{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/st7dr2qs69/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Holzer, Dorothy"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2001-02-02 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Dorothy Holzer (Interviewee)","Sandra Berman (Interviewer)","Ruth Einstein (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDorothy Holzer is interviewed by Sandra Berman and Ruth Einstein in Atlanta, Georgia on February 2, 2001.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eDorothy introduces her family. She recalls leaving Rozwadow, Poland when the Germans invaded. She talks about settling in Russian occupied Stryj, Poland and marrying her husband. Dorothy explains how they escaped to Lvov after their families were deported. She talks about going into hiding with the help of non-Jewish friends. Dorothy recounts how she and her husband survived the rest of the war using false identities. She tells how they went to Katowice, Poland after the war until the Brichah helped them get to Israel. Dorothy remembers life in Israel. She explains why they emigrated to Montreal, Canada. Dorothy talks about her son and her grandchildren. She discusses friendships with a non-Jewish Pole and with other survivors. Dorothy recollects the ambitions of her youth. She talks about family recipes she has passed on. She recounts learning about the fate of her father. The interview closes with Dorothy talking about her the pride she and her grandchildren share for their Jewish identity.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)","\u003cp\u003eDorothy Holzer was born Zofia Rosenberg on April 5, 1921 in Razwodow, Poland. She was the oldest child of Sima and Gedalye Rosenberg. Dorothy had one younger sister, Leah Rosenberg. Dorothy enjoyed a comfortable childhood and had just completed school when the Germans and Soviet Union invaded Poland in September 1939.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eWith help of friend Marian Holzer (1909-1998), Dorothy and her family fled Rozwadow soon after the Germans occupied the town. They settled in Marian’s hometown of Stryj, which was occupied by the Russians. There, Dorothy and Marian were married. When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, they were soon sent into a ghetto. One by one, Dorothy and Marian’s families were deported from the ghetto. Marian secured false identification papers and the couple fled to Lvov, Poland. In Lvov, a non-Jewish friend secured them a hiding place and after a few months, Marian was hired by an electrical company. They survived the rest of the war in Lvov, pretending to be non-Jews.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAfter the Russian army liberated Lvov, it became Ukraine. Dorothy and Marian were forced to return to Poland. They stayed in Katowice, Poland until the Brichah helped them escape through Czechoslovakia to Vienna, Austria in 1946. The young couple settled into a DP camp, where their son was born. In 1949, they immigrated to Herzliya, Israel. Three years later, in 1952, they left Israel for Montreal, Canada.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn 1995, Dorothy and Marian moved to Atlanta, Georgia to be near their son and four grandchildren. Marian died after an illness in 1998. Dorothy became an active member of Congregation B’nai Torah and the community of survivors in Atlanta. Dorothy died on October 5, 2017.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29144"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (corporate name)","Andre Kessler (personal name)","Eva Beldick (personal name)","Gedalye Rosenberg (personal name)","Leah Rosenberg (personal name)","Marian Holzer (personal name)","Tara Holzer (personal name)","Zofia Rosenberg (personal name)","Sima Rosenberg (personal name)","Kenneth Holzer (personal name)","Irene Bases (personal name)","Gilbert Holzer (personal name)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic)","Montreal, Canada (geographic)","Duluth, Georgia (geographic)","Herzliya, Israel (geographic)","Katowice, Poland (geographic)","Krakow, Poland (geographic)","Lviv, Ukraine (geographic)","Lvov, Poland (geographic)","Lemberg (geographic)","Pustkow, Poland (geographic)","Rozwadow, Poland (geographic)","San River (geographic)","Bug River (geographic)","Silesia (geographic)","Soviet Union (geographic)","Stalowa Wola, Poland (geographic)","Stryi, Ukraine (geographic)","Lviv, Ukraine (geographic)","Stryj, Poland (geographic)","Vienna, Austria (geographic)","Yom Hashoah (named event)","Holocaust Remembrance Day (named event)","Hanukkah (named event)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (topical term)","black market (topical term)","Brichah (corporate name)","Children of Holocaust Survivors (corporate name)","Communist (topical term)","Concentration camp (topical term)","Congregation B’nai Torah (corporate name)","Copenhagen, Denmark (geographic)","Cyprus (geographic)","Corey Holzer (personal name)","Dorothy Holzer (personal name)","Czechoslovakia (geographic)","Greenwood Cemetery (corporate name)","ghetto (topical term)","Hebrew (other)","ORT (corporate name)","Nazi (topical term)","DP camp (topical term)","World War II (named event)","Reichsdeutsche (topical term)","Pustkow Labor camp (topical term)","Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (topical term)","German-Soviet Pact (topical term)","Displaced persons (topical term)","Eternal Life-Hemshech (corporate name)","Memorial to Six Million (corporate name)","Kasha varnishkes (local term)","Intelligentsia (topical term)","Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (corporate name)","HIAS (corporate name)","Israel (geographic)","United States (geographic)","Austria (geographic)","Poland (geographic)","Ukraine (geographic)","Jewish (other)","Holocaust (named event)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDorothy Holzer is interviewed by Sandra Berman and Ruth Einstein in Atlanta, Georgia on February 2, 2001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDorothy introduces her family. She recalls leaving Rozwadow, Poland when the Germans invaded. She talks about settling in Russian occupied Stryj, Poland and marrying her husband. Dorothy explains how they escaped to Lvov after their families were deported. She talks about going into hiding with the help of non-Jewish friends. Dorothy recounts how she and her husband survived the rest of the war using false identities. She tells how they went to Katowice, Poland after the war until the Brichah helped them get to Israel. Dorothy remembers life in Israel. She explains why they emigrated to Montreal, Canada. Dorothy talks about her son and her grandchildren. She discusses friendships with a non-Jewish Pole and with other survivors. Dorothy recollects the ambitions of her youth. She talks about family recipes she has passed on. She recounts learning about the fate of her father. The interview closes with Dorothy talking about her the pride she and her grandchildren share for their Jewish identity.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDorothy Holzer was born Zofia Rosenberg on April 5, 1921 in Razwodow, Poland. She was the oldest child of Sima and Gedalye Rosenberg. Dorothy had one younger sister, Leah Rosenberg. Dorothy enjoyed a comfortable childhood and had just completed school when the Germans and Soviet Union invaded Poland in September 1939.