he was a teacher of ethics student... he maintained in his life. He\nwas a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice personality. He knew the Talmud very well, but he didn't answer my\nquestion. I haven't had an answer to the question yet. The more I read, the more\nconfused I get. Some of the Conservative rabbis, I definitely... we would term\nthem atheists. They say there is no such thing as God, no personal God for sure.\nNo personal God. God created the world and let it go by itself. That's Deism.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were the deists of the Eighteenth Century. It's a difficult subject.\n\nBAUMAN: You can understand where they've drawn their conclusion?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes. There were great... for example, Maimonides and Crescas,\nespecially Maimomides, and Solomon ibn Gabirol. Gabirol wrote a book, Fons Vitæ\n[Latin]‎, or Makor Chaim [Hebrew], The Fountain of Life, that was translated\nin Arabic... He wrote it in Arabic. That was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accepted by the church. It used to\nbe a textbook. They didn't know who wrote it. It was Abraham Evan Gabirol\n[Solomon ibn Gabirol]. Maimonides, according to many authorities, is the one who\ninfluenced greatly [John] Duns Scotus and [Saint] Thomas Aquinas, because these\nare people who were searching. They were searching. Maimonides wrote two great\nworks, actually one is greater than the other, the other is Yad Ha-Hazaka,\nStrong Arm. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took the Talmud and codified what the Talmudic laws are. When you\nstudy the Talmud, it's a maze. You get lost. You don't know what the result is.\nHe clarified all the laws of the Talmud in book. That's an unbelievable work.\nHeinrich Graetz says that he doesn't see how one person can do it in one\ngeneration. It would take generations of scholars to do a thing like that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That\nwas a great work. At the same time, [Maimonides] wrote The Guide to the\nPerplexed, trying to show people like me how do you come by faith. He says,\nfirst of all you have to believe in Revelation. Your God revealed this truth to\nthe Children of Israel on Mount Sinai. Then he rationalizes. Not every story in\nthe Bible is what it appears. It's an allegory.\n\nBAUMAN: In your Master's thesis, you imply that Maimonides ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is perhaps overrated,\nand Nachmanides deserves to some extent more credit. Is that because of the way\nyou read The Guide to the Perplexed and it didn't answer your question?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: He doesn't answer the question. Nachmanides doesn't answer\neither, but at least he says that there are certain things beyond our ken.\nThere's a mystic element. He was a great mystic and a great Zionist, by the way.\nHe was the father of Jewish colonization in Palestine. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He died in 1297, three\nyears after he got there. He was a great man, Nachmanides. You can't help but\nworship a man like Maimonides, a giant of intellect. It's unbelievable when you\nsee his writings. A great liberal. The people of Yemen asked him that we have\nsome people converted to Islam. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What shall we do with them? Are they to be\nconsidered as Jews? He said yes. Why? In Islam, to be a Moslem, what do you have\nto say? God is one, and Mohammed is his prophet. You don't deny the divinity of\nGod. A Christian, he says, denies God. He says there are three elements in God:\nthe Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. To convert to Christianity, you're a\nconvert away from Judaism. In Islam, he says no. You're a good Jew. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Except that\nyou say Mohammed is a prophet. So don't believe in that element. But you say God\nis... Allah is one. He was a liberal in that sense. On the other hand, he asked\nfor strict obedience to the laws of Judaism, in total. Nachmanides believed so\nmuch in the Holy Land, in the Holy Land. Just like Judah Halevi He lived and he\ndied there.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: In your study, you have the picture of the different teachers at the\nSlobodka and Hebron yeshivas. Why don't you comment a little more about those individuals...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Up there?\n\nBAUMAN: ...and the impact they had.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That picture up there is a picture of the Slobodka yeshiva.\n\nBAUMAN: Why don't you comment further on the teachers you had at that yeshiva.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: In that yeshiva, my teachers were a few. I was more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"impressed\nwith some of the students than I was with the teachers. The teachers had one\nrole: to give a dissertation on a subject of the Talmud. Whether you listened to\nit or not, you couldn't go wrong. Seeing some of the students, and their\ndedication, and their plans and their hopes and their form of conduct is\nsomething that has impressed me to this very day. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Slobodka was an unusual\nyeshiva. You think of the yeshiva nowadays with people who go around with\npayess, people who wear it with black hats, with dark clothes. Slobodka taught\ndress like everybody else. Dress in the neatest clothes, in the nicest that you\ncan find, with the nicest ties, and cut... you have your hair properly cut.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the way to impress people.\n\nBAUMAN: Do you remember some of the fellow students?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Sure. I remember them very vividly. Some of my fellow students...\nI came to Israel in 1969, Reva, my wife went with me, and we meet in a certain\nplace a gray-haired man with a long flowing beard, gray hair, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he looks at me\nand says, \"Is it Zvi Chaim?\" I said, \"Yes, who are you?\" He tells me who he is.\nTells me the following story. We were both students in Hebron.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: This gray-haired man tells me, \"Zvi Chaim, I'll never forget you.\nI'm now a grandfather. I have a large family, children, and grandchildren. Do\nyou remember in 1925, it was Purim eve? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We said as follows to each other: The\nwhole world is going to celebrate Purim tonight, read the Megillah and make\nmerry.\" On Purim, it's a mitzvah to drink and to eat. \"Who is going to uphold\nthe world without Torah? If everybody is going to make merry, there won't be any\nstudy of Torah, and without Torah, the world can't exist.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Both of us decided as\nsoon as the Megillah is over, we're going both of us sit down and study all\nnight long, and we did. We took a Gemorah Megillah, and both of us studied until\nearly in the morning. Then we went to service. He said, \"I'll never forget it.\"\nI'll never forget that either.\n\nBAUMAN: What was his name?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I don't remember. I remember his first name was Meir, but I don't\nremember his last name. We never knew last names in the yeshiva. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I forgot. He\nlives in Israel. I don't know whether he's still alive.\n\nBAUMAN: I think another fellow student was Hirsh Heiman, correct?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Hirsh Heiman, yes. Hirsh Heiman was all right. Yes, he wasn't one\nof my closest friends, but he was a nice person. He lives in Israel now, but he\nused to be a rabbi in...\n\nBAUMAN: Minneapolis.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: ...in Minneapolis. When his synagogue celebrated its fiftieth or\nhundredth anniversary, they called me out to be the main speaker. It was\ninteresting. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1935, I had published a book of sermons. When I came there and I\nwas the guest speaker and Rabbi Hirsh Heiman spoke, what did he use? One of my\nsermons of that book. I was thrilled. He's a nice man. He's a very nice man. He\nisn't one of the greats, but he's a nice man. He was a rabbi. I think he was an\nexecutive director or educational director of the day school in Baltimore, if\nI'm not mistaken, or Philadelphia... Baltimore, I think.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: Who were your closer friends at the yeshiva?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: There was one man who [unintelligible: T2-S2-01, 02:29.850] and\nis now the ethical head of the Hebron yeshiva in Jerusalem, the man by the name\nof Rabbi Meir [Halevi] Chodosh. There was... many of them are gone. There was a\nman, for example, Aaron... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know his last name either. He was a rabbi of\na town and later he became mayor of [unintelligible: T2-S2-01, 03:05.133]. I\nnever knew the family names of these people. So many of them.\n\nBAUMAN: Did you have long discussions among the students?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Sure. They used to spend... that's all we did is talk. I had some\ninteresting people, some interesting friends.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: Go on.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: It wouldn't mean anything to you if I mentioned their names, but\nthey were... there was one person, for example, who was a friend of mine, who\nfound a violin one day. He had it fixed and began playing it. He was a born\nactor. He could have been an actor on the stage, such a talented person. He\nwrote poetry. He wrote so much. He used to call me... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he said, \"Let's spend an\nhour. Come up to my room and I'll read what I wrote recently.\" These are\npeople... many talented people there, many talented people. Yitzhak Vetker was\nhis name. He died just a few years ago.\n\nBAUMAN: It seems like these people very clearly were merging secular and...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No secular.\n\nBAUMAN: ...some...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: They didn't have any secular knowledge. It was forbidden in the\nyeshivas. If they did, they did stealthily. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I brought along with me when I came\nback in 1924... I brought along a friend of mine, Herzl Kaplan who was one of\nthe brightest students of the Hebron yeshiva. He was called a prodigy. I became\nvery close to him and very friendly with him. On my own expense... my father\nsent me money to come second class by boat. We went steerage so I could take him\nalong too. He became a lecturer in the Hebrew Theological College ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Chicago. He\ndied just two years ago, Herzl. He was one of my closest friends, if not the\nclosest friend I've had. He got angry with me. He wanted to stay with me here in\nAtlanta to be a Hebrew teacher. I said, \"Herzl, this is not for you. You are a\nprofessor. You're not a Hebrew teacher.\" He was angry with me. He wanted to stay\nclose to me. We were so close to one another, so close. Life estranges us from\none another. Years go by, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we don't see each other, and he was busy. He finally\nwas the beloved instructor in the Hebrew Theological College and many others\nI've had.\n\nBAUMAN: When you went from Slobodka to Hebron, Hebron was especially picked or\nintentionally established as a Jewish presence there.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Hebron... there were three sacred cities in the Holy Land:\nJerusalem, Hebron, and Safed. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Safed was the place where the Shulchan Aruch was\nwritten. It was the place of mysticism. Mystics gathered there. Hebron is a\nplace where the patriarchs and matriarchs are buried, in the Me'arat\nha-Machpela. It's where one of the oldest Jewish communities in the Holy Land...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Rabbi Meir Berlin, after whom Bar-Ilan University is named...\nBar-Ilan... Meir Berlin, who is the founder of Mizrachi... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meir Berlin persuaded\nthe Zionist organization in Palestine to subsidize the yeshiva of Slobodka if\nthey would go to Hebron. Hebron was one of the places not colonized. Everyplace\nthroughout the Holy Land, Jewish colonies sprung up, but not in Hebron. So we\nwent to Hebron. I was one of the ten students who were sent from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Slobodka to\nfound the yeshiva in Hebron. We came to the City of Hebron, and it was the\nloneliest period in my life. We were surrounded by thousands upon tens of\nthousands of Arabs, in an Arab environment. We had to look for a place. Finally\nsome Jewish people moved in, and they created lodgings where we can rent rooms\nto lodge. We had a little place where we could eat. It was a difficult ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time for\nus. It was a lonely time. That's how it all began.\n\nBAUMAN: Why did you...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Why? My uncle, Moshe Mordechai Epstein, who was the head of\nSlobodka yeshiva, recognized that Lithuania had no future, and the place to go\nwas in the Holy Land. Where else can you go? Everyplace else is Diaspora. You go\nto the Holy Land and you go home. Then there is the religious element. Every Jew\nprays to be able to live in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"land of Israel.\n\nBAUMAN: Did you feel danger while you were in Hebron?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No. A youngster doesn't feel any danger. Herzl Kaplan used to\nbeat up some Arabs. We used to think, you're endangering our lives. They'll come\nafter you with knives. He couldn't stand any foolishness. No, we didn't feel any\ndanger at that time, except one time. The day when the Balfour Declaration Day\nwas celebrated by the Zionists throughout Palestine, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were told to stay inside\nbecause the Arabs had a demonstration through the streets. We took it for\ngranted. They were dissatisfied with that day. They didn't like Balfour Day.\nThey'd promised the Jewish homeland to the Jewish people. So we stayed in. We\ndidn't feel a sense of danger. I traveled from Hebron to Jerusalem. We used to\ntravel in Model T Fords and Arab drivers. I used to be alone with four or five\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arabs sitting there. Nobody even bothered me.\n\nBAUMAN: You had a very interesting letter from your brother David while he was\nin Hebron, indicating that he had trouble being accepted by the European students.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Right.\n\nBAUMAN: But they all had looked up to you as the key scholar.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I was the first non-European student in the Slobodka yeshiva. I\nbecame very friendly with the whole student ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"body. Some I became closer to, some\nnot as close. But they used to like me. First though, I used to have a package\nof cigarettes. A package of cigarettes would last me a week. No one ever smoked\na cigarette, the whole cigarette. You would take a few draws, [unintelligible:\nT2-S2-01, 09:42.712]. You would give it to somebody else for a few draws. That\none cigarette would pass around a great many people. I always had a cigarette\nfor a few draws. I was the wealthy one, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an American. Every American is a\nmillionaire, to this day, in Europe. At that time, for sure. My father used to\nsend me as much as I needed.\n\nBAUMAN: What was the relationship between you and your brother David?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: First of all, he was eight years younger than I. When I left in\n1921 to go to study, I was 18, he was 11 or 10. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He looked up to me when I came\nback, and because of me, he was persuaded finally to go to Hebron himself. Fine\nboy. But he was eight years younger, so there wasn't a strong relationship.\n\nBAUMAN: After your brother died, a few years later, your father sent your next\nyoungest brother also to Hebron.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes, Emanuel, but he only stayed for less than a year.\n\nBAUMAN: How did you feel about that decision?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I wasn't too happy about it. Why? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emanuel, who now lives in\nMontreal... a very wealthy man and succeeded in business tremendously, but he\nwas a very poor student. May he pardon me, he knows it himself. He stayed for\nless than a year. He took a lot of pictures. He was a good friend to a lot of\npeople. That's all, period. They took him back right away. They didn't let him\neven stay a whole year.\n\nBAUMAN: Had it upset you in terms of your brother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"having been killed in Hebron?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I'm not in control. My father was in control. I never questioned\nwhat my father did. I may not have approved, but my father... his word and his\n[unintelligible, T2-S2-01, 11:44.244] the very last.\n\nBAUMAN: Later on, when you came back and went to the University of Chicago for a\ncouple of years...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I had gone to the University of Chicago a year before I left. I\nenrolled again. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then my uncle came. He went on a tour of the country on behalf\nof the Hebron yeshiva and dragged me along. I had to give up the University of Chicago.\n\nBAUMAN: This was clearly secular studies, because the University of...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes. Sure.\n\nBAUMAN: ...Chicago was considered a [unintelligible: T2-S2-01, 12:16.829] of modern...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Only secular studies. But I wasn't there long enough. For\nexample, in my first year... My first year, by the way--I was an athlete as a\nyoungster--I played on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Freshman Varsity... on the Freshman Basketball team.\nAs short as I was, I was able... I was a good shooter. [I was] very quick. I\nplayed basketball there. Einstein came to visit in the University of Chicago in\n1921. When I heard that Einstein was going to give a lecture, I showed up. There\nwere less than 18 people present to listen to Einstein. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He drew certain things\non the blackboard. I couldn't make out a thing he was saying, of course. In a\nplace like the University of Chicago, a handful of people came to his lecture.\nThat was in 1921.\n\nBAUMAN: Why?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I don't know. He wasn't famous at that time yet. The Theory of\nRelativity hadn't come out yet, or maybe he was explaining the Theory of Relativity.\n\nBAUMAN: Who were your best remembered teachers at University of Chicago]?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Teachers? I remember... I have his book... a teacher of\nphilosophy. Aimes... Professor Aimes. He has a book, Introduction to Philosophy.\nThere were only 120 people in that class. We used to have seminars. After his\nlecture, we used to have seminars, to [unintelligible: T2-S2-01, 13:48.988] the\ngroup. I had a... my teacher of German. I took German as a foreign language...\nDeutch, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Professor Deutch. Also a tremendous group of people. They were unwieldy\ngroups. But my career there was a very short one. I really don't know.\n\nBAUMAN: You weren't involved... the teachers weren't involved...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No.\n\nBAUMAN: ...with modern learning or Biblical criticism or anything like that.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I used to go for lectures, but otherwise, no. I used to go to\nthe... what they called the Department of Digs. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Professor James Henry Breasted\nwas there.\n\nBAUMAN: Archeology?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: School of Archeology.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That fascinated me. But I didn't know anybody and I didn't... I\nwasn't too well-absorbed in the life of the school.\n\nBAUMAN: You wouldn't say that Chicago had a dramatic influence on you...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No, no, not at all. No. Emory had more. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emory, I knew all the\nprofessors. It was a smaller school. Dr. Thomas English was the head of the\nEnglish Department by the way. He used to turn over his class that I should\nconduct it at certain times. He was very fascinated with Yiddish and Hebrew\nliterature. He used to ask me to lecture on it for his class. There was a Dr.\nBaker. Dr. Baker was the head of... I studied...\n\nBAUMAN: Was this Woolford Bales Baker?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI EPSTEIN: I don't think he's there anymore. He used to be the head of the\n[Emory] Museum later on, when he retired, and he was the head of...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: We dissected some dogs.\n\nBAUMAN: Biology or Paleontology?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Biology. He was the head of the Biology Department. I took\nBiology with him. He was a good friend of mine, by the way. Dr. Leroy Loemker at\nEmory University, with whom I was very close, came to Emory about a year before\nI came for my Master's Degree, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and became... I was the only one in his seminar\nfor a Master's Degree. I remember when I passed the test, the oral test for my\nMaster's Degree; he took me out and gave me a Coca-Cola. He was a very nice man,\na very nice person, and a young fellow.\n\nBAUMAN: In your courses at Emory, it seems like you did an awful lot in terms of\nhistory, comparative religion, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comparative theology.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Not comparative theology. No, I wasn't in theology. Dr. Smart was\nthe head of the Theology Department. He used to ask me to speak at the\nreligious... what they used to have...\n\nBAUMAN: Convocation?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No. Once a week, you had to go to chapel. I used to speak at\nchapel services ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8760.0,8790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many times while I was a student there. Dr. Wyatt A. Smart, he\nwas one of the smartest people I've ever known and a very fine person. But I\nnever took any courses there. Yes, I did. One course. I did take a course,\ncorrect. What was it? Bible or Comparative Religion. You're right, I'd forgotten\nabout it.\n\nBAUMAN: In one of your papers, you show the influence of Arab learning...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes.\n\nBAUMAN: ...on culture.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Right.\n\nBAUMAN: It's a very positive paper. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8790.0,8820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How could you be so objective?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: It's a very positive paper because it's true. Interestingly that\nthese people that I've mentioned--Maimonides, Nachmanides, Judah Halevi to a\ngreat extent, and Crescas later on--they all wrote in Arabic. The Arabic\ninfluence was as great among the Jewish scholars, as Hebrew was important to the\nothers. You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8820.0,8850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can't help but... the Arabs brought so much of Western\ncivilization... Greek civilization into the forefront. They were the ones who\nintroduced in the Middle Ages the Greek culture, Aristotle and Plato, and the\nmasters of the grammar. They're the ones who brought it out in the forefront,\nand I was very much impressed. I wrote a paper on it, that's right. It was only\na term paper or whatever it was. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8850.0,8880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sure.\n\nBAUMAN: You were very close with Dr. Loemker whom he supervised...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Loemker, Loemker. L-o-e-m-k-e-r, Loemker [Leroy E. Loemker]. Fine person.\n\nBAUMAN: In an earlier interview, I think you said that he had just arrived\nthere. Tell me something about him and your relationship.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: He's a product of Boston University. I think I mentioned to you\nbefore, he had to make his way through school. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8880.0,8910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became a pullman orderly.\n\nBAUMAN: Was he black?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: White. In order that after he makes the beds and puts everybody\nto bed, he can stay up and study. That's how he got through Boston University.\nHe was a conductor, not a pullman porter, but a conductor.\n\nBAUMAN: Did your relationship with him continue after your Master's?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8910.0,8940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spoke to my congregation twice. We used to have Sunday forums\nin my early days. He spoke twice. The trouble with him was he spoke over the\nheads of my people, so he lost them. The second time, he didn't have a great\nattendance. I didn't invite him anymore. He was a profound person. He was not a\npreacher like Dr. [Wyatt A.] Smart, who knew how to speak to the public. He\nspoke as a scholarly person. He didn't go over too well. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I used to have a great\nmany people speak to my congregation at the time.\n\nBAUMAN: Later on, you took a Ph.D. through a correspondence school in Indiana.\nYou were writing these papers and doing reports.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Correct.\n\nBAUMAN: There must have been a tremendous pressure.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Of course.\n\nBAUMAN: You were going at it very quickly. Did you get a lot out of that school?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Not as much as I would have gotten being in personal contact with\na ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8970.0,9000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"professor, you know. It was something different. I had to read certain\ntextbooks or do some research a little bit, and then write a paper. It's not personal.\n\nBAUMAN: One of the professors who you had taken for several courses towards the\nend said, \"You've impressed them so much. Your papers are so good. Why don't you\nalso become a teacher?\"\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Right. Teacher, yes.\n\nBAUMAN: Did you ever do it?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No, I never did. I'm sorry to this day. Why not? I should have\ndone it. Sure. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9000.0,9030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't do it. I was so absorbed with my work here in the\ncongregation and the city, that I overlooked many opportunities. Dr. Loemker\noffered me a teaching position in philosophy at Emory. Would you be interested?\nI said no. Why not? I was foolish.\n\nBAUMAN: [Unintelligible: T2-S2-02, 02:53.928]\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Sure.\n\nBAUMAN: Let's go back to your trip with your uncle throughout America.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN:...few more minutes.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9030.0,9060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: Your trip with your uncle throughout the United States. Did your\nrelationship with your uncle improve during the trip?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Certainly. You couldn't help but admire the man. In every spare\nmoment--not every spare hour, but every spare moment--he would study the Talmud\nand [unintelligible: T2-S2-02, 03:18.390]. He used to study a minimum of seven\nfolios of Talmud a day. Every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9060.0,9090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Simchat Torah he would make a siyum and complete\nthe whole Talmud, every year, year after year. Every month, all of the Mishnah,\nTalmud Mishnah. Every week, Tehillim. Tehillim was the Book of Psalms. He was a\nman who was absorbed completely--head, shoulder and heart--in his study. If he\nwere talking to you, and there was a lapse in the conversation, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he'd be\nstudying. I saw him, for example, many times on a train. There wasn't any lights\nand he couldn't read. He'd say it by heart. He knew the Talmud by heart, just\nlike you can see on the palm of your hand everything, that's how he knew the Talmud.\n\nBAUMAN: Was your trip around America successful?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Very successful. I had the time of my life. When would I ever be\nin Canada? When would I ever be in New York, at a thousand-dollar dinner? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9120.0,9150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In\nDetroit. In Pittsburgh. In New Orleans. In Tulsa, Oklahoma. We were going out to\nthe West Coast. I got sick on the train. They took me off and I was operated on\nfor appendix. Otherwise, I would have gone there, I would have gone to San\nFrancisco. Sure, I had the time of my life there. When they invited me to come\nto Atlanta, my father says, \"Don't go to Atlanta. It's a tough community. I\nheard that they have a great many scholars.\" You see, my father ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9150.0,9180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted to\nprotect me. I said, \"Pa, don't worry. I'll take care of it.\" To me, it was... I\nnever was in the South. I go to the South. It was an adventure to me. So they\nwanted to elect me as soon as I came here. After my first weekend, I told\nthem... I'll never forget. I said, \"Why do you want to elect me immediately?\nMaybe I have a few good sermons. You liked my sermon Friday night, and Saturday\nand Sunday. I spoke to the Progressive Club.\" I said, \"That doesn't... I see you\nhave other candidates, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they're all outstanding people. Why don't you invite\nsome of them and see?\" That did it for them. I didn't mean it that way. I wasn't\ninterested. I had offers in various other communities. I was popular at that\ntime. I was a protege to a certain extent to the man, Gedaliah\nBublick--B-U-B-L-I-K--who was the editor of the Judisches Tageblatt, the Yiddish\nTageblatt, who was a leading Mizrachi ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9210.0,9240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"personality in the country, and who liked\nme very much. For example, he recommended me to the position in Seattle,\nWashington, when it became open. I said, \"Seattle. That's too far. I'm not\ngoing.\" I regret it to this day. Why didn't I go there and see what Seattle\nlooks like?\n\nBAUMAN: How did you get to meet Gedaliah Bublick?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Bublick. Gedaliah Bublick. Gedaliah, G-E-D-A-L-I-A-H. Gedaliah Bublick.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9240.0,9270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: How did you get to meet him?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Mostly through hearsay. I met him twice at Mizrachi conventions.\nI was Orthodox-oriented, so later on, I took in every Zionist convention that\ntook place. I used to attend the Mizrachi conventions in the early years. He\nmade me a secretary of one of the conventions. He said, \"Don't worry. You don't\nhave to write anything.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9270.0,9300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just sit on the platform. He heard about me. He saw\nwhat I was doing here, so he took a liking to me.\n\nBAUMAN: During that period when you wrote more than one article concerning the yeshiva...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That was in Tulsa. That was before I came. From Slobodka and from\nHebron. My father induced me to write. He said, \"Write an article. I'll publish\nit for you.\"\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9300.0,9330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: Let's go into your ordination experience. You went... you also came up...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Six.\n\nBAUMAN: Six different smichot.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: As I explained to you last time, that was also a youth... an\nadventure of a young man. I wanted to test myself. I got one from my uncle,\nMoshe Mordechai, on behalf of the yeshiva. He's my uncle after all. Let's go to\nsomeone else. I came in contact with some fascinating people. I went to Rabbi\n[Abraham Isaac] Kook, who was the chief rabbi. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"I'm sorry. I don't give\nordinations unless you had one before.\" I didn't want to tell him that I had one\nfrom my uncle. He would say that isn't good. He sent me to two people: one was\nthe Rabbi of Teplik [Rabbi Shimshon Aharon Polansky], with whom I spent at least\na month in Jerusalem. We became such good friends. He was an outstanding\nscholar. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Posthumously, a book of his dissertations was published just a year ago\nthat I read about. I kept... I'd keep it. I'd try to get the book. It's\npublished in Jerusalem.\n\nBAUMAN: Was this Rabbi Yaakov Moshe Charlap?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No. [unintelligible: T2-S2-02, 08:46.561] I got one [ordination]\nfrom him. Then I decided I'll get the one who ranked next to Rabbi Kook in the\nestimation of everybody in the world: Rabbi Yaakov Moshe Charlap. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"C-H-A-R-L-A-P.\nThere was a scholar, a saint, and if ever there was an application to a\nperson... as I told you, the motto of Musar is: V'musar hein v'say chol tov\nb'enei elohim v'ada [Hebrew]. May you find favor and approval in the eyes of God\nand fellow men, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9420.0,9450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a verse, by the way... I've checked the verse. [It is]\nthe third chapter of the Book of Proverbs, the fourth verse. This was what Rabbi\nYaacov Moshe Charlap was. He would have been the chief rabbi of Palestine after\nRabbi Kook. He had one failing. He had never gone out of the City of Jerusalem\nin his life. His ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9450.0,9480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"love for Jerusalem was that strong. He never left. He never\nspent one night out of Jerusalem all his life. With him, I spent a month. I\nrented a room in the community in which he lived, Sha'arei Chessed, and spent a\nmonth with him. Every day, he would take me for a walk. He would talk and he\nwould question me. We spent... and there was a man that I revered. After I got\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9480.0,9510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smicha from him, first Rabbi of Teplik and then him. I went to Rabbi Kook.\nEverything was made. Except Rabbi Kook said, \"I want you to spend a week in my\nhouse.\" That was the easiest week I ever have...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: ...group was very easy. First of all, there was the most unusual\nperson, I think, in the last century. [He was] not only a great Talmudic scholar\nthat knew all the commentaries, but a great mystic. He would stand and talk to\nyou, and he would ask you a question. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9510.0,9540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You were in the midst of explaining to\nhim, giving an answer, and his mind would drift away. He was in a different\nworld. He walked away from you. He didn't realize he was walking away. He was in\na different world. He was an easy... It was an easy time. I enjoyed staying\nthere. He gave me ordination.\n\nBAUMAN: You also went to the head of the Torat Chaim yeshiva?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Torat Chaim. His name was [Rabbi Zerach] Epstein, too, by the\nway, but no relation of ours. Why? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was a great scholar of the legal aspects\nof the Talmud. He was an outstanding scholar of the legal aspect of the Talmud,\nnot for having to do with problems of women, of marriage and divorce. No. His\nwas the legal aspect of arbitrations, money matters. He was in [unintelligible].\nI went to him.\n\nBAUMAN: The other two... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9570.0,9600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the other one?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: The other one. [Rabbi Chaim Yehuda Leib]Auerbach. Auerbach was\nthe head of a yeshiva that was called Shaar Hashamayim Yeshiva, the Gate of\nHeaven. His yeshiva was in the basement... a curious thing. Auerbach was a\ncharacter. He finally came to Atlanta one year, and I treated him royally.\nThat's a smicha that I don't boast about. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9600.0,9630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He insisted he wanted to give me\nsmicha. He insisted he wanted to give me smicha. It was Shaar Hashamayim, the\nGates of Heaven. Where was it? In a basement of a building.\n\n[Interviewee laughing]\n\nBAUMAN: Rabbi Kook to some extent was a very controversial figure. In his\nmixture of religion and social issues, the lack of separation between the sacred\nand secular, very much the things that I think you followed. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9630.0,9660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did your uncle\nreact to these people and say, \"You shouldn't do this?\"\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Rabbi Kook was a person who saw no evil in anyone. Rabbi Kook was\nso great a man that he saw the good in the worst of people, and could point it\nout. Rabbi Kook was a man whom people didn't like. Why? He stood for the\npioneer, the Chalutzim, who came to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9660.0,9690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine to earn a livelihood to escape the\ndifficulties of Eastern Europe. They violated the Sabbath. They didn't observe\nthe laws of kashrut. Rabbi Kook could see they were builders. He said as\nfollows, that the famous ways... maybe you know it. I've told it to you or you\nknow it by yourself. He says, \"When the holy... when the temple in Jerusalem was\nbuilt, that was the holiest institution in Jewish life. The Holy of Holies,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9690.0,9720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the Torah was, was a place where only the high priest could enter once a\nyear on Yom Kippur. When it was built, the workers in their dirty boots had to\ngo in there and build there.\" He said, \"We're building a holy land. They're\nbuilding the foundation. They're building the Holy of Holies with their boots,\nwith violations of everything.\" This was the kind of man. Naturally, the\nultra-Orthodox did not look with favor on Rabbi Kook. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They gave him a lot of\ntrouble and a lot of abuse, a lot of abuse. But no one, no one compares to a man\nof that sort.\n\nBAUMAN: This is the end of the second interview with Rabbi Epstein.)\n\nBAUMAN: This is the third in a series of interviews conducted by Mark Bauman.\nThe person being interviewed is Rabbi Harry Epstein. This interview is being\nconducted on June 30, 1986. Rabbi, today we're going to emphasize your\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9750.0,9780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbinical career and your career in national affairs as well. It might be\nhelpful to start out with something that I think we touched on towards the end\nof last interview, which is the nature of the role of the rabbi. How do you\nperceive the role of the rabbi, and how would you say the role has changed\nthrough your career?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Basically, classically, the role of a rabbi as the very title\nitself suggests, is a teacher. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9780.0,9810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A rabbi is one who is supposed to be a learned\nindividual who is able to interpret Judaism to the members of his congregation\nor to anyone who comes in contact with him. As a rabbi, as a teacher, he is\noften called upon to represent his community to other people. In my own\nexperience, I've had contacts with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9810.0,9840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"various non-Jewish organizations: The\nNational Council of Christians and Jews [National Conference of Christians and\nJews]. I used to be a spokesman for them in my early years. I used to travel for\nthem, together with a Catholic and a Protestant minister. The three of us used\nto travel throughout the Southeast. We spoke about our different faiths, and we\nanswered questions. I spoke in many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9840.0,9870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"churches. I remember the first opportunity I\nhad to speak in Marietta, Georgia. Marietta, Georgia is the place where the\nFrank case was terminated so tragically. That happened just some... not even ten\nyears before I came. In 1929, I was asked to speak in a church in Marietta. I\nweighed what I had to say very carefully, because Marietta at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9870.0,9900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that time had one\nJewish merchant, the Saul family. Otherwise there were no Jewish people there at\nall. I didn't know how prejudiced they were. It was successful, because I was\ncalled back a second time to that group. So all these experiences in many\nchurches throughout Atlanta I spoke to.\n\nBAUMAN: How were you received in Marietta? Was it a cordial visit?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Very fine. They said, \"This is a Jewish rabbi,\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9900.0,9930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as some of them\ndidn't... they looked at me. I was a little too young at the time. In 1929, I\nwas 26 years old, so they figured a rabbi was an older person, maybe with a\nbeard. I was not bearded. I was very well accepted. What I had to say to them\nwas very good. I spoke very often at Emory University chapel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9930.0,9960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"services. While I\nwas studying there for my Master's Degree, I became very friendly with Dr.\n[Wyatt Aiken] Smart, who was the head of the Theology School [Candler School of\nTheology], who was a wonderful person, and a liberal, too. I spoke at chapel\nservices a number of times. The role of a rabbi actually is to represent his\ncommunity. My role I took to be to build ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9960.0,9990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up Jewishness among my members\nprimarily, and then if I could to go out. I did not make a career of being a\nleader outside of my community as much as I concentrated to be a representative\nof Judaism to my people. We need a lot of conversion among our own Jewish\npeople. They know so little about Judaism. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9990.0,10020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My slogan, my motto in the earliest\nyears of my rabbinate was to make my congregation not a Reform congregation nor\na deformed congregation, but an informed congregation. This is what I strove\nalways for. I concentrated on that. Other rabbis involved themselves in civic\naffairs, and I too. I opened the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10020.0,10050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Community Chest Fund Drive one time, where I\nwas quoted on the first page of the [Atlanta] Constitution, and I spoke very\noften. I was chairman... one of the co-chairman of the [Jewish] Welfare Fund\nhere. I represented the Welfare Fund here locally. I was sent as a delegate to\nPalestine at the time, and to Israel. This is basically ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what my role was. I\nattended every Zionist Convention in the United States, from the first day I\ncame here until...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Most of the years of my rabbinate, I always attended the Zionist\nConventions. The last few years I did not. I was always involved in Zionist\nleadership. I built up the Zionist organization here in Atlanta. I created ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10080.0,10110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nJewish National Fund investment on the part of the State of Georgia in\nPalestine, called the Nahalat Georgia. We raised $50,000 at that time. This was\na stupendous amount of money. These are the involvements that I had. I was\nelected as the delegate from the City of Atlanta, an elected delegate, because\nwe had two others running against me, to the American Jewish Conference that was\norganized, and was supposed to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10110.0,10140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been a Congress of United States Jewry.\nDidn't... it didn't... it petered out, because the Council for Jewish... the\nAmerican Jewish Committee balked, and stepped out, and they weren't ready to\naccept the idea of a State within Israel. Now they're very much pro-Israel, but\nat that time they were not.\n\nBAUMAN: Let's go backward in time once again to your rabbinate, your first\nofficial post in Tulsa, Oklahoma. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10140.0,10170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did you perceive your relationship to the\ncongregation there, and what did you learn during that first year?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Tulsa, Oklahoma, was an interesting experience for me. I had no\nidea to become a rabbi at that time. I followed my father's dictates. He says,\n\"Don't rush into the practical rabbinate. You got plenty of time. You're a young\nman. The main thing is to study.\" [He] gave me an example. He said, \"In the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10170.0,10200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Book\nof Psalms, it says in the Twenty-Third Psalm, 'My cup runneth over.'\" He said,\n\"How can a cup run over? You take a cup. Either you turn it upside down, and\nwhatever you pour onto it, it'll run over. Or you begin filling it up. The more\nyou fill it, you fill it to the very brim, then it runs over. So with knowledge.\nYou can have a little knowledge and think you're a great personality, and you\nare not yet ripe for leadership in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10200.0,10230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish causes. You have got to study so much\nuntil it's filled to your brim, where it flows out naturally from you.\" He never\nwanted me to take a position. \"You've got plenty of years to study and you're\nnot ripe yet. You can tell people... you can persuade people that you're all\nright, but in my book you're not. You've got to study more.