{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/sq8qb9wc9n/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Hall, Allan (2017)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2017-03-31 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Hall, Allan (Interviewee)","Langer, Adina (Interviewer)","Bryan, Michael (Interviewer)","Altig, David (Interviewer)","Ghizoni, Sandra (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta","World War II Economies Oral History Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAllan J. Hall was interviewed by Adina Langer, Michael Bryan, David Altig and Sandra Ghizoni on March 31, 2017 in Miami, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003e           Allan Hall was born Adam Janus Horowitz in Krakow, Poland on April 19, 1935. His assimilated, middle-class family of three lived a happy, normal life until the Germans invaded in 1939. The family fled Krakow, taking only a few valuables that would fit in Allan’s stroller, and walked to Lvov, in the Soviet controlled eastern part of Poland. Allan’s maternal grandparents and aunt remained in Krakow and died in the Plaszow concentration camp. In Lvov, Allan’s family stayed with his paternal grandmother until they were able to reestablish themselves. Life resumed to relative normalcy. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            In 1941, the Germans invaded Russia and Ukraine, occupying Lvov. Allan’s family went into hiding. The first few months were spent hiding in the suspended ceiling of a theater and then in the basement of an abandoned factory. From there, the family went from place to place, staying in people’s homes for a few days or weeks, and then moving on. Allan’s father spoke impeccable High German and, after getting a nose job and shaving his head, was able to pass as a non-Jew. The family became experts at hiding in plain sight. They briefly hid in the city of Czestochowa because, as the capital of Polish Catholicism, it seemed the least likely place for the Nazis to look for Jews. The family finally settled in Warsaw. For two years, the family stayed in an office near Luftwaffe headquarters that his father set up as an administrative office for a fictitious suburban factory. Neither the Nazis nor the workers in the office questioned the factory’s existence or discovered Allan and his mother hiding in the back room’s closet.  \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            The Nazis captured Allan twice. The first time, his father was able to bribe a policeman to let him go. The second time, Allan and his mother were arrested and taken to the train station for deportation and later sent to the Warsaw ghetto. Allan’s mother managed to escape while on a work detail and his parents paid a trolley conductor to retrieve Allan from the ghetto orphanage. In one other close call, a Polish air raid warden shepherded the family into a bomb shelter that was hit by a dud bomb. After two uprisings, Warsaw was in ruins and Allan’s family was evacuated on a hospital transport after his mother had delivered Allan’s younger brother. The family spent the remainder of the war in Krakow.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            After the war, Allan’s father was able to get a job in the Polish government. Unfortunately, he was aligned with the wrong side of the government and the Soviets arrested him. Allan’s mother knew they were all in danger, so she sent Allan and his toddler brother to become part of the great migration of Jews across Europe. The two walked as far as 40 miles south of Vienna, Austria. Allan’s father escaped Soviet custody while en route to Siberia. Eventually, Allan’s parents located their children. The reunited family moved briefly to Paris, France before immigrating to the United States in 1947. They started a company selling slipcovers in Newburgh, New York before moving to Miami, Florida. The family embraced their new country, learning English and even changing their names to sound more American. After finishing high school and college, Allan began his career as the owner of a construction company and then returned to school to become a lawyer. He moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where he eventually opened his own law firm and taught at a local university. He has since retired to Florida. He has two daughters and two grandchildren.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003e            Allan discusses his family and early life in Krakow, Poland. He remembers incidences of antisemitism before the war. Allan recalls the tension in his home when the Nazis invaded Poland in 1939 and his family left Krakow. He recounts his family’s journey on foot to Lvov. He discusses how life resumed at a normal pace in Lvov and his father began working in a theater. When the Nazis invaded Ukraine, Allan recalls how dangerous the situation became before his parents decided to go into hiding. He remembers being caught in a roundup and how his father saved him. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            Allan mentions how his father obtained false identification papers and befriended a group of forgers. He explains why they moved around often and how they made money to survive. Allan recounts what happened when he and his mother were arrested. He reminisces about his time in an orphanage in the Warsaw ghetto. Allan tells how his parents were able to smuggle him out of the ghetto. He remembers how his father was able to rent an office and establish a false business. Allan explains how his father altered his identity and was able to pass as a German. He describes the two years he and his mother hid in the closet of his father’s office, while his father made money and scavenged for food. Allan recollects being discovered by an air raid warden and sent down to a bomb shelter during the Warsaw Uprising. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e            He remembers the fear they all felt when his brother was born. Allan explains how they made it back to Krakow and survived the last months of the war. He details his father’s business with forgers who were working for the Underground. He discusses the challenges of liberation. Allan recounts his father’s job in the new Polish government and his arrest by the Soviets. He describes traveling across Europe alone with his baby brother, how far he went to protect their identities, and how difficult that made it for his parents to reunite with them. Allan recalls his time in an Austrian DP camp. He outlines his family’s journey to the United States in 1947. Allan reflects on the fear and joys of life in their new country. The interview concludes with Allan considering why some Poles were willing to help his family.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29081"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Hall, Allan (b. 1935) (born: Horowitz, Adam Janush) (personal name)","Hall, Maria Hahn Horowitz (personal name)","Hall, Edmund Horowitz (personal name)","Hall, Andy (b. 1944) (born: Horowitz, Andzej) (personal name)","Hahn, Albert (personal name)","Hahn, Cecilia (personal name)","Hahn, Jadviga (personal name)","Horowitz, Rudolph (personal name)","Horowitz, Lucia (personal name)","Horowitz, Fanja (personal name)","Korczak, Janusz (1878-1942) (personal name)","Krakow, Poland (geographic term)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic term)","Siberia, Russia (geographic term)","Paris, France (geographic term)","Miami Beach, Florida (geographic term)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Bronx, New York (geographic term)","Lvov, Poland (geographic term)","Lviv, Ukraine (geographic term)","Vienna, Austria (geographic term)","Baden, Austria (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Palestine (geographic term)","Plaszow camp (other)","Treblinka (other)","Warsaw Ghetto (other)","LaGuardia Airport (other)","Concentration Camp (other)","Aktion (other)","Nazis (other)","Gestapo (other)","Luftwaffe (other)","Antisemitism (other)","Christian (other)","Jewish (other)","Black Market (other)","Displaced Persons Camp (other)","Ration Cards (other)","Forgery (other)","Air Raid Warden (other)","DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) (other)","Antisemitism (other)","Pogrom (other)","World War II (named event)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAllan J. Hall was interviewed by Adina Langer, Michael Bryan, David Altig and Sandra Ghizoni on March 31, 2017 in Miami, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Allan Hall was born Adam Janus Horowitz in Krakow, Poland on April 19, 1935. His assimilated, middle-class family of three lived a happy, normal life until the Germans invaded in 1939. The family fled Krakow, taking only a few valuables that would fit in Allan\u0026rsquo;s stroller, and walked to Lvov, in the Soviet controlled eastern part of Poland. Allan\u0026rsquo;s maternal grandparents and aunt remained in Krakow and died in the Plaszow concentration camp. In Lvov, Allan\u0026rsquo;s family stayed with his paternal grandmother until they were able to reestablish themselves. Life resumed to relative normalcy.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; In 1941, the Germans invaded Russia and Ukraine, occupying Lvov. Allan\u0026rsquo;s family went into hiding. The first few months were spent hiding in the suspended ceiling of a theater and then in the basement of an abandoned factory. From there, the family went from place to place, staying in people\u0026rsquo;s homes for a few days or weeks, and then moving on. Allan\u0026rsquo;s father spoke impeccable High German and, after getting a nose job and shaving his head, was able to pass as a non-Jew. The family became experts at hiding in plain sight. They briefly hid in the city of Czestochowa because, as the capital of Polish Catholicism, it seemed the least likely place for the Nazis to look for Jews. The family finally settled in Warsaw. For two years, the family stayed in an office near Luftwaffe headquarters that his father set up as an administrative office for a fictitious suburban factory. Neither the Nazis nor the workers in the office questioned the factory\u0026rsquo;s existence or discovered Allan and his mother hiding in the back room\u0026rsquo;s closet. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; The Nazis captured Allan twice. The first time, his father was able to bribe a policeman to let him go. The second time, Allan and his mother were arrested and taken to the train station for deportation and later sent to the Warsaw ghetto. Allan\u0026rsquo;s mother managed to escape while on a work detail and his parents paid a trolley conductor to retrieve Allan from the ghetto orphanage. In one other close call, a Polish air raid warden shepherded the family into a bomb shelter that was hit by a dud bomb. After two uprisings, Warsaw was in ruins and Allan\u0026rsquo;s family was evacuated on a hospital transport after his mother had delivered Allan\u0026rsquo;s younger brother. The family spent the remainder of the war in Krakow.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; After the war, Allan\u0026rsquo;s father was able to get a job in the Polish government. Unfortunately, he was aligned with the wrong side of the government and the Soviets arrested him. Allan\u0026rsquo;s mother knew they were all in danger, so she sent Allan and his toddler brother to become part of the great migration of Jews across Europe. The two walked as far as 40 miles south of Vienna, Austria. Allan\u0026rsquo;s father escaped Soviet custody while en route to Siberia. Eventually, Allan\u0026rsquo;s parents located their children. The reunited family moved briefly to Paris, France before immigrating to the United States in 1947. They started a company selling slipcovers in Newburgh, New York before moving to Miami, Florida. The family embraced their new country, learning English and even changing their names to sound more American. After finishing high school and college, Allan began his career as the owner of a construction company and then returned to school to become a lawyer. He moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where he eventually opened his own law firm and taught at a local university. He has since retired to Florida. He has two daughters and two grandchildren.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Allan discusses his family and early life in Krakow, Poland. He remembers incidences of antisemitism before the war. Allan recalls the tension in his home when the Nazis invaded Poland in 1939 and his family left Krakow. He recounts his family\u0026rsquo;s journey on foot to Lvov. He discusses how life resumed at a normal pace in Lvov and his father began working in a theater. When the Nazis invaded Ukraine, Allan recalls how dangerous the situation became before his parents decided to go into hiding. He remembers being caught in a roundup and how his father saved him.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Allan mentions how his father obtained false identification papers and befriended a group of forgers. He explains why they moved around often and how they made money to survive. Allan recounts what happened when he and his mother were arrested. He reminisces about his time in an orphanage in the Warsaw ghetto. Allan tells how his parents were able to smuggle him out of the ghetto. He remembers how his father was able to rent an office and establish a false business. Allan explains how his father altered his identity and was able to pass as a German. He describes the two years he and his mother hid in the closet of his father\u0026rsquo;s office, while his father made money and scavenged for food. Allan recollects being discovered by an air raid warden and sent down to a bomb shelter during the Warsaw Uprising.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; He remembers the fear they all felt when his brother was born. Allan explains how they made it back to Krakow and survived the last months of the war. He details his father\u0026rsquo;s business with forgers who were working for the Underground. He discusses the challenges of liberation. Allan recounts his father\u0026rsquo;s job in the new Polish government and his arrest by the Soviets. He describes traveling across Europe alone with his baby brother, how far he went to protect their identities, and how difficult that made it for his parents to reunite with them. Allan recalls his time in an Austrian DP camp. He outlines his family\u0026rsquo;s journey to the United States in 1947. Allan reflects on the fear and joys of life in their new country. The interview concludes with Allan considering why some Poles were willing to help his family.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/184/105/small/Hall_Allan_2017.mp4_1680569344.jpg?1680569345","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Hall_Allan_2017.mp4"]},"duration":4361.693,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/184/105/small/Hall_Allan_2017.mp4_1680569344.jpg?1680569345","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/184/105/original/Hall_Allan_2017.mp4?1680569323","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4361.693,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Allan Hall [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: Today is March 31, 2017. We are at the Greater Miami Jewish\nFederation with Allan Hall. The interviewers are myself, Sandra Ghizoni, Michael\nBryan, and Dave Altig from the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. Allan, if you\ncould start us off by saying your full name and date of birth.\n\nHALL: My full name now is Allan ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"John Hall. My birth name was Adam Janush\nHorowitz. I was born in Krakow, Poland on April 19, 1935.\n\nLANGER: Could you tell us about your family life before the war started?