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eWith help of friend Marian Holzer (1909-1998), Dorothy and her family fled Rozwadow soon after the Germans occupied the town. They settled in Marian\u0026rsquo;s hometown of Stryj, which was occupied by the Russians. There, Dorothy and Marian were married. When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, they were soon sent into a ghetto. One by one, Dorothy and Marian\u0026rsquo;s families were deported from the ghetto. Marian secured false identification papers and the couple fled to Lvov, Poland. In Lvov, a non-Jewish friend secured them a hiding place and after a few months, Marian was hired by an electrical company. They survived the rest of the war in Lvov, pretending to be non-Jews.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eAfter the Russian army liberated Lvov, it became Ukraine. Dorothy and Marian were forced to return to Poland. They stayed in Katowice, Poland until the Brichah helped them escape through Czechoslovakia to Vienna, Austria in 1946. The young couple settled into a DP camp, where their son was born. In 1949, they immigrated to Herzliya, Israel. Three years later, in 1952, they left Israel for Montreal, Canada.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn 1995, Dorothy and Marian moved to Atlanta, Georgia to be near their son and four grandchildren. Marian died after an illness in 1998. Dorothy became an active member of Congregation B\u0026rsquo;nai Torah and the community of survivors in Atlanta. Dorothy died on October 5, 2017.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/190/742/small/Holzer_Dorothy.mp4_1686747091.jpg?1686747092","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Holzer_Dorothy.mp4"]},"duration":2510.113,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/190/742/small/Holzer_Dorothy.mp4_1686747091.jpg?1686747092","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/190/742/original/Holzer_Dorothy.mp4?1686747089","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2510.113,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Dorothy Holzer [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sandra: Today is February second. We are here for an interview for the Legacy\nProject. Could you please tell us your name?\n\nDorothy: My name is Dorothy Holzer, H-O-L-Z-E-R.\n\nSandra: Where are you originally from?\n\nDorothy: I am from Poland -- born -- till I -- I stayed in Rozwadow [Poland]. It\nis called Rozwadow, not Stalowa Wola [Poland]. It is over a big river. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stayed\nthere till the war started [in] 1939 and then we left Poland.\n\nSandra: Can you tell me a little bit about your family, the people who were in\nyour family?\n\nDorothy: When I went in the --\n\nSandra: No, just --\n\nDorothy: The family that --\n\nSandra: What your father did, who your mother was, and if you had any brothers\nor sister.\n\nDorothy: My father was -- I will start from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning. There was -- In\nPoland, there was a big German company. They had all kinds of -- They were very\nrich. They had lumbers and -- How do you call that, that you make all kinds of --\n\nSandra: Construction?\n\nDorothy: Construction and everything. My father was in charge of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lumber all\nover Poland. He was the first Jew, the only Jew because this was a German. Until\nthe beginning of the war, he was there. When the war broke out, nobody knew us,\nso we left Rozwadow.\n\nSandra: You had brothers and sisters?\n\nDorothy: My mother?\n\nSandra: You had brothers?\n\nDorothy: No, I had only one sister.\n\nSandra: And her name?\n\nDorothy: [Her name] was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leah Rosenberg. My father's name was Rosenberg. And my\nmother --\n\nSandra: Your father's name?\n\nDorothy: Gedalye.\n\nSandra: Your father's first name?\n\nDorothy: Gedalye Rosenberg.\n\nSandra: Alright.\n\nDorothy: My mother's name was Sima Rosenberg. And my sister -- They all died in\nthe Holocaust.\n\nSandra: The Nazis came in 1939.\n\nDorothy: That is right.\n\nSandra: Where did your family go?\n\nDorothy: We escaped. We went -- First of all, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were bombarding us, so we\nleft to a very small place. After a week, we came back to Rozwadow.\n\nSandra: Could you spell the town's name for us so we have that?\n\nDorothy: What?\n\nSandra: Could you spell the name of the town?\n\nDorothy: The town there where I am from? It is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"R-O-Z-W-A-D-O-W.\n\nDorothy: The river there was one of the biggest rivers in Poland. It was San,\nS-A-N. This was a small town, about 5,000 people. We stayed there. We were\nthere. I had my whole family there.\n\nSandra: You came back. Then, what?\n\nDorothy: Then we came back. Then, of course, we could not live with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans.\nWe stayed another day or two. Then, the Germans said to all the Jews we have to\ngo away from there. Without even an hour, we left it and we went. They told us,\n\"Go to the Russians over the Bug [River],\" so we went. I had there -- My husband\nwas living there in my hometown, too, although he was not from Rozwadow. He had\na business ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there in my hometown. He was not yet my husband, but I knew him. He\nwas so good. He says, \"You know what? My parents live in Stryj [Ukraine]. Let's\ngo to Stryj,\" where the Russians were. He took us to Stryj with a -- How did we\ngo? I do not know how. I think he bought a horse and a buggy and we went with a\nhorse and buggy. Whatever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we could take, we took, but we left a woman who was\ntaking care of us, a maid. She stayed in my house. We were sure that we were\ngoing to come back, but we never came back. Of course, she stayed in our home.\nWe left everything there. Then, I -- We did not know anything [about] what happened to\nher, but we heard that the Germans took away the furniture and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything from there. Then,\nfrom there, we came to Stryj. It was very hard, because on the way to Stryj, the\nPolacks, they knew that we were Jews--not only us, but the whole little town was\nthere. Of course, they robbed. There were lots of robbers. They robbed us and\neverything. Thank G-d, we came to a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"town that is called -- on the border\nof Poland and Russia. We came there because my husband had the parents there, in\nStryj. We came to Stryj. Then, we stayed in Stryj till the war broke out between\nRussia and Germany.\n\nSandra: And then?\n\nDorothy: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, I married my husband in Stryj.\n\nSandra: What year was that?\n\nDorothy: Nineteen forty.\n\nSandra: And his name?\n\nDorothy: His name was Marian Holzer. Yes, I have his name. My name is Rosenberg,\nmy family name. I married my husband and he was a very brave man. We left\neverybody. No, we did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not leave Stryj yet, but we were thinking about -- There\nwas a ghetto, but we could not stay in ghetto. They have actions. You know what\nactions are?\n\nSandra: Yes.\n\nDorothy: Every second day, actions.\n\nSandra: Where were the people being sent to?\n\nDorothy: They killed them.\n\nSandra: Immediately?\n\nDorothy: Out of the town, they killed them. We knew that. That is it.\n\nSandra: From ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stryj, what happened?\n\nDorothy: We stayed in Stryj. During the two years, or one and a half years, I\nthink this was 1942 [or] the end of 1942, I think -- I do not exactly\n[remember]. Of course, his parents were gone already in actions. The whole [of]\nhis family [was] gone. We were alone. His brother was there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was planning to\ngo, to leave town. We were -- He was planning to go out. One day, he says, \"I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a passport.