\"\n\nI accompanied my uncle, Rabbi Moses [Moshe] Mordechai Epstein, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10230.0,10260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was traveling\nthroughout the United States in 1927. He needed an English speaker. I was at the\nUniversity of Chicago when I came back from my studies in Palestine. He\npersuaded me to accompany him so I could speak in English, because he only spoke\nin Yiddish and Hebrew. Passing through Tulsa, they fell in love with me and\nwanted me to become their rabbi. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10260.0,10290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were in need of a rabbi at the time. I\nwouldn't have accepted except for one reason: the head of the Rabbi Isaac\nElchanan Rabbinical Seminary, which is now the Yeshiva University, the head was\nDr. [Bernard] Revel. I think I've mentioned it to you before.\n\nBAUMAN: We went through this [Unintelligible T3-S1-01, 09:24].\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes. Because of him, I accepted the leadership. It was my first\nexperience as a rabbi. I learned more than I taught. I remember the first\nopportunity I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10290.0,10320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to become involved in organizing a Sunday school, which was a\nstrange thing to me. A Sunday school. There they had a Hebrew school in the\nafternoon, and also a Sunday school. I didn't know too much about what a Sunday\nSchool is, and what a curriculum of a Sunday school is. In the yeshiva in\nSlobodka they don't teach that. I learned a great deal. I didn't stay there too\nlong because then I came to Atlanta. My experience in Tulsa was one though.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10320.0,10350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Tulsa Jewish Community consisted of very wealthy people. The majority of\nthem had oil wells of their own, all over Oklahoma and reaching into Texas. Many\nof them were very devout. I remember one thing. One of the tasks imposed upon me\nin Tulsa, Oklahoma was by a man by the name of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10350.0,10380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Travis, who was one of the\nwealthiest Jewish people in Tulsa, and also the leader of that synagogue, B'nai\nEmunah synagogue. He made me come to his office every Monday morning at ten\no'clock, and to go over the list of requests for donations that he received. He\nreceived requests for donations from all over the world... as a rabbi, to be\nable to determine for him which deserved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10380.0,10410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more and which deserved less. David\nTravis, every Monday, would write checks to various important Jewish\ninstitutions in America, in Palestine, all over the world. I was very much\nimpressed with that task that I had. I felt that it was a responsible task to be\nable to tell Mr. Dave Travis which is an institution or an organization ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10410.0,10440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that\ndeserves more and which less. This was a great lesson to me, a lesson in\ncharity, how a man shares his wealth. Every week in the ten months I was there,\nI was at his office on Monday morning at ten o'clock.\n\nThere were other experiences that I had there. It was a small community, but a\nvery active community. There was a man I remember now, as I think back, Mr.\nLivingston, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10440.0,10470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who had made a great deal of money in oil. He was retired, so he\ndevoted all his time to study of the Talmud, which he loved. He used to sit in\nthat little B'nai Emunah synagogue day and night because he had nothing else to\ndo, and studied the Talmud. [He] always criticized me for not spending too much\ntime with him there, and studying with him. To me, that also was a lesson: the\nlove of people for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10470.0,10500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sources that make for understanding of Judaism. There was\nanother man, whose name escapes me for the moment, who wrote a commentary on the\nBook of Job, a venerable person. He stands before me so clearly. I hadn't\nthought about him all these years. I have his book at home. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10500.0,10530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A man who was\ncultured, deeply Jewish, very observant, and wrote an English commentary on the\nBook of Job. That impressed me too. The love of learning that was there. We had\na number of Ph.D.'s [Doctors of Philosophy] who came to Tulsa for one purpose:\nto make more money, to deal in oil. I felt there as I was a kept rabbi. There\nwere various elements ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10530.0,10560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that could not agree.\n\nI remember one afternoon, I came in the synagogue for the afternoon service, and\nI found that there had been a fight between two leading citizens of our\nsynagogue. What happened? They had a disagreement about something. Somebody\nstruck one person. The other struck back. As I tried to make peace between them,\none of them told me as follow. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10560.0,10590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He says, \"You're a young man, rabbi. Don't pay\nattention to that fellow. I'll pay your salary out of my own pocket. Don't you\nworry about antagonizing him. Just take up my side.\" The other person told me\nthe same thing. I felt I was a kept rabbi there. Everybody wanted a rabbi for\nhimself. This is one of the reasons that caused me to look for another position.\nI couldn't look very far, but I was confident in myself that the whole country\nwas open to me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10590.0,10620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The request came from Atlanta, Georgia. I went here. I found\nthat this was a community that had potential and so I stayed here.\n\nTulsa taught me a great many things. How a community should be organized. You\ncan't be one-sided. The love of learning that was there... the aristocracy. When\nyou came Saturday to that little synagogue, there was such a spirit of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10620.0,10650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"veneration, of awe, in that little synagogue. It was very good, but like a\nplaything. They really didn't need a rabbi. Since that time, Tulsa has grown. I\nremember I got along with the Reform rabbi very well, whose name also escapes\nme. We got along very well. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10650.0,10680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tulsa didn't... I didn't teach them too much. They\ntaught me a great deal, because it was the beginning of my career as an active\nrabbi, and I had no intention of entering the active rabbinate. I explained to\nyou before, it was only a challenge to me because Dr. [Bernard] Revel wanted a\ngraduate of his own seminary that caused me to want to become the rabbi there.\n\nBAUMAN: Your next stop obviously was Ahavath Achim.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Ahavath Achim.\n\nBAUMAN: You replaced a man who had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10680.0,10710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"served in the pulpit for eight or nine years.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes.\n\nBAUMAN: Ten years.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Rabbi [Abraham P.] Hirmes.\n\nBAUMAN: Rabbi Abraham P. Hirmes. Did-you ever meet him?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I never met him. When I came here for my trial, which was in July\n1928, he already had left town. I just heard about him. He was a graduate of the\nYeshiva Yitzchak Elchanan [Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary] and I\ndon't know much about him. Later on, after he passed away, some years later, his\nwife, the widow [Frieda Hirmes], passed through Atlanta one time and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10710.0,10740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I met her.\nShe was a powerhouse. She was... she was the one who really maintained the\nrabbinate when he was there. They had a wonderful library in Ahavath Achim, and\nshe was the one who organized it. She was the one who organized the youth\ngroups, and she was head of the Hebrew School. She was a great lady. Rabbi\n[Abraham P.] Hirmes apparently was not a very capable person as a rabbi.\n\nBAUMAN: This is a man who had served yet for...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10740.0,10770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI EPSTEIN: Ten years.\n\nBAUMAN: ...a decade. It tells me something was changing, otherwise they would\nhave done away with him long before that. Did they explain what the\ncircumstances were?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No.\n\nBAUMAN: Why they just [Unintelligible T3-S1-01, 17:15]...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: They just said that he didn't have much of an influence on\npeople, especially the younger people. The question has... the problem has\nalways been: how do we get the youth? In those days, when I first came, most of\nthe leaders of the congregation didn't speak English too well. They always were\nconcerned about the youth. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10770.0,10800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now they can express... they can pronounce that word\na little better: they say youth. The same problem exists now. How do we get the\nyouth? Rabbi Hirmes was not a good speaker. He could not reach people. He was a\nboring speaker, so they tell me. He didn't have much of an influence, and people\ndrifted away from the congregation. They wanted somebody, first of all, who\ncould be respected by the older group, who could hold that confidence ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10800.0,10830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because\notherwise he wouldn't be able to exist there, but also could reach out to the\nyounger people. For example, when I came for my trial, they had three occasions\nwhere I spoke. First of all, they made a special Friday night service where\neverybody was invited to listen to me and I spoke in English; then Saturday\nmorning, where I spoke in Yiddish. That wasn't enough. There was a Progressive\nClub at that time, a social club, a Jewish social club. They arranged that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10830.0,10860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on\nMonday night, when they had their annual meeting, I should speak to the\nProgressive Club. Being that I was successful at all these three occasions, they\nelected... they wanted to elect me immediately. I told them hold off a while. I\nfinally took the position. That was the... they wanted somebody to be able to\nreach out.\n\nBAUMAN: The chairman of the search committee was Charles Glazer.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Charles Glazer, right.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10860.0,10890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: How did your relationship with him evolve, and what was the relationship?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: He was like a father to me, or like an older brother, because he\nwasn't a very old man. He was a wonderful personality. He was the one who wrote\nto me first in Tulsa. I responded in Hebrew. He was very much impressed with\nthat. He always used to treat me like an older brother or perhaps a father would\na son. He used to guide me, to be careful. I shouldn't antagonize this group. I\nshouldn't antagonize that group. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10890.0,10920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was my guardian angel for a long time.\n\nHe wasn't the only one. I wasn't married when I came here. They put me up to\nstay, to board, with a man by the name of David Hadas, H-A-D-A-S, who had two\nsons who graduated from the Jewish Theological Seminary. He himself was an\nOrthodox Jew, but his two sons graduated from the Seminary. One of them was a\nrabbi [Rabbi Gershon Hadas] in Kansas City [Kansas], ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10920.0,10950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and was one of the\nprominent rabbis in the Conservative Movement. The other one never held a\nposition as a Conservative rabbi. His name was Moses Hadas. He became a\nprofessor of Greek and Latin at Columbia University.\n\nA strange thing with [David] Hadas... his business was secondhand clothing on\nDecatur Street. This was a walking encyclopedia of Bible and Talmudic\nliterature. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10950.0,10980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He wasn't a profound student of the Talmud, but he knew every place.\nIf I needed a source, I would ask Mr. Hadas, \"Where 'is that place?\" He would\ntell me exactly where to find it. I said, \"Mr. Hadas, how did you come to\nacquire so much knowledge? Because I know you didn't attend many yeshivas.\" He\nsaid, \"No, I always loved to study, to read. As I was sewing on buttons in torn\ntrousers, as I was... I had a book open on the right side, and I would look in\nthe book ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10980.0,11010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while I was sewing the trousers, and that's how I learned.\" Mr. Hadas,\nI stayed with him until I got married. That was from when I came here August 15\nuntil January 13, 1929. He was like a father to me too. He tried to protect me,\nbecause I reminded him, he told me, of his sons. He wanted me to please\neverybody. He wanted me to be good to everybody. He wasn't satisfied with some\nof the innovations I made, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11010.0,11040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although ideologically he was... he had... he\nquestioned many of the things in Orthodox Judaism. In observance he was 100\npercent Orthodox Jew. He didn't like that I introduced English readings in the\nservice. He thought that was not proper. We had him.\n\nI had Rabbi Solomon Klonitsky-Kline to deal with. Rabbi Klonitsky came from\nLithuania ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11040.0,11070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with an ordination. He was an ordained rabbi, but he was a man who was\nnot fit to occupy a position because he had a violent temper. He became a\nteacher in our Hebrew school, but we had to let him go. He used to beat the\ndevil out of our children. Everybody complained. That was one of the first\ncrises I had to face, a crisis that nearly undid me in my position here in\nAtlanta. I had to tell the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11070.0,11100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Board of Education at that time that we have to let\nRabbi Klonitsky go, not because of his in... he's not capable... in capability,\nbut because he doesn't know how to treat children. He opened a school of his own\nafterwards. Because of sympathy with him, many of our youngsters went to him.\nThat was one of the crucial moments when I had a great deal of opposition\ntowards me. Interestingly, you want to know what kind of a Board of Education we\nhad at that time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11100.0,11130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had a very fine school because our boys and girls--130 of\nthem at the time when I came--used to attend five days a week: Sunday, Monday,\nTuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday off, and Saturday they came to service that\nhad junior congregation. Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, they all\nwent to...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: One of the members of my congregation... I will not call his name\nbecause it's difficult for me to call names ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11130.0,11160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you may publicize it. It\nwon't be good. He's passed on now, but his family lives here. He came once with\na complaint to the Board of Education. He was a member. He said, \"I find one of\nthe major criticisms against Rabbi Epstein and the curriculum he set up. We\nteach our children Chumash.\" That's the five books of Moses. He said, \"It's a\nwaste of time. All we have to do is teach them how to read Hebrew. I never\nstudied Chumash. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11160.0,11190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't want my children to study Chumash. All I want them to\ndo is to know how to read Hebrew, period.\" This is the kind of criticism that we\nwere up against.\n\nIf you want to know what is an Orthodox Jew, if somebody should ask you? I used\nto tell this story when I went out of town. I spoke out of town a great deal at\nthat time, to define what an Orthodox Jew is. We also... not to mention a name\nbecause he's still in our community... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11190.0,11220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a young man became engaged and married a\ndaughter of one of the members of my congregation whose father was a learned\nman. He was supposed to be a shochet, a ritual slaughterer, a young man. His\nfather was a ritual slaughterer. After they were married a number of months, the\nfather and the grandfather came to complain to me that this young man ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11220.0,11250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is an\nignoramus. He doesn't know anything. Worse than that, he doesn't make an effort\nto educate himself. I'm a young man. By the way, this was... we were still\nultra-Orthodox at the time. Being that I'm a young man, maybe I could talk to\nhim in his own language and try to persuade him to begin studying a little bit.\nI called him in. He came to my house. I had no office. Synagogue couldn't afford\nan office for me, or a secretary. For sure not... I'll tell you about the\nsecretary later, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11250.0,11280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how I inveigled them to get me a secretary for two hours a day.\nThis man came to my house. I started talking to him. I told him how important it\nis for a young man to get to know Jewish history. Secondly, you go to Shul every\nShabbos. Try to read. If it's difficult for you to read the Hebrew and\nunderstand the Hebrew, read the English. If you want it in Yiddish, I can get\nyou a Yiddish translation. Yehoyesh came out at that time. So you'll know\nexactly the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11280.0,11310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contents of the reading, and you will become a [Unintelligible\nT3-S1-02, 02:45] stories.\n\nHe said, \"Rabbi, you know, I think I would like to do what you told me to do.\nBut here's the story of my life. I started off as a student in a yeshiva here in\nAmerica.\" He was born in Europe. \"When I came here, my father enrolled me in a\nyeshiva. My father was a shochet, but couldn't make a full living. In\nsummertime, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11310.0,11340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he had to go out to the Catskill Mountains in the Jewish resort\nplaces to do his slaughtering, because there he could make a living that would\nlast him for the rest of the wintertime. He needed help, so he taught me how to\nbe a slaughterer. I used to go with him. I had to neglect my studies. When I\ncame back in the wintertime, I started helping him some more, because it was a\nquestion of a livelihood. Rabbi, you see, I never had an opportunity to study\nmuch. I remain... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11340.0,11370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I always wanted to be like you, but because I wasn't able to\nstudy I remained Orthodox.\" This was the definition of Orthodox at that time. It\nwas one of the most comical things that I've ever heard. He couldn't study, he\ndidn't have the opportunity to study, and he didn't have any knowledge, so he\nremained Orthodox. \"I wanted to be like you.\" At that time, I was an Orthodox rabbi.\n\nBAUMAN: Go ahead. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11370.0,11400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You became known early in your career as an exemplar of what\nwas then known as Neo-Orthodoxy. Would you define that, as you understood it,\nand where the concept came from?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Neo-Orthodoxy actually would be a term that was developed by\n[Rabbi] Samson Raphael Hirsch in Frankfurt, Germany, during the First World War,\nbefore the First World War. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11400.0,11430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Samson Hirsch was an ultra-ultra-Orthodox\nrabbi, but a man of great secular education. He was a Ph.D., a doctor. He\ntaught, just as Rabbi [Joseph B.] Soloveitchik now also teaches here in the\nYeshiva University, that you must be competent in both the culture, the\ncivilization of the world, and the lore of your own people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11430.0,11460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In order to have\ninfluence upon your people, you can't isolate yourself only within the confines\nof Judaism, but you also must know the culture and the civilization of the world\naround you. Neo-Orthodoxy actually was a phrase that meant 'Torah-true Judaism',\nbut a person who also is steeped in the culture of the world... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11460.0,11490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he's a\ncivilized person both as a Jew and as a member of society. Neo-Orthodoxy, to me,\nmeant being observant but at the same time making Judaism intelligible to my\npeople, even if I have to water down some of the severity of the practices that\nexist; not to condemn ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11490.0,11520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people because they are not observant, but to try to\neducate them up to the point where they would become observant and become more Jewish.\n\nOne of my first experiences in this synagogue, Ahavath Achim, when I came was\nthat a man who lived in a small town in Georgia used to come to Atlanta and to\nAhavath Achim for the yahrzeit for his parents. He was a man who had studied in\nhis youth, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11520.0,11550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but being a merchant in a small town, he kept his shop open on the\nSabbath. He would try to keep a kosher home as much as possible. When he came to\nthe synagogue, he wanted to lead the service on the day of his yahrzeit. One of\nthe men of the congregation, I remember him so vividly, a very tall, strong,\ngrey-bearded man. When he approached the pulpit to start leading the service on\nthe morning of his yahrzeit, he took a hold of him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11550.0,11580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and dragged him away from the\npulpit. He said to him, \"You violate the Sabbath; you have no right to conduct a\nservice in this synagogue.\" I intervened and told that man, \"Come forward, come\nback again. You're going to lead the service today. You may not be a Sabbath\nobserver, but you're a good Jew.\"\n\nThis would be Neo-Orthodoxy, to be tolerant and to understand a situation.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11580.0,11610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although the letter of the law says that one who is not observant should not\nlead the service, we have to understand the situation in which we find\nourselves, and we have to be tolerant. This is a step that I\ntook--parenthetically, much to my regret--that made me join the Conservative\nMovement. I always thought of Conservative Judaism as being a traditional form\nof Judaism, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11610.0,11640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but with an outlook of tolerance, an understanding of a situation,\nand a desire to educate people so that they too may become more Jewish; not as\nConservative Judaism is now, that tries to say that some of our laws are\noutmoded and have to be redefined, and watering down Judaism to the extent where\nthere is very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11640.0,11670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little distinction now between Reform and Conservative Judaism.\nThis is why I regret my identification with Conservative Judaism. Judaism has a\npoint of view. Judaism has a philosophy of life. Some people don't want to be\nJewish. It's perfectly all right. They can drift away. Judaism has something\nupon which it stands, a platform. You can try to be tolerant in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11670.0,11700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expounding its\nprinciples, but not negating it and doing away with it, erasing it completely.\nThis is what I disagree with. Neo-Orthodoxy would be an Orthodoxy... the word\n'Orthodoxy' always rubs me the wrong way... a traditional understanding of what\nJudaism demands of one, understanding its teachings, but being tolerant of those\nwho do not live up to it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11700.0,11730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fully. Perhaps they can't because of circumstances.\nThey are just as much part of Judaism as those of us who fulfill it more fully.\n\nBAUMAN: Rabbi, you mentioned the merchants along Decatur Street. Elsewhere\nyou've told about when there was a need for money, for charity, whatever, you'd\nsimply walk along Decatur Street and simply get contributions as you went along.\nClearly, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11730.0,11760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the wealthiest, the most powerful man in your congregation was\nHyman Mendel. What was your relationship with Hyman Mendel. Could you...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Very good relationship. H. [Hyman] Mendel was the wealthiest\nperson in our community, in the Orthodox community. H. Mendel was a person to\nwhom everybody turned for charity. He gave to a certain extent. He was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11760.0,11790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looked\nupon as a liberal person. He has a fine family, by the way, who lives... he was\nnot an educated person at all. He was a president of the congregation, the third\nof my presidents. The first one was Joseph L. Goldberg. The second one was Hyman\nJacobs. Then Mr. [Joel] Dorfan came on the scene, and then H. Mendel. H. Mendel\nwas the president of our congregation in the time of the Great Depression.\n\nLet me tell you an incident ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11790.0,11820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about H. Mendel. This is not for publication. There\nwas a time when the congregation didn't pay my salary for six months, and I had\ndifficulty in making things meet. I used to loan money in every bank and loan\ncompany in the City of Atlanta. Mrs. Joseph Goldberg used to endorse ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11820.0,11850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the loan\nfor me. I had difficulty in paying my light bill, and difficulty paying my water\nbill. I finally decided I've got one time I came... I was desperately in need of\nsome money to be able to meet my everyday expenses. I came to Mr. H. Mendel who\nwas president of the congregation. I said to Mr. Mendel, \"I came to you with a\nrequest. God blessed you. You have the means. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11850.0,11880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I need a $100 loan. You know, Mr.\nMendel, this congregation, the synagogue, owes me six month's salary. The first\nmoney that the synagogue will pay me will be yours. Can you give me... loan me\n$100?\" He said, \"Well, now, we won't do these things. Money is made to create\nmore money, but we don't give out loans to people.\" I said, \"Mr. Mendel, I'm\nwilling to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11880.0,11910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pay whatever interest you will charge me, just like a bank does or a\nloan company, more.\" He said, \"Rabbi, would I charge a rabbi interest?\" What's\nthe upshot of the story? He refused me the $100. I'll never forget the letdown\nthat was mine, the heartache that was mine. I originally came to Atlanta in\n1928, with a salary of $6,000 a year, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11910.0,11940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was a nice salary in those days.\nWhen the [Great] Depression came in, I went to the Board and I said, \"Being that\nthe Great Depression is coming here and I know the difficulty that the synagogue\nis going to face, I'd like to cut my salary, but don't cut it any less than\n$3,600 a year.\" So that was arranged. This is when Mr. Mendel refused me the\n$100. He wouldn't give it to me. This was H. Mendel.\n\nHe was a good man. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11940.0,11970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember when he said something very clever. When I\nintroduced English readings in my services, Mr. Mendel went along, but he said\nas follows: \"I'm so grateful that I don't understand the English too well,\nbecause if I would understand what the prayers actually say,\" he said, \"I would\nnever pray.\" When he prays, he puts everything, all his ideas, into the words of\nthe prayers. \"But thank God I don't know English too well.\"\n\nBAUMAN: Rabbi, before you mentioned that the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11970.0,12000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"second rabbi during your stay at AA\n[Ahavath Achim] was Joel Dorfan.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: You mean, talking about the president.\n\nBAUMAN: The second president, I'm sorry. Joel Dorfan seemed to be president\nforever. What was your relationship? What type of man was he like?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: In my career as a rabbi of Ahavath Achim, I served under 27\nadministrations. I had no difficulty with any of them except with one. We're not\ngoing to mention that one. Otherwise, I got along very well. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12000.0,12030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Dorfan was a\ndifficult person to handle. He was a perpetual president of the congregation,\nthe figurehead of the congregation. He would be the speaker for the\ncongregation. They tell me that on the High Holy Days, he would start off to\nintroduce the rabbi, but his was the major speech. After he got through, and he\nwas a very fine orator in Yiddish, an excellent orator. After he got through...\n\nHe was used to being president and when he spoke, always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12030.0,12060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"introducing the rabbi,\nhis was the major speech. When he finished, he would always say, \"Now our worthy\nrabbi will also say a few words.\" Actually, when he got through there was\nnothing for the rabbi to say. Rabbi Hirmes had to suffer with all that. I\nremember H. Mendel, another incident with H. Mendel. He was president two years.\nEvery time Rosh Ha-Shanah, Yom Kippur came, he would say to me, \"Rabbi, vy [why]\ncertainly,\"--that was his famous expression--\"vy [why] certainly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12060.0,12090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you should let\nme speak this morning.\" I said, \"Mr. Mendel, why?\" \"Because,\" he says,\n\"everybody knows vat you're going to say.\" I would tell him, \"What would you\nsay, Mr. Mendel.\" \"I would tell them, 'Unless you pay your dues, we're going to\nclose the synagogue.' This is what they have to hear. But when you speak, they\nknow what you're going to say.\"\n\nI had another president, Mr. Hyman Jacobs, who used to tell me the same way. He\nwas very clever. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12090.0,12120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was an educated person. Hyman Jacobs used to say, \"You know,\nRabbi, you give the same speech every year on Rosh Ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur,\nevery single year.\" I said, \"Mr. Jacobs, you know very well I never repeat\nmyself.\" He said, \"What do you mean, you don't repeat yourself? Every time you\nspeak, don't you tell the people, 'I want you to be frummer [Yiddish: more\npious] I want you to be better. I want you to improve your ways.' The same\nspeech over and over again.\" This was H. Mendel.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12120.0,12150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Joel Dorfan was a person who suffered greatly when I came. First of all, I could\nspeak better than he could in Yiddish. I could speak English. He was accustomed\nthrough the years, more than 25 years, to be the spokesman for the congregation.\nI used to allow him to speak sometime, but not on Rosh Ha-Shanah and not on Yom\nKippur. Other occasions. He felt very much deprived. I got along with him very\nwell, except that he was... he couldn't find a place for himself. They forced\nhim out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12150.0,12180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office, because he held back progress. He wanted to keep Rabbi Hirmes\nbecause with Rabbi Hirmes he could do whatever he wanted. He was the spokesman\nfor the congregation. Joel Dorfan was a tragic person from that sense, but a\ncapable man. What did his speeches consist of mostly? He used to read the\nYiddish Press, the Forward and the Tageblatt, religiously. He used to quote from\nit. He had an excellent gift of gab. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12180.0,12210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a good speaker.\n\nBAUMAN: Shmuel Yankel Goldstein was...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Shmuel Yankel Goldstein was an interesting personality. He was a\npatriarch. I don't know how he lived, because I never saw him or heard of him\nworking a day in his life. Shmuel Yankel had a wonderful family. He has left\nbehind, this very day, the Goldstein family that was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12210.0,12240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the most prominent\nfamilies in the city of Atlanta. They have done so much for the community.\nShmuel Yankel was an aristocratic person. He has a daughter, Mrs. [Ida\nGoldstein] Levitas now. He has grandchildren: the Levitases, the Goldsteins,\nMarvin Goldstein, Ronnie Goldstein. He had a... these are the\ngreat-grandchildren. He had a grandson Irving Goldstein who was a leader in the\ncommunity. He had a son, Avram Mayer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12240.0,12270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was the father of Marvin Goldstein. He\nleft behind a great heritage. He was a gabbai of the synagogue, and a very\ninteresting person.\n\nBAUMAN: Another person that you seem to have gotten very close to was Mrs. Lena\nGoldberg, Joseph Goldberg's wife. You indicated in a previous interview that she\nbefriended you on your arrival. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12270.0,12300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the obituary, when she passed on, you\nmentioned that she was almost like a mother to you here in Atlanta.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Mr. Joe Goldberg and his wife, Mrs. Goldberg--I never knew her\nfirst name because to me she was always Mrs. Goldberg--were like father and\nmother to Reva and myself. He was president of the congregation when I came, and\ntreated me just as good as any of his children. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12300.0,12330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The children and Reva and I got\nalong so very well, we were members of the family. Joe Goldberg... when my wife\nhad to go give birth to our first daughter, who went with her to the hospital?\nWho stayed with her all the time? Mrs. Goldberg. The second daughter, the same\nway. Whenever an occasion arose when Mrs. Goldberg would bake something, she\nwould send the best portion to Reva, my wife, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12330.0,12360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a lesser portion to her own\nchildren. These were people that made life tolerable for us when we first came.\nMy wife never knew much about cooking, about keeping house, because she studied\nall her life too. It was Mrs. Goldberg who trained her in all that and helped\nher so much. .\n\nBAUMAN: Was it Joseph Goldberg that led that congregation Adas Yeshuran in 1931?\nIs that the same Joseph Goldberg?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Adas... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12360.0,12390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I never heard of that synagogue.\n\nBAUMAN: This apparently was an offshoot of a family that lived near Ponce De\nLeon [Avenue] and Boulevard. Later on, he...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That became Beth Jacob.\n\nBAUMAN: ...merged again and, well, actually, no. This became your Tenth Street Center.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No.\n\nBAUMAN: Tenth Street and Piedmont.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No, you're mistaken. There was no such thing. Our center, our\nservice, our minyan and our synagogue at the Educational Center was merely a\nbranch of our synagogue. It did not have its own name. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12390.0,12420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When it broke away from\nus, it first was called 'Adas Yeshuran.' Later it became Beth Jacob. This Joe\nGoldberg, this was not he. That was another Goldberg completely, not of the same\nfamily even.\n\nBAUMAN: How did it affect you that this congregation was splitting away?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: First of all, I did my utmost to try to keep them within the\nfold. What happened was, it was our own fault. We created the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12420.0,12450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Educational Center\nbecause people had moved away from the south side where our synagogue was. In\norder to have a Hebrew School, a religious school, and youth activities, we had\nto have a building on the north side where most of our people resided. We built\nit at the cost of $100,000, which was a stupendous sum at that time. It's a\nbeautiful building even to this day. When we built it, some of the members who\nlived there said, \"Why do we have to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12450.0,12480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go across town to the south side? Do you\nmind if we have Sabbath services there?\" I said, \"No, absolutely not. Why not?\"\nI didn't think about it too well. We need a Sefer Torah. Gave them... I remember\nvividly when they came to take the Sefer Torah from the synagogue to bring over\nto the Educational Center for their minyan. That time I felt something was\nwrong, but I gave it to them. I used to walk from the south side on the second\nday of Rosh Ha-Shanah every...\n\nBAUMAN: This is the fourth in a series of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12480.0,12510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interviews with Rabbi Epstein. This\ninterview is being conducted on July 3, 1986. Rabbi, when last we met, we were\ndiscussing to some extent your relationship with different women. It's obvious\nthroughout your rabbinate that you viewed women on an equal par in terms of\nJudaism with men. You are the one that instituted the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12510.0,12540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bat mitzvah as an integral\nceremony. You are the one that instigated mixed seating within the congregation.\nWhat are the origins of your feelings about women and men on an equal basis?\nRABBI EPSTEIN: There is no doubt that living in a society in modern times, you\nhave to recognize that women's role is equal to that of men. When we go to\nbanks, when we go to offices--oft times ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12540.0,12570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and more than often lately--we deal with\nwomen who are in positions of authority, in the legal departments, and in the\ncourts. Naturally, women and men have to be on equal basis as far as association\nis concerned. Yet, Judaism sets up a differentiation between men and women with\nregards to ritual. Men are obligated, for example, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12570.0,12600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to wear a tallit at services.\nMen are obligated in daily services to wear tefillin to comply with the Shema:\nthe regulation in the first and second chapters of \"Thou shalt bind them for a\nsign upon thy hand, and they shall be for frontlets between thine eyes.\" The\ntallit is in the third chapter of the Shema. The third chapter of the Shema\nsays, \"They shall put fringes on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12600.0,12630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"corners of your garments, that you may be\nreminded of God's commandments, and that you may fulfill them.\" Women are not\nobligated either to wear a tallit or to put on tefillin. Women are actually not\nobligated to pray. A man, in Judaism, is obligated to pray every day. A woman is\nfree from that obligation.\n\nWhy? The tradition realizes that there are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12630.0,12660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certain duties that a woman performs\nmore than a man. It holds true even in modern times too, in the overwhelming\nmajority of cases. A woman is entrusted with the household more than a man.\nBecause in older times women were entrusted entirely with the management of the\nhousehold and the raising of the family, she was not obligated to pray. It's\nmore important to do the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12660.0,12690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things that a household needs than to pray to God,\nbecause that keeps a family together. In the ritual, a woman does not come up to\nthe reading of the Torah. A woman does not put on a tallit. A woman does not put\non tefillin. Even in our modern Orthodox synagogue, or traditional\nsynagogue--Conservative synagogue let's say--all the men that come to our\nSabbath services wear a tallit. All the men in our services wear some head\ncovering. Women, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12690.0,12720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even in the most radical Conservative congregations that call\nwomen to the Torah--like it's being done in my former synagogue here--women\ndon't wear a tallit. Most of the women don't even cover their heads.\n\nThen you say that they should have equality as far as participation in the\nservice is concerned. That I don't go along with. We teach our children in the\nHebrew school and in the religious school. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12720.0,12750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We teach boys and girls together.\nWhen I first came to Atlanta, in our Hebrew School we had 130 students. These\n130 students were 126 boys and 4 girls. I set up a task on myself to contact\nparents to please send the girls. The majority did not send them. That is why we\ninstituted the bat mitzvah service. I consider it very important that a girl\nshould ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12750.0,12780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also be inducted into the responsibilities of Jewish tradition and Jewish\nlife. We did it on a Friday night, not on a Saturday morning, so the question of\nher reading from the Torah should not be involved. On Friday night, we don't\nhave the reading of the Torah. This was why I believed very much in men and\nwomen sitting together. I did not believe in the separation of the sexes as far\nas seating is concerned. I did not believe that a woman, a girl, should have\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12780.0,12810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"less of a Jewish education than a boy, and [I believed] that a woman should also\ncelebrate a bat mitzvah.\n\nAt first when I started out, I had the girls become bat mitzvah at 12 years of\nage, because the tradition says that a girl of 12 is a girl who assumes upon\nherself her religious obligations, whereas a boy has to wait one year longer.\nGirls develop earlier than boys at that particular age, so we instituted it. I\nfinally decided, no, we'd be equal on that too. Our b'not mitzvah now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12810.0,12840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also are\n13 years of age, the same as boys. That was my differentiation. We were very\nfortunate about persuading a number of our parents to allow their daughters to\nbecome bat mitzvah. We had a difficult time with it. Most of the parents said,\n\"A girl bat mitzvah? We never heard of it. It didn't exist.\"\n\nAs a matter of fact, in the United States at that time, there was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12840.0,12870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trend in the\nConservative Movement... I say only in the Conservative Movement because most of\nthe Reform temples did not even have bar mitzvah. They had confirmation instead.\nThe Conservative Movement under the influence of Dr. Mordecai Kaplan began\nhaving bat mitzvah ceremonies. I know of a very prestigious congregation in\nChicago [Illinois], Anshe Emit, of which Solomon Goldman was rabbi. Solomon\nGoldman ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12870.0,12900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was one of the leading rabbis in the country. They used to have a group\nceremony of girls who became of age at a certain period of time. I think they\nhad it twice a year, once on Hanukkah and once on Shavuot... a group of girls.\nSome synagogues started having individual bat mitzvah ceremony like the boys.\n\nI am proud of the fact that we were one of the first synagogues in the country\nthat began having individual bat mitzvah ceremonies. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12900.0,12930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was in 1941. At first\nwe were not successful with all parents, because the parents weren't used to the\nidea. They hadn't experienced it. Nowadays, I don't think there's a single\nfamily that won't have a daughter become bat mitzvah the same as a boy becomes\nbar mitzvah. I'm talking about our community, and throughout Atlanta, I imagine;\nmaybe throughout the country. Orthodoxy still does not permit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12930.0,12960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the bat mitzvah\nceremony to take place in the synagogue itself.\n\nBAUMAN: Let me go back to the question. You were obviously raised in an Orthodox\nhome. You were obviously raised in Orthodox training institutions. How come you\ncame across this very modern equalitarian thing? What are the origins of your thoughts?