\n\nHALL: Sure. My mother [Maria Hahn Horowitz Hall] was a violinist. She was a\nprofessional musician. My dad [Edmund Horowitz Hall] was an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"insurance executor.\nWe lived a very pleasant, very comfortable life. Even though there was\nantisemitism then, my dad worked for an Italian company and there was very\nlittle problem there. None that I know of. I grew up with a nanny and a maid.\nLife was very pleasant and very comfortable for the most part, for me at least,\nbecause I was the first born child, and a son ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in those days was important, and\nalso because I was the firstborn grandchild. We lived very close, on the same\nblock, as my grandparents [Albert and Cecilia Hahn] and my aunt [Jadviga Hahn].\nOf course, I was everybody's darling and life was very good for me.\n\nLANGER: Where would you say your family was on the socio-economic scale?\n\nHALL: I would say somewhere between upper middle class and lower upper class.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: You mentioned there was already some antisemitism.\n\nHALL: Yes.\n\nLANGER: Did that ever affect your father's business?\n\nHALL: Yes, in a number of ways. My dad could not get the education he wanted.\nTherefore, he had to go to Austria, where there was much less quotas and\nrestrictions. He went to university there. My mother did not seem to incur ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nsame issues in the world of music. When my dad started his career, he could not\nwork for a Polish company because of antisemitism. It was a field that was\nclosed to Jews, so he ended up working for an Italian insurance business that is\nstill in business to this day.\n\nBRYAN: Do you know how your father got into the insurance business?\n\nHALL: I haven't got the slightest idea. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wasn't around then.\n\nLANGER: Take us to getting close to when the war started. Describe what life was like.\n\nHALL: I was four-and-a-half when the war started so I don't have a great deal of\nrecollection. I remember a couple of snippets. I remember my parents arguing,\nwhich was very rare because my parents saw themselves as yuppies. There's got to\nbe a better word than yuppies, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but very much upward mobile. For example, Yiddish\nwas never spoken in my house, because it was not a classy enough language. In my\nhome of origin, we spoke primarily Polish, everybody had a pretty good working\nknowledge of German, some smattering of Russian, and French was the language of\nculture. In one sentence, we could mix all four of those languages and I was\nokay. Yiddish was not included. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a very comfortable setting. I'm sorry.\nWould you repeat that question? I wandered off.\n\nLANGER: It is okay. I was asking about leading up to the German occupation.\n\nHALL: Yes. I do recall a couple incidences of antisemitism. I don't know\nchronologically when it occurred, but I do recall being in a garden, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a public\npark, in Krakow and being . . . I just picked one rose blossom to bring home to\nmy mother. A police officer very roughly grabbed me and even though my nanny was\nthere and she pled with him, he brought me home, and essentially, that resulted\nin some minor bribe. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I felt, even at the age of four-and-a-half, that if I had\nnot been Jewish and Jewish looking, that would not have occurred.\n\nLANGER: This was a Polish police officer?\n\nHALL: Yes. I remember right at the beginning of the war, and I cannot tell you\nwhether this was 1939 or 1941, because for me, the war started twice . . .\nplaying with a little girl who was the superintendent's daughter, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basically the\njanitor's daughter in the building. I'd been in their apartment many times. All\nof a sudden, one time, the girl's mother said in a very nasty way for me to\nleave the apartment because I was Jewish, because I was a dirty Jew. This was\nwhen I was either four-and-a-half or seven when this occurred. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was\nantisemitism, but it wasn't . . . It was antisemitism one could live through.\nThere were unpleasant moments.\n\nLANGER: Do you know at this time if there were restrictions on where Jews could shop?\n\nHALL: No, nothing like that.\n\nLANGER: Or travel?\n\nHALL: No, in Poland, Jews were full citizens. There were no limitations on\nshopping, on travel, on anything. The only restrictions ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I know of were\ninformal restrictions, as I mentioned, my dad's employment. Even here, we moved\nto Miami Beach [Florida] in 1951. I can still remember and visual the signs on\nhotel desks saying, \"No one of Hebrew persuasion is welcome here.\" I don't know\nif they used the word 'Jew,' but it was very clear that people who were Jewish\nwere not welcome in many of the hotels in Miami Beach ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or we couldn't buy a home\nin certain areas because of deed restrictions.\n\nLANGER: Coming back to when Germany occupied Poland, what did your family do then?