\" He said, \"False.\" Somebody gave it to him. It was -- For\nmoney, you could get anything. He wrote down his name and my name. One day, we\nleft Stryj. After the massacre and everything, we left. We went to a bigger\ncity, like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lvov [Poland]. In German, it is Lemberg. We went there, not knowing\nanybody. We had an address there when we came to Lemberg. You know how we came?\nHe rented [from] somebody a truck and we were in the back. We came to Lemberg.\nWe came to a place that he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew that somebody lives there. We came there, to the\nhouse there. The house was closed. He went downstairs to the people who lived\nthere, who were taking care of the house. Where are they? [The man] said, \"You\ndon't know? They were Jews. They were taken. The Germans killed them yesterday.\"\nWe did not know where to go. [It was a] big city. Then, he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"says, \"What to do?\nLet's go to the ghetto.\" This was at night. We could not walk at night because\nwe could have gotten killed, too, but he says so me, \"My mother had here a\nfriend.\" He remembered where she lived. [He said,] \"I'll try to go there.\" We\nwent at night. We went to that place. He found ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. We came there and of course,\nwe knocked on the door. There was her husband. She was not there, the lady. We\nsaid, \"Where is the lady?\" [The man said,] \"She's coming back.\" The man did not\nrecognize us. This was the husband of this lady. He says, \"You stay here. She\nwill come back.\" She came. She let us say there. He did not know that we were\nJews at all. We had already the papers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then, the false papers. Then she came,\nthe lady. When she saw my husband, this was -- She knew right away who he was.\nWe stayed overnight there. She gave us an idea to go to a next place, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where she\nhad her sister living there. She says -- She gave us a plan, everything what to\ndo, and how to do, and how to pray, and everything. She was very nice to us.\nThis was -- She was--this lady was a friend of my mother-in-law, of my husband's\nmother--very friendly.\n\nSandra: Was she Jewish?\n\nDorothy: No, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish. She went with us to this little place. She told her sister\nthat we escaped from Stryi because the Ukrainians were after my husband--a\nstory, which was not true, but that is the way she said. That helped ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. We\nstayed there for three months, or even more than three months. We were hiding\nthere. We could not. We didn't really know. We did not want to go out. We were\nafraid. Luckily, after a time--I do not know how long it took us--he met some\nPolish people, but they did not know that we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews. They recommended someone\nin Lemberg that they had an electrical company. My husband was an electrical\nengineer. She highly recommended my husband to these people. These people were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish people and they were Reichsdeutsche. Reichsdeutsche means that once they\nwere Polish, they became German because this was in Silesia. You know. You are\nfamiliar with that. Anyhow, my husband went there with one of these ladies to\nthe place. [She] introduced my husband. Right away, he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was hired. We went\nalready to Lemberg there. My husband was working to the end of the war there.\n\nSandra: What was the name of the company?\n\nDorothy: The company? I will tell you the name of the owner. He was living in\nSilesia, but he came to Lemberg. The Germans supplied the army with everything.\nThey made a lot of money in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland. The name of the owner was Schmalshof [sp]. I\nremember very well that because he helped us a lot. He help a lot.\n\nSandra: What about your parents?\n\nDorothy: My parents? My parents, they were with me. We went away, but -- No,\nwhen we went to Lemberg, my parents already -- They were not -- It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was 1942.\nThey were taken to Auschwitz-Birkenau. My father -- Later, I heard that he was\nin a camp, too, not far from Tarnow [Poland]. Maybe you will know. The name of\nthe camp was Pustkow. It was a terrible camp.\n\nSandra: And your sister? She went --\n\nDorothy: My sister went with my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother.\n\nSandra: You stayed in Lemberg until the war ended?\n\nDorothy: Till after the war, yes, till 1944.\n\nSandra: The owner of the company did not know you were Jewish?\n\nDorothy: [No.]\n\nSandra: Did you tell him when the war ended?\n\nDorothy: [Yes,] later, after the war.\n\nSandra: After the war.\n\nDorothy: Yes.\n\nSandra: How was he with that?\n\nDorothy: He was crying. He was so good.\n\nSandra: And then?\n\nDorothy: We helped him too, later ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on.\n\nSandra: Then, you decided to emigrate when?\n\nDorothy: From Poland?\n\nSandra: [Yes.]\n\nDorothy: Nineteen forty-six. It was impossible to live in Poland.\n\nSandra: How did you --\n\nDorothy: There were people -- Polacks --Yes?\n\nSandra: You decided to go to Israel [or] the United States? Where did you decide\nto go?\n\nDorothy: It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in 1946. We were ready to go out from Poland. But where to go?\nThere was a Jewish organization that they brought over people from Poland to\nCzechoslovakia. What was --\n\nSandra: ORT? The Joint Distribution Committee?\n\nDorothy: Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They got even money. What was the name of the organization? I\ncannot --\n\nSandra: I think the Joint, the Joint Distribution Committee, the JDC?\n\nDorothy: No, it was another name.\n\nSandra: HIAS?\n\nDorothy: No, it was another name. It was right after the war, do not forget.\nMaybe it will come to me later. We had a few friends in -- We emigrated from\nLemberg. We went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland later during the war because the Russians came. They\nsaid, \"You are all Polacks. You go to Poland. This is Ukraine. Everybody has to\ngo.\" We went to Krakow [Poland]. We stayed in Krakow with no money. We did not\nhave -- We met there a few of our good friends. We stayed with them in Krakow.\nThen, we moved to Katowice [Poland].\n\nSandra: When you got to Krakow --\n\nDorothy: Yes?\n\nSandra: Did you know that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau was right there?\n\nDorothy: We knew that. We knew everything. We knew when the end of war came,\nbecause when my husband was working in that German, in Schmalshof's firm--he\nliked him so much; Mr. Schmalshof was so good to us--he told us everything about\nhis son, and about his daughter, and about the whole family, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he employed so\nmany Jews in Katowice. He told us everything. Maybe he smelled out that we were\nJews, but he was good to us.\n\nSandra: How did you help him later?\n\nDorothy: Later, when we came to Katowice, we were in touch with him. He knew\nthat we were Jews at that time. I was not afraid. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once, they were taking all the\nGermans away--the Polacks, the Communists [were]--from Katowice. Once, he called\nus up. He said that he is in trouble because they wanted to arrest him. But he\nreally was a nice guy. I do not know why they arrested him. [It was] because he\nwas German. My husband, being still with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish papers, he had people who\nworked in the secret police, Polacks. He went to one of these of friends. He\nsaid, \"Listen. Here is a man that they want to arrest him. He helped me a lot.\nYou let him out.\" He wrote a beautiful letter to the secret police and they let\nhim out.\n\nSandra: Did you keep in touch with him after the war?\n\nDorothy: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, it was in Katowice.\n\nSandra: No, but years later?\n\nDorothy: No, not anymore because we left. He was very nice.\n\nSandra: It is 1946 --\n\nDorothy: Yes.\n\nSandra: -- and you need to get papers to emigrate --\n\nDorothy: No, we did not.\n\nSandra: No?\n\nDorothy: No, when we were in Poland, in Katowice, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just tried. My husband --\nHe was very smart. He tried all over, to get over the border. We did not know\nanybody. As Polacks, who knew that? We did not know anybody. Brichah? Is it Brichah?\n\nSandra: The Jewish organization?\n\nDorothy: Yes! That was the Brichah who took us out from Poland.\n\nRuth: Those were Jews that were trying to get the survivors to Israel. There was\na whole lot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there.\n\nDorothy: Yes, to Israel through Europe.\n\nRuth: Yes.\n\nDorothy: We went. I will never [forget] that. I was pregnant with my son. We\ntried to get through Czechoslovakia. One day, we went to the border, [the]\nPolish-Czechoslovakian. There was a Polish woman living ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the border. We paid\nher, because during -- When we came to Poland, Krakow, there was business. My\nhusband made, had some kinds of businesses, so we made a few dollars. When we\ncame to the border, this Polish woman took us through the border. We were\nalready in Czechoslovakia. There, Brichah prepared already transportation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to --\nWhat is the --\n\nRuth: Cyprus\n\nDorothy: No, we were not in -- We went to Czechoslovakia. We stayed there and\nthe Brichah took us to Austria, to Vienna. We were already displaced [persons],\nDPs. In DP [camps], people were waiting [to go] wherever they wanted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go. Some\npeople were waiting for the quota they had to go to the United States. These\npeople who could not go anywhere, they went to Israel. We wait there two and a\nhalf years or maybe three years in Austria. Of course, the Joint helped us. My\nson was born there in Austria.\n\nSandra: When did you get to Israel?\n\nDorothy: In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1949.\n\nSandra: How long --\n\nDorothy: In 1949, we went to Israel and we lived -- We had -- When we came to\nIsrael, you mean?\n\nSandra: How long did you stay in Israel?\n\nDorothy: We stayed in Israel, yes, two and a half years, I think. We stayed in\nIsrael until 1952.\n\nSandra: Why did you leave?\n\nDorothy: The conditions were very bad. I tell you, after living in Poland with\nthe horrors and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything, I was so afraid of the Arabs. You have no idea. My\nhusband was not afraid, but I was so afraid. I got sick there.\n\nSandra: Where in Israel did you live?\n\nDorothy: I lived in Herzliya.\n\nSandra: Beautiful.\n\nDorothy: Yes, but it was not beautiful when I came -- Now, it is beautiful. This\nwas a part of Herzliya.\n\nSandra: How did the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israeli community accept you as survivors? Was it easy to --\n\nDorothy: I will tell you. My husband [spoke] fluently Hebrew, so he was not\nafraid of these Israelis. Whatever he had to say, he just told them. He was not\nafraid. He worked in Israel.\n\nSandra: How about you? How did you get along --\n\nDorothy: I did not work at all.\n\nSandra: -- with the Israelis?\n\nDorothy: I did not know Hebrew at all, or a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little bit. [Unintelligible; 24:04].\n\nSandra: How did you get out to Canada? How did you decide to --\n\nDorothy: It took two and a half years. I had an uncle in -- First of all, we\nwanted to go to the [United] States, but we had to wait for our quota. We had to\nwait another two or three years. I do not know how long. My husband was very\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"impatient and because he loved Israel, he spoke Hebrew, and many friends he had\n[there], he said, \"We are going to Israel.\" We went to Israel. How we came out\nfrom Israel? I was not feeling well. As I said, I was afraid. I was very much\nafraid. And the time was very hard there in Israel at that time. I could not\ncomplain. We had everything. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a cousin in Canada, my husband's cousin, and\nshe tried us out. She tried us to come back to Canada. We were in Israel one\nyear till we came to Canada.\n\nSandra: Where in Canada?\n\nDorothy: In Montreal.\n\nSandra: How many years were you in Montreal?\n\nDorothy: We came in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1952. I think six years I am here [in the United States], so\nhow many years is that? Forty-odd years.\n\nSandra: Going back to immediately after the war, in the DP camp --\n\nDorothy: You mean in Austria?\n\nSandra: In Austria. What was it like in the displaced person's camp? Was it a\ndifficult time?\n\nDorothy: Very hard. It was not easy. From the DP camp, from the Joint, we had a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little room. My son was born and we lived in that little room, three of us. It\nwas easy, but it was hard for us, too. For some people, it was easy. They did\nnot do anything. They were doing businesses among themselves there in the DP\n[camp]. They made a lot of money, some people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When they came to the United\nStates, they brought money, too, from the displaced persons [camps]. But it was hard.\n\nSandra: What did your husband do in Canada for a living?\n\nDorothy: In Canada? When we came to Canada, he had -- From the beginning, he did\nnot do any -- He was looking around, but he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had -- How do you call that? He was\na promoter in real estate, let us put it this way. [He was a] promoter. He lent.\nThat is what he did.\n\nSandra: Did the Holocaust have -- What kind of effect on your life -- If you\nlook at the Holocaust and what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened to your family, can you put in just a\nfew sentences, how that has affected your life?\n\nDorothy: I lost the whole family. I was young and suddenly, everybody is gone.\n\nSandra: Has it affected how you raised your own children?\n\nDorothy: I was not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well. I was very nervous. I still suffer high blood pressure.\n\nSandra: Are you religious?\n\nDorothy: I belong to B'nai Torah. You know what? Until I came here, I never\nbelonged to any synagogue.\n\nSandra: Why do you think? Why is that?\n\nDorothy: I belong now and I try. I believe in G-d, even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"though -- I have a nice\nfamily here.\n\nSandra: How many children?\n\nDorothy: I have one son. He came here 23 years ago. He came with his wife.\n\nSandra: What is his name?\n\nDorothy: Gilbert Holzer, H-O-L-Z-E-R.\n\nSandra: And his wife?\n\nDorothy: Unfortunately, she passed away last year.\n\nSandra: I am so sorry. Grandchildren?\n\nDorothy: Four.\n\nSandra: And their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"names?