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I saw that unless we make Judaism attractive to all people, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12960.0,12990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'll\nlose people to the faith. There is a very interesting comment that the high\npriest in the days of the Temple, when he used to enter the Holy of Holies, one\nday in the year, on Yom Kippur. The Holy of Holies, the sanctum sanctorum in the\nTemple, no one was allowed to enter. Only the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12990.0,13020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high priest but one time a year.\nBefore he went in, he offered a certain number of sacrifices and prayers. One of\nthe prayers was that he used to pray that God should be good to the Jewish\npeople just like He was to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob. Jacob, he used to\nsay--that's what a midrash says--Jacob was one who at first was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13020.0,13050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not to be given\nthe blessings by his father Isaac. Rebekah, the mother, recognized that Esau the\nbrother was not worthy of the blessings. She made Jacob dress himself in the\nskin of Esau--Esau was a very hairy individual--to put on the hairy cloth so\nthat his father should not recognize that he is Esau. His father favored Esau,\nand so he got the blessings. The question always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13050.0,13080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with me was [this]. When a high\npriest on the holiest day of the year comes into the sanctum sanctorum--the Holy\nof Holies--the Kodesh HaKadashim [Hebrew: the Holy of Holies] and prays to God\nfor a good year, does he have to mention the fact that Jacob actually stole the\nblessings from his father, and that he had to disguise himself in the clothes of\nEsau? It seems to me that he had to do it. Sometimes you have to clothe yourself\nin the garment of an Esau ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13080.0,13110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to further and advance your ideals. I\ncompromised on certain extraneous things in order to promote my idea of making\nmen, women, and children important in the life of our synagogue. That was my philosophy.\n\nBAUMAN: That's marvelous. You've raised three different questions as you've\nspoken. Before you said that now your congregation allows women on the bimah to\nread ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13110.0,13140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the Torah but without any [Unintelligible: T3-S2-01, 10:34.804]. You\nsaid you're opposed to this. Which part, the women reading from the Torah or\nthat they should also wear the...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Women reading from the Torah. Either you have it all the way or\nyou have nothing.\n\nBAUMAN: Which would you prefer?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Either. I would prefer that we go by the old tradition. Women\nhave certain privileges, but reading the Torah is the duty of a man. There is a\nlaw that says, \"Women are permitted to read the Torah, but they shouldn't read\nthe Torah.\" That's in the Shulchan Aruch by the way. \"They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13140.0,13170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shouldn't read the\nTorah because of the honor of the congregation.\" What does the honor of the\ncongregation mean? The whole congregation is garbed in certain ritual garments,\na tallit. A person comes up there but does not wear a tallit and you say, just\noverlook it. You can't overlook these things. Either you have it... make a\nregulation in the synagogue. Men and women ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13170.0,13200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all wear the same garb. If a woman\ncomes in the morning service during the weekday, she puts on tefillin. If you\ndon't do it, then you can't have it.\n\nBAUMAN: Let me ask the next question, with a lot of hesitancy. The issue I'm\ngoing to raise is this. It seems like on this issue, you're putting your foot\ndown in terms of ritual. You're saying, in your opinion, women should not do it.\nThis is the man's purview. This is tradition. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13200.0,13230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Last time we met, you brought up\nthe case of an individual from South Georgia, I believe, who was not a Sabbath\nobserver, but who you allowed to lead the service. You said, this is bending but\nit's within the concept. Why yes to the non-Sabbath observer, but no to the woman.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: It's a big difference. The non-observer of the Sabbath was a good\nJew. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13230.0,13260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If he were able, he would keep all the commandments. Because of necessity\nhe had to have his store open on the Sabbath. When he came to a synagogue, he\ncame garbed as a traditional Jew should be. He prayed as effectively as any\nother. A woman doesn't even enter into the entire gamut, doesn't fit into the\ngamut of man's practice. Her practice ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13260.0,13290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is different. She is absolved from prayer altogether.\n\nBAUMAN: Yet you've opened up a stage for women's participation. Once you start\ncompromising on the ritual, how can you logically...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: To this question I have no answer. This is what the Orthodoxy\nclaims. This is as my father told me. He says, \"Once you open the gates, it will\nbe open wide and you won't be able to control it.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13290.0,13320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Compromise leads to further\ncompromise. There's no question about that. I, in my naiveté, tried to\ncompromise, hoping it wouldn't go too far. I succeeded to a great extent, except\nwhen a man came in and took my place. He opened the gates and he said women are\njust as privileged to read from the Torah as men. Everybody agreed to it because\nto the average Jew, the whole thing doesn't make any difference. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13320.0,13350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To American\nJews at this time, how many people do we have in the synagogue who actually\nunderstand what Judaism, what ritual, and what Halakha means? None. Very few. We\nused to have the old crowd who knew. These people, anything that looks good is\nJewish. The whole thing is a joke.\n\nBAUMAN: What's your view on women as rabbis?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I think it's absolutely not proper. There are certain regulations\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13350.0,13380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with regards that women don't fit in. For example, it is a ritual, a law that·\na woman can't be a judge in certain legal matters, not because she's not\nqualified. She is not within the purview of that particular activity. Women have\ncertain roles. Women are different than men. Don't make them equal.\n[Unintelligible: Hebrew; T3-S2-01, 15:02.873] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13380.0,13410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It applies in every respect.\nThere's a certain place in life for women and a certain place in life,\nespecially in Jewish practice. You can't do away with the whole tradition. You\ncan't take a prayer book and tear out of it pieces that you don't like. It's a\nclassic. You don't do that--this is the form of worship that we have--unless you\nstray away entirely from Jewish practice. This is what the Conservative Movement\nis doing at this time. It's getting closer to Reform. To Reform, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13410.0,13440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything is\npermissible. Reform says one thing: you are permitted to pick out from your\nJudaism any ritual or practice that you like, anything that appeals to you. A\nthing that doesn't appeal to you, discard. We in the tradition believe that\nthere are certain things you cannot discard. If Judaism is to survive, it will\nnot survive by total compromise, by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13440.0,13470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"allowing every individual to be the\nauthority, or for that matter every so-called rabbi [to] be an authority. There\nare certain universal principles upon which Judaism rests that you can't negate.\nThe question I come back to, you're right. Once you start to make compromise\nthere's no end to it. It's possible that I made a mistake. Without that mistake,\nI wouldn't have had many people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13470.0,13500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"return to the fold. That was what I wanted to do.\n\nBAUMAN: When we discuss Orthodoxy or Conservative Judaism, I think the way\nyou've defined it in the past is that it's based upon rabbinic authority that\ngoes back to the Talmud. Once, within the religion, you say it's based upon\nrabbinic authority. Rabbinic authority is constantly changing and adjusting. Is\nthere any way to stop? Is there any way to say, \"This rabbi ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13500.0,13530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has more authority\nthan another?\" Presuming that they're basing their ideas on the Chumash.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: If you want to know Judaism, you can't get it from the Bible. We\nhave the five Books of Moses. We have the rest of the Bible called Torah,\nNevi'im and Ketuvim: the Torah, the five Books of Moses, the Books of the\nProphets, and the Holy Writings. All these 39 individual books--or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13530.0,13560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you\ncombine some smaller books together, 24-- all these books talk about Judaism. If\nany of the prophets of our Bible or Moses himself came down to Jewish life,\n1,000 years ago to 2,000 years ago, he would not have recognized the Judaism\nthat he taught. Why? Judaism has been an evolving Judaism. It has been\ninterpreted. The Bible does not cover all of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13560.0,13590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problems that life brings with\nit. It does not deal with every situation that we confront, that 200 years after\nMoses people confronted when they came into the land of Israel. Moses was no\nlonger there. We had a group of basic scholars who interpreted what the Bible\nmeant. They read between the lines. They read the meaning of certain verses that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13590.0,13620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"imply certain regulations. This was set up by the makers of the Talmud. The\nTalmud deals with an interpretation of biblical statements. They set it down.\nJudaism has lived by that compilation from other Talmuds. In order to bring it\ndown more systematically, we have the Shulchan Aruch in the seventeenth\ncentury... sixteenth century, that compiled all the laws from the Talmud. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13620.0,13650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There\nare many other laws or many other situations about which the Talmud doesn't\ntreat, like organ transplants and various other things of that sort. We come to\nauthorities who are steeped in the study of the Talmud and are steeped in the\nstudy of Judaism. We ask their opinion.\n\nThere isn't a single average Orthodox rabbi, or certainly not a Conservative\nrabbi, who is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13650.0,13680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"considered an authority. In the Conservative Movement, there were\na few people, a few people who were authorities. They're already gone. There is\nonly one man now in the faculty of the seminary who is an outstanding Talmudic\nscholar. In the Orthodox group, there are very few, but there are a few of them\nwho live engrossed and entirely absorbed in the study of... these are the\nauthorities. There's a man, Rabbi [Joseph] Soloveitchik of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13680.0,13710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeshiva\nUniversity, who is recognized as one of the great Talmudic scholars. He is a man\nyou can ask. He's a man of broad learning too. He has a Ph.D. from a German\nuniversity. He studied there the same time my wife studied. She knew him and she\nknew his wife, the one who died--Tonya [Lewit]. There's a great authority.\nThere's some of them in Israel today. In the seminary, you had a great man like\nLieberman, Hyam Lieberman [Rabbi Saul Lieberman], ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13710.0,13740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outstanding, a genius of the\nfirst rank. You had a man like Rabbi Louis Ginzberg. They're all gone now.\nThere's a man like Rabbi Louis Finkelstein, the former chancellor, a saintly\nman, a scholarly man. He's not active any more. These people like Rabbi Gershon\nD. Cohen, the outgoing chancellor of the seminary... he was a good historian, an\noutstanding historian, a professor at Columbia University. A historian does not\nmake a scholar of Judaism. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13740.0,13770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He wasn't. To him everything was... as long as it\nappealed to him, it was good. Not everything that appeals to us I love. There's\na very interesting statement [unintelligible, T3-S2-01, 21:08.243 possibly\n'among the rabbis']. A person should never say, \"I can't eat pork. It nauseates\nme.\" The proper thing to say is, \"I love pork. I would love to eat it. But God\nsaid I mustn't do it so I don't do it.\" It isn't because it's revolting to me\nthat I don't do certain things. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13770.0,13800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the way a Jew does not... a Jew doesn't\npractice that way. A Jew doesn't behave that way. Nothing is an abomination to a\nhuman being. I can do anything a non-Jew can do. There are certain things I\ndon't do. I don't do, not because some people will say, \"I couldn't eat any\npork. It nauseates me.\" Why? Because they're not used to it. No, I love it. I\nnever ate it, but I would love it. I have a brother of mine. I go to a\nrestaurant with him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13800.0,13830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes. He likes clams. Sidney, how can you eat clams? He\nsays, \"You don't know how delicious it is.\" All right. I eat my cheese. I don't\nsay clams are bad. I don't eat clams because I practice a certain way of life.\n\nBAUMAN: Rabbi, at different times I've asked you the origins of certain of your\nideas. I guess the broader question is this: it seems like in so many ways while\nyou maintain tradition and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13830.0,13860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"essence of the tradition is important to you, you\nseem to be so independent of thought. You seem to break in so many different\nareas from your background. What's the source of that independence?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: When I entered into the rabbinate, I entered into it for one\nreason. For what reason? The main reason was my father forced me into it. When I\ncame into it, I wanted to do the proper thing. I wanted to be honest with\nmyself. I never wanted to show off with anything that I... for years, I never\neven mentioned the fact that I studied in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13860.0,13890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine. It wasn't their business. I\nnever boasted about these things. If I were to be a representative of a\ncongregation to a community of the congregation, then I had to be able to\nattract people to my way of life, to convert them, to talk to 'A' and 'Z'and\ntell them how beautiful Judaism is, and to try to make them more Jewish. My\nfather, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13890.0,13920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bless his memory, taught me a great many things. He was a man, an ultra\n-Orthodox person. He observed the minutest expression of the Talmud, even not\neating too much on Friday afternoons so your meal at the Sabbath would not be as\ntasteful as it should be. He used to wear dark, long garb, naturally a black\nhat, and when he walked out, [his head] was always covered. He slept with a\nyarmulke, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13920.0,13950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always. I used to wonder as a kid, why doesn't it fall off? With him,\nit stayed on all night. He told me one time if he were younger, he would dress\nas modern as anybody in Chicago, and he would take a few shears, barber\nshears... what do you call them?\n\nBAUMAN: Clippers.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Clippers, yes. He would cut off the beard of every Orthodox rabbi\nin the community. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13950.0,13980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When a young man, a modern person, sees you when you come in\nwith a long beard, dressed black, and dressed with a black garb, you set\nyourself off completely as a different individual from that man. You have no\ncommunication with him. He may respect you, but no communication. You have got\nto dress like everybody, and live like everybody in order to have influence with\nthat individual. That's what I thought too. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13980.0,14010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the Yeshiva of Slobodka where I\nstudied, that was an ultra-Orthodox yeshiva. Some of the greats, great scholars\nof our time, came from there. None of the boys had long pants. None of the boys\nwear beards. None of the boys wear only black hats. They used to be dressed as\nmodern as anyone, but they were deeply pious and deeply observant. Piety and\nobservance don't relate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14010.0,14040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one to another. One can be observant and not too pious.\nOne can be pious and not observant.\n\nBAUMAN: You're saying the source of your independence was actually your father\nand the Slobodka and Hebron yeshivas?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That's right. In order to be able to communicate, don't put up\nbarriers between yourself and your communicant.\n\nBAUMAN: If this background is what led you ultimately in the path you took, why\ndo you think your father reacted so negatively ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14040.0,14070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when in the early 1950's you\nfinally assumed the title of ·a Conservative congregation?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: He knew becoming a Conservative rabbi, I would go further. I\nwould depart from the basic teachings of Judaism, which to him was expressed by\nOrthodoxy. That means departing from his way of life. As long as I stayed in the\nOrthodox fold, I stayed within the confines of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14070.0,14100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tradition, as expressed in\nthe Talmud and as expressed in the Shulchan Aruch. What I did extraneously in\norder to attract people, that did not impinge upon my basic conviction and my\nbasic philosophy. Once I entered into the Conservative Movement, and the\nConservative Movement has done... they already began selecting from the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14100.0,14130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tradition that which they wanted to observe and that which they wanted to\ndiscard. Now they do it more. Even then he said that you would go completely\nReform. He was right, 100 percent right. Conservative Judaism today, in which\nI'm very much disappointed, they're becoming closer to Reform. No question. To\nthem, to take parts of our traditional prayers and change them and throw them\nout completely, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14130.0,14160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it doesn't matter to them. There are certain things that are\nsacred, we don't touch. We may not understand it fully, but we don't touch.\n\nBAUMAN: Rabbi, before you mentioned Mordecai Kaplan. Obviously in the 1920's,\nespecially in the 1930's and 1940's, you made this essentially a community\ncentered on shul, with all of the different activities. Did you know Rabbi\nMordecai Kaplan personally? What influence did he have upon your activities?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14160.0,14190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the founder of a movement that\nseparated from Conservative Judaism because it was more radical. Rabbi Mordecai\nKaplan was a great thinker and a great philosopher, however much you'll disagree\nwith his philosophy. He questioned the whole idea of God. When we pray to God,\nwe pray, to a certain extent, to whom it may concern because he's not sure who\nhe is. He had an influence on every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14190.0,14220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"single rabbi in the country, Orthodox and\nnon-Orthodox... his idea of Klal Yisrael, the community of Israel, his idea of\nthe binding effect of ritual and tradition. Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan taught a\nnon-observant form of Judaism, but he himself was a very observant Jew. He\nbelieved in putting on tefillin every day, not because the Torah said that,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14220.0,14250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it was an expression of Jewishness. The uniqueness of the Jew must be\nmaintained. I learned from him a great deal. Although his prayer book was burned\nby the Orthodox, I have a great deal of respect for him. I met him in Israel a\nfew times. I talked to him. He was a great mind, a great mind and a great\nspirit. He had his influence on so many people. I don't know if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14250.0,14280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any of us could\nescape being influenced by some of his thinking. He was a great man, no question\nabout it. A reconstruction of Judaism follows him now. A reconstruction of\nJudaism is as far as Reform... there's a very thin line of demarcation between\nReform, Reconstructionism and Conservative Judaism. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14280.0,14310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You do whatever you want\nwith it. It's like coming into a great art display, and you knock over some\npieces of art because you don't like them. These are great works of art.\n\nBAUMAN: If you had it to do over again, would you have remained and kept the\ncongregation as strict Orthodox?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No, it's impossible. I wouldn't have done anything different than\nwhat I did. I would have had my regrets ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14310.0,14340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I have now. The rabbis... the Talmud\nhas a wonderful expression: what is the punishment of a wicked man, of a sinful\nperson? He is full of regrets all his life. A person who has a certain\nconviction, but has to stray from his convictions at times in order to\naccomplish ulterior goals, which in my case and in the case of many others, was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14340.0,14370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the purpose of bringing back people to a better understanding of... an\nawareness of Judaism... . we're full of regrets. We're full of regrets that we\ndidn't accomplish what we set out to do in the first place, that we gave the\nimpression on the part of so many people that to be a Conservative Jew means\ndoing away with kashrut, which was not our intention in the first place. So\nwe're full of regrets. We're sinful. We've sinned.\n\nBAUMAN: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14370.0,14400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certainly would not put it in that way. Let's deal with it in a\nslightly different fashion. Do you believe that this watering down of Judaism,\nassimilation of Judaism, or acculturation--or whatever phrase you want to put on\nit--was inevitable given an American environment of volunteerism, secularism,\nand acceptance? If that's the case, what do you perceive is the future of Judaism?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14400.0,14430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI EPSTEIN: I forgot who it was who wrote an article... I think David Dovich\n[T3-S2-02, 09:49.320] a man by the name of David Dovich, wrote an article about\nthe last Jew. Everybody is talking that in 100 years from now, there won't be\nany Judaism and there will be a last Jew. He said, \"Every generation has had the\nlast Jew. Every generation, the older people said, 'Our young people are going\nto the dogs.'\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14430.0,14460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a phrase in the Book of Deuteronomy where Moses says,\n\"And it will come to pass when the last generation [Hebrew phrase, T3-S2-02,\n10:23.029, possibly l'dor achor] will ask you about certain things and you'll\nhave to tell them we have always been confronted with the last Jew, with the\nlast generation.\" There's something in Judaism that is deathless and eternal.\nI'm convinced of it. My father was sure that in my generation, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14460.0,14490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing would\nremain of Jewishness. In his own family he wasn't successful with his other two\nsons. With me, with his first son, he wasn't altogether successful. He was very\ndisappointed. We are disappointed with a great many things, but netzach Yisrael\nlo yishaker, the eternity of Israel will not falsify. There will be a last Jew.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14490.0,14520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We live with faith. The Jew has always lived with faith. There was a certain\nstatistic that came out a number of years ago, that if all the Jews had remained\nJewish throughout the centuries, we would be a nation now of some 100 million\npeople. We had many deserters. Many people left our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14520.0,14550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fold. We're still here.\nYou're familiar with a book by Silverman, who contends that, \"Don't worry.\" He\nsaid, \"We'll have a lot of assimilation, we'll have a lot of acculturation,\nwe'll have a lot of conversions to other faiths and sects and groups. But we'll\nbe here.\" He's right.\n\nBAUMAN: We've been going into some deep discussions today. In the last few\nminutes, let's now go into, let's say, some lighter questions. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14550.0,14580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is going\nback to a series of individuals. Just refer to these individuals, what\nrelationship you've had, what types of things they did. The first one is Isidor Jacobs.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Isidor Jacobs was a man who had a store on Decatur Street, but\nwas very much interested... a man who didn't have children of his own. He had\ntwo adopted children. [He] loved children, and was the one who gave himself\ncompletely to the young people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14580.0,14610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on Sunday mornings. He was there every Sunday\nmorning until the last few years of his life, even here. He used to have an\nouting on Thanksgiving for all the young people at his home. He would have a\nbanquet for them. Isidor Jacobs was a man who contributed a great deal to our\neducational and youth development program.\n\nBAUMAN: Jake Jacobs.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Jake Jacobs, was not only a nice person, a very articulate\nperson, very active, very outspoken. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14610.0,14640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His daughter was the first bat mitzvah that\nwe had in our congregation, 1941. Her name was Joyce. She also was an adopted child.\n\nBAUMAN: Joel Dorfan.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Joel Dorfan was president of the congregation before I came for\nmany years. He beat the second president of my administration. He became a\npresident for another two years. Joel Dorfan was a Yiddish speaker par\nexcellence. People loved to hear him speak. He spoke down to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14640.0,14670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people\nthemselves. His main source of information was the Morgen Journal and the\nForward. He read it religiously, quoted from it, and was able to transmit it to\nthe people. He was the one before me who used to speak on Rosh Ha-Shanah and Yom\nKippur for a long time. He would say, \"Now our worthy rabbi will also say a few\nwords.\" That's what it amounted to. He may have been the undoing of Rabbi Hirmes\nwho came before me.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14670.0,14700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: Henry Alexander.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Henry was an unusual person. He was a blue blood of Jewish\naristocracy. He came from a Spanish-Portuguese family. He was raised, I think,\nin Charleston. He came to Atlanta. He graduated law. He never practiced a day in\nhis life. Why? He was the one who bought in from the first shares of Coca-Cola.\nHe didn't have to practice too much. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14700.0,14730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was a deeply pious man, a member of the\nReform temple, and did not find himself comfortable in a traditional synagogue.\nHe couldn't read Hebrew too well, but really a pious man. He became interested\nin Jewish education. He had a father-in-law, Rabbi Solomon Klonitsky-Kline, who\nwas a man who came from Lithuania. Rabbi Kline had a daughter who married H.A.\nAlexander. Maybe through his influence he became very much interested in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14730.0,14760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish\neducation. He became president of our Hebrew School, and devoted a great deal of\ntime. He was a man who loved to have a discussion with a person about things Jewish.\n\nHe had one failing. He was anti-Zionist. He used to give money to the Jewish\ncommunity on one condition: no money should go to Israel, to Palestine at that\ntime. How did we fall out with him? I told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14760.0,14790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Alexander we needed new tallesim\nfor the children, so we bought them. He came to the Sabbath services and saw\nthat the tallit that each boy wore had the colors of white and blue. It was a\nwhite tallit with blue stripes. He said, \"Isn't that the color of the Zionist\nflag?\" I said, \"Yes.\" He said, \"I want you to know I have nothing more to do\nwith the Hebrew School\" and left us. There was a wonderful person, naive\nperhaps, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14790.0,14820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole-heartedly Jewish. He was a pious man. He believed in God. He\nwent to temple all the time. He used to come to second day Rosh Ha-Shanah to our\nsynagogue to listen to my sermon. [He was] a wonderful person, one of the finest\ntypes of Jew you ever want to meet. He had this feeling. He didn't understand...\ndual loyalty he couldn't understand.\n\nBAUMAN: Max Cuba.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14820.0,14850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI EPSTEIN: Max Cuba was a man of sharp mind. He had a great deal of\ninfluence with our people here in the community. He was left an orphan when he\nwas a youngster. He was the mainstay of his family, his sisters, his brother,\nand his mother. Max Cuba was a self-made man. When I came to Atlanta, he was a\nsecretary in a Methodist church... a bookkeeper. He had to make a living. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14850.0,14880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He\nused to try to influence me. I should model myself and my synagogue like the\nMethodist do in their church as far as their Sunday school is concerned and as\nfar as their teaching is concerned. He was a great leader. He became very\nsuccessful. He became one of the outstanding leaders of the Jewish community.\nMax Cuba was one of the sharpest, keenest minds I've ever come in touch with.\n\nBAUMAN: Abe Goldstein.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Abe Goldstein was called 'Mr. Jewish Atlanta.' He was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14880.0,14910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"total\nincorporation of what a Jewish leader is. There was a man who didn't have any\nformal education but had a wonderful mind. He could sit in a conference with\npeople and listen, and then was able to come to the heart and core of a problem.\nHe was admired by every... he was not the wealthiest man in the community, but\nhe was the outstanding leader that Atlanta ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14910.0,14940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has ever had.\n\nBAUMAN: We are going to continue this at our next meeting, but I know you have\nto go and we're close to the end of the tape. Thank you.\n\nBAUMAN: This is the fifth in a series of interviews conducted by Dr. Mark\nBauman. The person being interviewed is Rabbi Harry Epstein. The date of the\ninterview is July 8, 1986. Rabbi, we're going to begin today similar to the way\nwe ended off last interview which was going through a series of individuals.\nSome were members of the congregation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14940.0,14970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some were important in the Atlanta\ncommunity. You commented about not only their importance but your relationship\nwith them. The next person is Leon Eplan.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Leon Eplan is a young man who went...\n\nBAUMAN: Excuse me. Leon Eplan, his grandfather, Sam [Samuel Leon] Eplan's father.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I'm sorry.\n\nBAUMAN: Going further back.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: In other words, his grandfather.\n\nBAUMAN: His grandfather.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: His grandfather. Leon Eplan I never knew personally, only from\nwhat I heard about him. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14970.0,15000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His wife, Mrs. [Rosa] Eplan, I knew. Leon Eplan, I did\nnot know personally. I knew his son, Sam, who was a personal friend, and Leon,\nhis grandson.\n\nBAUMAN: What about your relationship with Sam Eplan?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: A very intimate and very close relationship. He was one of the\nclosest friends I've developed in my career here, a man whom I admired very\nmuch. He was community-oriented. He gave of his time and of his means. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15000.0,15030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was\none of the very few who would never think of charging a public institution a fee\nfor any service that he rendered. He was an unusual man. [He was] one of the\nfondest people I've known. He was active in the community at large, for Israel\nbonds, civic-minded. He was very much devoted to the Jewish Community Center. In\nour congregation he held a very important position. An interesting fact ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15030.0,15060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about\nSam Eplan... he was elected as an officer of the congregation. He was destined\nto become the president of the synagogue, a position that he wanted very much\nbecause he was so much a part of Ahavath Achim and all that it [Unintelligible:\nT4-S1-01, 02:12]. His wife became ill. Because she needed his attention and he\nwas not able to devote himself entirely to the affairs of the synagogue, he\nresigned his position. To me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15060.0,15090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was an act of courage, of devotion, and of\nlove for a wife.\n\nBAUMAN: His father, the elder Leon Eplan, the one who came from Russia, had the\nreputation of being an outspoken advocate of the East European Jewish community.\nHe came into frequent conflict with people like Rabbi [David] Marx. What was Sam\nEplan's personality in that relationship?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: He was not a combative type. He was a peace-loving man. He was a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15090.0,15120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man of principle. He stood for things. He didn't create any waves. He didn't\nantagonize people. Sam was a wonderful person. There are so many organizations\nand causes in our community to date that owe so much to Sam Eplan.\n\nBAUMAN: Meyer Rich.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Meyer Rich was a past president of our synagogue. His wife\n[Nessie Goldberg Rich] was the president of the Sisterhood when I came to\nAtlanta, and later when Reva came as my bride. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15120.0,15150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meyer Rich was a man... he was a\nwholesale grocer. I would say that he was one of the most refined individuals\nthat I knew. Refinement oozed out of him... very charitable, very good, very\nkind. He was, in his day, one of the key people in the Jew... in our community,\na person who was admired and respected by everyone in the community. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15150.0,15180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meyer Rich\nwas a leader. Meyer Rich was a person to be proud of. He was a friend. He was a\ndevoted individual to all causes, very charitable.\n\nBAUMAN: In these last two individuals, Meyer Rich and Sam Eplan, you're saying\nthe relationship between you and these individuals was very close. Did you tend\nto socialize with these people?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: My policy...\n\nBAUMAN: ...rabbi's life is either...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: My policy was not to socialize with people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15180.0,15210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I first came to\nAtlanta, everybody wanted me to spend an evening with them, to have dinner with\nthem, and to spend an evening. I saw at that time-- young as I was--that if I\nwould have to spend an evening with each member of the congregation, I would\nnever be able to read or study. I did not socialize. With Sam Eplan, though, I\nused to play golf. He used to call me. He said, \"Rabbi, we have got to play\ngolf.\" \"Sam, I have no time.\" \"You got to make time.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15210.0,15240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He forced me to go out on\nthe links. I owe so much to him for that too. My policy was not to over\nsocialize. I think I was in Meyer Rich's home one time, one time in the entire\nyears that I knew him. [I was] in Sam Eplan's house, also not very frequently,\nbecause we used to meet on the outside. Meyer Rich and I came in contact all the\ntime ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15240.0,15270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in community activities. I did not socialize over much. It's one of my\nfailings. Perhaps because of that my wife, especially, suffered a great deal.\n\nBAUMAN: Who did you tend to socialize with?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No one. I had a great many friends, but no... I don't know of\nmany people with whom I spent... when I ate dinner at their house. I had some\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15270.0,15300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people over at my house. For Pesach, for the seder, we used to have people over.\nOnce in a while I would have a group over when I had some cause that they were\ninterested in. I did not socialize because I didn't want anybody to say that I\nwas... I favored a certain clique in the community or in the congregation. So I\ndidn't [socialize].\n\nBAUMAN: Is this part of the feeling that you've expressed at different times as\nloneliness in the rabbinate?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I created my own loneliness because of that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15300.0,15330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most rabbis have a\ngreat social life. I don't. I never play cards with people, although I love to\nplay cards. I don't play because I'm in the rabbinate. As a youngster, as a\nstudent, I used to be a card shark.\n\nBAUMAN: That's interesting...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: ...an athlete too.\n\nBAUMAN: ...because in later sermons, in the 1950's and 1960's, you denounced\ncard playing because it seemed like so many members of your congregation were doing...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That's all they did. That's all they did was play cards.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15330.0,15360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: Isaac J. Paradies.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I. J. Paradies was a partner in business to Meyer Rich. I.J. was\na great... I would say an intellectual giant. He had an uncanny ability to be\nable to go down to the very foundation of any subject which was discussed. He\nhad a keen mind, a very keen mind. He was all business, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15360.0,15390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very devoted to the\nAhavath Achim, and a community leader. He never had time to get a formal\neducation. He spoke English. Sam Eplan used to say that a special chair should\nbe established at Emory University, and I. J. Paradies would be the 'Professor\nof Broken English'.Despite that, he was one of the greats in our community. He\nwas the chairman of the search committee ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15390.0,15420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that brought me down and elected me. He\nwas a keen mind. You had to respect a man like that, a keen mind.\n\nBAUMAN: Sam Borstein?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Sam Borstein...I know who you mean. Yes, there was a Sam\nBorstein, a lawyer in Tulsa, Oklahoma.\n\nBAUMAN: No. There was a Sam Borstein here in...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: A Sam Borstein here. I think I knew him. I knew him.\n\nBAUMAN: [Unintelligible: T4-S1-01, 08:19.677]\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: It's best I don't comment too much about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15420.0,15450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Borstein because I\ndidn't know him too well.\n\nBAUMAN: Oscar Gershon?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: You're talking about one of my favorite people. Oscar Gershon was\na man who grew up in Lithuania--in Latvia, rather--and who studied in Germany.\nHe studied music. He had a good voice. He was a learned man. He used to quote\nthe weise, that's the German pronunciation for wise, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15450.0,15480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the weise. That means the\nrabbis of Jewish heritage. He was one of the most dedicated people I have ever\nmet. He would sacrifice his own printing business and devote his time for the\naffairs of the synagogue, which he loved so much. During the Great Depression,\nhe was one of the key people that maintained the synagogue's finances, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15480.0,15510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because\nof his herculean efforts that he individually rendered. He used to go out... I\nhad to stop him from one thing. He used to spend all day long Saturday\ncollecting money for the shul. I told him, \"Mr. Gershon, Saturday is not the\nproper time to go out collecting dues for the synagogue.\" He was a wonderful\nperson. When you people about a man like Sam Gershon, you are speaking about\npeople who actually laid the foundation of the Jewish community ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15510.0,15540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we know so\nwell today. These were people in the raw, without too much formal education, but\nwith a heart, a mind, devotion, and dedication such as we don't see nowadays.\n\nBAUMAN: Harry Dwoskin?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Harry Dwoskin is an unusual person. He had a wife, Mary, who was\na great leader among the women in this community, Hadassah, and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15540.0,15570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sisterhood\nof the synagogue. Mary Dwoskin is the only woman who was elected an honorary\npresident of the Sisterhood. She was very devoted to every cause in the\ncommunity, but the synagogue took upper... major attention. Harry is one of the\nmost gracious people you want to meet... . gracious, kind, and suave. He was a\nmember of the board at times. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15570.0,15600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was a good man.\n\nBAUMAN: Louis J. Levitas.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Louis J. Levitas is a different breed. He spent many years in\nCork, Ireland. He spoke a perfect English, one of the few people of the early\nleaders of the community. L. J. Levitas was more than a synagogue man. He was\ntruly a community man. He was a leader of B'nai B'rith. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15600.0,15630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was a leader of the\nZionist organization. He was a spokesman. He spoke beautifully. He had a very\nfine English accent, which was very impressive. L. J. Levitas... as I said\nbefore, these are the people that formed the community we know now. In the\nvariety of personalities, L. J. stands out above all the others because of his\nbackground. He was a very traditional man. He raised his children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15630.0,15660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also to be\ntraditional. He has a son [Elliott H. Levitas] who is a congressman, a United\nStates congressman, a member of the United States Congress. This congressman\nnever fails to make all the holidays--not only Rosh Ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur,\nbut Passover, Sukkot and Shavuot--always attending synagogue. His other son is a\nvery well-known dentist, in the dental profession. L. J. Levitas is one of the\npeople who made this community ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15660.0,15690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what it is. L.J.'s interest was more universal\nthan the former ones we just mentioned, except Sam Eplan.\n\nBAUMAN: I. M. [Isadore M.] Weinstein.