\n\nHALL: There are two occurrences of that. Unfortunately, or fortunately, we were\ninvolved with both. In 1939, Germany attacked Poland ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we were in Krakow. We\nnever saw the Germans as an enemy because in Krakow at that time, in 1939, about\na quarter of the population was of German descent. That was the reason that my\nparents argued so bitterly. Let me just mention the second event and I'll come\nback. A second time [was] when the Germans attacked the Soviets. That was in\nthe Soviet held part of Poland. That was in June of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1941. What had happened\nwas, in 1939, my dad, who read German periodicals and German newspapers, said it\nwas too dangerous for us to stay in Krakow. He wanted to move further east to\nLvov, which is a city that he was born and raised in. Lvov is now called Lviv\nand is part of Ukraine. Those borders are sort of elastic over there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, my\nmom thought my dad was crazy. She said her family was out of Krakow for many\ngenerations, that Germans were fine people, that Germans were her neighbors and\nfriends since she was a . . . well, for generations, and that even there was\nintermarriage between Jews and Germans, and there was nothing to fear. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans\nwere highly regarded as being cultured people, educated people. My parents were\narguing back and forth. My dad said that it is unsafe for Jews to stay under\nGerman occupation. Mom said Germans are okay, don't worry about it. Finally, the\nargument was resolved by my dad grabbing me and saying, \"If you want to stay,\nyou can stay, but the boy\"--being I; my brother was not born at that time--\"the\nboy and I are going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lvov.\" You can imagine my mother. Her child was being\ntaken away from her, so over tears, crying, and screaming, she decided to go\nwith us. At that point, there was no more public transportation of any kind, not\neven private transportation. We wound up walking to Lvov, which is basically the\nsame distance within two miles of walking from Miami Beach to Orlando [Florida].\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were no provisions or anything. It took us two or three weeks. We crossed\nthe little river, I believe it was the Bug River, and we wound up unknowingly in\nthe Soviet Zone. We very soon thereafter went to Lvov. There, with the contacts\nmy dad had and the relatives, he had a brother [Rudolph Horowitz], and sister\n[Lucia Horowitz], and a mother [Fanja Horowitz] involved, he had a job, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we got\nan apartment, and life went back to normal. The only part of our life that was\nnot normal at that point was that every day my mother would write a letter\neither to her mother, her dad, or her sister, cousins, somebody. Not once were\nthe letters returned and not once were they ever answered, because shortly after\nwe left, all the Jews were rounded up and taken to Plaszow and murdered\nsomewhere between that concentration camps ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and one of the others.\n\nLANGER: What did your family take with you when you left Krakow? Do you remember\nwhat you took?\n\nHALL: Yes, acutely. My mother had the presence of mind to take a stroller\nbecause I was four years old. She thought it might be good if I had a chance to\nsit in a stroller. That was very helpful. Then, she took the things that were\nmost important to her. Mind you, in September in Poland is still warm,\nparticularly southern Poland. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She took the thing that she owned that was the\nmost valuable thing, which was a fur coat. A little inappropriate for the\nsummertime, but that's what she took. She took the most valuable thing that the\nfamily owned, which was a chest of silver, which I don't think we ever used.\nThen, she took the family album. Those were the four things--the stroller,\nfamily album, silver, and fur coat. That's all we took, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not even a sandwich.\n\nLANGER: Did your father take any valuables with you?\n\nHALL: [No,] he just walked out the door. As a matter of fact, that was a real\nissue later because my mother took none of her personal jewelry. She left it all\nbehind. We never thought that would be the last time we would step in that apartment.\n\nBRYAN: Did you have a fair amount of cash?\n\nHALL: No, I don't think so. I think whatever we had in our pocket, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was it.\n\nBRYAN: Along the way, how did you . . .?\n\nHALL: . . . We walked. At that point, there were no taxi cabs, forget about\npublic transit. There were no vehicles that you could rent. The highways were\nbeing used by military, and strafed, and bombed. We took back roads and we went\nthrough the woods. That probably saved us much of the time. Sometimes we walked\nthrough open fields. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At night, we would either sleep in the open or knock on a\nfarmer's doors. Some farmers were very hospitable. Some farmers would feed us\nand give us lodging. Other folks sent us on our way, didn't want to help at all.\nOn some occasions, they would give us a bowl of soup and permit us to sleep in\ntheir barn. It was different every night. But, no, we had no significant amounts\nof cash.