\n\nDorothy: The oldest one is Corey. He is 27. When we came, the kids were very\nsmall. One was four; one was three; one was two; and the fourth one was born\nhere. One is 27. One is -- Tara is -- Maybe you know her? Tara? You do not know\nher? Tara ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is 25, I think. Yes, 25 years old. She is the second in line. Then, it\nis Kenny, who is 23, and the youngest one is 16. Three boys and one girl.\n\nSandra: Do you talk to your grandchildren about the Holocaust?\n\nDorothy: They know.\n\nSandra: Have you told them your story and the family?\n\nDorothy: They know everything.\n\nSandra: That is a wonderful --\n\nDorothy: They know everything about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it because I want them to know. When I am\ngone, nobody is there. There is no family.\n\nSandra: Why is it important to you for your grandchildren to know the story?\n\nDorothy: They should know how the Jews were persecuted in Poland because we were\nJews. Let them know.\n\nSandra: Do you ever have a desire to go back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland?\n\nDorothy: Never. Although, I have good friends here. They are [Polish]. She used\nto -- When my husband was sick, he was sick here. This was three years ago that\nhe passed away. I had this Polish woman. She was -- She found me on internet.\nShe came to work with my husband, and she worked, and she was -- but she is\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"young. She never knew about the war. She is a young person and she is a good\nperson. She worked. Until now, she is a good friend of mine. She is not even 50\nyears old. Her husband is the same age. She has a daughter. They are wonderful\nfriends of mine now. She just called before. She wants -- She lives in -- Where\nis it? Duluth [Georgia], I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think. Every day she [tells me that] she would like\nme to -- I should go there, and I should stay with her, and whatever. Really.\nShe is not -- She is good.\n\nSandra: Have you wanted to get at all active in any survivor organizations?\n\nDorothy: I tell you something. I am here and I am very busy here. If I can help\nsome people here, I do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it.\n\nSandra: Have you wanted to join any survivor organizations?\n\nDorothy: It is hard for me, but I tell you, I live here three years already. I\nlike to help people. I like -- I am working here. I took over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the library here.\nAlthough, there are not many Jews here. Most of them are Southerners, I tell\nyou, and with my accent -- There are a lot of people I know. Really, I am well\nrespected here.\n\nBut to work as a survivor? I will never forget being a survivor. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Never. We\nalways -- When I have my friend here from Canada, they are all survivors. We\nalways talk about being survivors, and how it was, everything. But there is a\nfriend of mine who is now -- She is Canadian, too. She is a daughter of a\nsurvivor. Maybe you know her. Eva Beldick?\n\nSandra: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[No.]\n\nDorothy: There is a survivor organization. They meet. Once, on Hanukkah, I went\neven to a dinner. It is the Children of Survivors. It was -- I think -- What was\nthe name? It was in a restaurant we went a few weeks ago. She works there. Now,\nshe wanted me to go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where there is a cemetery on Greenwood.\n\nSandra: [Yes.] The memorial.\n\nDorothy: Then, there is going to be a memorial. She wants me to light the candle\nand I think her mother, too. Her mother lives in Florida, now. I think we are\ngoing to go to the cemetery.\n\nSandra: That is wonderful.\n\nDorothy: Do you know [Andre] Kessler?\n\nSandra: Yes.\n\nDorothy: I told him, \"Put me on the list of survivors.\" What is the name of the organization?\n\nSandra: [Eternal Life-]Hemshech.\n\nDorothy: That is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right. He already put me on the list of the survivors.\n\nSandra: We hope maybe you will come down to the museum and visit us one day.\n\nRuth: Yes. Mrs. Holzer, right before the war, what were your hopes for your life?\n\nDorothy: When? After the war?\n\nRuth: Right before the war, you were just a teenager. What did you think? What\ndid you want to do with your life before?\n\nDorothy: Before the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war?\n\nRuth: Yes. What were your hopes and dreams for your life?\n\nDorothy: I had high hopes because I come from a nice, well-to-do family. My\ngrandfather was well known. First of all, when I finished school, I wanted to go\nfurther to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study. My father wanted to send me to Krakow. But I could not. The\nwar broke out.\n\nSandra: What did you want to be?\n\nDorothy: A housewife. That is all.\n\nSandra: That is what you got.\n\nDorothy: Yes.\n\nSandra: You got a good life with a good husband.\n\nDorothy: Yes. I do not know how I got it, but I think I was a good housewife.\nAfter all, I was 57 years married.\n\nSandra: That is wonderful.\n\nDorothy: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.\n\nRuth: From your family, what are the customs, or traditions, or foods, or what\nthings did you bring to your own children from your parents?\n\nDorothy: From the family?\n\nRuth: Yes. What was important to you and what remained with you after the war?\n\nDorothy: After the war?\n\nRuth: Yes. What did you what did you bring to your own family from your family\nwhen you grew up?\n\nDorothy: To be good Jews. They should always remember that they are Jews. They\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should be proud of being a Jew. That is it.\n\nSandra: What about a special way --\n\nDorothy: Yes?\n\nSandra: -- that your mother prepared a certain dish. Have you passed any of that\ndown to your son or to your grandchildren? Or the way your father may have told\na story, an anecdote from the family? Is anything like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that special to you, that\nyou have passed down to your children or your grandchildren?\n\nDorothy: Do you want me to tell you?\n\nSandra: Yes.\n\nDorothy: I was never interested in housework when I was at home, because I said\nthat we had a maid in the house, and she did it, and she cooked. My mother was\nnot such a big cook, but some dishes I still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember and I am cooking it. My\nkids, when they want something good to eat, I say, \"You are going to have now\nsomething that I know.\"\n\nSandra: What is it?\n\nDorothy: They will eat it.\n\nSandra: What?\n\nDorothy: Kasha varnishkes [Yiddish: buckwheat with bowtie pasta]. That is what I like.\n\nSandra: That is wonderful.\n\nDorothy: Yes. My daughter-in-law loved my soup. Always my soup. That was -- I\nbecame a very good cook although I did not cook before the war. I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no time. I\ndid not have time. The war broke out in 1939.\n\nSandra: How old were you that year?\n\nDorothy: Eighteen. We lost everything.\n\nSandra: Was your sister younger or older?\n\nDorothy: My sister was younger, four years younger. You know what? In Copenhagen\n[Denmark] -- I found out that her colleague lives in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Copenhagen. We are in touch\nwith her.\n\nSandra: That is wonderful.\n\nDorothy: She and my sister were in the same class.\n\nSandra: One last question.\n\nDorothy: Yes.\n\nSandra: After the war, did you try to go back to find out what happened to\nrelatives besides your parents, your sister, and also aunts, uncles? Did you try\nto find out what happened after the war?