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Now there was a great man. I.M. Weinstein came to this community\nand built an empire--the National Service Industries is his\ndoings--singlehandedly... terrific man. He once told me that he doesn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15690.0,15720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need any\nnotes. He has a network of branches of linen supply throughout the Southeast and\nin Texas. He knows every phone number. He knows every individual. He doesn't\nhave to have any secretaries. He carries his whole business in his mind. He was\na keen mind, an unusual person, and a great community leader, because he was\nvery charitable.\n\nBAUMAN: He was involved with Battleship Atlanta. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15720.0,15750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You also were involved in that\nvery important meeting when they raised so many millions of dollars very\nquickly. It was just during World War II, I believe. What would you say about\nthe community's relationship to patriotism?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: There was no question about that at any time.\n\nBAUMAN: I don't mean so much as a question about patriotism, but was it a way of\nexpressing Americanism? Was it a way of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15750.0,15780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"becoming part of the community?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: It was a way of expressing their Jewishness. Jewishness demands\nof one to be totally devoted to the community and the country in which one\nlives. I. M. Weinstein, who came originally from Chicago, had a good Hebraic\nupbringing. He was one of the men who you could say was an American and a Jew\nboth together. These people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15780.0,15810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were not patriots for any ulterior motive. They were\npatriots because that is the duty of a Jewish person and that is the duty of a\nperson living in the community.\n\nBAUMAN: Are there other leading members of the congregation that you associate\nwith [Unintelligible: T4-S1-01, 14:44.580] that you'd like to bring out? Irving Goldstein?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Irving Goldstein. Abe Goldstein. Have we come across Abe\nGoldstein? I think he was mentioned. Irving Goldstein, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15810.0,15840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was my friend... I\nbelieve without any exaggeration to say my closest friend. If I socialized with\nanybody, it was with Irving Goldstein. I was at his house more than any other\nindividual home in the community. He was in my home so often... and at his\noffice. He was a dentist, but his office was more than a dental clinic. It was a\nplace where ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15840.0,15870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people came to consult with Irving Goldstein about personal matters\nand about community matters. He had the confidence of so many variety of people,\nmen and women. He never betrayed a secret. He was always helpful. [He was]\nunquestionably one of the most beloved and admired individuals in the entire\ncommunity of Atlanta. There isn't a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15870.0,15900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cause that Irving Goldstein was not devoted\nto and was not the leader of. He gave so much of his time, so much of his means,\nand so much of his heart to every single cause in the community. There isn't an\nactivity during his lifetime in which he did not participate.\n\nHe was the first one in the community--talking about civic duties--who began\nemploying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15900.0,15930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"handicapped. He was the first one who opened his hotel that he had--on\nPeachtree at Sixth Street, I think it was, or Eighth Street--to blacks. The\nblacks of the baseball team who could not find a hotel in the downtown area to\nstay, because there was segregation here, found in Irving Goldstein's hotel the\nfirst ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15930.0,15960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunity of being welcomed with whites. He was an outstanding\npersonality. These are some of the greats in the community.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Erwin Zaban is a product of I. M. Weinstein's company. He's now\nthe head of the National Service Industries. I remember his father who built the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15960.0,15990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zep Manufacturing Company. He was a very capable man and a very honorable\nperson. Erwin has become the very foundation of all that the Jewish Community\nCenter represents. That's his great love. A great benefactor in every Jewish\ncause and in every civic cause, Erwin Zaban is undoubtedly one of the great\nleaders of our community to whom everybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15990.0,16020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looks up.\n\nBAUMAN: Billy Schatten.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Billy Schatten is a young man... I still call him a young man,\nalthough he's a grandfather. He's an unusual person. Billy Schatten, I remember,\ncame here at the age of 11 when his mother brought him here. She said that he\ncannot go to the Hebrew school every day of the week because he's a very\ntalented musician. We had special tutors for him. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16020.0,16050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Billy Schatten is a person who\ncan be described with one phrase: a man who strove for excellence all his life.\nAs a teenager, he was the most popular pianist in the City of Atlanta. There\nwere pop concerts here in summertime. The star at every pop concert was Billy\nSchatten. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16050.0,16080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He could have become an outstanding virtuoso in piano. He decided to\ngo into medicine, and he's now one of the very successful... he's one of the\noutstanding plastic surgeons not only of our community but known nationally and\ninternationally. Billy Schatten is a leader in the true sense of the term. Even\nthough he's one of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16080.0,16110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"busiest people we know, he gives himself. Any cause that\nhas the leadership of Billy Schatten is assured of success. He is the most\ncompetent leader I have ever seen.\n\nBy the way, when I talk of Billy Schatten, I've got to speak about one other\nperson. That is Max Kuniansky. Max Kuniansky, unfortunately, is now a bit\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16110.0,16140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"handicapped because he had a stroke a few years ago. He is not as active as he\nused to be. Max Kuniansky is one of the builders of the Jewish Federation, the\nWelfare Federation, and the Jewish Federation as we know now, and one of the key\npeople in the community.\n\nAnother person that I'd like to mention, too, would be Larry Frank, who is not\nso active in the community at the present time because of certain ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16140.0,16170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"circumstances.\n. Larry Frank was an outstanding football star at Vanderbilt University and was\nan All Star Southeastern guard in football. Larry Frank became a leader in this\ncommunity, in Israel bonds and in Federation. To this day, we still remember the\nyeoman work that Larry Frank ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16170.0,16200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rendered to the Jewish community, and his close\nacquaintanceship with so many of the leaders in Washington that helped to bring\nabout so much of what we call success in these days.\n\nBAUMAN: Rabbi, what would you consider the turning points in the history of your\ncongregation during your rabbinate?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I think the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16200.0,16230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"turning point came about when I came here. This was a\nsmall community. When I came, we had 175 members in the congregation. That\ndoesn't mean we had only 175 worshippers. Our synagogue was on Washington Street\nand Woodward Avenue, which was about three blocks south of the Capitol. It was\nalways jam-packed, no seats available. It was called the large synagogue, but\ndues paying members ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16230.0,16260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I came... we only had 175. Some of them didn't pay all\ntheir dues. The dues were very low. We had a difficult time later raising it to\n$12 a year from $6. They used to collect quarters every Sunday. When I came\nhere, they had synagogue meetings every Sunday afternoon, because people had\nnowhere to go... the old crowd. They don't go to movies. They have annual\nmeetings. To break them away from that habit was a very difficult thing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16260.0,16290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we\nfinally instituted to have one annual meeting, that was... I believe that with\nmy coming here and being able to harness into the work of the congregation and\ncommunity, some of these people that I've mentioned, and some others, like we\nmentioned I think Mendel Romm, Sr., Irving Goldstein, Sam Eplan, and Abe\nGoldstein, . These are the men who later became leaders in the community. We\nalways talked... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16290.0,16320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we cannot be provincial, only thinking in terms of our\nsynagogue. A synagogue has got to reach out and create community. The turning\npoint was the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, and prior to that,\nworking for Zionist causes--in which not everyone was interested. Did we mention\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16320.0,16350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julian Boehm before?\n\nBAUMAN: Not very much. Go on.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: B-o-e-h-m. Julian Boehm was not a member of our congregation. He\nwas a member of The Temple, which was anti- Zionist, radically anti-Zionist.\nJulian Boehm was the very Reform Jew to work for the Zionist cause. Julian Boehm\nwas a leader whom everybody respected. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16350.0,16380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julian Boehm was a spokesman to the\nnon-Jewish community, next to Dr. [Rabbi David] Marx. Julian Boehm was respected\nby the non-Jewish community for his yeoman service that he rendered to every\ncivic cause.\n\nI've got to mention one other person who is a non-member of Ahavath Achim, but\nwho was such a vital factor in the building of this community, and that's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16380.0,16410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sam\nRothberg. They used to call him \"Silent Sam\" because Sam never stopped talking.\nSam never stopped preaching that in which he believed. Sam was a man who knew\neveryone in the community--I'm talking about the non-Jewish community. He was on\npersonal terms with every leader in the community. Sam Rothberg was a Zionist.\nSam Rothberg was a man who devoted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16410.0,16440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so much of his time and his career to\nbuilding this community. These are people who, even before the establishment of\nthe State of Israel, brought about an awareness of Jewish loyalty and Jewish\ndevotion to the ideals for which Judaism stood and perpetuated its heritage\nthroughout the centuries.\n\nBAUMAN: What are the turning points in the congregation?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That I'll have to think about... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16440.0,16470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"turning points in the\ncongregation. It was a slow process. Mark, when you talk about progress it\ndoesn't come overnight. It's a slow process that develops and grows bit by bit\nand inch by inch. We lay the seeds. We planted the seeds, and it grew with time.\nWe've had many setbacks and we had many victories. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16470.0,16500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've come this far. How far\nthat distance is, I don't know. I don't know whether we're altogether\nsuccessful. I don't know whether we've converted everybody to deep loyalty to\nJewishness. I don't know. We've implanted a seed that bears fruits, and that\nwill bear fruit in the future.\n\nBAUMAN: What would you consider some of the key setbacks [Unintelligible:\nT4-S1-02, 06:08.869]?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Setbacks is disappointments in people, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16500.0,16530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disappointments in\nprograms that we have not been able to develop. There are many setbacks. I don't\nwant to mention some of the problems that we ran into. There were many.\nSometimes it put us back a number of years.\n\nBAUMAN: Could you give any specifics?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I'd have to think about it to be more precise about what some of\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16530.0,16560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"setbacks are. I don't think we had too many setbacks. We always were going\nahead, forward. I don't think we had too many setbacks.\n\nBAUMAN: You had an arbitration court within the congregation for a while. Would\nyou describe your role in developing that and how it works?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: In the early years of my ministry here--coming here in 19--many\nof our Jewish people did not feel at ease to go to courts to settle their\nproblems. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16560.0,16590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember one of the major arbitrations that we had was [with] two\nsuccessful merchants in Atlanta. One merchant went to New York and told the\nsources where the other merchant received his goods, that he was not honest, and\nthat he didn't pay his bills. They cut off his supply. He came back to Atlanta.\nWe met with both of them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16590.0,16620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We arbitrated the case. They didn't want to go to\ncourt. Very few people of the older generation wanted to go to a court. They\ncame to the rabbi. The rabbi would enlist some of the successful people in the\ncommunity, whom we thought was logical--for example, H. Alexander that we\nmentioned before. People like that. Morris Abelman. Morris Abelman was an\ninteresting person. He wasn't a great community leader, but he had a level mind.\nHe was a good businessman. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16620.0,16650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was always sitting in with me in arbitrations.\nEven the great Orkin empire was arbitrated with us. There were two partners at\nthe time.\n\nI can't think of the other name. I don't know why-but we arbitrated. Orkin\nbecame what they did through that arbitration. It was a question of dividing\nthat company at one time.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16650.0,16680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: I've read through some of the cases that you still have in your files.\nOf interest within those files is that in several of the cases you clearly said\nthat the wealthier businessman is right. You wind up having the wealthier\nbusinessman paying court costs, or paying for the other person to leave the\ncommunity, that type of simoniac decision.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes. We had to make compromises. For example, one of the first,\nvery first cases that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16680.0,16710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came to my attention--I told it to some of the descendants\nrecently-- was a case that involved $5. Two junk peddlers, each one... one of\nthem accused the other of having cheated him out of $5. In what way? He had a\ncertain source that he used to buy his material. This one got ahead of him. We\nfound one to be 100 percent right and the other one 100 percent wrong. The one\nwho was wrong was a very poor man. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16710.0,16740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We made the one who was not wrong pay $3,\nwhich was a huge sum to these two people. We had to make this compromise because\nthese were people who were... In certain circumstances, a dollar was a huge sum\nof money. They worked hard. They didn't make much.\n\nBAUMAN: Would you use that example to clarify your opinion about Jewish justice?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Justice has to be not only by law, with law, with mind, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16740.0,16770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also\nwith heart. For example, in Jewish law when the person is condemned for a\ncapital offense and he deserves to be put to death, you have to apply--according\nto the Talmud--the principle \"thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.\" Choose\nfor him an easy death and an honorable death, even at that case. We have to\nalways... we can't go by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16770.0,16800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strict law. The rabbis tell us·that actually God\nshould have punished the children of Israel a long time ago for the sins they\ncommit against Him, [and for] violating all the laws He laid down. If it weren't\nfor His sense of compassion, we wouldn't be on earth. We follow that same principle.\n\nBAUMAN: Sense of compassion. Going out to the broader community, we have people\nlike Victor Kriegshaber.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Victor Kriegshaber ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16800.0,16830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I knew, but I was not on intimate terms with\nhim. He was a man who was very well thought of, especially with the [Hebrew]\nOrphans' Home that he sponsored. He was very active in it.\n\nBAUMAN: Your relationship with Harold Hirsch.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Harold Hirsch was a person that you couldn't help but respect. He\nwas an aristocrat, but a person you could reach and talk to. If it weren't for\nHarold Hirsch, we wouldn't have the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16830.0,16860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Welfare Federation [Jewish Welfare\nFund] that we have now. He allowed himself to be persuaded that it was a good\nthing for the community to have. He used his influence and brought it about.\nHarold Hirsch was an outstanding personality, one of the key people at the\nCoca-Cola Company. He was their attorney. There's even a little street named for\nhim there near the Coca-Cola Company.\n\nBAUMAN: Would you refer to that 1936 meeting with the establishment of the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16860.0,16890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Welfare Fund of Atlanta. How did it come about? What do you see as the\nimportance of it in terms of community [Unintelligible T4-S1-02 ,12:19]?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: If you believe in a Federation, that a community should be\nfederated; if you believe that all causes should go through one source and not\nhave the myriad of causes making separate appeals to the same group of people\nall the time; and that Federation--having at its ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16890.0,16920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"head not only competent but\ntrained people who can do a better job at publicity, at campaigning, and at\ndistribution of funds; if you believe in that, then the Federation in Atlanta\nhas been unusually successful. It's one of the strongest federated communities\nin the entire United States.\n\nBAUMAN: Do you believe in that?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16920.0,16950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI EPSTEIN: There are certain things that bother me. The Federation--because\nof the fact that it is the agency that collects all the money for every cause\nthroughout the United States and throughout the Jewish world--is now becoming\nthe organization that speaks for everything Jewish. I don't know whether it's\nproper. I don't know whether it's become ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16950.0,16980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such a tremendous organism, if you\nwould call it--a machine--that it's lost some of its human aspects, its humane\naspects. It's very standardized. It's very mechanical. It's very scientific. I\ndon't think that philanthropy or charity can be applied scientifically. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16980.0,17010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has\nto have some heart, compassion, understanding, and a sense of value. Not all\ncauses are alike. Some causes deserve greater attention. This is where there's a\ndifference of opinion in the community. I like one cause. You like the other\ncause. Who's going to be the arbiter? It's going to be someone who doesn't have\nthe same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17010.0,17040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sense of appreciation of value that some of us have, or some of us\nshould have. So I don't know.\n\nBAUMAN: Would you answer the same question in reference to Ed Kahn?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Ed Kahn was a great power. One of the most brilliant executive\ndirectors you ever want to see, but also a person without a heart. He was a\nrationalist. He was an excellent person. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17040.0,17070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He knew everything... well-read. He\nexpressed himself beautifully. Ed Kahn. I can tell you stories about Ed Kahn.\n\nBAUMAN: Go ahead.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Ed Kahn, for example, when I came here, he had an accent, a\nforeign accent. You could tell that he was not a native American, but he claimed\nto be a Reform Jew who didn't understand Yiddish. Whenever a Yiddish solicitor\nwould come by, who spoke Yiddish, I would bring him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17070.0,17100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Educational Alliance\n(JEA). I would have to interpret to Kahn. Kahn spoke Yiddish just as well as I\ncould speak, because that was his native tongue. Later I found out. He had to\nhide his Jewishness in order to ingratiate himself to the Reform group. With all\nthe criticism that I may have, he didn't like me too much. Why?\n\nWhen I came here, education it was said by a man by the name of Morris\nLichtenstein... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17100.0,17130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We never mentioned his name. Before my day, Morris Lichtenstein\nwas the great power in Ahavath Achim, and in the Jewish community of the Russian\nJews. There was a line of demarcation between Russian and German Jews. Dr. Marx\n[Rabbi David Marx] set it up. Even the German Jews recognized Morris\nLichtenstein. When we built the synagogue on Washington Street and Woodward\nAvenue--before my time--in 1920, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17130.0,17160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Morris Lichtenstein saw to it there would be no\nclassrooms there. A synagogue, in his philosophy, was only a place to worship.\nFor the older people, you have a class or two in the afternoon, but no\neducation. Where does education belong? In the Jewish Educational Alliance. All\nthe education was handled in the Jewish Educational Alliance.\n\nWhen I came, I undid that. I undid that completely. I built up a strong Hebrew\nSchool and a strong religious school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17160.0,17190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on Sunday--what they called Sunday\nschool... a tremendous school. I had one of the largest in the Southeast for\nsure. I built... I improvised classrooms downstairs in the basement of the\nsynagogue. That's where it was--not the first floor, but the basement--until we\nhad our Educational Center in 1941. Kahn didn't like that. I took away education\nfrom him. I said, \"Mr. Kahn, you're not an expert. I'm the expert in education.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17190.0,17220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you want to have it, you can have it there. My synagogue is going to have an\neducational program.\" Morris Lichtenstein died a year before I came, so I never\nknew the man personally. His influence lingered on. When Joel Dorfan was\npresident all those years, he was a facade for Morris Lichtenstein. He was the\npower... Morris was the power behind the throne.\n\nBAUMAN: Do you have any other stories about Ed Kahn?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17220.0,17250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI EPSTEIN: I think it's best not to talk about him. When I first came, he\nwrote an editorial in the Southern Israelite saying ,\"that I wouldn't be here\nafter one year, that this congregation would tear me apart. There was no place\nfor any young man to come to a congregation like Ahavath Achim. This is a place\nfor older people. Let no one think that they can come here and try to build\nsomething.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17250.0,17280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Something of that sort. Ed Kahn and I never got along too well,\nalthough I admired the man. He was a very brilliant and capable person.\n\nBAUMAN: What was the role of the Federation after the 1936 meeting in bringing\nthe German Jewish and the East European Jewish communities together?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: First of all, Ed Kahn came to me and said he would like to be the\ndirector of the Federation. He was the director of the Jewish Educational\nAlliance. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17280.0,17310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thought to myself, I don't like Ed Kahn, but still I'm not\nantagonistic to him. He was the most capable person to do it. I told Harold\nHirsch this is the man that I would suggest to be the director of the\nFederation. He'll make it go. He did so well that he gave up his role on the\nEducational Alliance and later the Jewish Community Center, and dedicated all\nhis time to this. He was the one, for example... I wanted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17310.0,17340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be active in the\nsolicitation of funds. He said a rabbi is not permitted to do so. He would never\nallow me to do anything of that sort. He didn't like me too much. I was too much\nof a competitor for him.\n\nBAUMAN: Did the Federation bring the different Jewish communities together?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes, unquestionably. When you sit around a table and... for\nexample, I had occasion to have a falling out with Dick Rich. Dick Rich was the\nhead of Rich's Department Store, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17340.0,17370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the whole complex. It's also an empire. When\nDick Rich used to challenge me, and I was very active in the Federation, because\nof the fact... He says, \"You always try to get more funds for the Zionist\ncauses.\" He used to give money on one condition. Dick Rich did that. He'll give\na certain amount of money on one condition: that none of it shall ever go\ntowards any cause that favors Zionism, or to Palestine. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17370.0,17400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, what? Dick Rich\nsitting around the table one year, a second year, a third year, arguing,\nchallenging. He quit talking to me for a while because I challenged him. I told\nhim that he had the wrong philosophy of Jewish life. Finally he came around. He\nbecame warmer. He never became a Zionist, but he refrained from being anti-Zionist.\n\nNo question about it, the Federation brought the community closer together. At\nthe present time, it's not a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17400.0,17430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question of Zionism and non-Zionism. It's a\nquestion: do you believe in Israel? Do you believe in this state? Do you believe\nthat this is the only solution to end homelessness and helplessness of the\nJewish life throughout the world? They say yes. Millions of dollars is being\nraised now, millions of dollars.\n\nBAUMAN: In 1950, you co-chaired the Federation campaign with Rabbi [Jacob]\nRothschild. Was that symbolic of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17430.0,17460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming together [Unintelligible T4-S1-02, 21:44]?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That was an attempt on the part of the leaders of the Federation\nto blend both communities together. Dr. Marx [Rabbi David Marx] had set up a\nbarrier between East European Jews and West European Jews. He did not like East\nEuropean Jews.\n\nRabbi Jacob] Rothschild followed in his footsteps originally. They felt that if\n[Rabbi Jacob] Rothschild and I would be together as co-chairmen, it would blend\nand it would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17460.0,17490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make things... It did. It helped a great deal. It made a better Jew\nout of [Rabbi Jacob] Rothschild, because he was an anti-Zionist, completely\nanti- Zionist. This is a turning point in his life. When [Rabbi Jacob]\nRothschild came to this community, he came as an anti-Zionist. He was a chaplain\nin the army, and I know of men who served with him. He was the most outspoken\nand rabid anti- Zionist ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17490.0,17520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while a chaplain. He came here. His wife would never\nbelong to Hadassah. He would never do anything for Zionist causes. He changed.\nHis wife became a leader of Hadassah, and he became very active in the Jewish community.\n\nThese things have brought about changes in so many people. A diehard like H.A.\nAlexander didn't live long enough. He died an anti-Zionist, unfortunately,\nbecause he was one of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17520.0,17550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finest individuals you want to see. There were some\ndiehards. Now I see those very same people who give so much money for the\nFederation and don't question what... they know it's going to Israel and the\ncauses in Israel. I can mention the names, but I think it's best not to, who sat\nand used to... I was president of B'nai B'rith here. The challenge I used to\nreceive is that being that I was from Eastern Europe, or I represented Eastern\nEurope people, I would be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17550.0,17580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"favoring too much activity in Palestine, as in B'nai\nB'rith. B'nai B'rith had nothing to do with Palestine at that time. That same\nperson comes to a meeting now. I saw him the other day, and he doesn't question anything.\n\nBAUMAN: What was your relationship with Mike Gettinger?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Nothing. Mike Gettinger was a nice person. He considered himself\na great scholar. It was a nice relationship. I knew his brother very... he has\nan ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17580.0,17610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outstanding brother, an ultra- Orthodox rabbi.\n\nBAUMAN: At the time Mike Gettinger came here to Atlanta as the head of the\nFederation, were your community activities to some extent being withdrawn?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: [Ed] Kahn tried to keep me back from being overactive in the\ncommunity. Gettinger fell in the same pattern. It didn't stymie me. I got a\nlittle discouraged at times from being with him too much. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17610.0,17640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you came to a\nmeeting where Ed Kahn was in charge, if you said something negative that he\ndidn't like, he would just jump all over you.\n\nBAUMAN: Did you have any relationship at all to David Sarnat?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No, none at all. I just got to learn recently who he is. No, not\nat all.\n\nBAUMAN: Before you mentioned that you were president of Gate City Lodge of B'nai\nB'rith. In that lodge, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17640.0,17670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you had a mixture of the East European and German\nelements of the community. What do you see is the role of the B'nai B'rith\nlodge? How did you [Unintelligible T4-S1-02, 25:22]?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: At that time, it was a wonderful platform. It was a place where\nvarious... for example, one of the people whom I respected very much was Dr.\n[Joseph] Yampolsky, called 'Dr. Yam,' one of the most popular Jews in this\ncommunity. He was not an ardent Jew. He was what we would call ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17670.0,17700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps agnostic,\nbut he found a place in B'nai B'rith. H.A. Alexander found a place in B'nai\nB'rith. We were surrounded in B'nai B'rith with the German Jews, with East European...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Dr. Yam [Joseph Yampolsky] was one of the key people in B'nai\nB'rith. He was a past president. He and his wife were interesting people. These\nare really interesting people in the community.\n\nBAUMAN: What was your relationship to other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17700.0,17730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbis in the community? Let's start\noff with Rabbi [Tobias] Geffen.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: With Rabbi Geffen, I had a checkered experience. There was a time\nwhen he felt that I was undermining his role as the leading Orthodox rabbi in\nthe community. He was an older man, a very learned man. I came to Ahavath Achim.\nHe had a Talmud class and I had a Talmud class. Mine was three times the size of\nhis. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17730.0,17760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Saturday morning services, mine was many fold more than he ever drew. I\nused to be respectful towards him. For example, in those days, we were invited\nvery often to functions where both of us were together. Whenever we did, I\nalways asked him what he would like to do and gave him the honor of doing\nwhatever he liked. I allowed him to speak first, and so forth. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17760.0,17790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He gave me a lot\nof trouble. I could understand it. He was the older rabbi and the Orthodox\nrabbi. Here came a man without a beard. He has English in his services. He's not\nOrthodox. He should not be Orthodox. He used to preach that. I had to prove that\nI was [Orthodox].\n\nUltimately, we got along fabulously. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17790.0,17820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He came one time and explained himself\nafter a number of years. His family was very much devoted to me. When he passed\naway, I was the one they asked that I should eulogize him. There was very\nnice... His son here, Louis, is very close to me to this day. His other\nchildren... Joel, who was with the seminary, is always close to me. There was\nanother man, Sam, who wasn't a rabbi at the time but he tried to act as a rabbi\nto compete ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17820.0,17850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with me at Friday night services, Saturday morning services, and\nlecturers. They used to try to give me a lot of trouble. They did.\n\nBAUMAN: It seemed like you had a closer relationship in more respect to the\nReform rabbis, [Rabbi David] Marx and [Rabbi Jacob] Rothschild, than you did\nwith [Rabbi Tobias] Geffen.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No. [Rabbi David] Marx, I seldom saw. When I did see him, I was\nvery gracious to him. I respected him, of course. I respected Rabbi [Tobias]\nGeffen, too, for his learning, for his status. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17850.0,17880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He has a wonderful family. Rabbi\nGeffen has a marvelous family. Every one of his children is outstanding. No.\nRabbi Geffen was not a community rabbi.\n\nI admired Rabbi Geffen for his ability and for his contribution. He was not a\ncommunity leader, by no stretch of the imagination, whereas Rabbi Marx was.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17880.0,17910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Rothschild was the head of a very important congregation, The Temple. He\nbecame very active in racial issues. He became a follower of Martin Luther King.\nHe regained his reputation. The finest thing that happened to Rabbi Rothschild\nwas the bombing of The Temple. It got national recognition. From then on,\n[Unintelligible T4-S2-01, 04:00] off.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17910.0,17940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: What was your role in terms of blacks in the community?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: As far as I was concerned, I was the first house of worship that\ndid not allow segregation within the synagogue. When a black would come in, I\ngave the ushers instruction to seat them with the family, when they came to a\nbar mitzvah. I was not publicly active as [Rabbi Jacob] Rothschild. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17940.0,17970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Rabbi\nJacob] Rothschild had nothing to do with it in his congregation. His\ncongregation was open Friday night, period. I had an active congregation, 365\ndays in the year. I had a Hebrew School. I had a religious school. I had\nactivities. I did not go out publicly as much as [Rabbi Jacob] Rothschild did.\nHe was very active in the community at large. As far as [Rabbi Jacob] Rothschild\nand I were concerned, we got along very well. I used to play golf with him once\na week. He played as poorly as I did. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17970.0,18000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I played as poorly as he did. We got along\nvery well, but he wasn't the great leader that I thought.\n\nBAUMAN: In terms of black rights, you did speak out on black rights in terms of\nyour congregation...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes.\n\nBAUMAN: ...in terms of other groups.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Sermons too, sure.\n\nBAUMAN: You did go out into black organizations and speak there as well.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes, sure.\n\nBAUMAN: In the late 1960's, when violence was coming out in the ghettos, the\nassassinations, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18000.0,18030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Black Power Movement... Your reactions are to me very\ninteresting and very moderate. What you essentially were saying is: we don't\ncondone violence but we've got to get at the source of the problem. We've got to\ndeal with the frustration.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I denounced violence as such. Violence breeds violence. I believe\nin the rights of every community, of every ethnic group. No question about that.\nWhen the blacks became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18030.0,18060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"violent or terrorist--what we would call them today--that\nwas a danger to the entire foundation of America. I disapproved of that.\n\nBAUMAN: Very early, you spoke out in favor of not closing down the public\nschools and in favor of integration. Was there any reaction on the part of your congregants?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: One especially. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18060.0,18090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One person especially wanted me to resign from\nthe synagogue. If you're going to speak about--pardon me the\nexpression--\"niggers,\" as he called them... if you're going to tolerate them,\nand I see that you welcome them in the synagogue when they come, there's no\nplace for me. He believed that the blacks were actually an inferior race, and\nthat's all. There were a few who were very uncomfortable with taking up the\ncudgel for the blacks, but the overwhelming majority of our people were for it.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18090.0,18120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Irving Goldstein opened his hotel, the first one. Irving Goldstein, Abe\nGoldstein, and Sam Eplan--these were people who were very close to the mayor of\nAtlanta, [Mayor William] Hartsfield. Mayor Hartsfield was a great friend. Abe\nGoldstein, especially, was very close to the senators of this state. He wielded\na tremendous amount of influence with them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18120.0,18150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the establishment of the State\nof Israel was at stake in 1948 or 1947... 1948 or 1947. Our synagogue had an\nimportant role in every movement. Ahavath Achim is the one that produced the\nmajority of leadership in this community throughout, since I came.\n\nBAUMAN: This is the sixth in a series of interviews conducted by Dr. Mark\nBauman. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18150.0,18180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is an interview conducted by Dr. Mark Bauman. The person being\ninterviewed is Rabbi Harry Epstein. The date of this interview is July l0, 1986.\nRabbi, the first question we're going to ask is about your concept of history.\nYou seem to have a very defined concept of what historicism is, basically,\nsimilar to a concept of Zecharias Frankel called 'Positive Historicism'. Would\nyou comment about that?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18180.0,18210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI EPSTEIN: There is a very well-known phrase in our Bible, uttered by Moses\nof old before he departed, leaving it as a heritage unto his people. It seems to\nepitomize for all generations what history actually means. He says to them, \"Ask\nyour elders and they will tell you--b'nu sh'not dor vador [Hebrew]--Understand\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18210.0,18240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evaluate the happenings, the occurrences of generations before you.\" A\ncivilized person is one who bases himself on the information that he has\nreceived from the past, and on that basis, and using it as a jumping off point,\nhe makes progress. Without the past, we all would be starting with tabula rasa\nfrom the very beginning. History gives us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18240.0,18270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the opportunity of not having to start\nfrom the beginning of the alphabet of civilization, but to continue on the basis\nof what we have received to the future. Therefore, in Judaism too, there is\nhistory that we revere and worship. History tells us not to be imprisoned by\nthat which was transmitted to us, but on the basis of what we receive from the\npast, to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18270.0,18300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"able to develop new insights and make further progress. This is the\ncore of what Judaism, especially Conservative Judaism, or a better name,\nHistorical Judaism, always represented... veneration of all that was past. On\nthe basis of those principles and ideas that we receive, [we] try to further and\nexpand. All of Judaism, by the way, is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18300.0,18330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evolutionary. The Judaism of the Bible is\nnot complete without that of the Talmud, which carne centuries later. Because\nthe Bible does not treat with all problems, the Talmud tries to correct that and\ntries to expand on what was transmitted. Throughout the centuries, the Jew must\nlive with an historical orientation--an orientation of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18330.0,18360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all that the past has\ntended to bequeath to us--and on that basis, to promote and enlarge our understanding.\n\nBAUMAN: Rabbi, in your definition of history, you use the concept of progress.\nIn fact, one of the things that's amazing to me is your tremendous sense of\noptimism. You lost a brother, you witnessed the Holocaust, and yet over and over\nagain you remain ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18360.0,18390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very optimistic and hopeful. What's the source of that?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: The more evil we see in the world, the more we realize that the\nsad and tragic occurrences in human life are due to the fact that people have\nnot made progress in terms of their emotions and their intelligence. [They] have\nreverted to the barbarism of ancient and primitive times. There is a potential\nin man ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18390.0,18420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to rise above himself. Just as we came out from the caves and we became\ncivilized people, emotionally sometimes, we have not progressed too much.\nIntellectually we have. Just as the German people in the days of the Holocaust\nwere the most advanced scientifically, but were the most retarded emotionally.\n[They were] primitive in their actions, brilliant in their ideals. Progress...\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18420.0,18450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order for the world to exist, there must be progress. There must be\nintellectual progress as well, and emotional progress especially. Man does not\nlive by intellect alone. There must be a co-existence of emotion, heart, and\nethical persuasion.\n\nBAUMAN: Rabbi, one of the things that's amazed me is your ability to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18450.0,18480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understand\nother failings and not so much to overlook as to feel sorry for other people.\nYou do not become bitter towards Hitler in Germany. You do not become bitter\ntowards the Arabs. You can still respect their learning. What is the source of this?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I'm bitter, of course, against a person like Hitler or against\nthe German people who were able to promote the ideas of a Hitler. You condemn\nthem. This was retrogression ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18480.0,18510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the part of the German people from their high\nintellectual progress to the primitive barbarism of ancient days. You condemn\nthat. It doesn't mean that all people must be that. It was an aberration on the\npart of the German people at one time. Perhaps they're correcting it now, and\nthey will outlive that which transpired at a certain period in time. The Arabs,\nof course, are enemies of the State of Israel. Because they're enemies of the\nState of Israel, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18510.0,18540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're not enemies of the Israelis but they've become what we\nwould term antisemitic. They hate Jews too, because the Jews are the ones who\nhave created the State of Israel. Arabs have contributed a great deal to the\nculture of the world. They were the ones who brought to the Western world the\nculture of the ancient Greek civilization, which had nearly expired before they\nunearthed it in the days of the Spanish period.\n\nBAUMAN: One of the few cases where I saw you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18540.0,18570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really seemingly bitter was\ncuriously in relation to the Vatican II Council declaration in the mid 1960's,\nessentially saying Jews were not Christ killers. You didn't seem to accept that.\nYou didn't seem to forgive where in so many other cases you did.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I do. I... if they would actually promote it and teach it. Even\nthe present Pope, just recently... I don't recall exactly the incident or the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18570.0,18600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time when he again reiterated the fact that the Jews are responsible for the\ndeath of Jesus, although he seems to be a liberal. I can't forgive the Catholic\nChurch, who in the name of religion for some 1,800 years and more, have\npersecuted the Jew because he was too much of a competition for the development\nof their faith. There's a certain inferiority complex in the devout Christian, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18600.0,18630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\ncomplex that perhaps the Jew is right, because he's protested against that which\nthe universal Christian faith assumes and accepts. There's a disappointment in\nChristianity at large. There is a hope that within time perhaps things will be\ncorrected. I don't think so. I'm still convinced that Christianity must base\nitself on the fact that it's separated from Judaism and that the Jews are an\ninferior religion.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18630.0,18660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: You seemed to know about the Holocaust very, very early. I see sermons\nof yours in 1933 and 1934 talking about the destruction of European Jewry. How\ndid you become familiar so early with Hitler's program? How do you view\nAmerica's experience with that?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: This is a very painful subject to treat with. None of us were\naware, actually, all that was transpiring ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18660.0,18690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. We only heard rumors. I didn't\nknow more than any of the other people in this country. We read the papers. Some\nof us... we ask a question why the press in America did not cry out so\nvociferously when all that was happening in the years of the Holocaust in Europe\nwas transpiring. The answer is that they actually did not believe what they\nheard. They could not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18690.0,18720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe the acts of barbarism that was perpetrated in the\ntwentieth century. All of us who heard what was going on protested against it.\nYet there wasn't much of a movement in America until the last few years against\nthis because we didn't believe that it could be that bad. None of us actually\nknew what was. When we heard some atrocities being perpetrated, we protested\nagainst it. Where do we protest? In our synagogues? In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18720.0,18750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our communities?\n\nBAUMAN: You attended a series of national conferences, American Jewish\nConferences, I believe, during World War II and right after. Do you think those\nconferences accomplished anything? What was your role in those conferences?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: The conferences accomplished nothing. It broke up when, for\nexample, the American Jewish Committee would not endorse the proposal of the\nconference that we should try to establish a Jewish commonwealth in Palestine.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18750.0,18780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a division among the Jewish community here. It broke up. It lasted for\ntwo, three, or four years. Then it broke up because there was no unity. After\nthe establishment of the State of Israel, every organization is pro-Israel,\nincluding the American Jewish Committee who has one of its major platforms, help\nfor Israel. In those days, Zionism to many people was anathema. It was a\nquestion of dual ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18780.0,18810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"loyalty. You can't be both a lover of a Jewish commonwealth in\nPalestine and a loyal citizen. An Irishman who loves Ireland, although he lives\nin America, that's all right. A Jew who wants to find a place in the\nworld--anywhere in the world, but especially in Israel because it's the historic\nJewish homeland--and has to find a place as a haven for Jews who are persecuted\nand are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18810.0,18840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"homeless throughout the world. That is a sin on the part of many. The\nAmerican Jewish Conference was a total flop, a complete failure. It could not\npromote certain ideas because there wasn't a unity of action.\n\nBAUMAN: Did you take an active role in those conferences?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: As much as anybody else did. We were delegates. No, I was not one\nof the spokesmen. I was on a committee, as all of us were.\n\nBAUMAN: Let's go backward.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Pardon me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18840.0,18870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Talking about that, too, you see, the major\norganizations put out certain key people who occupied the place... the plenary\nsessions as a spokesman. All the delegates were divided and sub-divided into\ncommittees. It was a political movement too.\n\nBAUMAN: Rabbi, especially at the early part of your career, the first 10 or 15\nyears, you spoke an awful lot about Greek philosophy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18870.0,18900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, in the courses\nyou took, you did an awful lot of work on Greek philosophy and religion, or\nGreek thought. You tended to draw a dichotomy between Judaism and Greek thought.\nWould you comment about that?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That is an old problem, a problem that we have to deal with.\nMaimonides dealt with it. He wanted to be able to make Judaism and\nAristotelianism compatible. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18900.0,18930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all wanted to do that. When we study Jewish\nhistory way back, even in biblical times, we find that the higher criticism\naccused Judaism of borrowing some of the stories in the Bible from other people,\njust to be correct. Judaism has borrowed. Every nation must live with export and\nimport. The United States has to be able to have a certain import and a certain\nexport, a finance. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18930.0,18960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A living organism such as a religion or a civilization, as\nJudaism is, must live also by export and import. We've exported a great deal to\nthe world at large, but we've imported also many things. The greatness of\nJudaism is that it Judaized so much of what it imported from other people.\n\nThe story of the Sabbath, for example, can be traced back to the Babylonians,\nwho also had a Sabbath. What kind of a Sabbath? For the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18960.0,18990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nobility, a day on which\nthey would rest. Nobody else rested, but they would rest. Judaism took the idea\nof the Sabbath, if we believe of higher criticism that that idea preceded us,\nand they Judaized it. The Sabbath has become a universal program of the equality\nof rest for all people, for man and beast, the idea of one day in the week to be\nset aside for rest and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18990.0,19020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recreation. Recreation means to be able to recreate one's\nsoul and one's spirit and one's intellect, and to be able to refresh one's self.\n\nJudaism... we study Greek civilization because to the world at large... When I\nwent to college, the first thing they told me, and my professors always taught,\nwas that the Greeks were the first philosophers. The Greeks were the first who\npromoted an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19020.0,19050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organized system of ethics and morality. Judaism was not even\nmentioned. What we tried to show was that Judaism had an equal share in the\ncreation of what is now called civilization, together with the Greeks.\nMaimonides in the twelfth century tried to do the same thing. It was more than\nthe apologia, more than apologetics. It was to come down to the basic\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19050.0,19080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understanding of what Judaism is, and we're not... I wouldn't... I'm not afraid\nto say that we have taken a great deal from other cultures. We didn't leave it\nat that. We Judaized it. We created a new concept. You can't live without\nborrowing. You live with people in society. You borrow one from the other. It\ndepends what you do with that. If you make it your own, give it your own\npersonality, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19080.0,19110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then it becomes your own.\n\nBAUMAN: One of the complaints you had about Reform Judaism is that it tended to\nsee religion almost as universal, that all religions were equal, therefore it\ndidn't make very much of a difference. Yet in your Brotherhood Week lectures,\nand in your speeches before the National Council of Christians and Jews\n[National Conference of Christians and Jews], you tended to stress that all\nreligions were basically in common. When you spoke to the congregation, Judaism\nwas above the others. There was a certain sense of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19110.0,19140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularism. Would you\ncomment on that?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: When we spoke together with Christians--Catholics and\nProtestants--we didn't say that all religions are the same. No, no.\n\nBAUMAN: Not the same, but basically ethical and therefore...\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Judaism, for example, does not encourage proselytism. It doesn't\nbelieve in going out and proselytize. Why? It has respect for every religious\nconviction among people. The only way you can become a Jewish person is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19140.0,19170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you\nbelieve wholeheartedly that Judaism is superior than your former faith.\n\nCatholicism is wonderful for a Catholic. Protestantism is wonderful for\nProtestants, so long as they live the ethical life. When Catholicism tries to\npersecute Jews or tries to persecute Protestants, or Protestants denounce\nCatholics as if they were a secret society, and both of them together denounce\nJudaism as an inferior race. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19170.0,19200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reverend [Jerry] Falwell was right. To a good\nChristian, he actually believes that God does not listen to the prayer of a Jew\nbecause the Jew doesn't know how to pray. He doesn't pray in the name of him\nwhom they consider the Savior. He prays to Almighty God. Nobody can pray to\nAlmighty God. You got to pray through an intermediary. If only the Christians\nwould be good Christians--we would have a better world--and not try to denounce\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19200.0,19230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"others in order to gain their own favor.\n\nBAUMAN: If the Christians live that ethical life we're discussing, and if you\ncompare that to a Jew living the same ethical life, would there still be a\nreason for Judaism?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes. It's a question of taste. For example, I can understand how\na person can't believe that he has a direct access to God, because God is such a\nremote being that you can't even define it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19230.0,19260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you have a down-to-earth figure\nlike Jesus, and He intervenes on your behalf and He talks on your behalf, it's\nmore accessible. That's why when the Jews were in the wilderness and Moses\ndisappeared for forty days, they wanted to make a golden calf. The golden calf\nreminded them of the calves and the animals that were worshipped by the\nEgyptians. That's something tangible, something they can put their hands on,\nthat they can see. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19260.0,19290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To have a God who is unseen is difficult for the human\nintellect to grasp.\n\nBAUMAN: Is Judaism superior to Christianity?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: You're asking the wrong person. I think so.\n\nBAUMAN: Why?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Because we don't believe in making any human being a divine\nbeing. We don't believe that any one individual can be divine ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19290.0,19320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"above all others.\nAll human beings are divine, children of God, or a spark of the divinity they\nhave in them. Why was God so impotent that He only had one son? I could never\nunderstand it. Why only one son? He must have been more prolific than that.\nJudaism has... take Christianity. To me, 90 percent of Christian teaching is\nJewish. They took it over, line, hook and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19320.0,19350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sinker. There's only ten percent of\nChristianity that is anti-Jewish and non-Jewish, and that is the divinity of\nJesus. The Kuzari--you have Rabbi Judah Halevi's book, The Kuzari who came 1,000\nyears before Maimonides--also points that out that Bulan, a chieftain of a tribe\nin Southern Russia, wanted to find out what the true religion is. He had\nrepresentatives of the Moslem faith, the Christian faith, and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19350.0,19380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish faith\ndebate one with another. He found out that the Moslems base most of their\nteachings on Judaism and Jewish lore. Christianity also bases itself on Jewish\nlore. He said Judaism is the proper faith and he became converted to Judaism.\nThe thing that bothers me more than anything else is why in the first four\nGospels, besides John... John is different. John is a real goy He's a real\nChristian. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19380.0,19410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first three Gospels always trace the lineage of Jesus to King\nDavid. Why? Divorce yourself from King David. God begot a son all of a sudden.\nHe came later on. Why do you have to link him with David? Once they lose the\nidentification with Judaism, their whole faith goes to pieces. John says, \"In\nthe beginning there was the Word, and then there was a Messiah.\" I can... that's\ngood Christianity. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19410.0,19440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To link the lineage of Jesus to King David... why? They\ncouldn't get away from it. To this day they can't get away from it. When the Jew\ncomes and tells them that it doesn't sound good, he's not liked.\n\nBAUMAN: We've discussed mysticism and Kabbalah briefly before. It's been obvious\nthat to some extent you respected Hasidism. We can trace that all the way back.\nOne of the interesting individuals that you seem to like, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19440.0,19470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially quote a\nlot, is Maurice Maeterlinck.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Maeterlinck\n\nBAUMAN: In fact, your wife even had done a term paper on Maeterlinck.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Right, right. Maeterlinck was a great writer. He was a great\nwriter. Some of his stories are really classics and you can interpret them so\nadequately. He was just a fabulous writer. Some of his stories made some of my\nbest sermons because they can be applied to the world at large and to life at\nlarge. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19470.0,19500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maeterlinck was a mystic. He really had a mystic feeling. That's a\ndifferent subject altogether. Maeterlinck is one of my favorite people,\nunquestionably... title and mitle, tittle and mittle...\n\nBAUMAN: You also seem to especially appreciate the Prophets seemingly more than\nthe other books of the Bible.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Naturally, every Jew does that because the Prophets are the ones\nwho set up the ethical standards by which Jews live. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19500.0,19530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Bible touches upon\nethics a great deal, but the Prophets have gone out and challenged those who\nviolate ethical principles. The Prophets, the Hebrew Prophets, are cherished by\nevery Jew. Even the Christians will tell you that the Prophets are basic. These\nare the basic challenges to righteous living.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19530.0,19560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: Rabbi, what's your concept of free will. At points you've said, and I\nquote, \"man is co-creator with God. Evil is made or unmade by people. God is the\ncreator of good and evil.\"\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: This is one of the difficult and philosophic subjects in Judaism:\nthe idea of free will. Every person according to Judaism has freedom of action\nbecause he has a freedom of thought. The Bible... the Talmud tells us as\nfollows: God controls everything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19560.0,19590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except faith. Faith is individual. Either a\nperson has faith or he doesn't have faith. A person has a right to disbelieve or\nto act in evil ways. It doesn't mean he has the right to act in evil ways, but\nhe's so constituted that he can. He can either be good or bad. The bad breeds\nevil. The good breeds goodness. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19590.0,19620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas a person has freedom of will, the Bible\ndirects him to promote that freedom to good ends. That's basically the concept\nof freedom of will.\n\nBAUMAN: What's your attitude towards the death penalty?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: It's very difficult to decide that a person's life should be\ndestroyed. At the same time, when we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19620.0,19650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a mad dog--he's a wild animal and\ncannot be trained, and he's a mad dog, bites people, poisons people, and causes\ndeath to people--you put him to death. There are certain human beings who are\nbeyond recall and who are a threat to society. If they cannot be rehabilitated,\nthey should be put to death because they are a danger to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19650.0,19680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"society. The Bible, for\nexample, has penalties and capital punishment for certain evils. The rabbis of\nthe Talmud have said that if a Jewish court will condemn a person to death once\nin seventy years, that court shall be called a murderous court. It's difficult\nto decide for a person ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19680.0,19710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be exterminated.\n\nBAUMAN: Rabbi, at this stage I'd like to go further into your concepts of\nZionism. At the beginning of your career, before the establishment of the State\nof Israel, it seems you closely associated Zionism with the concept of galut,\nexile. You said that Judaism could not be fulfilled without the establishment of\nthe homeland.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: If you read the prophets, then. If you read our prophets, they\ntalk about a Messianic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19710.0,19740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"period. What will be the Messianic period when the Jews\nwill be returned to their homeland? Judaism is based on the hope that we will\nagain be repatriated in our own homeland where we will be able to express\nourselves as Jews in a society that will be our own. You cannot be a Jewish\nperson and use our prayer book--the traditional prayer book that has been\nviolated by the Reform Movement by taking out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19740.0,19770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any reference to Zion--without\nbeing a Zionist and without believing that the Jews ultimately will be returned\nto their homeland. In periods where we saw such persecution of the Jews, the\nhope for a return to a homeland of their own grew all the stronger among the\npeople. Basically, since we left the land the first time, the Levites by the\nbanks of the rivers of Babylon ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19770.0,19800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vowed \"Im eshkachech Yerushalayim tishkach\nyemini\"... \"If I will forget thee, O Jerusalem\"--and Jerusalem represents the\nentire State of Israel--\"let my right hand forget its coming,\" because the hope\nof return was always there.\n\nBAUMAN: Once the State of Israel was established, and the first wars for\nindependence were over, it seemed like there was a hiatus. It was hard to\ndetermine the relationship between [Unintelligible: T5, S1, 02, 03:14]. In fact,\nin a term paper you did for that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19800.0,19830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"central school of Judaism in 1952. You wrote\nthat since the establishment of the State of Israel, Zionism is [Unintelligible:\nT5-S1-02, 03:24] relegated to history.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Political Zionism. The political movement as such. Before the\nestablishment of the State of Israel, there were people in my community here, in\nmy synagogue, who heard me talk about the importance of believing in the return\nto Zion and of creating a homeland there. [They] were not Zionists and would not\njoin the Zionist Movement. Since the establishment ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19830.0,19860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the State [of Israel] in\n1948, everybody wanted to help and continue to help the State of Israel. Zionism\nas a political movement has been relegated to the past. I don't see the need for\na Zionist movement now. I believe that there is an important movement that\nshould be established within the State of Israel to teach the ideal of Zionism\nto the younger generations who have lost it. They live now in the land. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19860.0,19890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\nfeel that it's their own. They don't believe in the sanctity of the land of\nIsrael as we did in our early years. As far as a political movement, I don't\nthink it's a necessity at the present time.\n\nBAUMAN: How has the relationship between American Jews and Israel changed?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That's also a difficult subject. Don't forget that Israel depends\nto such a great ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19890.0,19920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extent on the Jewish community in the Diaspora. What's the major\nfocus, what's the major center of the Diaspora? The United States, Bonds for\nIsrael, the campaigns for funds for Israel this... Many Jews in Israel feel that\nUncle Sam has been sponsoring them for so many years. They're indebted to us.\nAmerican Jews feel sometimes that they should have a voice ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19920.0,19950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the management of\nthe internal affairs in Israel, which Israelis don't like. There's a certain\ndifficulty of adjustment between them. Every American Jew, I would say,\npreponderantly all of them, are in favor of and want the State of Israel to\ncontinue. There are so many things in Israel that nobody is pleased with. Yet\nit's the only place we have.\n\nBAUMAN: For a long time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19950.0,19980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you associated Zionism with Jewish civilization. I get\nthe sense you have the hope that with the establishment of Israel, you would\nhave a flourishing of Jewish culture.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Right. That's what we have. Yes.\n\nBAUMAN: Has that taken place?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: It has. There's a Hebrew University. There's a Tel Aviv\nUniversity. There's a Bar-Ilan University. There's a University of the Negev\nwhich [David] Ben Gurion created. There are cultural organizations. There's a\ntremendous output...\n\nBAUMAN: You're listing institutions. I don't think that's what you meant.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19980.0,20010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI EPSTEIN: ...output of creative works in Hebrew. There isn't... and by the\nway, as far as the ultra-Orthodox are concerned, there are more\nseminaries--yeshivas--in Israel today than European Jewry ever had. There's an\noutput, but the idealism on the part of the secularist youth is lacking.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20010.0,20040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: Do you see that America can provide that cultural flourishing that at\none stage you thought of with Israel?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: We've seen what happened to the Jews in Babylonia when they were\nexiled in Babylon. There was an increase and a flourishing of Jewish culture\nthat produced the Talmud and other works. There was a period in Spain when the\nJews lived in southern Spain, and they produced the golden age of Spain with so\nmuch creative works. The United States of America ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20040.0,20070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today is also on the verge\nof... not on the verge, is creating a great deal of creative works in various\nfields of Jewish knowledge. It doesn't compare with Israel, though. Israel still\nis a mecca and a source.\n\nBAUMAN: I'm going to list some different people that you were in contact with,\nand would you refer to your relationship with? Louis Lipsky.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Louis Lipsky I did not know personally, although I heard him at\nmany Zionist conferences. He was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20070.0,20100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the most articulate of Zionist leaders\nin the United States, a man to whom Zionism owes a debt of gratitude for all\nthat he did in keeping the ideology of Zionism in the forefront of the American public.\n\nBAUMAN: Morris Rothenberg?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Morris Rothenberg was--I didn't know him personally--also a great\nman who contributed a great deal to the Zionist movement. He was a Zionist leader.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20100.0,20130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: [Rabbi] Stephen S. Wise.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: There's a giant. [Rabbi] Stephen S. Wise was a giant. He was the\nforemost leader of the Reform movement who was an active Zionist even before\n[Rabbi] Abba Hillel Silver. He was a great spokesman. He is a man to whom Jewry\nowes a great deal of indebtedness.\n\nBAUMAN: Did you know him?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes. I met him at conferences. We used to spend a few moments.\nNot intimately, no.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20130.0,20160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: [Rabbi] Abba Hillel Silver?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: [Rabbi] Abba Hillel Silver is another giant, a man who was so\nmuch responsible when the investigating committee before 1947 and when the\nUnited Nations passed the resolution endorsing the establishment of a Jewish\nstate. [Rabbi] Abba Hillel Silver appeared before them in one of his masterful\naddresses, and pointed out to them what Palestine and Zion meant to Jewish history.\n\nBAUMAN: Jacob Billikopf?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I don't know him.\n\nBAUMAN: David Brown?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20160.0,20190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI EPSTEIN: I don't know him. Billikopf, I never heard.\n\nBAUMAN: He was in Chicago, a major fundraiser. You were very close to Rabbi\nSimon G. Kramer. What was your relationship?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: We grew up together, since our bar mitzvah. He was a year or two\nolder than I. Rabbi Simon G. Kramer was a very interesting personality, student,\nand spokesman. He was a president of the Board of Rabbis in New York. He was a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20190.0,20220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"president of the Synagogue Council of America. At my tenth anniversary with the\ncongregation, he came down here as a speaker. I enjoyed having him here. It\nwasn't the tenth, it was the twenty-fifth anniversary. Rabbi Simon Kramer was a\npersonal friend of mine. We grew up together. He was a person I admired.\n\nBAUMAN: Which rabbis were you closest with?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: He was one of them. Rabbi Simon Kramer was one of the persons I\nwas close with. Rabbi Joseph Lookstein, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20220.0,20250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was very close with, I knew very well.\nAt meetings, I used to meet up with a great many, but I didn't have-- beyond\nthese people or even including these people--somebody I was very close with whom\nI would consider as a companion of mine through the years. There was a Rabbi\nAbraham Mesch of Birmingham whom I befriended and whom... I was responsible for\nhim getting the position in Birmingham, We used to spend some summers together.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20250.0,20280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No close contact with anyone.\n\nBAUMAN: When you wrote your book, you used the same editor as Rabbi Leo Jung. In\nfact, Rabbi Leo Jung wrote the introduction. Was this because you were in\nagreement with Jung's thoughts?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: I was very close to Rabbi Dr. [Leo] Jung. Whenever I would go to\nNew York, I spent at least a full day ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20280.0,20310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with him. He was an unusual man. He was a\ntypical German, very pious and very modern in his thinking. As a matter of fact,\nwhen I wrote the book, he was the first one whom I showed the copy to. He was an\nultra-Orthodox philosophical promoter of Judaism. He's a giant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20310.0,20340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that field. I\nwas close to him because basically I think alike too, although in practice I may\nstray. Whatever I may do in practice is because I feel this is the way to\nattract people. I try to convert them if possible to my... He was one of the...\nRabbi Israel Levinthal, who was one of the great rabbis of the Conservative\nmovement, was another man I was very close with. He also wrote ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20340.0,20370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a review of my\nbook. He was a man of great learning. Although he was a Conservative rabbi, he\nwas a real traditionalist and a great preacher, perhaps the greatest preacher in\nthe English language.\n\nBAUMAN: How did you meet both of those men?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: [Rabbi] Leo Jung I heard about. When I visited New York, I called\nhim. I wanted to see him. It was that simple. Rabbi Israel Levinthal was an\ninteresting person. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20370.0,20400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had read about him because every young rabbi read some of\nhis sermons. He was a great preacher. There was a young man whom I tried to\npromote in the rabbinical school, first at the Yeshiva University where I had\ninfluence. They accepted him without any tuition. He wanted to enter into the\nJewish Theological Seminary. They turned him down. I called up Rabbi Israel\nLevinthal. I said, \"I'm Harry Epstein of Atlanta, Georgia.\" He said, \"I've heard\nabout you.\" I was known at that time. I said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20400.0,20430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I've got a young man that I'd\nlike to have enter the Jewish Theological Seminary. He'll be a credit to the\nConservative rabbinate within time.\" I talked to him further. He said, \"No\nproblem.\" He got him in. That's Rabbi Simon Noveck. Rabbi Simon Noveck has\nwritten a number of books for B'nai B'rith [B'nai B'rith Great Book Series]:\nGreat ideals of Judaism and Great personalities of Judaism. He was a rabbi in\nsome of the important synagogues-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20430.0,20460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congregations--in the country. That's how I\ngot to know Rabbi Israel Levinthal. I went to see him.\n\nBAUMAN: What about Rabbi David de Sola Pool?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Rabbi David de Sola Pool... I didn't have direct contact [with\nhim], except when I wrote the book. I sent him a copy. I asked him to look\nthrough it. He wrote me a comment.\n\nBAUMAN: These rabbis, along with Rabbi Bernard Drachman have been described as\npeople leaning towards first Neo-Orthodoxy and then leading America to some\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20460.0,20490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extent towards Conservatism.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: No. Rabbi David de Sola Pool was Orthodox all the way through.\nYes. Rabbi Leo Jung, [was Orthodox] all the way through. Rabbi Leo Jung wouldn't\nthink of Conservative Judaism. Rabbi Bernard Drachman, him I remember as a\nstudent at the Yeshiva University. He once came to lecture. That's about all I\nsaw of him. No. Not Rabbi Leo Jung. Rabbi Jung is ultra-Orthodox.\n\nBAUMAN: You were on the executive ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20490.0,20520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"committees in the 1930's of both the Union of\nOrthodox Congregations of America and the Rabbinical Council [of America]. What\nwere your involvements with these organizations?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: First of all, I was an Orthodox rabbi. I had gained somewhat of a\nreputation throughout the country. I was a member of the Union of Orthodox\nJewish Congregations and the Rabbinical Council of America. I was on... I\nremember Rabbi Simon Kramer and I were both on the Rabbinical Council ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20520.0,20550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"executive\n[committee]. I was trying to be active, although I was away in Atlanta, away\nfrom the center of activity. If you were in Atlanta at that time, you didn't\nhave much of a chance to get into prominence. I was an Orthodox rabbi for many years.\n\nBAUMAN: Is your center in Atlanta the reason you became more active within the\nSoutheastern Rabbinical Association (possibly the Rabbinical Assembly-Southeast\nRegion) rather than the national body?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Yes. I was drafted into that. I was a member of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20550.0,20580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"executive\ncommittee of the Rabbinical Assembly too. I was a member for five years of the\nlaw committee. That's later on when I joined the Conservative movement. Before\nthat, I was a member of the Orthodox group. I still have some of the letters of\ncondemnation that I received from some of the leading rabbis of the Orthodox\ngroup when I announced that I was becoming a Conservative rabbi.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20580.0,20610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: You were a founding member of both the Rabbinic Cabinet... I have\nhere... UJA [United Jewish Appeal] and Jewish Theological Seminary?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: That's right.\n\nBAUMAN: What types of activities did you work at?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: United Jewish Appeal, I used to travel for them throughout the\nSoutheast, and tried to raise money for them. As far as the [Jewish Theological]\nSeminary was concerned... it was called... they wanted to create... that every\nsynagogue should--on the basis of their dues that they received--send a portion\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20610.0,20640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dues to the Jewish Theological Seminary. I was one of those who promoted this\nproject and traveled throughout the South for them.\n\nBAUMAN: Briefly, if I'm not mistaken, your brother Emanuel Epstein was a\nnational vice-president for United Synagogue of America?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Correct. He lives in Canada. He became very active in the\nConservative movement. He was a national president. His business became so large\nthat he was not able to continue. He is still is a leading person in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20640.0,20670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montreal\nJewry, especially in the Conservative element, and in his synagogue.\n\nBAUMAN: Is your brother Sidney Epstein a rabbi?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Sidney, no. Sidney lives in California. He's not active in Jewish affairs.\n\nBAUMAN: Briefly, coming back to Atlanta, what was your relationship with the\nSephardic community, specifically Rabbi Joseph Cohen and Rabbi [S. Robert] Ichay.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Rabbi Ichay came later, so with him. I don't have too much in\ncommon. Rabbi Cohen I promoted, I sponsored. I used to speak in his synagogue. I\ndedicated their synagogue. Even some of them remember to this day how ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20670.0,20700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I used to\nwelcome them. They lost their place on the south side [of Atlanta], and they\nneeded a place to have their Hebrew School. Rabbi Cohen used to teach Hebrew\nschool for them. We gave them a place in our Educational Center and for years\nthey had their Hebrew school in that building. We were very close to the group.\n\nBAUMAN: When do you see the turning· point of the coming together of the\nGerman, East European and the Sephardic community of Atlanta?\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: All due to the [Atlanta Jewish] Federation. The stronger the\nAtlanta Jewish Federation became, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20700.0,20730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the closer the communities came together. At\none time, when I came here, when one of our Ashkenazic Jews would marry a person\nof the Sephardic element, it was like going down a step or two. Because of the\nFederation, people became more involved and became closer to one another.\n\nRABBI EPSTEIN: Governor [Ellis Gibbs] Arnall I knew very well. Still know him\nvery well. Governor [John M.] Slaton, I invited to speak in my synagogue twice,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20730.0,20760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because he was the one who ruined his political career by freeing [Leo] Frank in\nthe Frank case. Some of the others, I just knew, but I wasn't particularly close\nwith. Although I opened the [Georgia State] Legislature a number of times here\nat the time of [Governor] Talmadge, the father [Eugene Talmadge], the son Herman\n[Eugene Talmadge, Sr.].\n\nBAUMAN: Rabbi, very briefly, I'd like to read you just a tentative conclusion to\nmy paper, and I'd like to ask you to respond to it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20760.0,20790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Today a third of a century\nafter Rabbi Epstein led his congregation into formal affiliation with the\nConservative movement, he regrets the need for this action and decries\nConservatism as partly bankrupt. He perceives very little difference between\nConservative and Reform, and believes that many Conservative rabbis are\nvirtually deist in their perception of God. Reason has taken the place of faith\nand won the day. One cannot help but feel that the rabbi's remarks reflect also\na feeling of personal failure. He was able to keep his congregants ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20790.0,20820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and their\nchildren within Judaism, but without being able to instill faith and ultimately\nwithout being able to maintain a high level of ceremonial practice. Rabbi\nEpstein's current disillusionment may be taken as symptomatic of questions\nultimately about religion that he has grappled with for much of his life. He\nasked Rabbi Sher [T5-S1-02, 20:12.16] in Slobodka sixty years ago, 'Is it\npossible to teach people the fundamentals of Judaism: to love God and one's\nfellow man.' Rabbi Epstein asked then and continues to ask now, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20820.0,20850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'Can one obtain\nfaith for one's self and [Unintelligible: T5-21-02, 20:29.47] it in others.' In\nhis Master's thesis, he investigated the basis of religious certainty and\nthought of various religious theorists, and found a spectrum of methods of\ntreating the question from acceptance totally on faith to a totally rational\napproach virtually leading one out of recognizable Judaism. The conclusion of\nhis thesis and later definitions of the distinction between Orthodox and Reform\nmade it clear that in his view, these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20850.0,20880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"movements ultimately reflected the two\npoles of the spectrum. Rabbi Epstein's Orthodox family background came into\nconflict with a perception of the state of American Jews and Judaism which was\nmediated by a very rational approach to the study of Talmud and his desire to\napply or adapt Judaism, rabbinical Judaism, to the modern volunteeristic\nAmerican landscape. The solution he offered was a mixture of mysticism, faith\nand reason, and the traditionalism and modernism that he helped define as\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20880.0,20910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conservative Judaism. He [Unintelligible: T5-S1-02, 21:27.30] the development of\nboth worlds, to remain in the [Unintelligible: T5-S1-02, 21:32.36] spectrum and\naccept a little bit of everything.\"\n\n\"His rejection of [Unintelligible: T5-S1-02, 21:37.92] Conservatism must reflect\nhis ultimate questions concerning Judaism. Had he been allowed to pursue a\ncareer in science and medicine, a direction his father's power over him\nprecluded, he may have solved his personal dilemma by entering wholeheartedly\ninto the realm of reason. Rabbi Epstein was less satisfied with...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20910.0,20940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BAUMAN: ...Rabbi Epstein was less satisfied with the answers of Maimonides, who\nwas both a physician and a theoretician than he was with the answers of\nNachmanides. By doing so, however, his congregants and those his life and\nthought touched would not have gained the manifold benefits of his counsel and\nthe insights of his lifelong quest for understanding the fundamental\nrelationships of life.\"\n\nAt this point, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20940.0,20970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Epstein made a few comments about the conclusion. He\nthanked me for the interviews. He said my interview questions were very\nsensitive and understanding. This brings to the conclusion five different tape\nrecordings, including six separate sessions of interviews. All of the interviews\ntook place in Rabbi Epstein's office at Congregation Ahavath Achim. During the\ncourse of the interviews, at certain times, the rabbi was overly tired ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20970.0,21000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/transcript/31888/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some\nof the interviews had to be cut short. In essence, the rabbi was extremely\ncooperative, very healthy. He takes long walks in the mornings, continues to\nconduct or to attend services and to conduct various different activities in\nterms of speaking engagements and counseling, et cetera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=21000.0,21030.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Rabbi Harry Epstein [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePlunge is the sixteenth largest city in Lithuania with 23,246 inhabitants. Plunge is located in northwest Lithuania, in the Zhamot region. Plunge has a crab stick factory which exports to many countries in Europe. Before World War II, Plungė had a large Jewish population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSlobodka is now a suburb of Kaunus (known previously as Kovno), Lithuania. Slobdka’s Lithuanian name is Vilijampole. It was the home of the Slobodka yeshiva known as Knesset Israel and the Knesset Beit Yitzhak yeshiva, and the main site of the Kovno (Kaunas in Lithuanian) Ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAaron Barak was born Aharon Brick, in Lithuania in 1936. Barak was President of the Supreme Court of Israel from 1995 to 2006. Prior to that he served as a Justice on the Supreme Court of Israel, as the Attorney General of Israel, and as the Dean of the Law Faculty of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Barak is a Professor of Law at the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya. Barack is a lecturer in law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the Yale Law School, Central European University, Georgetown University Law Center, and the University of Toronto Faculty of Law.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReb is a Yiddish honorific title of respect and affection, corresponding to Mister for those who do not have rabbinic qualifications, and is usually followed by the person's forename.