\n\nDorothy: I knew what happened. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew the fate of everybody. We knew that. I\nknew -- It was funny. When I was in Israel, I was walking with my cousin in\nIsrael on the street. There was a young man running after me and my cousin. He\nstarted -- He was talking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew. I said to my cousin, \"Listen to him. What is\nhe talking to me?\" He said he wants to talk to me. That man told my cousin that\nhe was in the same camp where my father was and he saw him dying. I knew the\nfate of everybody. He was from the same hometown. He knew my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father. That man\ncould not talk. He could not hear. He survived. You know why? He was young. He\nprobably was doing a good job that my father could not do because he was not\nused to do that hard job what -- That is how many people stayed -- survived.\nMany people survived because they were tailors, they were whatever. They used to\n-- [They] were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strong. [From] the intelligentsia, everybody went. You know that.\n\nSandra: Thank you very much for sharing with us.\n\nDorothy: I thank you.\n\nSandra: We appreciate it.\n\nRuth: If you have any -- I know that your children are probably going to come to\nthe museum to see this potentially.\n\nDorothy: I would love to.\n\nRuth: What would you like to say to them? Now that we have you on tape, what --\nDorothy: They will be very happy. I told my grandson that you are coming ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today\nin the afternoon. [He asked,] \"Yes?\" I said, \"Yes.\" They know. They had fights\nhere with students in school, too. Yes, because somebody told them, \"You Jew,\"\nor something. One of my boys, they were fighting with them. He said, \"This is\nthe last time you are going to tell me. I am proud of being. Who are you?\" They\nwere fighting for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/transcript/43940/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids and they have friends now, all kinds of friends. They\nare not afraid. They know how Grandpa was.\n\nSandra: That is a wonderful legacy.\n\nDorothy: It is true. Thank you.\n\nSandra: Thank you very much.\n\nDorothy: I thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2490.0,2520.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRozwadow [Polish: Rozwadów] is a small town in southeastern Poland. In 1939, the Jewish population of the town was more than 2,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRozwadow was incorporated into the nearby city of Stalowa Wola in 1973.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs the invading German forces advanced east in September of 1939, hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees fled westward. Most fled so suddenly, they took only what they could carry and had no specific destination in mind. Few made contingency plans or took the time to prepare adequately for a long journey. When the Russians then annexed eastern Poland and a German-Russian demarcation line was established, 300,000 Jewish refugees found themselves trapped on the Soviet side of a heavily guarded border. Some of the refugees returned home, while about 40,000 continued their flight fearing arrest and persecution in either German- or Russian-occupied territory. Many headed to Romania, Hungary, and Lithuania, only to later become victims of mass killing operations when German forces advanced deep into Soviet territory in 1941. The vast majority of the Polish refugees, however, remained in Soviet-occupied Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe San is a river in southeastern Poland and western Ukraine, a tributary of the river Vistula.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn September 24, 1939, Rozwadow was captured by the Germans, and on October 2, the Jews were deported across the San River into the Soviet held portion of Poland. Later, Jews were permitted to return, and by September 1940, some 400 Jews lived there in a ghetto. In July 1942, the ghetto was liquidated. Many were killed in the ghetto or surrounding forests; others were deported to various ghettos and camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoth the Russian and German armies invaded Poland in September 1939. On September 28, Germany and the Soviet Union reached an agreement partitioning Poland and outlining their zones of occupation. A demarcation line for the partition of German- and Russian-occupied Poland was established along the Bug River, between Krakow and Lvov. It is estimated that the number of refugees who crossed from the German-occupied part of Poland to the areas annexed by the Soviet Union totaled about 300,000. The Russians left the border freely open to traffic until the end of October 1939. From then until the end of 1939 a small number of persons still crossed the border. After that, it was completely sealed. Some refugees still attempted to sneak across the heavily guarded border, often at great danger. Those caught trying to cross between occupation zones or trying to flee without papers faced arrest and arbitrary violence at the hands of both Russian and German border guards. The demarcation line would remain in effect until June 22, 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStryi [Polish: Stryj] is a city in western Ukraine. It is located the left bank of the Stryi River, approximately 44 miles (70 kilometers) south of Lviv in the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains. It was part of the Republic of Poland between the World Wars. After World War II, it became Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the codename Operation “Barbarossa,” Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, in the largest German military operation of World War II. Although the Soviet Union had been Germany’s ally in the war against Poland, the destruction of the Soviet Union and conquest of territory in the East had long been one of Hitler’s proclaimed goals. The attack on the Soviet Union marked a turning point in both the history of World War II and the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNearly 12,000 Jews lived in Stryj when German forces occupied the town on July 3, 1941. A wave of violence immediately broke out and at least 350 Jews were killed. Another 830 were shot in September. Following a series of restrictions, a ghetto was established in October. The ghetto was not enclosed until December 1942. Jews were required to work in construction, at a glass factory, and building barracks for the Wehrmacht. Women and children were put to work in the ghetto, making and repairing clothing. Thousands died during the winter of 1941-1942 due to a lack of fuel, food, adequate clothing and a typhoid outbreak. Several hundred were shot in spring 1942 and by June, there were only 9,744 Jews left in the ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAktion \u003cbr\u003e[English: action] is the German term used for any non-military campaign to further Nazi ideals of race, but most often referring to the assembly, and deportation of Jews to concentration or death camps. In September and October 1942, a series of actions sent thousands of Jews from Stryj and the surrounding areas to the Belzec extermination camp. After these actions, approximately 5,000 Jews remained in Stryj. In February 1943, 1,000 people were executed in the nearby Holobutow Forest. Another 1,000 were deported to Lvov in May.