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoshe Mordechai Epstein (1866-1933) was born in the town of Bakst, in the Vilna district of Lithuania to Rabbi Tzvi Chaim and Baila Chana Epstein. Rabbi Epstein was rosh yeshiva of Yeshiva Knesset Israel in Slobodka, Lithuania and is recognized as having been one of the leading Talmudists of the twentieth century. He is also one of the founders of the city of Hadera, Isarel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva (Hebrew for “sitting”) is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a Talmudic college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShidduch is a system of matchmaking in which Jewish singles are introduced to each other in Orthodox Jewish communities for the purpose of marriage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe second-largest city in Lithuania, generally known in English as Kovno, the traditional Slavicized form of its name. The city has been known as Kaunas since 1940 and is currently part of Lithuania. Other names for Kovno are Kowno (Polish), Kowna (Belarusian), Kovne (Yiddish), Kaunas and Kauen (German). Kovno is located at the confluence of the two largest Lithuanian rivers, the Nemunas and the Neris, and near the Kaunas Reservoir, the largest body of water entirely in Lithuania. The history of the Kovno area of Lithuania is complicated. In 1795, after the final partition of the Polish–Lithuanian state, the city was taken over by the Russian Empire and became a part of Vilna Governorate. Prior to the Second World War, Kaunas had a significant Jewish population. According to the Russian census of 1897, Jews numbered 25,500, 35.3 percent of the total population of 73,500.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVilnius is the historical capital of Lithuania, commonly known by the English name Vilna. The city has been known by many derivate spellings in various languages throughout its history, including Vilnius (Lithuanian), Vilne (Yiddish), Vilna and Vilno (Russian), Wilno (Polish), Wilna (German), and Vilno (Czech). Vilnius was known as the “Jerusalem of Lithuania,” because during the 18th century it was a world center for the study of the Torah, and had a large Jewish population. Vilnius was the home of the Vilna Gaon, Rabbi Elijah ben Shlomo Zalman. Vilnius was the historical capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the residence of the Grand Duke. At its height, Lithuania covered the territory of modern-day Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Transnistria, and portions of modern-day Poland and Russia. Three partitions of its territory subsequently took place, dividing it among the Russian Empire, the Habsburg Empire, and the Kingdom of Prussia. After the third partition of April 1795, Vilnius was annexed by the Russian Empire and became the capital of the Vilna Governorate. According to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 154,500, Jews constituted 64,000 (approximately 40 percent). During World War I, Vilnius and the rest of Lithuania was occupied by the German Army. Poland and Lithuania both claimed Vilna after World War I, but the city was occupied by Polish forces and considered a part of northeastern Poland from 1920 until the beginning of World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRebbetzin (Yiddish: רביצין) or Rabbanit (Hebrew: רַבָּנִית) is the title used for the wife of a rabbi.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMizrachi is a religious Zionist organization founded in 1902 in Vilna, Lithuania by Rabbi Yitzchak Yaacov Reines. Its youth movement, Bnei Akiva, became an international movement. Mizrachi believes that the Torah should be at the center of Zionism and that Jewish nationalism is a means of achieving religious objectives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThose who subscribe to Zionism, that is, support for a Jewish national state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBakst is a town in central Belarus, currently known as Bakshty. Before World War I it was part of the Vilna province of the Russian Empire. It is located 18 miles southwest of Volozhin, Belarus. The town has been known in other languages as Bakszty (Polish), Baksht (Yiddish).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVilna Gaon refers to Elijah ben Shlomo Zalman (1720–1797) who was considered the central figure of Lithuanian Jewry. He was born into a rabbinical and scholarly family in Vilna, Lithuania. He was a Torah scholar, kabbalist, and communal leader. He encouraged his students to study secular sciences, and even translated geometry books to Yiddish and Hebrew, chief among them Sefer HaEuclid. When Hasidic Judaism became influential in Vilna, the Vilna Gaon, joining the rabbis and heads of the Polish communities, took steps to check the Hasidic influence. In 1777, one of the first excommunications by the Mitnagdim was launched in Vilna against the Hasidim, while a letter was also addressed to all of the large communities, exhorting them to deal with the Hasidim following the example of Vilna, and to watch them until they had recanted. The letter was acted upon by several communities; and in Brody, during the trade fair, the cherem (ban of excommunication) was pronounced against the Hasidim. In 1781, when the Hasidim renewed their proselytizing work under the leadership of their Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the Gaon excommunicated them again, declaring them to be heretics with whom no pious Jew might intermarry. However, the excommunications did not stop the tide of Hasidism. The Gaon of Vilna was known also by the acronym Gra, for Gaon Rabbi Eliyahu.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYichus is a word of Hebrew or Yiddish origin, meaning pedigree, lineage, or family background. Among Orthodox Jews it is commonly considered a source of bragging rights based on respected family history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Slobodka yeshiva was located in the Lithuanian town of Slobodka, adjacent to Kovno (Kaunas), now Vilijampolė, a suburb of Kaunas. The Slobodka yeshiva  was founded in 1882 by Rabbi Hirsch (Nathan) Zvi Finkel, also known as “Der Alter” [Yiddish: The Elder]. It stressed Musar [ethical study] in addition to study of the Talmud. It expanded to a student body of 400 to 500 students after the Vlozhin yeshiva closed in 1892. In 1897, opposition in the yeshiva by the student body to the study of Musar resulted in the founding of a yeshiva by Rabbi Finkel, known as Knesset Israel that continued to stress Musar. The remaining students who were opposed to Musar and who did not follow Rabbi Finkel were reorganized into a yeshiva called Knesset Beit Yitzchak in memory of the deceased rabbi of Kovno, Yitsḥak Elḥanan .  Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Epstein became rosh yeshiva of Knesset Israel and a branch of Knesset Israel was eventually established in Israel, first in Hebron, then moved to Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVolozhin was the Russian and Yiddish name for a town that acquired importance in Jewish life in Lithuania and Russia in the nineteenth century from its yeshiva founded by Chaim ben Isaac Volozhiner and named Etz Chayim in his honor. Now called Valozhyn (Belorusian), it is in the Minsk region of Belarus. It is located 75 kilometers northwest of Minsk, on the Valozhynka River in the Neman River basin. The population was 11,500 in 1995.The city belonged to the Polish/Lithuanian Kingdom before 1793. From 1793 to 1915 it was part of the Vilna province of the Russian Empire. Between 1921 and 1945 it was part of Poland and known as Wołożyn (Polish). It was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939. Three major fires—in 1815, 1880 and 1886—burned the city down and it was rebuilt. A large majority of Volozhin’s population were Jewish. On the eve of the Holocaust, according to estimates by survivors, there were approximately 3,000 Jews in Volozhin. Well-known natives of Volozhin include Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin, head of the Volozhin yeshiva; Rabbi Meir Bar Ilan, leader of the Mizrachi party in Israel; and Haim Nachman Bialik, a famous Hebrew poet.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVolozhin yeshiva in Volozhin, Russia, (now Valozhyn, Belarus), also known as Etz Chaim Yeshiva, was founded in 1803 by Rabbi Chaim Volozhin, a student of the Vilna Gaon. The yeshiva was established by more conservative Mitnagdim in direct opposition to the Ḥasidic movement that spread through Lithuania in the second half of the eighteenth century. Rabbi Volozhin was succeeded as head of the yeshiva by Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin and Rabbi Joseph Ber Soloveichik, Reb Chaim Volozhin's great-grandson, as the assistant rosh yeshiva [Yiddish: head of the yeshiva]. The Volozhin yeshiva was the first modern yeshiva and was a model for all other Lithuanian yeshivas.  It is believed there was disagreement about who should succeed Rabbi Berlin as the rosh yeshiva: Rabbi Joseph Ber Soloveichik or Rabbi Berlin’s son. Russian officials closed the yeshiva in 1892, citing the yeshiva’s refusal to include secular studies.. Rabbi Refael Shapiro, the son-in-law of Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin, reopened the yeshiva in 1899 on a smaller scale. It remained open until World War II, and was reestablished in Israel, also on a small scale, after the war. Well-known individuals who studied in the yeshiva were the rabbis Avraham Kook, Eliyahu Meisel, Shelomoh Polieshuk, and Barukh Leibowitz; and the writers Ḥayim Naḥman Bialik and Mikhah Yosef Berdyczewski.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePoalei Zion (“Workers of Zion”) was a Marxist-Jewish workers movement founded in various cities of the Russian Empire about the turn of the twentieth century. They believed a Jewish proletariat would come into being in the land of Israel and would then take part in the class struggle. However, in the 1920’s the movement split into right and left factions. The right faction was non-Marxist.  David Ben-Gurion was a member of Poalei Zion.  It has since morphed into political parties in Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVladimir (Ze’ev) Jabotinsky (1880-1940) was born in Russia. He was a Revisionist Zionist leader, author, soldier and founder of the Jewish Self-Defense Organization in Odessa (Ukraine). He split from the mainstream Zionist movement in 1923 to form his own Zionist movement, which was militant in nature, openly training Jews in warfare and the use of arms.  The Revisionist youth group was called Betar. In the 1930’s Jabotinsky became deeply concerned about the situation of the Jewish community in Eastern Europe, particularly Poland.  He warned the Jews that they “were living on the edge of the volcano” and warned them to leave for Palestine as soon as possible.  Jabotinsky died of a heart attack in New York City on August 4, 1940, during a visit to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva University was founded in 1886 in New York City, New York.  It is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States that combines Jewish scholarship with studies in the liberal arts, sciences, medicine, law, business, social work, Jewish studies, education, and psychology.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, also known as Yeshivat Rabbeinu Yitzchak Elchanan, is the rabbinical seminary of Yeshiva University in Washington Heights, New York. It is named after Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan , who died in 1896, the year it was founded.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890’s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed.  The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Zvi (Hirsch) Chaim Epstein served as the rabbi of Bakst. He attended the Volozhin yeshiva, where he was  affectionately known as “the Black Genius.” He was the father of Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Epstein\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTalmud is Hebrew for ‘study.’ The legal code spanning 1,000 years and based on the teachings of the Bible, the Talmud interprets biblical laws and commandments. It also contains a rich store of historic facts and traditions.  It has two divisions: the Mishnah and the Gemarah. The Mishnah is the interpretation of Biblical law. The Gemarah is a commentary on the Mishnah by a group of later scholars.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sura Academy was one of the two major Jewish academies in Babylonia from 225 C.E. to 1033 C.E. at the end of the era of the Gaonim sages. Sura Yeshiva Academy was founded by the Amora Abba Arika (\"Rav\"), a disciple of  Judah ha-Nasi. The Sura Academy grew to include a faculty of 1200 members.  Among the well-known sages that headed the yeshiva were Rav Huna, Rav Chisda, Rav Ashi, Yehudai Gaon, Natronai Gaon, and Saadia Gaon.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePumbedita Academy was a Jewish yeshiva (academy of higher learning analogous to a high school or preparatory school) in Babylon during the era of the Jewish Amora and Gaonim sages. The academy was founded at the beginning of the second generation of the Amora era by Rabbi Judah ben Ezekiel and with the Sura Academy was active as an influential and dominant Jewish academy for about 800 years. Between 898 C.E. and 890 C.E., the academy moved to Baghdad because the number of Jews making a living from agriculture was growing smaller and they were migrating to the big cities, mainly to Baghdad, and emigrating out of Babylonia. However, the academy's name remained Pumbedita Academy despite its relocation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChaim Nachman Bialik (1873-934) was a Jewish poet who wrote primarily in Hebrew but also in Yiddish. Bialik was one of the pioneers of modern Hebrew poetry. Bialik ultimately came to be recognized as Israel's national poet. Bialik was born in the village of Radi near the city of Zhitomir in the Ukraine area of the Russian Empire. In 1903 Bialik was sent to investigate the Kishinev pogroms and prepare a report. In response to his findings Bialik wrote and published his poem In the City of Slaughter, a powerful statement of anguish at the situation of the Jews. Bialik's condemnation of passivity by Jews against antisemitic violence influenced the founding of Jewish self-defense groups in the Russian Empire, and eventually the Haganah in Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSoloveitchik is the surname of a rabbinic family descended from Yosef Dov Soloveitchik (Beis Halevi) (1820-1892), the rabbi of Brisk (now in Belarus). Also spelled Soloveichik. Rabbi Yosef Dov Soloveitchik was succeeded by his son Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik (1853-1918) who is commonly known as Rabbi Chaim from Brisk. Rabbi Chaim’s sons were Rabbi Yitzchok Zev Soloveitchik (1886-1959) who became known as The Brisker Rov when he succeeded his father as rabbi of Brisk and Rabbi Moshe Soloveichik (1879-1941) who moved to America in 1929 and was appointed as a rosh yeshiva at Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary (RIETS). Rabbi Moshe’s two sons were Rabbi Aaron Soloveichik (1917-2001) who established the Yeshivas Brisk (Brisk Rabbinical College) in Chicago, and Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik (1903-1993) who was the Rosh Yeshiva of Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary at Yeshiva University where he was known as “The Rav,” and is considered the most prominent Rabbi in Modern Orthodox Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Joseph Ber Soloveitchik (1903-1993) was a son of Rabbi Moshe Soloveichik. He succeeded his father as the senior Rosh Yeshiva of RIETS in New York. As he rose to become an important leader of Modern Orthodox Jewry, he ordained close to 2,000 rabbis over the course of almost half a century thereby strengthening his status as “The Rav” (the rabbis's rabbi). He began the day school movement when he established Maimonides School as the first Jewish day school outside the New York area in 1937, after arriving in Boston with Tanya Levitt Soloveitchik in 1935 to be the mara d'atra of the greater Boston Jewish community. Today, Maimonides School maintains many of the Rav's radical educational posits including co-education and female Talmud study. He is often accredited with being a primary founder of Modern Orthodoxy, a movement of Judaism which holds that Jews must both practice a Halakhic life and embrace modernity. He also gave much needed validity to the Zionist effort in his famous work Kol Dodi Dofe. Although he was primarily a brilliant Talmudist, his most famous works of Lonely Man of Faith, Catharsis, Halachic Man, and Ish HaEmunah are largely philosophical. A film called The Lonely Man of Faith: the Life and Legacy of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik documents the Rav's lifework and personality in greater detail.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLevush Mordechai was written by Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Epstein and published in 1901. Levush Mordechai was a four-volume collection of lectures clarifying Maimonides’ commentaries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Encyclopaedia Judaica is a 26-volume English-language encyclopedia of the Jewish people and of Judaism with more than 21,000 entries on Jewish life, culture, history, and religion, written by Israeli, American and European subject specialists.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTorah is a Hebrew word meaning ‘teaching’. Torah’ is a general term that covers all Jewish law including the vast mass of teachings recorded in the Talmud and other rabbinical works. Sefer Torah refers to the sacred scroll on which the first five books of the Bible (the Pentateuch) are written.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Ephraim Epstein (1876-1960) was an orthodox rabbi and prominent member of the Jewish community in Chicago in the half-century after his arrival in Chicago in 1911. He is associated with Modern Orthodox Judaism. Rabbi Ephraim Epstein was born in Bakst, Lithuania and trained in yeshiva at Slobodka yeshiva. He arrived in Chicago in 1911 after being asked to serve as rabbi at Anshe Kneseth Israel, one of the leading Orthodox congregations in the city. He served as rabbi of the congregation for almost 50 years. Rabbi Ephraim Epstein served as an officer with a number of other Jewish self-help organizations, including the Central Relief Committee of America, Relief Committee of Jewish War sufferers, and the Federation of Orthodox Charities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Nosson Zvi (Nota Hirsh) Finkel known as the Alter of Slobodka (1849-1927) was an influential leader of Orthodox Judaism in Eastern Europe and founder of the Slobodka yeshiva, in the town of Vilijampolė (a suburb of Kaunas). He is better known as “der Alter” in Yiddish [the Elder]. In the 1920’s he decided to create a branch of his yeshiva in Hebron in British Palestine and made aliya two years before his death. The Hebron yeshiva moved to Jerusalem following the massacre of Jews during the 1929 Palestine riots in which many of the yeshiva students perished. Today known as Yeshivas Chevron in Jerusalem, it has about a thousand students.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSlutsk is a town in Belarus, located on the Sluch River 65 miles south of Minsk, Belarus.  Also known as Slutzk (Yiddish) and Sluck (Polish). It was part of the Russian Empire after the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. By 1897 the Jewish community in Slutsk numbered 10,264 inhabitants, or 77 percent of the town population. It was occupied by Germany in 1918, by Poland during the Polish-Soviet War and again by Germany between 1941 and 1944. A major yeshiva was founded in Slutsk by Rabbi Isser Zalman Meltzer in 1897.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChaim Potok (1929- 2002) was an American Jewish author and rabbi. Potok is most famous for his first novel The Chosen. It depicts the friendship between Reuven Malter, a Modern Orthodox Jew, and Daniel Saunders, a Hasidic Jew, as they grow up in the Williamsburg neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York, in the 1940’s. Reuven learns that Danny's father only talks to his son during religious conversations and that Danny is being brought up “in silence.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva Etz Chaim was founded in Chicago in 1902 with Jacob Dolnitzky as the first teacher. In 1920, Yeshiva Etz Chaim and a rival institution, Beis HaMidrash LeRabanim, merged and took the name Beis HaMidrash LaTorah which is also known as Hebrew Theological College. It consisted of two departments—the Etz Chaim, the high school or preparatory department, and the Beth Medrash LeRabonim, the advanced department for the ordination of rabbis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Isser Zalman Meltzer (1870–1953) was a talmudic scholar and yeshiva head. Born in Mir, Lithuania (now Belarus), Meltzer studied in Volozhin under Rabbi Chaim Soloveichik and Rabbi Naphtali Ẓvi Judah Berlin. In 1894 he was appointed one of the principals of the Slobodka yeshiva and in 1897 the head of a yeshiva for advanced students in Slutsk. In 1903, Rabbi Meltzer was appointed as the Rabbi of Slutsk, a position he held for 20 years. In 1925 he became head of the Etẓ Chaim Yeshiva in Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasidic Judaism is a Jewish mystical movement that was founded in eighteenth century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. It promotes spirituality through the popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspect of the faith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Musar movement held that the study of Talmud had to be accompanied by the systematic study of ethics, and that the goal of yeshiva study was not only to produce trained Talmudists but also to turn out highly ethical young men. The approach appealed to many young people who were sensitive to the criticism of modernists who claimed that study in yeshivas meant investing one’s time in hair-splitting dialectics.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOne who ascribes to Hasidic Judaism, the Jewish mystical movement founded by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrdination (Hebrew: smicha, plural: smichot) is the appointment of a disciple as a rabbi, or teacher, of the Torah. The Hebrew term is based on the verse: “And he laid his hands upon him, and gave him a charge, as the Lord spoke by the hand of Moses” (Numbers 27:23.). Smicha or semikhah is derived from a Hebrew word which means to “rely on” or “to be authorized”. It generally refers to the ordination of a rabbi or cantor within Judaism. In the former case, it signifies the transmission of rabbinic authority to give advice or judgment in Jewish law. In the latter, it signifies the transmission of authoritative knowledge about Jewish musical and liturgical traditions. The ancient formula for smicha was “Yoreh Yoreh. Yaddin Yaddin” (May he decide? He may decide! May he judge? He may judge!); and in the early days of rabbinical Judaism any ordained teacher could ordain his students. The Talmud lists three classes of smicha issued: Yoreh Yoreh, Yadin Yadin, and Yatir Bechorot Yatir. Yoreh Yoreh meant the recipient of this smicha demonstrated sufficient education and proper judgment to be able to render halakhic judgments on matters of religious law as it pertains to daily life such as kashrut, nidda, and permissible or forbidden activities on Shabbos or Yom Tov. Yadin Yadin meant the recipient of this smicha demonstrated sufficient education and proper judgment to be able to render halakhic judgments on matters of religious law as it pertains to monetary and property disputes. Yatir Bechorot Yatir meant the recipient of this smicha demonstrated sufficient education and proper judgment to determine the ritual status of firstborn animals that have developed a blemish. This degree required extensive veterinary knowledge. While the first two classes of smicha are still issued today, the last one is not.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob David Willowsky/Willovsky (1845–1913), also known by the initialism of his name Rabbi Jacob David ben Ze’ev as “Ridbaz.” He was rabbi at Izballin (1868), Bobruisk (1876), Vilna (1881), Polotsk (1883), Vilkomir (1887), and Slutsk (1890-1900). In Slutsk, he organized a yeshiva, in 1896, over which he took general supervision and appointed Rabbi Isser Zalman Meltzer as principal. In 1903, the United Orthodox Rabbis of America, at their annual meeting in Philadelphia elected him as their elder rabbi, and he was elected chief rabbi of the Russian-American congregations in Chicago. In 1905, Willowsky left America and moved to Safed, where he established the yeshiva Toras Eretz Yisrael.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe initialism of the name Rabbi Jacob David ben Ze’ev Willowsky/Willovsky, by which he is known.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso spelled ‘Kabala’ or ‘Cabala.’  It is at one time a method, discipline and school of thought. In Judaism it forms the foundation of mystical religious interpretation.  Kabbalah seeks to define the nature of the universe and the human being, the nature and purpose of our existence, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Eliyahu Baruch Kamai was rosh yeshiva of the Mirrer yeshiva in the city of Mir (now in Belarus) in 1899. Though he was not an active practitioner of the ethical program and educational movement known as Musar (ethical study and teaching), Kamai felt that it necessary to introduce it into the curriculum to counteract the appeal of socialism and other modern “evils.” He brought in teachers of Musar, and married off his daughter to Eliezer Yehudah Finkel, son of the prominent Musar figure and founder of the Slobodka yeshiva, Nathan Hirsch Zvi Finkel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYechiel Michael Epstein (1830–1908) was a rabbi, scholar, and halachic authority born in Bobruisk, Russia (now in Belarus). He was first the brother-in-law and later the father-in-law of Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin, head of the Volozhin yeshiva. In 1862, Epstein was appointed rabbi of Novozybkov, Russia and from 1874, he served as rabbi of Novogrudok, Russia (now in Belarus).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Isaac Jacob Reines (Yitzchak Yaacov Reines) (1839–1915), was a rabbi, rosh yeshiva, and halachic authority. Born in Karlin, Russia (now part of Pinsk, Belarus), Reines studied in the Volozhin yeshiva. He served as rabbi in Saukenai, Russia (now in Lithuania), Svenciony, Russia (now in Lithuania), and, from 1886 in Lida, Russia (now in Belarus). He was a member of the Hovevei Zion movement from its inception and in 1901 he founded a new religious Zionist movement he called Mizrachi.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHalakha (or Halacha) is Hebrew for ‘way’ or ‘path.’  The legal tradition of Judaism and the body of Jewish religious laws derived from the Written and Oral Torah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKapote is a long robe traditionally worn by male Jews in eastern Europe. For weekdays it was made of lightweight gabardine but on the Sabbath a heavier silk kapote was worn. Today, kapotes are primarily worn by very Orthodox or Hasidic Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKabbalas Shabbos or Kabbalat Shabbat is a Hebrew term meaning “Receiving the Sabbath.” It is the mystical introduction to Sabbath services composed by Sixteenth Century Kabbalists. It is composed of six songs, representing the six weekdays\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish Theological Seminary (JTS) is located in New York City. It is one of the academic and spiritual centers of Conservative Judaism, and a major center for academic scholarship in Jewish studies. JTS operates five schools: Albert A. List College of Jewish Studies (which is affiliated with Columbia University and offers joint/double bachelor's degree programs with both Columbia and Barnard College); Gershon Kekst Graduate School; the William Davidson Graduate School of Jewish Education; the H. L. Miller Cantorial School and College of Jewish Music; and The Rabbinical School. It also operates a number of research and training institutes. JTS was founded in 1886 as the Jewish Theological Seminary Association by Sabato Morais, rabbi of Philadelphia's Mikveh Israel, to combat the American Reform movement in Judaism. It was reorganized in 1902 and reopened as the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. JTS was the founding institution of Conservative Judaism in America. The United Synagogue of America, the organization of Conservative synagogues, was founded by Solomon Schechter while he served as President of JTS.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSaul Lieberman (1898-1983), also known as Rabbi Shaul Lieberman and among some of his students as “The G”Ra\"Sh” (Gaon Rabbeinu Shaul), was a rabbi and a scholar of Talmud. He served as Professor of Talmud at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTSA) for over 40 years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTelshe Yeshiva was a famous Eastern European yeshiva founded in Telshe, Russia (known as Telz in Yiddish and now Telsiai in Lithuania). After World War II the yeshiva relocated to Wickliffe, Ohio, in the United States and is now known as the Rabbinical College of Telshe, (commonly referred to as Telz Yeshiva). Telshe in Ohio is one of the most prominent Haredi institutions of Torah study. In 1939 when the Russians entered Lithuania, they closed down the yeshiva. Most of the students dispersed with only about a hundred students remaining in Telshe. In 1940, a group of students escaped and in 1941 settled in Cleveland, Ohio where the yeshiva was reestablished.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRealschule is a type of secondary school in Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Estonia. It existed in other cities in Eastern and Western Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish Tageblatt (The Jewish Daily Page), the first successful and oldest Yiddish daily newspaper founded in 1885 in New York City, represented the Orthodox-Zionist religious point of view.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Anshe Kneseth Israel, known as the Russishe Shul [Russian Synagogue], was one of the earliest synagogues in Chicago. The congregation, known first as “Anshe Kanesses Israel,” was founded in 1875. Several years after its founding, it built a small synagogue at Clinton and Judd St. A larger structure was built on the same site in 1884. It dedicated a new building on Douglas Boulevard in 1913 with seating for more than 3500 congregants. Rabbi Ephraim Epstein served as rabbi of the congregation from 1911 to 1960.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMeir Berlin, later Hebraized to Meir Bar-Ilan, (1880–1949) was an Orthodox rabbi and leader of Religious Zionism, the Mizrachi movement in United States and British Mandate of Palestine. He inspired the founding of Bar Ilan University in Israel which is named for him. He was born in Volozhin, Russia (now Belarus), where his father Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin was head of the Volozhin yeshiva. In 1913 Meir Berlin came to the United States and developed local Mizrachi groups into a national organization, chairing the First U.S. Mizrachi convention. In 1923 he moved to Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Congress is as an association of Jewish Americans organized to defend Jewish interests at home and abroad through public policy advocacy, using diplomacy, legislation, and the courts. It was established in 1918 as an alternative to the American Jewish Committee, which was dominated by the German-Jewish establishment.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCheder is a Hebrew word for ‘room.’ Cheder was a Jewish religious elementary school for boys.  Religious classes were usually held in a room attached to a synagogue or in the private home of a teacher called a melamed. It was traditional for boys to start cheder at three or five years old, learning to read Hebrew from a primer and studying the Book of Leviticus.  Girls did not attend cheder.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSaul Silber (1876–1946) was a pulpit rabbi in Chicago, Illinois. He served as rabbi for the Anshe Sholom Congregation in Chicago for 36 years from 1910 to 1946. He was co-founder of the Hebrew Theological College, along with Rabbi Chaim Tzvi Rubinstein, and served as president of the school for its first 25 years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulius Rosenwald (1862-1932), born in Springfield, Illinois, was an American businessman and philanthropist. He is best known as a part-owner and leader of Sears (officially Sears, Roebuck and Company). His connection with Sears began in 1895 when Rosenwald and his brother-in-law Aaron Nusbaum purchased half the company. In 1908, Rosenwald was named president after taking the company public. He served as chairman of Sears from 1922 to 1932. Rosenwald was a member of Chicago’s leading Jewish Reform congregation, Chicago Sinai congregation. Its rabbi, Emil G. Hirsch, made a big impact on Rosenwald's philanthropy. Rosenwald was a major donor to several Jewish community projects in Chicago and served as vice president of Chicago Sinai for many years. He established the Rosenwald Fund, which donated millions in matching funds to support the education of African American children in the rural South. He was the principal founder and backer for the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, to which he gave more than $5 million and served as President from 1927 to 1932.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFederation of Orthodox Jewish Charities was formed in 1912 in Chicago, Illinois with Bernard Horwick as president, to provide funding for local Orthodox institutions serving the immigrant Jewish community. In 1922, it merged with Associated Jewish Charities, becoming the Jewish Charities of Chicago.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Theological College, known as “Skokie Yeshiva” and Beis HaMidrash LaTorah, is a yeshiva in Skokie, Illinois, which also functions as a private university. The primary focus of the yeshiva is to teach Torah and Jewish traditions.   It was founded as a Modern Orthodox Jewish institution of higher education in America in the city of Chicago in 1921 by Rabbi Chaim Tzvi Rubinstein and Rabbi Saul Silber. The school was originally located in the North Lawndale community in Chicago and in 1958 moved to Skokie, a northern suburb of Chicago.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws. Food that may be consumed according to halakhah (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English. Kosher refers to Jewish laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten. Food that is not in accordance with Jewish law is called ‘treif.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeis HaMidrash LeRabanim was founded in 1919 when a group of rabbis met to evaluate the priorities of higher Jewish education in Chicago. In 1921, the name of the school was changed to Hebrew Theological College – Beis HaMidrash LaTorah, and the college was chartered by the state of Illinois as a degree granting institution of higher education.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTalmud Torah schools were created for both Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews, as a form of primary or religious school, where students were given an elementary education in Hebrew, the Torah, and the Talmud.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Chaim Zvi HaLevi Rubenstein (1872-1944) was born in Byten, Russia (now Belorus). He attended the Volozhin yeshiva where he received smicha from Rabbi Naftali Zvi Berlin and Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik. Rabbi Rubenstein first moved to Jaffa, and then Jerusalem, when he was sent on a fundraising mission to America. In 1917, Rabbi Rubenstein became rabbi of Congregation Bnei Reuven and in 1919 he founded a small yeshiva that met in his home. In 1921, in conjunction with Rabbis Efrayim Epstein and Saul Silber, he helped found the Beis Medrash Latorah/Hebrew Theological College and remained as one of its roshei yeshiva for over twenty years. He was active in the Merkaz Harabonim and was also involved in kashrut supervision and standards.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAgudath Harabbonim is the Hebrew name for the Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada (UOR) which was established in 1901 in the United States in direct consequence to Solomon Schechter's takeover of the formerly-Orthodox Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS) and the formation of the Orthodox Union (OU). The UOR is among the oldest organizations of Orthodox rabbis which is ultra-Orthodox or Haredi. Members were often Yiddish-speaking European transplants trained exclusively in rabbinics. Rabbis belonging to the UOR are more conservative than those belonging to the much larger Rabbinical Council of America (RCA), many of whose members represent the Modern Orthodox movement that attempts to reconcile Orthodox Judaism with contemporary social and cultural life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnion of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America (UOJCA), more popularly known as the Orthodox Union (OU), is one of the oldest Orthodox Jewish organizations in the United States. It is best known for its kosher certification indicated by a circle U symbol found on labels of many commercial and consumer food products. The OU supports a network of synagogues, youth programs, Jewish and Religious Zionist advocacy, programs for the disabled, localized religious study programs, and some international units with locations in Israel and formerly in Ukraine. It is one of the largest Orthodox Jewish organizations in the United States. Its affiliated synagogues and rabbis typically identify themselves with Modern Orthodox Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMerkaz HaRabbonim, the Chicago Orthodox Rabbinate, is an Orthodox rabbinical organization and kosher certification organization that was founded more than 100 years ago as a union for mostly European-born and -trained Orthodox Rabbis in Chicago. In 1922, newly arrived rabbis, together with the rabbis of the pre-World War I period, united to form the Misrad Harabonim V'hamatifim which was soon reorganized and given the name Merkaz HaRabbonim. The organization set out to encourage and establish educational and social community institutions.  The Merkaz Harabonim encouraged the founding of the Beth Medrash LaTorah, Hebrew Theological College. The Merkaz HaRabonnim later became a region of the Agudath Harabonim.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaxwell Street is an east-west street in Chicago, Illinois that intersects with Halsted Street in the Maxwell Street neighborhood known from the 1880’s to the 1920’s as a predominately Jewish neighborhood for Eastern European Jews. This was the heyday of the open-air pushcart market the neighborhood is famous for. The Maxwell Street neighborhood is considered part of the Near West Side and is one of the city's oldest residential districts. It is notable as the location of the celebrated Maxwell Street Market and the birthplace of Chicago Blues and the Maxwell Street Polish (sausage sandwich). A large portion of the area is now the campus of the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), as well as a new private housing development sponsored by the university.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIlui is a word derived from the Hebrew and Yiddish, meaning a young Torah and Talmudic prodigy or genius. The Hebrew term and title is applied to exceptional Talmudic scholars among Orthodox Jews. It is used among English speaking and Yiddish speaking Orthodox Jews to identify, as a type of mark of honor, those who have been blessed with greater mental and intellectual capabilities than the average intelligent Torah scholar.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHovevei Zion (Hebrew: Lovers of Zion) refers to a variety of organizations which began in 1881 in response to the Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire and were officially constituted as a group at a conference in 1884. The organizations are now considered the forerunners and foundation-builders of modern Zionism. Many of the first groups were established in Eastern European countries in the early 1880s with the aim to promote Jewish immigration to Palestine, and advance Jewish settlement there, particularly agricultural.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Avraham Dov-Ber Kahana Shapiro (also spelled Shapira) (1870–1943) was the last Chief Rabbi of Lithuania and the author of the three-volume work entitled Devar Avraham. He was born in Kobryn (now in Belaurus) and studied in the Volozhin yeshiva. He was appointed Chief Rabbi of the City of Kovno in 1923.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaimonides, known in the Jewish world after the initial letters of his name (Rabbi Moshe Ben Maimon, “Rabbi Moses son of Maimon”) as Rambam, is of the most well-known and widely studied Jewish scholars today. Maimonides was born in Spain in 1135. His family fled to Morroco, Israel, and finally Egypt to avoid persecution by Muslim rulers. In Egypt, Maimonides served as physician to the sultan of Egypt and wrote numerous books on medicine. Maimonides's major contribution to Jewish life remains the Mishneh Torah, his code of Jewish law. He also published a commentary on the entire Mishna and wrote the philosophical Guide to the Perplexed. He served as a leader of Cairo’s Jewish community until his death in 1204.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaskil (plural: maskilim) is an identifier for individuals and ideas of the Haskalah movement, the European Jewish enlightenment between the 1770’s and 1880’s, who sought to reeducate Jews so that they could fit into modern society. They established schools and published works of cultural importance. It was based upon the honorific maskil, meaning “scholar” or  “enlightened man,” used by Isaac Israeli ben Joseph in the 14th century to refer to his Italian Jewish colleagues.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHaskalah was a movement promoting integration of the Jews into their surrounding societies during the 1700’s and 1800’s, encouraging the adoption of local vernaculars, secular studies and economic productivity. The movement also was manifested in the creation of modern Hebrew literature. In its various stages, the Haskalah had a key role in the modernization of European Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Yitzchak Elchanan (also spelled Isaac Elhanan) Spektor (1817-1896) was a Russian rabbi and Talmudic sage of the nineteenth century. He was Chief Rabbi of Kovno (now known as Kaunus, Lithuania)  from 1846 to 1896.  Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, also known as Yeshivat Rabbeinu Yitzchak Elchanan, is the rabbinical seminary of Yeshiva University in New York City that is named after Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor who died the year it was founded.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKnesset Beit Yitzchak was a yeshiva that split from the Slobodka yeshiva in 1897 in opposition to the teaching of Musar.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePayess [Hebrew: sidelocks or sidecurls] are worn by some men and boys in the Orthodox Jewish community based on a Biblical injunction against shaving the “corners” of one’s head.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi David Geffen was ordained at Jewish Theological Seminary rabbinical school in 1965. Geffen emigrated to Israel in 1977 with his family. He writes for The Jerusalem Post, having published more than 350 articles and book reviews and another 75 in the World Zionist Press Service. He also authored the American Heritage Haggadah in 1992. Geffen returned to the US in 1993 to serve as rabbi of the Temple Israel congregation in Scranton, Pennsylvania, a position he held until 2003. David Geffen is the grandson of Tobias Geffen who was the rabbi of Congregation Shearith Israel in Atlanta, Georgia from 1910 to 1970.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZachariah Shuster (1903-1986) was a director of the American Jewish Committee’s (AJC) European office for some 25 years. Born in Poland, Shuster came to the United States in 1927 and began working for the AJC during World War II. In 1945, he was a member of the AJC delegation to the founding of the United Nations in San Francisco, California. Shuster represented the AJC at the Second Vatican Council in 1962.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Committee (AJC) was founded in 1906 to safeguard the welfare and security of Jews worldwide.  It is one of the oldest Jewish advocacy organizations in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh yeshiva is a title given to the dean of a Talmudical academy (yeshiva), or Jewish religious school.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoruch Ber Leibowitz (1862-1939)  was born in Slutsk, Russia (now in Belarus). He studied in the Volozhin yeshiva and was a prominent student of Rabbi Chaim Brisker. Leibowitz served as rabbi of Glusk, Russia (now known as Hlusk, Belarus) and as a pulpit rabbi for other communities. In 1904 he was appointed head of the Knesset Beit Yitzhak yeshiva in Slobodka.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘son of commandment.’  A rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day.  At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes.  He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship.  He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Solomon Klonitsky-Kline ( -1958) was also known as “Sar HaDikduki” (Hebrew: the Prince of Grammarians). He wrote Ozar Taamei Hazal, a thesaurus of talmudical Interpretation and a dictionary of synonyms and homonyms. He was a disciple of Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan  in Lithuania. Klonitsky-Kline came first to Atlanta, where his daughter married into the Alexander family of Georgia, then moved to New York where he was associated with the Forward. His grandson was singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeis HaMidrash LaTorah is the Hebrew name for the Hebrew Theological College, now located in Skokie, Illinois.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor (1817-1896) was a Russian rabbi and Talmudic sage of the nineteenth century. He was appointed chief rabbi of Kovno in 1864, a position he held until his death. Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, also known as Yeshivat Rabbeinu Yitzchak Elchanan, is the rabbinical seminary of Yeshiva University in New York City that is named after Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor, who died the year it was founded.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBernard (Dov) Revel (1885-1940) was an Orthodox rabbi and scholar. Revel was born in Prieni (today: Prienai), a neighboring town of Kovno (today: Kaunas) Lithuania, then part of Russia. He served as the first President of Yeshiva College from 1915 until his death in 1940. The Bernard Revel Graduate School of Jewish Studies at Yeshiva University, as well as the former Yeshiva Dov Revel of Forest Hills, are named for him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid R. Travis (originally known as David Rabinowitz) was one of the founders of the Pure Oil Company in Tulsa, Oklahoma, along with his brother Sam Rabinowitz and Lionel Aaronson. The Rabinowitz brothers changed their last name to Travis and later built twin Italian revival mansions on adjoining lots in Tulsa. Each house had a large swimming pool, tennis court, as well as a mikvah (ritual bath). In the house owned by David Travis, the ballroom in the lower level was the location of the first Jewish services when there was no synagogue or temple in Tulsa. The brothers had to sell their mansions after oil prices collapsed in the early 1920’s. The former David R. Travis mansion now houses the Tulsa Garden Center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two High Holy Days are Rosh Ha-Shanah (Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover (Hebrew: Pesach) is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage.  The holiday lasts for eight days.  Unleavened bread, matzot, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise.  On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday is celebrated.  The seder service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.  In addition to eating matzah during the seder, Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover. In addition, Jews are also supposed to avoid foods made with wheat, barley, rye, spelt or oats unless those foods are labeled ‘kosher for Passover.’ Jews traditionally have separate dishes for Passover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Pereira Mendes (1852-1937) was a rabbi who was born in Birmingham, England. His maternal ancestors include Raphael Meldola, the Chief Sephardic Rabbi of London, and David Aaron de Sola. His father Abraham Pereira Mendes was Rabbi in Birmingham, England as well as in Jamaica and Newport, Rhode Island. He was educated at Northwick College in London, New York University, and the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS) which conferred the Doctor of Divinity degree upon him in 1904. Mendes helped establish the JTS in 1886, of which he became secretary of the advisory board and professor of history. He was acting president of the JTS faculty from 1897 to 1902. Mendes was also a professor at Yeshiva Isaac Elchanan Rabbinical Seminary from 1917 to 1920.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMordecai Kaplan (1881-1983) was born in Svencionys, Lithuania. He was a rabbi, essayist and Jewish educator and the co-founder of Reconstructionist Judaism along with his son-in-law Ira Eisenstein.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘daughter of commandment.’  A rite of passage for Jewish girls aged 12 years and one day according to her Hebrew birthday.  Many girls have their bat mitzvah around age 13, the same as boys who have their bar mitzvah at that age.  She is now duty bound to keep the commandments.  Synagogue ceremonies are held for bat mitzvah girls in Reform and Conservative communities, but it has not won the universal approval of Orthodox rabbis. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim was founded in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1920 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont and Gilmer Street. The final service in that building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Arbeiter Ring is a Yiddish language-oriented American-Jewish organization committed to social justice, Jewish community and Ashkenazi culture.  It provides old age homes for its aging members, as well as schools, camps, affordable health insurance and programs of concerts, lectures and holiday celebrations.  It was founded in 1900 and was strongly socialist politically.  It has moved more to the right on the American political spectrum in modern times.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish Natzionaler Arbeiter Farband, the Yiddish name for the Jewish National Workers Alliance, was an early Yiddish-speaking Labor Zionist landsmanshaft in North America. The Farband operated as a mutual aid society parallel to the political party Poale Zion, organizing cooperative insurance and medical plans and an extensive Yiddish and Hebrew educational system. In the 1920’s, it developed a cooperative housing building in the Bronx, New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReconstructionism, or Reconstructionist Judaism is a modern American-based Jewish movement based on the ideas of Mordecai Kaplan (1881-1983).  The movement views Judaism as a progressively evolving civilization.  The movement developed from the late 1920’s to the 1940’s and it established a rabbinical college in 1968.  Halakhah, the collective body of Jewish laws, customs and traditions, is not considered binding but is treated as a valuable cultural remnant that should be upheld unless there is reasons to the contrary.  It aims toward communal decision making through a process of education and distillation of views from traditional Jewish sources.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShema is the title of a prayer that serves as a centerpiece of the morning and evening Jewish prayer services. The full title of the prayer is Sh’ma Yisrael, two Hebrew words meaning “Hear, O Israel.” It is often considered the most important prayer in Judaism. The first verse of the prayer affirms the monotheistic essence of Judaism: “Hear, O Israel: The Lord our G-d, the Lord is one.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Yizhak Aizik Haim Sher (1875-1952) was born in Halusk, Russia (now known as Hlusk in Belarus). He studied at the Slobodka yeshiva. After World War II, he became the rosh yeshiva for the branch of the Slobodka yeshiva in B’nai Brak, Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJudah Halevi (ca. 1075-1141) was a Spanish Jewish physician, poet and philosopher. He was born in Spain, either in Toledo or Tudela, and died shortly after arriving in Palestine in 1141, at that point the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Halevi is considered one of the greatest Hebrew poets, celebrated both for his religious and secular poems, many of which appear in present-day liturgy. His greatest philosophical work was The Kuzari.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Kitab al Khazari is commonly referred to as The Kuzari for its title in Hebrew, Sefer HaKuzari. The Kuzari is one of the most famous works of the medieval Spanish Jewish philosopher and poet Rabbi Yehuda Halevi, completed around 1140. Its title is an Arabic phrase meaning Book of the Khazars, while the subtitle “The book of refutation and proof on behalf of the most despised religion” shows its purpose and context in medieval Jewish thought. The Kuzari was based on the conversion to Judaism of the Khazars (Turkish tribe that created the Kingdom of Kazaria) at the end of the eighth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBulan was a Khazar king who led the conversion of the Khazars to Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHillel (also known as ‘Hillel the Elder’) was a famous Jewish religious leader who lived in Jerusalem around the beginning of the Common Era. Renowned within Judaism as a sage and scholar, he became one of the most important figures in Jewish history. He is the founder of the House of Hillel school and associated with the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShammai (ca. 50 BCE-30 CE) was a Jewish scholar of the first century, and an important figure in Judaism's core work of rabbinic literature, the Mishnah. Shammai was the most eminent contemporary and the halakhic opponent of Hillel. Shammai founded a school known as the House of Shammai, which differed fundamentally from that of Hillel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSaadia Gaon (882-942 C.E.) refers to Rabbi Sa'adiah ben Yosef Gaon, one of the last and most famous Gaonim (heads of the Sura and Pumbaditha yeshivas), a Gaon of Sura. He was a great Talmudic scholar, Jewish philosopher and inspiring leader. Born in Egypt, he claimed to trace his family’s origin from Judah, the son of Jacob. Saadia Gaon’s first work was the Agron, the first Hebrew dictionary and grammar. Saadia was a strong opponent of Karaism and a defender of traditional Judaism. Sadia is also known for his Arabic translation of the Torah with a lengthy commentary, written in Hebrew characters (Judaeo-Arabic).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSolomon Ibn Gabirol (about 1021-1058 C.E.) was an eleventh century Hebrew poet and philosopher. He was born in Malaga, Spain and died in Valencia, Spain.  Ibn Gabirol is well known in the history of philosophy for the doctrine that all things, including soul and intellect, are composed of matter and form, “Universal Hylomorphism,” and for his emphasis on Divine Will. Ibn Gabirol's most famous book is Mekor Chayim [Origin of Life], which he wrote in Arabic. This is a philosophical work which gained great popularity in its Latin translation Fons Vitae [Fountain of Life].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabanim is plural of the Hebrew word rabi, which is the way a student would address a master of Torah. It is derived from the Hebrew word rav which literally means “great one.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNachmanides (1194–1270) also known as Rabbi Moses ben Naḥman Girondi, Bonastruc ça (de) Porta and by his acronym Ramban, was a leading medieval Jewish scholar, Spanish Sephardic rabbi, philosopher, physician, kabbalist, and biblical commentator. He was raised, studied, and lived for most of his life in Girona, Catalonia, Spain He was well-known for his aggressive refutations of Christianity, most notably, his debate with Pablo Christiani, a converted Jew, before King Jaime I of Spain in 1263. His biblical commentaries are the first ones to incorporate the mystical teachings of kabbalah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHasdai ben Judah Crescas  (about 1340-1410) was a Spanish-Jewish philosopher and a renowned halakhist (teacher of Jewish law). Along with Rambam, Ralbag, and Albo, he is known as one of the major practitioners of the rationalist approach to Jewish philosophy, and his positions on issues of natural law and free will in Or Adonai can be seen as precursors to those of Spinoza.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDeism is a term derived from the Latin word deus,  meaning ‘god’. It is a theological/philosophical position that combines the rejection of revelation and authority as a source of religious knowledge with the conclusion that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine the existence of a single creator of the universe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSefer Yad HaHazaka or “Book of the Strong Hand” is the subtitle for the Mishneh Torah, a code of Jewish religious law authored by Maimonides, one of history's foremost rabbis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSaint Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and Roman Catholic priest. He was one of the most influential medieval thinkers of Scholasticism and the father of the Thomistic school of theology.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Duns Scotus, commonly called Duns Scotus (about 1266-1308), is generally considered to be one of the three most important philosopher-theologians of the High Middle Ages. Scotus is the founder of Scotism, a special form of Scholasticism, a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics of medieval universities in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHeinrich Graetz (1817-1891), born Tzvi Hirsh Graetz, wrote a comprehensive history of the Jewish people from a Jewish perspective. It was an 11-volume history in German titled  History of the Jews from Oldest Times to the Present History of the Jews and a 6-volume version published in English as History of the Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePurim is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish people in the ancient Persian Empire from destruction in the wake of a plot by Haman, a story recorded in the Biblical book of Esther. According to the Book of Esther, Haman planned to kill all the Jews, but his plans were foiled by Mordecai and his adopted daughter Queen Esther. The day of deliverance became a day of feasting and rejoicing.  Some of the customs of Purim include drinking wine, wearing masks and costumes, and public celebration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColloquially, megillah means a ‘long, involved story or account.’  Specifically, it originates from the Hebrew word for ‘scroll’ or ‘volume’ (used especially in the Book of Esther in the Bible, which is read aloud at the Purim celebration.)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHirsh Heiman was rabbi at Kenneseth Israel Synagogue in Minneapolis, Minnesota from 1931 to 1946 and an executive director of the Talmudical Academy of Baltimore, Md.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Herzel Kaplan (1900-1979) was born in Baranovitz in the Russian Empire (now known as Baranavichy, Belarus). He studied in Slobodka and in Jerusalem and received smicha from Rav Avraham Y. Kook and Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Epstein in 1925.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBar-Ilan University is a university in Ramat Gan, a district in Tel Aviv, Israel. Established in 1955, Bar Ilan was conceived in Atlanta in a meeting of the American Mizrahi organization in 1950, and was founded by Prof. Pinkhos Churgin, an American rabbi and educator. The university was named for Rabbi Meir Bar-Ilan (originally Meir Berlin), a Religious Zionist leader.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMe'arat ha-Machpela, literally translated as “cave of the double tombs”, is also known as the Cave of the Patriarchs. It is known by Muslims as the Sanctuary of Abraham or the Ibrahimi Mosque. It is a series of subterranean chambers located in the heart of Hebron, Israel. According to tradition in the Torah, the Bible, and the Koran, the cave and adjoining field were purchased by Abraham as a burial plot.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Shulchan Aruch, known as the “Code of Jewish Law,” is the most widely accepted compilation of Jewish Law ever written. It was authored in Safed (today in Israel) by Joseph Karo in 1563 and published in Venice two years later.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA scattered population whose origin lies within a smaller geographic locale. Diaspora can also refer to the movement of the population from its original homeland. Diaspora has come to refer particularly to historical mass dispersions of an involuntary nature, such as the expulsion of Jews from Judea.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 2, Balfour Declaration Day is observed as a semi-holiday in Israel to commemorate a turning point in modern Jewish history. On November 2, 1917, Arthur J. Balfour, British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, sent a letter to Lord Rothschild indicating that the British government was in favor of establishing a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlbert Einstein (1879-1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics. He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and, being Jewish, did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming an American citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of  extremely powerful bombs of a new type and recommending that the U.S. begin similar research. This eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThomas Hopkins English (1895-1992) was on the faculty of Emory University from 1924 to 1964. He was chair of the English Department from 1942 to 1952. After his retirement, Dr. English wrote Emory University 1915-1965, A Semicentennial History (Atlanta, 1966), as part of the university's Fiftieth Anniversary celebration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWoolford Bales Baker (1892-1993) was a faculty member at Emory University from 1919 to 1961. He was named a professor in the Department of Biology in 1926\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeroy Earl Loemker (1900-1985), was chairman of the Philosophy Department at Emory University from 1929 to 1971. Loemker taught philosophy and spent his career translating and studying the work of German philosopher, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, the 17th century, and intellectual history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Wyatt Aiken Smart was a preacher who was among the first members of the faculty for the Candler School of Theology when it opened its doors in 1914. Candler School of Theology is a part of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=8940.0,8970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTehillim is the Book of Psalms, commonly referred to simply as Psalms or “the Psalms.” It is the first book of the Ketuvim—the third section of the Hebrew Bible— and a book of the Christian Old Testament.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mishnah is a part of the Talmud, which is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism.  The Talmud is the basis for all codes of Jewish law.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSiyum is a Hebrew term that means the completion of any unit of Torah study, or book of the Mishnah or Talmud in Judaism. A siyum is usually followed by a celebratory meal, or seudat mitzvah, a meal in honor of a mitzvah, or commandment. Siyum also refers to the celebration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e(Hebrew: “Rejoicing of Torah”) is a Jewish holiday that celebrates and marks the conclusion of the annual cycle of public Torah readings, and the beginning of a new cycle. The main celebration of Simchat Torah takes place in the synagogue during evening and morning services. In Orthodox as well as many Conservative congregations, this is the only time of year when the Torah scrolls are taken out of the ark and read at night.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9090.0,9120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Progressive Club was a Jewish social organization that was established in 1913 by Russian Jews who felt unwelcome at the Standard Club, where German Jews were predominant. At first the club was located in a rented house until a new club was built on Pryor Street including a swimming pool and a gym. In 1940 the club opened a larger facility at 1050 Techwood Drive in Midtown with three swimming pools, tennis and softball. In 1976 the club moved north to 1160 Moore’s Mill Road near Interstate 75. The property was eventually sold as the club faced financial challenges and the Carl E. Sanders Family YMCA at Buckhead opened in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9180.0,9210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGedaliah Bublick (1875-1948) was a Yiddish writer and Zionist leader. He was born in Grodno, Russian Empire (today in Belarus) and educated at the Lomza yeshiva in Poland and the Mir yeshiva in Lithuania. After a few years as a Hebrew teacher in Argentina, Bublick began working for the New York Orthodox Yiddish newspaper, Yiddishe Tageblatt (The Jewish Daily Page). He was a vociferous opponent of Reform and Conservative Judaism. In 1915, he was appointed editor-in-chief of the Yiddishe Tageblatt. In his book Min Hametzar, he predicted massive intermarriage and detected danger in the Conservative movement. He wrote, “It's a battle between Harvard and Volozhin.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9210.0,9240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSmichot is the plural word for smicha, which refers to the ordination of a rabbi or cantor within Judaism\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbraham Isaac Kook (1865-1935) was the first Ashkenazi chief rabbi of the British Mandatory Palestine, the founder of Yeshiva Mercaz HaRav Kook (The Central Universal Yeshiva), Jewish thinker, Halakhist, Kabbalist and a renowned Torah scholar. He is known in Hebrew as HaRav Avraham Yitzchak HaCohen Kook, and by the acronym HaRaAYaH, or simply as “HaRav.” Rav Kook was born in Griva, Latvia and studied in the Volozhin yeshiva. After the First World War, he was appointed the Rav of Jerusalem, and soon after, as first Chief Rabbi of Israel. He was one of the most celebrated and influential rabbis of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9330.0,9360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShimshon Aharon Polansky (1876-1948), also known as Rabbi of Teplik-Jerusalem, was born in Volin (Volhynia), near Cherkasy, in the Kiev region of the Russian Empire. He was appointed Rabbi in Midova, in the Kiev region, and five years later, he became Rabbi in Teplik, near Podolia. In 1925, he settled in Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9360.0,9390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYaakov Moshe Charlap (1881-1951) was Rabbi of the Shaarei Chesed neighborhood in Jerusalem. He was one of the most prominent students of Harav Avraham Yitzchak HaCohen Kook and served as the Rosh Yeshivah of Yeshivat Mercaz Harav in Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9390.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Zerach Epstein was the Rosh Yeshiva for Torat Chaim yeshiva in Old Jerusalem in Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTorat Chaim yeshiva was established in1886 by Rabbi Yitzchak on ha-Gai Street in Jerusalem, Palestine, facing the Temple Mount. At its peak, about 300 students from all over the world, including Rabbis Tzvi Pesach Frank, Tzvi Yehuda Kook, and Aryeh Levin studied there. The ground floor of the building served as a shop selling vegetables which provided funds for the yeshiva's maintenance. In the wake of the 1936-39 Arab revolt in Palestine, the yeshiva relocated to the new city, leaving the building and its contents entrusted to an Arab watchman who faithfully preserved it until the reunification of Jerusalem in 1967. This yeshiva was the only one out of approximately 80 synagogues and study halls that was not destroyed by Jordan during the Jordanian occupation of Jerusalem. In 1967, the caretaker gave the keys to Chaim Herzog. The building that formerly housed the Torat Chaim yeshiva now houses the Yeshivat Ateret Yerushalayim.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9540.0,9570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChaim Yehuda Leib Auerbach (1883-1954) was a Haredi rabbi and Rosh Yeshiva of Shaar Hashamayim Yeshiva, a landmark Jerusalem institution specializing in Talmudic and kabbalah studies for Ashkenazi scholars that he helped found in 1906.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9600.0,9630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChalutzim (Hebrew: pioneers;  plural of Halutz or Chalutz, also spelled Halutzim) were Jewish pioneers who immigrated to the region of Palestine especially as part of a movement in the years after World War I to work the land and create Jewish settlements.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9660.0,9690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘Day of Atonement.’ The most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25 hour fast day.  Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9720.0,9750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Conference of Christians and Jews was founded in 1927. Its founders included prominent social activists who dedicated the organization to bringing diverse people together to address interfaith divisions. Several years later, the NCCJ expanded its work to include all issues of social justice including race, class, gender equity, sexual orientation and the rights of people with different abilities. In the 1990’s, the name was changed to the National Conference for Community and Justice to better reflect the breadth and depth of its mission, the growing diversity of the country and the need to be more inclusive.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9840.0,9870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeo Frank (1884-1915) was a Jewish factory superintendent in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1913, he was accused of raping and murdering one of his employees, a 13-year-old girl named Mary Phagan, whose body was found on the premises of the National Pencil Company. Frank was arrested, tried, convicted and sentenced to death for her murder. The trial was the catalyst for a great outburst of antisemitism led by the populist Tom Watson and the center of powerful class and political interests. Frank was sent to Milledgeville State Penitentiary to await his execution.  Governor John M. Slaton, believing there had been a miscarriage of justice, commuted Frank’s sentence to life in prison. This enraged a group of men who styled themselves the “Knights of Mary Phagan.” They drove to the prison, kidnapped Frank from his cell and drove him to Marietta, Georgia where they lynched him. Many years later, the murderer was revealed to be Jim Conley, who had lied in the trial, pinning it on Frank instead. Frank was pardoned on March 11, 1986, although they stopped short of exonerating him.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9870.0,9900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private university in Atlanta. It was founded in 1836 by a small group of Methodists and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory. Today it has nearly 3,000 faculty members and is ranked 20th among national universities in U.S. News \u0026amp; World Report’s 2014 rankings.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9930.0,9960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCandler School of Theology is a part of Emory University, a private university in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=9960.0,9990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Welfare Fund was one of the preceding organizations of the current Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta.  Its function was to fundraise for the Jewish community centrally and disperse it throughout the Jewish community (locally, nationally and internationally) rather than each Jewish institution trying to raise money individually.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Journal-Constitution is an Atlanta-based daily paper. In 1982, the Atlanta Journal combined staff with the Atlanta Constitution to become the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Today, it is Atlanta’s only major daily paper.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Community Chests in the United States and Canada were fund-raising organizations that collected money from local businesses and workers and distributed it to community projects. The first Community Chest, \"Community Fund,\" was founded in 1913 in Cleveland, Ohio by the Federation for Charity and Philanthropy. By 1963, and after several name changes, the term \"United Way\" was adopted in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10050.0,10080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish National Fund (JNF) is a non-profit organization founded in 1901 to purchase land for Jewish settlements. Since its founding, JNF has evolved into a global environmental organization by planting more than 250,000,000 trees, building over 240 reservoirs and dams, developing over 250,000 acres of land, creating more than 2,000 parks, providing the infrastructure for over 1,000 communities, and connecting children and young adults to Israel and their heritage.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10110.0,10140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNahalat Georgia was an organization that raised funds to purchase land in Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10110.0,10140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCONGREGATION B’NAI EMUNAH was established in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1915, with Marion Travis as its first president. All ten of the congregation’s original officers and board members were in the oil business. Originally Orthodox, the congregation is now Conservative.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10380.0,10410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLithuanian-born Rabbi Abraham P. Hirmes (188?–1946) led Ahavath Achim from 1919 to 1928. Rabbi Hirmes originated the Sisterhood with his wife, whose immediate projects were focused on raising money for the building fund for the synagogue at the corner of Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. About this time, there was an official name change of the congregation from ‘Ahawas Achim’ to ‘Ahavath Achim.’  It was also during this period that Bible School, Junior Congregation, and late Friday night services developed. Rabbi Hirmes studied at the Slobodka Yeshiva in Lithuania and pursued his rabbinical ordination at Yeshiva University-affiliated Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary in New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10710.0,10740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColumbia University (officially Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private, Ivy League, research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. Columbia University currently occupies 32 acres in the Morningside Heights area of New York City. It was established in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain. Columbia is the oldest college in New York State and the fifth chartered institution of higher learning in the country, making it one of nine colonial colleges founded before the Declaration of Independence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10950.0,10980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDecatur Street is one of the original seven streets of Atlanta, Georgia; it was also a famous entertainment area from the 1850s through the early 20th century. Today, Decatur Street cuts across the Georgia State University campus in the downtown area, while farther east it is part of the Sweet Auburn neighborhood.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=10950.0,10980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA shochet is an adult male Jew who is trained and accredited by a rabbinic authority in the Jewish dietary laws. Specifically, a shochet slaughters animals in a way prescribed by Jewish dietary laws to avoid pain to the animal as much as possible, and to safeguard the health of the consumer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11220.0,11250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish translation of the Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible, by Yehoyesh Shloyme (Yehoash Solomon) Blumgarten, a Jewish-American author and poet\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11280.0,11310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays.  Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11280.0,11310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShul is a Yiddish word for synagogue that is derived from a German word meaning “school,” and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11280.0,11310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNeo-Orthodoxy is a term describing the philosophy of Judaism developed in late 19th-century Germany under the leadership of Samson Raphael Hirsch. It sanctioned modern dress, the use of the vernacular in sermons, and a more positive view of modern culture. Neo-Orthodoxy required an educational program that combined strict training in the Torah (Jewish Law) with a modern secular education. Neo-Orthodoxy was responding to the challenge of Reform Judaism, which interpreted the Torah with the aid of modern textual and historical data. Hirsch’s theology was akin to Reform Judaism, in that he interpreted Judaism to be essentially a community of faith; therefore, return to the land of Israel is not necessary for Jewish survival. Unlike the Reform Jews, however, he rejected the application of historical methods to the study of the Bible and of Judaism in general.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11400.0,11430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamson Raphael Hirsch (1808-1888) was a German rabbi best known as the intellectual founder of the Torah im Derech Eretz school of contemporary Orthodox Judaism known as Neo-Orthodoxy.  Hirsch was appointed chief rabbi of Moravia. From 1851 until his death, he led the secessionist Orthodox community in Frankfurt am Main. He published the monthly journal Jeschurun, in which he outlined his philosophy of Judaism. He was a vocal opponent of Reform Judaism and similarly opposed early forms of Conservative Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11400.0,11430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Anniversary’ in Hebrew. Each year the anniversary of the death of a relative is observed by lighting a special yahrzeit candle and reciting the Kaddish. Memorial services for the dead are also held during the High Holy Days and the Festivals.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11520.0,11550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Conservative Movement seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. Conservative Judaism observes gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis and bat mitzvahs).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11610.0,11640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHyman Mendel (1872-1954) was a Jewish immigrant from Lithuania. He came to the United States at the age of 19 and established H. Mendel \u0026amp; Co. initially working as a peddler around Atlanta. Once he was able to purchase a horse and wagon, he was able to expand his business. In 1892 he opened his first store on Decatur Street in downtown Atlanta. By the turn of the twentieth century, H. Mendel \u0026amp; Co. became the city's biggest dry-goods wholesaler. In 1913 Mendel built his own three-story building on Gilmer Street. In 1921, the business moved to Pryor Street where it remained for more than 40 years. Generations of merchants throughout the southeast trace their start to their relationship with H. Mendel \u0026amp; Co. and credit extended to them from Hyman Mendel. He was a founder and former president of Ahavath Achim, a member of B’nai B’rith, and is counted as one of the businessmen who helped shape Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11760.0,11790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRussian-born Joel Dorfan (1875-1948) was a founder and long-time president of Ahavath Achim.  He was installed as for the second time in1930. Previously, he served for nearly 30 years as head of the congregation, being succeeded by Joseph Goldberg, whom he succeeded in returning to the presidency. He was a life-long member of the Community Hebrew School board, serving at one time as its president. Dorfan was also a founder and long-time director of the Free Loan Association which started in 1933 in Atlanta to provide interest-free loans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11790.0,11820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930’s or early 1940’s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=11790.0,11820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘head of the year,’ i.e. New Year festival. The cycle of High Holy Days begins with Rosh Ha-Shanah.  It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh Ha-Shanah, God sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or Death. These decisions may be revoked by prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippur.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12120.0,12150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Forward is a daily Jewish-American national newspaper published in New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12180.0,12210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation.  Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation.  The first location was a converted house on Boulevard.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12390.0,12420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA handwritten copy of the Torah, the holiest book in Judaism.  It must meet extremely strict standards of production.  When not in use in services, it is stored in the holiest spot in a synagogue, the Aron Kodesh (Holy Ark), which is usually an ornate curtained-off cabinet or section of the synagogue built along the wall that most closely faced Jerusalem, the direction Jews face when praying.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12480.0,12510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA prayer shawl fringed at each of the four corners in accordance with biblical law. The wearing of tallit at worship is obligatory only for married men, but it is customarily worn also by males of bar mitzvah age and older.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12600.0,12630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTefillin, also called ‘phylacteries’ are a set of small black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the Torah, which are worn by observant Jews during weekday morning prayers.  They are worn around the arm, hand and fingers and on the forehead.  The Torah commands that they should be worn as a “sign” and “remembrance” that God brought the children of Israel out of Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12630.0,12660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePlural form of the word bat mitzvah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12810.0,12840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSolomon Goldman (1894-1953) was born in Kozin, Russia. He was rabbi for Anshe Emet Synagogue in Chicago, Illinois from 1929 until his death in 1953. Under Rabbi Goldman's leadership, Anshe Emet Synagogue established the first day school in the Conservative movement. In 1951, Anshe Emet purchased the Sheridan Theatre and renamed it the Solomon Goldman Auditorium. Rabbi Goldman also was a president of the Zionist Organization of America from 1938 to 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12870.0,12900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShavuot is the Hebrew word for “weeks” and refers to the Jewish festival marking the giving of the Torah by God at Mount Sinai.  It occurs at the completion of the seven-week counting period between Passover and Shavuot.  Shavuot, like many other Jewish holidays, began as an ancient agricultural festival that marked the end of the spring barley harvest and the beginning of the summer wheat harvest. In ancient times, Shavuot was a pilgrimage festival during which Israelites brought crop offerings to the Temple in Jerusalem. Today, it is a celebration of Torah, education, and actively choosing to participate in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12900.0,12930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘dedication.’ An eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar.  Hanukkah celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rules of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the menorah but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil.  This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The Hanukkah menorah, or hanukiah, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, by the ninth candle. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12900.0,12930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHoly of Holies is a term in the Hebrew Bible which refers to the inner sanctuary of the Tabernacle where God dwelt. This area is defined by the four pillars which held up the veil of the covering and under which the Ark of the Covenant was held off the floor by its two staves and, 300 years later, the Temple in Jerusalem where the Ark of the Covenant was kept during the First Temple, which could be entered only by the High Priest on Yom Kippur after sanctifying himself. The Ark is said to have contained the Ten Commandments, which were given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai. It is currently thought to be located under the Dome of the Rock.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12990.0,13020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSanctum sanctorum is a Latin expression for the Holy of Holies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=12990.0,13020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMidrash is the body of stories told by Jewish rabbinic sages to explain passages in the Tanakh (Old Testament).  Midrash interprets biblical stores by filling in the gaps left in the narrative regarding events and personalities that are only hinted at.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13020.0,13050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for ‘platform.’ The bimah is a raised structure in the synagogue from which the Torah is read and from which prayers are led.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13110.0,13140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHalakha (or Halakhah, Halacha, Halachah) is Hebrew for ‘way’ or ‘path.’ The legal tradition of Judaism and the body of Jewish religious laws derived from the Written and Oral Torah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13350.0,13380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNevi'im is a Hebrew title for the second main division of the Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh), the “Prophets,” between the Torah (instruction) and Ketuvim (writings). It contains two sub-groups: the narrative books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings; and the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel and the twelve minor prophets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13530.0,13560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKetuvim is the third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), after Torah (instruction) and Nevi'im (prophets). In English translations of the Hebrew Bible, this section is usually entitled “Writings” or “Hagiographa.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13530.0,13560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGerson D. Cohen (1924-1991) was a Jewish historian, a Conservative rabbi, and the Chancellor of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America from 1972-1986. He was especially known for ordaining the first female rabbi in Conservative Judaism in 1985.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13740.0,13770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Louis Finkelstein (1895-1991) was a Talmud scholar, an expert in Jewish law, and a leader of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS) and Conservative Judaism. He received his rabbinic ordination at the JTS. He joined the faculty of the JTS in 1920 and was Chancellor of JTS from 1940 to 1972.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13740.0,13770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Louis Ginzberg, also known as Levy Gintzburg, (1873-1953) was a Talmudist and leading figure in the Conservative Movement of Judaism of the twentieth century. He was born in Kaunas, Lithuania (then called Kovno). He taught Talmud at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS) from 1903 to 1953.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13740.0,13770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish men cover their heads during prayer with a small skull-cap called a yarmulke or kippah.  Orthodox Jewish men wear it at all times to remind themselves of God’s presence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=13920.0,13950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKlal Yisrael (Hebrew for the “Whole of Israel”) refers to the idea of the whole of the Jewish people, no matter where they are and their interconnections\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14220.0,14250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBook of Deuteronomy (Greek title meaning “second law”), also known in Hebrew as Devarim, is the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible and of the Jewish Torah. The book consists of three sermons or speeches delivered to the Israelites by Moses on the plains of Moab, shortly before they enter the Promised Land. The first sermon recapitulates the forty years of wilderness wanderings which have led to this moment, and ends with an exhortation to observe the law (or teachings). The second sermon reminds the Israelites of the need for exclusive allegiance to one God and observance of the laws (or teachings) he has given them, on which their possession of the land depends. The third sermon offers the comfort that even should Israel prove unfaithful and so lose the land, with repentance all can be restored.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14460.0,14490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA verse in the Book of Samuel or Sefer Shmuel (Hebrew) which is included in the compilation of the Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14490.0,14520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsidor Jacobs, also known as Isadore Jacobs, (1884-1955) was a businessman and a member of Ahavath Achim Congregation. He and his wife Lizzie were active in a wide variety of community organizations.  He was instrumental in creating the Know Your Neighbor Club on the1700 block of Noble Drive in Atlanta to break down the barriers between different races and religion.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14580.0,14610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJake (also Jacob) Jacobs (1880-1949) and his wife Rebecca were members of Ahavath Achim.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14610.0,14640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Morning Journal or Morgen Journal was a Yiddish daily morning newspaper published out of New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14670.0,14700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Aaron Alexander, Sr. (1874-1967), husband of Manya (Marion) Klonitsky-Kline Alexander. H. A. Alexander was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He was a prominent attorney, scholar, and religious leader. Alexander served in the Georgia State House of Representatives and was a veteran of World War I. He was also a president of the Atlanta Historical Society and a prominent Atlanta attorney. He was a member of the defense team in the trial of Leo Frank.  In 1930 he built one of the largest homes in Atlanta on Peachtree Road, with 33 rooms and 13 bathrooms. The Alexander family sold part of their land for development of the Phipps Plaza Mall which opened in 1969.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14700.0,14730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePlural form of the Hebrew word tallit (prayer shawl).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14790.0,14820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMax Cuba (1903-1972) was born in New York and lived in Atlanta, Georgia. He was a Certified Public Accountant, community leader, and philanthropist. Max served as a city alderman several times, and was a leader on the Atlanta-Fulton County Joint Planning Board for over 30 years. He was also twice the president of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council, and a member of the Board of Directors of the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. He was the “Man of the Year” for B’nai B’rith, Jewish War Veterans, and the Jewish Theological Seminary. He was the President of Ahavath Achim Congregation and B’nai B’rith.  As he had no family of his own, his personal life was closely linked with the family of his brother, Joe Cuba, as he lived with them for some time.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14820.0,14850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbe Goldstein (1892-1982) was a business and Jewish community leader.  He was active in Ahavath Achim and as well as Israel Bonds, the Anti-Defamation League, the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Federation and many other community causes.  He founded Prior Tire Company in 1920 and remained active in the business throughout his life.  He died in 1982 at the age of 90.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14880.0,14910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeon Eplan ( -1923) was the patriarch of the Eplan family in Atlanta. He was married to a woman named Rosa. They came to Atlanta from Odessa, Russia. There were leaders in the Atlanta community of the time. Their children are: Samuel Leon Eplan (b. 1896) and 11 other brothers and sisters. His son Samuel married Bess Abelson and they named their son Leon Samuel Eplan after his grandfather.