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn June 5-7, 1943, the remaining 3,000 Stryj ghetto residents were also shot in the nearby forest. When the city was liberated by the Russian army on August 8, 1944, several Jews emerged from hiding. Some had escaped into the woods, while others had been hidden by Poles and Ukrainians.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLvov \u003cbr\u003e[\u003cbr\u003ePolish: Lwów\u003cbr\u003e;\u003cbr\u003e Ukrainian: Lviv\u003cbr\u003e] \u003cbr\u003ewas once a Polish town. It is approximately 220 miles (350 km) east of Krakow and 212 miles (341 km) southeast of Warsaw. Under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact, the city was occupied by the Soviet Union on September 22, 1939. By then, nearly 100,000 refugees from German-occupied Poland had joined the 109,500 Jews already living in Lvov. The Germans subsequently occupied Lvov on June 30, 1941, after the invasion of the Soviet Union, and renamed the town “Lemberg.” Pogroms immediately broke out. Over the course of four days, Ukrainian nationalists, encouraged by German forces, massacred about 4,000 Jews. More than 2,000 Jews were murdered and thousands more were injured in another pogrom organized in late July. A ghetto that was established in November of 1941. It was not sealed until November 1942. In March of 1942, deportations began. By August 1942, more than 65,000 Jews had been deported from the Lvov ghetto and murdered. In early June 1943, German and Ukrainian police destroyed what remained of the Lvov ghetto, killing thousands of Jews in the process. The remaining ghetto residents were sent to the Janowska forced-labor camp or deported to Belzec. The Soviet army reentered Lvov in July 1944. Since World War II, the city has been part of Ukraine and is known as “Lviv.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReichsdeutsche\u003cbr\u003e [German: Germans of the Reich] refers to German citizens who lived outside of Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSilesia is a historical region of Central Europe that lies mostly within Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.\u003cbr\u003e Following the German invasion of Poland in the fall of 1939, the area was incorporated into the German province of Silesia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePustkow [Polish: Pustków] is a small village in southeast Poland, about 24 miles (38 kilometers) northeast of Tarnow, Poland. The Germans originally planned to erect a large SS training camp near Pustkow called SS-Truppenübungsplatz Heidelager. To construct the facility, the first prisoners—mostly Polish Jews from the Krakow, Rzeszow, and Tarnow ghettos—were brought to the camp in June 1940. The conditions were so terrible that most did not survive the first few months. In October 1941, the camp was expanded to house Russian prisoners of war. Housed in an enclosure with no shelter, food, or adequate clothing, most of the POWs died during the winter of 1941-1942. In September 1942, a third camp was established for Polish forced laborers involved in the development and production of V1 and V2 rockets. The conditions in the Polish camp were as brutal as in the Jewish and Russian. It is estimated that at least 15,000 prisoners—including approximately 5,000 Russian prisoner of war, 7,500 Jews, and 2,500 Poles—died in Pustkow. As Soviet forces advanced in the summer of 1944, the three camps were evacuated and destroyed, with the survivors moved to other camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDespite their wartime alliance, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States and Great Britain intensified rapidly as the World War II came to a close. After Germany’s surrender in 1945, Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Europe. As Soviet power and influence expanded, a communist dictatorship was established under Josef Stalin, who led the Soviet Union from the mid–1920s until 1953. Several countries in Eastern Europe—Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany—operated as Soviet satellite states. These countries were not officially part of the USSR, but their governments were loyal Stalinists, and therefore looked to and aligned themselves with the Soviet Union politically and militarily via the Warsaw Pact. After liberation, many Eastern European Jewish survivors encountered manifestations of antisemitism, hostility, and violence from the local populations when they returned home. In 1946, a surge of Jewish survivors and refugees from the Soviet Union flooded into the western Allies’ zones, hoping to escape the anti-Jewish violence and further persecution from Stalin’s regime. By that time, escalating tensions between the Soviet Union and the western European countries that were allied to the United States had created a political, military, and ideological barrier that divided Europe. In order to curb a concentration of anti-communist political expatriates in the West, the Soviet Union began closing borders.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eORT (Association for the Promotion of Skilled Trades) is a non-profit global Jewish organization that promotes education and training in communities worldwide. It was founded at the end of the eighteenth century in 1880 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. After World War II, ORT was very active in the DP camps, opening schools with rehabilitation programs in 78 camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was founded in 1881. Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating. During and after World War II, they worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas. After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShortly after the Red Army entered western Ukraine and eastern Poland in the summer of 1944, representatives of Soviet Ukraine and Poland agreed to a population exchange of citizens. In what became one of the largest population transfers in postwar Europe, by the end of 1946 some 483,000 Ukrainians were forced to move from Poland to Ukraine, while 790,000 Poles were transported to Poland from Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow [Polish: Kraków; sometimes also “Cracow”] is the second largest city in Poland, situated on the Vistula River. The city is one of the oldest in Poland and dates back to the seventh century. On September 6, 1939, the German army entered Krakow. When the Germans occupied Krakow in 1939, the city became the center of the General Government, a separate administrative region of the Third Reich. The Germans evacuated Krakow on January 17, 1945. Soviet forces entered the city two days later, on January 19, 1945. In 1939, some 56,000 Jews (almost one-quarter of the total population) resided in Krakow. Only 2,000 Jews from Krakow survived the war. By early 1946, around 10,000 Jews—many of whom had returned to Poland from the Soviet Union—had settled in Krakow. However, the majority soon emigrated following a wave of pogroms and antisemitic violence in 1946. By the 1990s, only a few hundred Jews remained in Krakow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKatowice is a city in the Upper Silesia in southern Poland. It became a city in the Prussian Province of Silesia (part of Germany) in 1865, and was mainly inhabited by Germans, Silesians, Jews, and Poles. In 1932, the Jewish population was 9,000. On September 3, 1939, when the Nazis entered the city, the Jewish population had increased due to an influx of refugees, and was approximately 11,000 to 12,000. Flight and expulsions left 900 at the end of the year. After World War II, about 1,500 Jews, most of whom were from other parts of Poland and had spent the war years in the Soviet Union, settled in Katowice, but soon immigrated elsewhere. By 1967, there were only 624 Jews in Katowice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II, the Brichah [Hebrew: “escape” or “flight”] was an underground effort that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors escape to what was then the British Mandate of Palestine in violation of the White Paper of 1939. Officers of the Jewish Brigade of the British army, along with operatives from the Haganah (the Jewish clandestine army in Palestine) helped to smuggled as many displaced Jewish persons as possible into Palestine through Italy. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee funded them. After the Kielce pogrom of 1946, the flight of Jews accelerated and Brichah helped about 250,000 survivors in Eastern Europe (under the Russians) get into Austria, Germany and Italy and then on to Palestine through elaborate smuggling networks. Brichah ended when Israel became independent.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween August 1946 and May 1948, more than 50,000 survivors were intercepted trying to reach Palestine. As part of its efforts to stem the rising tide of illegal immigrants flooding into Palestine after the Holocaust, the British government established internment camps along the Mediterranean coast and on the island of Cyprus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore World War II, the overwhelming majority of Austrian Jews lived in Vienna, which was an important center of Jewish culture, Zionism, and education. In 1938, some 170,000 Jews lived in Vienna, Austria, as well as approximately 80,000 persons of mixed Jewish-Christian background. Only 2,000 Viennese Jews survived deportations during the war, along with about 800 Jews who managed to hide. After the city was liberated in April 1945, it was under joint Allied occupation. There were 17,000 Jews in the city, most of whom were Hungarian Jews or other refugees. Between 1945 and 1952, other Jewish displaced persons, who looked towards the American Army for services and protection, rather than towards the Austrian government, augmented their numbers. After the Kielce pogrom in the summer of 1946, Jews fleeing Poland flooded into Vienna. Some 52,000 individuals passed through Vienna. In response to the overcrowding, more DP camps were opened in Austria, with Vienna often serving as a transit point.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1924 Johnson-Reed Act had cut immigration quotas to admit fewer than 6,000 Polish immigrants into the United States per year. From 1939 to 1945, the quota for Polish immigrants admitted into the U.S. had increased to 15,000 per year. Immigration restrictions were still in effect at the end of the war until President Harry S. Truman issued an executive order, the \"Truman Directive,\" on December 22, 1945. It required that existing immigration quotas be designated for displaced persons (DPs). While overall immigration into the United States did not increase, more DPs were admitted than before. About 22,950 DPs, of whom two-thirds were Jewish, entered the United States between December 22, 1945 and 1947 under provisions of the Truman Directive. The Polish quota between 1945 and 1948 was 17,000 a year. Congressional action to increase immigration quotas did not come until 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerzliya is a city in the central coast of Israel, named after Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern Zionism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation B'nai Torah is a Conservative synagogue located in Sandy Springs, Georgia. It was founded in 1981.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuluth is a city northeast of Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEva Beldick is the child of Polish survivors, Paul Bases and Irene Spanlang Bases (1919-2018). Irene’s testimony is housed at the Breman Museum’s The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHanukkah\u003cbr\u003e or Chanukah [Hebrew: dedication] is an eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar. Hanukkah celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rulers of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the menorah (ritual candelabra) but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil. This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The Hanukkah menorah, or hanukiah, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, with the ninth candle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThroughout the United States, there are numerous formally and informally organized groups of children of Holocaust survivors (sometimes called ‘the second generation’). Around 1985, in Atlanta, Georgia, a group of children of survivors organized a project to save the memories of their parents. The group collected 25 interviews on VHS. Survivors shared their Holocaust experiences and spoke about their lives before and after the war. The collection is housed at the Breman Museum’s The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGreenwood Cemetery, opened in 1904, is designed in the Lawn style, with long vistas in all directions. Greenwood has a large Jewish section. Greenwood Cemetery is also the home of the Memorial to the Six Million, where Holocaust remembrance services are held every spring.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEach year at the state of Georgia’s official Holocaust remembrance service, six candles are lit in memory of the estimated six million victims of the Holocaust. In 2005, Dorothy was one of the six candle lighters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAndre John Kessler (1940-2019) \u003cbr\u003ewas born in Bucharest, Romania and survived the Holocaust in hiding with his mother. They immigrated to the United States in 1951 and Andre eventually settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Kessler’s testimony is housed at the Breman Museum’s The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEternal Life-Hemshech is an organization of Atlanta Holocaust survivors, their descendants and friends dedicated to commemorating the 6,000,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Approximately 100 Holocaust survivors living in Atlanta, Georgia founded Eternal Life-Hemshech in 1964. Hemshech is a Hebrew word that means “continuation.” Their purpose was to \"perpetuate the memory of their beloved families along with all of the six million Jewish victims of the Holocaust.\" The group wanted the memorial to serve as a place to say Kaddish, the Jewish prayer for the dead. The Memorial to Six Million was dedicated in Atlanta’s Greenwood Cemetery in 1965.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742/annotation_set/1058/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIntelligentsia is a term that broadly refers to a social group of intellectuals and highly educated people interested in changing or improving political, social and cultural systems. \u003cbr\u003eDorothy is referring more broadly to the harsh treatment and lessened likelihood of survival for \u003cbr\u003ethose considered part of the Polish intelligentsia, especially those who were Jewish.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eUnder\u003cbr\u003e German occupation, thousands of Polish civilians, including many members of the Polish nobility, clergy, and intelligentsia were systematically murdered. The aim was to remove those Poles considered most capable of organizing resistance to German rule and reduce the Poles to a leaderless population of peasants and workers laboring for German masters. Thousands of teachers, priests and other intellectuals were shot in mass killings. Thousands more were sent to concentration camps. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/94448/file/190742#t=2430.0,2460.0"}]}]}]}