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=14970.0,15000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Leon Eplan (1896-1984) was a major presence in the Atlanta Jewish community throughout his life. He was born in Atlanta into a large family of six brothers and three sisters. His brothers were also prominent in the Jewish community life. His father was initially a peddler and then a grocer. In an interesting aside, the Coca-Cola Company rented the floor above his father's store for storage. One night a barrel of syrup burst and ruined some of his father's stock. Asa Candler, the president of Coca-Cola, apologized and offered Sam's father Coca-Cola stock in lieu of dollar damages. Sam's father turned it down, saying, “nobody was ever going to drink that drink!” He attended the first class of the Emory Law School and joined a Jewish fraternity. He later went on to become a prominent attorney in Atlanta. He married Bess Abelson (Eplan). He was also active in all the Jewish clubs in the area and the Ahavath Achim congregation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15000.0,15030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMeyer Rich (1889-1951) was an Atlanta native and businessman. He was president of Ahavath Achim Congregation from 1940 to 1941 and a board member for the Atlanta District of the Zionist Organization of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15120.0,15150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew word for Passover, the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage.  The holiday lasts for eight days.  Unleavened bread, matzot, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise.  On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated. The seder service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life. In addition to eating matzah during the seder, Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover. In addition, Jews are also supposed to avoid foods made with wheat, barley, rye, spelt or oats unless those foods are labeled ‘kosher for Passover.’ Jews traditionally have separate dishes for Passover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15300.0,15330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSeder (meaning “order” in Hebrew”) is a Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. It is conducted on the evening of the fifteenth day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar throughout the world.  Some communities hold seder on both the first two nights of Passover. The seder incorporates prayers, candle lighting, and traditional foods symbolizing the slavery of the Jews and the exodus from Egypt. It is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15300.0,15330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCard shark is an expression for someone who, through a combination of skill and conning tactics, is able to coerce card players into senses of false security, then easily defeat them and earn large amounts of money.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15330.0,15360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsaac Jacob Paradies (1885-1967) was the founder of Paradies and Company. He was born in Latvia and lived in South Africa where he worked in diamond mines and as a rancher before relocating to Atlanta, Georgia. In Atlanta, he started a wholesale grocery business that grew into a chain of ‘dime’ stores. In 1942, he established a wholesale toy and housewares distributorship, Paradies and Company, a family business.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15360.0,15390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOscar Gershon (1880-1945) was born in Kobryn, Russia. He was an Atlanta printer and president of Ahavath Achim Congregation in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15450.0,15480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSam Gershon (1877-1969)  was born in Kobryn, Russia. He was actively involved in relief efforts in Europe and for the Jews of the city of Kobryn in the years immediately following World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15510.0,15540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry Dwoskin (1907-1990) was the son of Morris Dwoskin, who emigrated to Atlanta from Russia. Morris specialized in wall murals and started Dwoskin \u0026amp; Sons which specialized in wall painting, murals and interior design for clubs, churches, synagogues and expensive homes. Harry followed in his footsteps becoming president of the company.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15540.0,15570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouis J. Levitas (1885-1968) was born in Riga, Latvia and moved to Atlanta in 1912. In the early years of the Jewish Educational Alliance he was in the center of youth activities. He organized a Sunday school for the religious education of children and became its superintendent. He was also active in the United Hebrew School. He was a member of the Fulton Masonic Lodge, the Ahavath Achim Synagogue, the Atlanta Hibernian Society, the Progressive Club and member of the board of Jewish Children Service for more than 30 years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15600.0,15630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsadore M. Weinstein (1887-1954) was an Atlanta businessman who was born in New York City and raised in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1919, he founded the National Linen Supply Company, which expanded and eventually grew into National Service Industries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15690.0,15720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIrving H. Goldstein (1905-1979) was a prominent dentist and businessman in the Atlanta area.. He and his brother Marvin C. Goldstein, also a dentist, built the Atlanta Americana Motor Hotel, Atlanta’s first integrated hotel, which opened in 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15810.0,15840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNational Service Industries was founded in 1962 with the merger of two established Atlanta companies, National Linen Service and ZEP Manufacturing Company.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15960.0,15990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNative Atlantan, philanthropist and community leader Erwin Zaban (1921-2010) was known by many as the ‘Godfather of the Jewish Community.’ After quitting school to help in his father’s Depression-era business at age 15, Zaban built successful businesses worth billions of dollars and donated millions to worthy causes. He worked alongside his parents to build Zep Manufacturing Company. Zep later merged with National Linen and became National Service Industries, a Fortune 500 Company. He donated and raised money for undeveloped land in Dunwoody that became Zaban Park, home of the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta. He donated money to the Jewish Home, for which the Zaban Tower is named. He helped create the homeless couples’ shelter at The Temple which bears his name.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15960.0,15990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZEP was founded in 1937 by Mandle Zaban with two others William Eplan and Samuel Powell (thus ‘ZEP’).   The company manufactured and sold sanitation and cleaning chemicals. Erwin Zaban quit school joined the business when he was 17, eventually in 1948 assuming the leadership.  In 1962 ZEP was sold to National Linen Service.  ZEP still exists today (2016).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=15990.0,16020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/922","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Schatten (1928-1998) was an Atlanta doctor and philanthropist.  He was one of the youngest Emory medical school graduates, finishing in 1950 at the age of 21.  A child prodigy, Schatten originally planned to become a concert pianist. Instead, he performed plastic surgery and invented surgical techniques.  Schatten was president of Ahavath Achim synagogue and the Atlanta Jewish Federation and a board member of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra. Schatten was one of the key supporters in launching a Jewish studies program at Emory and the Woodruff Library's Schatten Gallery bears his name.  For his service he received many honors, including the Anti-Defamation League's Abe Goldstein Human Relations Award in 1985.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16020.0,16050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/923","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMax L. Kuniansky (1917-1995) was an Atlanta businessman and philanthropist who founded MK Construction in 1950. During World War II, Max served in the Army Air Force and flew thirty-five missions as a navigator in a B24 bomber.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16110.0,16140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/924","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLarry Frank is an Atlanta businessman and philanthropist who played football at Grady High School and at Vanderbilt University, 1950-1956.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16140.0,16170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/925","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulian Victor Boehm (1878-1960) was an insurance agent and a civic leader in Atlanta, Georgia. He was an amateur magician, known as the “Dean of Southern Magicians.” He had a distinguished career as a performer entertaining for civic groups and veterans' hospitals. He performed for President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the polio stricken children at Warm Springs on three consecutive Thanksgivings. Boehm was the first president of the Civitan Club of Atlanta. He was honored by the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce with a citation as \"Atlanta's Outstanding Citizen\" in1935. He served as a president for the Gate City Lodge of B’nai B’rith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16350.0,16380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/926","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi David Marx was a long-time rabbi at the Temple in Atlanta, Georgia. He led the move toward Reform Judaism practices. He served as rabbi from 1895 to 1946. When he retired, Rabbi Jacob Rothschild took the pulpit that Rabbi Marx had held for more than half a century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16380.0,16410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/927","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrkin is a pest control services firm headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, that was started in 1901 by Otto Orkin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16650.0,16680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/928","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVictor Hugo Kriegshaber (1859-1934) was the founder and first president of the Atlanta Terra Cotta Company; a director of the Atlanta Art Glass Co.; and vice-president of the National Builders' Supply Association. Kriegshaber was born in Louisville, Kentucky, to Prussian immigrants and came to Atlanta in 1889. Having left his civil engineer's position with the Central of Georgia Railway to become a contractor, he was soon president of his own building material supply company. He was a director of the Chamber of Commerce and, in 1914, was part of the committee from the Chamber that spearheaded the new development at Lakewood for the Southeastern Fair. A charter member of the Rotary Club, Kriegshaber also served as director of the local council of the Boy Scouts of America; president of the Jewish Charities and of the Jewish Educational Alliance; and director of the Hebrew Orphan's Home. He was instrumental in establishing the city's first public playgrounds for children and was later vice-president of the Playground Association of America. In 1905 Kriegshaber was one of the organizers of the Standard Club, serving as its first vice-president. Kriegshaber served on the executive committee of the Atlanta Music Festival Association from its founding in 1909. The Atlanta Music Festival led to the establishment of the Atlanta Philharmonic Society, of which he was president until 1934. He advocated, along with Rabbi David Marx, for the creation of the Federation of Jewish Charities in 1906 to combine the activities of the Hebrew Relief Society, Free Kindergarten and Social Settlement, Council of Jewish Women, and the Central Immigration Committee. The Victor H. Kriegshaber House, the home he built in 1900 in the historic Inwood Park area of Atlanta, is now a designated landmark also known as “The Wrecking Bar.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16800.0,16830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/929","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarold Hirsch (1881-1930) was a well-known attorney who was active in philanthropic organizations in the Atlanta area. He received his law degree in 1904 and soon became one of Atlanta's most prominent lawyers, helping Coca-Cola trademark its signature logo and bottle design in a number of copyright infringement cases. He was also involved in the creation of the law school at Emory University and one of the founding members of the faculty. Hirsch was very involved in philanthropic endeavors, particularly those in the Jewish community. He was a member of the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (the Temple), the Federation of Jewish Charities, the United Jewish Charities, and the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith.  He helped found The Atlanta Committee for German-Jewish Relief and served as chairman of the organization.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16830.0,16860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/930","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Orphans’ Home was located at 478 Washington Street in Atlanta.  The residence facility was open from 1876 to 1930. It was originally called the Hebrew Orphans’ Asylum. In 1901, the name was changed to the Hebrew Orphans’ Home. The service began to be used to place foster children in homes.  In 1988, the organization’s mission changed and it became the Jewish Educational Loan Fund (JELF) with the goal of providing low-interest post-secondary education loans for Jewish students.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16830.0,16860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/931","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Welfare Fund was one of the preceding organizations of the current Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta.  Its function was to fundraise for the Jewish community centrally and disperse it throughout the Jewish community (locally, nationally and internationally) rather than each Jewish institution trying to raise money individually.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=16860.0,16890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/932","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdward M. Kahn (1895-1984) was an immigrant from Bialystok, Poland.  He became a leader in Atlanta’s Jewish community and served as executive director of several organizations including the Jewish Educational Alliance, the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund, and the Atlanta Federation of Jewish Social Service, an earlier incarnation of the current Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta.  He also worked with Southern Israelite as a writer and adviser.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17040.0,17070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/933","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) operated from 1910 to 1948 on the site where the Atlanta- Fulton County Stadium was located. The JEA was once the hub of Jewish life in Atlanta. Families congregated there for social, educational, sports and cultural programs. The JEA ran camps and held classes to help some new residents learn to read and write English. For newcomers, it became a refuge, with programs to help them acclimate to a new home. The JEA stayed at that site until the late 1940’s, when it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the ‘Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17100.0,17130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/934","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Lichtenstein ((1868-1926) was born in Bawske, Kurland, Russia, near Latvia, the son of J. B. and Hindy Lichtenstein. He emigrated to Baltimore, Maryland in 1890, and settled in Atlanta in 1892. In 1913 he entered the insurance and loan business and organized the Mutual Savings Company later known as the Morris Lichtenstein \u0026amp; Company, General Insurance \u0026amp; Loans. Other interests were the Montefiore Relief Association, the Morris Lichtenstein Free Loan Society, the Jewish Educational Alliance and the Federation of Jewish Charities. Lichtenstein was chairman of the  Free Loan Fund that was founded in the 1890’s and renamed the Morris Lichtenstein Free Loan Fund as a tribute after his death. The Free Loan Fund was an important source of capital for Jewish merchants. It became a functional department of the Federation of Jewish Charities in 1912, the forerunner of the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta, and helped Jewish Atlantans well into the depression years when it disappeared.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17100.0,17130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/935","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Southern Israelite was a publication that covered news of the southern Jewry and issues that involved Jewish populations throughout the nation and world. Rabbi H. Cerf Straus originally established the Southern Israelite as a temple bulletin in Augusta in 1925.  It became so popular he expanded it into a monthly newspaper. Straus eventually sold the paper to Herman Dessauer and Sara B. Simmons, who moved it to Atlanta, where it began circulating state-wide and eventually throughout the South. In 1930, M. Stephen Schiffer took over as sole owner of the Southern Israelite. Ownership of the paper was turned over to a corporation headed by editor Adolph Rosenberg in 1951. In 1964 Vida Goldgar joined the staff and was an important contributor to the Southern Israelite for the next 40 years. In 1979, she purchased the paper. In 1987, its name changed from Southern Israelite to the Atlanta Jewish Times. Today the paper is owned by Jewish Renaissance Media and continues as a weekly publication with a readership of over 25,000. (2015).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17250.0,17280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/936","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard “Dick” H. Rich (1901-1975) was a grandson of the founder of Rich’s department store in Atlanta, Georgia. He took over as president of Rich’s in 1949 and under his leadership Rich's began expansion in the 1950’s. Richard's mother Rosalind Rich Rosenheim was the daughter of Morris Rich, founder of Rich's. Richard changed his name legally from Rosenheim to Rich because his grandfather wanted him to. Richard served in WWII in the US Army Air Forces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17340.0,17370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/937","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRich's was a department store retail chain, headquartered in Atlanta that operated in the southern United States from 1867 until 2005. The retailer began in Atlanta as M. Rich \u0026amp; Co. dry goods store and was run by Mauritius Reich (anglicized to ‘Morris Rich’), a Hungarian Jewish immigrant. It was renamed M. Rich \u0026amp; Bro. in 1877, when his brother Emanuel was admitted into the partnership, and was again renamed M. Rich \u0026amp; Bros. in 1884 when the third brother Daniel joined the partnership. In 1929, the company was reorganized and the retail portion of the business became simply, Rich's. Many of the former Rich's stores today form the core of Macy's Central, an Atlanta-based division of Macy's, Inc., which formerly operated as Federated Department Stores, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17340.0,17370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/938","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Rothschild was rabbi of the city’s oldest Reform congregation, the Temple, in Atlanta, Georgia from 1946 until his death in 1973 from a heart attack. He forged close relationships with the city’s Christian clergy and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17430.0,17460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/939","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMax C. (Mike) Gettinger (1911-2000) forged a life-long career in Jewish social services in both the United States and Israel. He became the executive director of the Atlanta Jewish Federation in 1962, a post he kept until 1982. During his leadership, the Federation experienced tremendous growth and re-organization. Gettinger authored the book Coming of Age: the Atlanta Jewish Federation, 1962-1982 which was published in 1994.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17580.0,17610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/940","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Sarnat was hired to be executive director of the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta in 1978.  He succeeded Max C. (Mike) Gettinger who retired. Sarnat was the third director of the Federation and served until 2000. He was also the United States Representative to the Federation System for the Jewish Agency for Israel. Sarnat developed the Jewish Community Legacy Project (JCLP) to preserve the history, artifacts, and accomplishments of generations of Jews in communities where the population is eroding and is president of the organization. Before coming to Atlanta, Sarnat was the Director for Planning at the Cleveland Jewish Community Federation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17640.0,17670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/941","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Joseph Yampolsky (1892 -1978), also known as “Dr. Yam,” was a board member of the Atlanta Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) and a leader in the Georgia Chapter of the American Association of Pediatricians.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17700.0,17730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/942","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) is best known for his role as a leader in the Civil Rights Movement and the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs.  A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career.  He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, in 1962, and organized nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that attracted national attention following television news coverage of the brutal police response. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous \"I Have a Dream\" speech.  On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence.  In 1965, he and the SCLC helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches and the following year, he took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing.  King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many United States’ cities.  King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal.  Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, and as a United States federal holiday in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=17910.0,17940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/943","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Black Power movement came to represent the demand for more immediate violent action to counter American white supremacy. Most of these ideas were influenced by Malcolm X's criticism of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s peaceful protest methods. The 1965 assassination of Malcolm X coupled with the urban uprisings of 1964 and 1965 ignited the Black Power movement. The movement saw various forms of activism, some violent and some peaceful, all hoping to achieve black empowerment. The cornerstone of the movement was the Black Panther Party, a Black Power organization dedicated to socialism and the use of violence to achieve it. After years of violence, many left the movement and the police began arresting violent actors in the movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18000.0,18030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/944","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn ethnic slur, usually directed at black people. The word originated as a neutral term referring to people with black skin, as a variation of the Spanish and Portuguese noun negro, a descendant of the Latin adjective niger (black). By the mid-twentieth century, particularly in the United States, its usage became unambiguously pejorative, a racist insult. It began to disappear from popular culture, and its continued inclusion in classic works of literature has sparked controversy. In the United States and United Kingdom, using the word \"nigger\" is considered extremely offensive, and it is often replaced with the euphemism \"the N-word\".\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18090.0,18120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/945","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Berry Hartsfield, Sr. (1890-1971), served as the 49th and 51st Mayor of Atlanta.  His tenure extended from 1937 to 1941 and again from 1942 to 1962, making him the longest-serving mayor of his native Atlanta.  It was under his direction that Atlanta became a world-class city with the image of the “City Too Busy to Hate.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18120.0,18150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/946","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZecharias Frankel (1801-1875) was a Bohemian-German rabbi and a historian who studied the historical development of Judaism. He was born in Prague, Bohemia, Austrian Empire (now in Czech Republic) and died in Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland). Frankel was a founder of what became Conservative Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18180.0,18210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTabula rasa [Latin: clean slate] is a phrase referencing something existing in its original pristine state.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18240.0,18270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the Germans to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of nearly 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18360.0,18390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18480.0,18510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Second Vatican Council (Latin: Concilium Oecumenicum Vaticanum Secundum, informally known as “Vatican II”) addressed relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world. The Second Vatican Council addressed the charge of Jewish deicide and repudiated the Christian belief in the collective Jewish guilt for the crucifixion of Jesus. Vatican II stated that, even though some Jewish authorities and those who followed them called for Jesus' death, the blame for what happened cannot be laid at the door of all Jews living at that time, nor can the Jews in our time be held guilty. The Council issued the declaration Nostra aetate (Latin phrase meaning “In Our Time”) that stated, “what happened [in the death of Jesus] cannot be charged against all the Jews, without distinction, then alive, nor against the Jews of today. The Jews should not be presented as rejected or accursed by God.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18570.0,18600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn organization created to unify American Jewry for the purpose of planning their post-World War II policy. It began as an ad hoc organization that first met in Pittsburg in January 1943, and had its first official conference in August 1943. The initial meeting included delegates from thirty-two national Jewish organizations. It was called to decide upon the role that the American Jewish community would play in representing Jewish demands after the war and helping to build Jewish Palestine. The result was the creation of the American Jewish Conference, which consisted of sixty-four Jewish groups, including the American Jewish Committee. Despite its good intentions, the American Jewish Conference did not successfully unify American Jewry or gain the recognition of the US government as the American Jewish authority on rescue, Palestine, or postwar matters. The conference was dissolved in 1949.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18750.0,18780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/952","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Babylonian people lived in the area of Mesopotamia that contained the city of Babylon and that was known as the First Babylonian Dynasty from 1894 BCE to 1595 BCE. In 605 BCE, Babylonia’s King Nebuchadnezzar II destroyed Jerusalem, deposed the king of Judah, and deported the kingdom of Judah’s population to Babylonia as slaves. After the fall of Babylon to the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE, exiled Jews began to return to the land of Judah. According to the biblical book of Ezra, construction of a second temple in Jerusalem began at this time. All these events are considered significant in Jewish history and culture, and had a far-reaching impact on the development of Judaism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=18960.0,18990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eApologia is a Greek word meaning a speech in one’s own defense. Apologia is not an admission of guilt or regret but a desire to make clear the grounds for some course, belief, or position . Apologia also refers to a body of literature that endeavored to prove the harmony of thought between the Torah and Greek wisdom.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19050.0,19080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] Since 1934, Brotherhood Week has been proclaimed by the president of the United States, sponsored by the National Conference for Community and Justice (formerly, the National Conference of Christians and Jews), and observed by the country as a whole. The original idea was to set aside a week each year when people of all faiths would get together, discuss their differences, and reaffirm the human brotherhood that underlies the variations in their religious beliefs. Now known as Brotherhood/Sisterhood Week, schools, churches, synagogues, civic groups, and other organizations across America celebrate by bringing together people of different faiths and backgrounds.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19110.0,19140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eProselytism is an active policy of inviting or persuading converts to an opinion, political party, or religious group.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19140.0,19170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/956","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJerry Lamon Falwell, Sr. (1933-2007) was an American evangelical Southern Baptist pastor, televangelist, and a conservative political commentator. He was known for his stance against homosexuality as well as for his strong pro-Israel stand, sometimes referred to as “Christian Zionism.” He was the founding pastor of the Thomas Road Baptist Church, a megachurch in Lynchburg, Virginia. He founded Lynchburg Christian Academy (now Liberty Christian Academy) in 1967 and Liberty University in 1971. He co-founded the Moral Majority, which became one of the largest political lobby groups for evangelical Christians in the United States during the 1980’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19200.0,19230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA gospel is an account describing the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth. The most widely known examples are the four canonical gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John which are included in the New Testament, the Christian Bible.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19380.0,19410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGoy is a Yiddish term meaning “people” or “nation.”  In common usage, it designates a non-Jewish or Gentile person.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19380.0,19410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/959","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaurice Polydore Marie Bernard Maeterlinck (1862-1949) was a Belgian playwright, poet, and essayist who wrote in French. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1911. The main themes in his work are death and the meaning of life. His plays form an important part of the Symbolist movement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19470.0,19500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/960","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew term ‘galut’ expresses the Jewish conception of the condition and feelings of a nation uprooted from its homeland and subject to alien rule.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19710.0,19740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/961","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Messianic period, Messianic Era, or Messianic Age is a term that refers to a period of global peace and harmony, free of strife and hardship. Orthodox views have generally held that the Messiah who will rule through the Messianic Era will be descended from his father through the line of King David, will gather the Jews back into the Land of Israel, usher in an era of peace, build the Third Temple, father a male heir, and re-institute the Sanhedrin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19710.0,19740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/962","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLevites are members of the tribe of Levi, the third son of the Biblical patriarch Jacob. Members of the tribe are either priests (Kohanim) or Levites, their status being established by family tradition. In Temple times, the function of the Levites was to provide the musical accompaniment to the sacrifices, vocally and with musical instruments, and to act as gate-keepers and general guards. Nowadays, a Levite is given the privilege of being called, second to the Kohen, to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue and a Levite washes the hands of the Kohanim before the latter deliver the priestly blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19770.0,19800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/963","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVerse 5 in Psalm 137 in the Book of Psalms, which is also known in Hebrew as Ketuvim (“Writings:). The Book of Psalms, or Ketuvim, is the third section of the Hebrew Bible, and a book of the Christian Old Testament. According to Jewish tradition, Psalm 137 is recited after meals and on the holiday of Tisha B’av. It is customary for verse 5 and 6 to be recited at a Jewish wedding ceremony before the groom breaks a glass as a symbolic act of mourning  the destruction of the Temple. The psalm represents the yearning of Hebrew Israelites in exile following the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem in 607 BCE to return to the land from which they were exiled.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19800.0,19830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/964","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Ben-Gurion (1886-1973) was one of the primary founders and the first Prime Minister of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19980.0,20010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/965","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBen-Gurion University of the Negev is a public research university in Beersheba, Israel. Ben Gurion University of the Negev has five campuses: the Marcus Family Campus, Beersheba; the David Bergmann Campus, Beersheba; the David Tuviyahu Campus, Beersheba; Sede Boqer Campus and Eilat Campus. Ben Gurion University was established in 1969 as the University of the Negev with the aim of promoting the development of the Negev desert that comprises more than 60 percent of Israel. The University was later renamed after the death in 1973 of Israel's founder and first prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, who believed that the future of the country lay in this region.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19980.0,20010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/966","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBar Ilan University is a public university in the city of Ramat Gan in the Tel Aviv District, Israel. Established in 1955, Bar Ilan is now Israel's second-largest academic institution.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19980.0,20010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/967","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTel Aviv University (TAU) is a public university located in the neighborhood of Ramat Aviv in Tel Aviv, Israel. With over 30,000 students, TAU is Israel's largest university. Tel Aviv University is a center of teaching and research, comprising 9 faculties, 27 schools, 98 departments and nearly 130 research institutes and centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19980.0,20010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/968","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew University of Jerusalem is Israel's second oldest university, established in 1918, 30 years before the State of Israel. Hebrew University has three campuses in Jerusalem and one in Rehovot.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=19980.0,20010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/969","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouis Lipsky (1876-1963) was an American Zionist leader, editor of the magazine, The American Hebrew, from 1900 to 1914, and author of books on Jewish culture and politics. He was President of the Zionist Organization of America from 1926 to 1930.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20070.0,20100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/970","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJudge Morris Rothenberg (1885-1950), a native of Estonia who immigrated to America at the age of eight, was an American Zionist leader, prominent attorney, and City Magistrate in New York. He was president of the Zionist Organization of America for four terms beginning in 1932, and a president of the Jewish National Fund of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20100.0,20130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/971","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStephen Wise (1874-1949) was born in Austria but immigrated to the United States with his family as an infant.  He was a prominent Reform rabbi and Zionist leader, especially during World War II.  Wise had been criticized for his acquiescence to the Roosevelt administration to delay even acknowledgment of the Holocaust, much less doing something to help to help European and Eastern Jews in peril.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20130.0,20160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/972","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbba Hillel Silver (1893-1963) was an American Rabbi and Zionist leader. Born Abraham Silver in Naumiestis, in the Suwałki Governorate of Congress Poland, a part of the Russian Empire (present-day Lithuania), son and grandson of Orthodox rabbis, he was brought to the US at the age of nine. He was ordained a Reform Rabbi in 1915, when he became known as Abba Hillel Silver. He was rabbi of The Temple - Tifereth Israel in Cleveland, Ohio, one of the nation's largest and best-known Reform congregations, from 1917 to 1963. (1893-1963) was an American Rabbi and Zionist leader. Born Abraham Silver in Naumiestis, in the Suwałki Governorate of Congress Poland, a part of the Russian Empire (present-day Lithuania), son and grandson of Orthodox rabbis, he was brought to the US at the age of nine. He was ordained a Reform Rabbi in 1915, when he became known as Abba Hillel Silver. He was rabbi of The Temple Tifereth Israel in Cleveland, Ohio, one of the nation's largest and best-known Reform congregations, from 1917 to 1963.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20130.0,20160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/973","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacob Billikopf (1882-1950) was born in Vilna, Russia (now Vilnius, Lithuania) and studied at the University of Chicago. He was a nationally known figure in social work, Jewish philanthropy, and labor arbitration. Billikopf had a long and distinguished career in public service work. He served as superintendent of the United Jewish Charities in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Kansas City, Missouri, before becoming the executive director of the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, chairman of the National Labor Board for the Philadelphia region during the first years of the New Deal. He served as impartial chairman of both the Ladies' Garment industry and the Amalgamated Clothing Workers in [Philadelphia]. He later represented the department stores of Philadelphia in their labor relations. He was also a member of the board of trustees of the New School for Social Research, and president of the board of trustees of Howard University. In 1937 and 1938 he dedicated himself full-time to bringing European Jewish refugees into the United States. Following World War II he served on the Clemency Board in Washington which was established to review court martial sentences.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20160.0,20190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/974","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSimon G. Kramer was a rabbi at the Hebrew Institute of University Heights in Bronx, New York. He was ordained at the Hebrew Theological College (HTC) of Chicago in 1925 and appointed president of HTC in 1964. He was president of the Synagogue Council of America, which represents Orthodox, Conservative and Reform Jewry. He was a leader with the Bronx Council of Rabbis, the Federation of Bronx Jewish Congregations, the Zionist Organization of America, Jewish National Fund, the Rabbinical Council of America, and the Jewish Welfare Board. He visited military camps throughout the U. S. as advisor and counselor to Jewish chaplains during World War II. From April 1948 to April 1949, Rabbi Kramer was in Germany as Jewish Liaison Representative to the American Military Government, appointed by the Synagogue Council of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20190.0,20220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/975","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Hyman Lookstein (1902-1979) was a Russian-born, American rabbi who served as spiritual leader of Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun on the Upper East Side of Manhattan from 1936 to 1979. He was a leader in Orthodox Judaism, including his service as president of the Rabbinical Council of America and of the cross-denominational Synagogue Council of America and New York Board of Rabbis. In 1930, he established the Hebrew Teachers Training School for Girls, now part of Stern College for Women, and served as its principal for ten years. He also founded a Hebrew day school, Ramaz School, in 1937.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20220.0,20250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/976","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Abraham Mesch (1908-1962) was the spiritual leader of Temple Beth-El in Birmingham, Alabama, from 1934 until his death in December 1962.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20250.0,20280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/977","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] Rabbi Leo Jung (1892-1987) was a prominent Orthodox Jewish leader, author and editor of 37 books, and for 65 years the spiritual leader of the Jewish Center on West 86th Street in Manhattan, New York. Dr. Jung became a professor of ethics at what then was Yeshiva College in New York in 1931. He was a president of the Jewish Academy of Arts and Sciences, which he helped to organize and a founding trustee of the Jewish Braille Institute. Dr. Jung also played a role in helping to bring more than 9,000 refugees to the United States. When New York State established its Kosher Food Advisory Board in 1940, Dr. Jung was named its chairman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20280.0,20310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/978","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsrael H. Levinthal (1888-1982) was rabbi of the Brooklyn Jewish Center in the Crown Heights section from 1919 to 1982. He was the first president for the Brooklyn region of the Zionist Organization of America from 1933 to 1935. In 1940, he was elected as the first president of the Brooklyn Jewish Community Council and was honorary president at his death. From 1948 to 1962, Rabbi Levinthal was visiting professor of homiletics at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. He wrote eight books, including Jewish Law of Agency, Judaism: An Analysis and Interpretation, and The Message of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20340.0,20370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/979","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSimon Noveck (1914-2005) was a native of Atlanta, Georgia. He was a rabbi, educator, and author. He received his B.A. from Yeshiva University and Ph.D. from Columbia University, and was ordained at the Jewish Theological Seminary. He was editor of the five-volume B'nai B'rith Great Books Series and director of Adult Jewish Education of B'nai B'rith. His pulpits included the Park Avenue Synagogue in New York City and Emanuel Synagogue in Hartford, Connecticut.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20430.0,20460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/980","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid de Sola Pool (1885-1970) was born in London, England and ordained as a rabbi at the Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary in Berlin, Germany. He was a leading American rabbi, scholar, author, and civic leader. He is considered the most prominent Sephardic rabbi in America during the mid-twentieth century. For 50 years, beginning in 1907, he was rabbi for the oldest Jewish congregation in the United States, Congregation Shearith Israel, which is located in New York City and also known as the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue. Pool translated and edited the Sephardic prayer book for the Union of Sephardic Congregations, Book of Prayer According to the Custom of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews, and the Ashkenazic prayer book for the Rabbinical Council of America, The Traditional Prayer Book for Sabbath and Festivals. He was author of the books, The Kaddish and Why I am a Jew. He was a president of the American Jewish Historical Society, and wrote several works about colonial Jewish history , including Portraits Etched In Stone and together with his wife, Tamar de Sola Pool, An Old Faith in a New World.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20460.0,20490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Dr. Bernard Drachman (1861- 1945) was an American rabbi and leader of Orthodox Judaism in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century. After receiving a B.A. from Columbia College in New York City, he received his rabbinic ordination at the Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland) and a Ph.D. from the University of Heidelberg, Germany. In 1890, Drachman began serving as rabbi in the Park East Synagogue in New York City, where he led for the next fifty-five years. Drachman was president of the Orthodox Union and professor at the Jewish Theological Seminary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329#t=20460.0,20490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/48204/file/121329/annotation_set/562/annotation/982","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Rabbinical Council of America (RCA) is one of the world's largest organizations of Orthodox rabbis; it is affiliated with The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, more commonly known as the Orthodox Union (OU). It is the main professional rabbinical association within Modern Orthodox in the United States. 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