\n\nLANGER: How did you get food? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know you mentioned charitable giving, but were\nthere any other ways that you got food during this trip?\n\nHALL: There was one place that we stopped, where my parents knew the family in a\nsmall town. We stayed with them for several days, but we were their guests. That\nwas the only exception to those experiences. Of course, once we arrived in Lvov,\nwe stayed with my grandmother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then got our own place.\n\nLANGER: You mentioned your father got a job there.\n\nHALL: Yes.\n\nLANGER: What did he do there?\n\nHALL: He became a project manager, building a theater. The reason I laugh is\nbecause he knew very little about theater and less about construction. But he\nwas a very nimble man intellectually. He learned the business by doing it.\nWithin a year and a half [or] almost two years, he was good enough ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that when the\nGermans came in, they actually retained him to continue building that theater\nand to run it.\n\nLANGER: How long did your family live in Lvov?\n\nHALL: We were there in June of 1941 when the Nazis came into Lvov. We learned\nthat . . . The atrocities were taking place on the streets, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so it was hard not\nto know, hard to miss that people were being beaten up, that people were being\nshot right in plain sight and hung as a punishment. Early on, we decided . . .\nLet me start with . . . There were two or three occurrences. Time wise, I'm not\nclear which occurred first. We were forced to move from our very nice apartment into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nguest bedroom of somebody else's apartment. That was really when we were being\nforced to move into, live in the ghetto. The ghetto did not have walls at that\ntime. We were just moving to a Jewish section of town. My dad continued working\nin the theater. One day coming home, he was pounced upon, forced to clean the\nsidewalk. The way he saved himself from perhaps ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being killed was he was a\nworkaholic. He had briefcase full of papers. When they started beating him, when\nhe was on his hands and knees, he literally took the briefcase and protected the\nback of his head and his shoulders with his briefcase full of papers. That's\nwhat saved him. Then they moved on to beat somebody else and he snuck away. I\nforgot where I was going.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: When your family was forced to move into this ghetto, was it into a\nrelative's home or somebody you knew?\n\nHALL: No, absolutely not. We sort of started hiding in plain sight. Thank you\nfor your help. My dad was still working in the theater. We realized that we\nreally needed to go into hiding. The first place we hid was the most obvious\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place, the theater he knew. In almost every theater, there is a substantial\nspace between the roof and the ceiling of the theater. That was our first hiding place.\n\nLANGER: How long were you in the ghetto before you . . .\n\nHALL: I don't know. My guess is a couple of months, but I'm not sure.\n\nLANGER: Do you remember what your family had with them at this time? Did they\nhave all of their possessions?\n\nHALL: No, we were only permitted to take whatever we could carry from the\napartment ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the ghetto, so we may have had some money, we may have had a little\nbit of jewelry, but that's about all we could have. Somewhere along the line\nthey insisted that we turn in all of our valuables. I think we only turned in\nsome, but not all.\n\nLANGER: Did your mother still have her fur coat or chest of silver? Do you have\nany recollection?\n\nHALL: Somewhere along the line, that was bartered for other things that we\nneeded. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sequentially, time wise, whether this occurred to get furniture before\nthe resumption of the war, or it occurred early on during 1941, I really can't\nsay, but somewhere along the line, those things disappeared.\n\nLANGER: Do you remember during that time period, how your family bought food or\ndaily . . .\n\nHALL: Yes, my father had a job and that was a paying job.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: At the theater?\n\nHALL: Right. My mother occasionally, I think, probably had a gig, performance,\ncall it what you will. They were earning a living. They were doing fine.\n\nLANGER: Were you able to go to regular stores? Were there restrictions on . . . ?\n\nHALL:I don't know and I'll tell you why. Certainly from 1939 to 1941, yes,\nbecause life became normal again. But once the Germans came in 1941, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the only\nthing I can remember clearly, I was at that time seven years old, is that I had\nto stay quiet because I was in somebody else's apartment. I couldn't run around.\nI started getting used to hiding in plain view, where my job was not to call\nattention to myself. The other thing that happened during that time, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which\nreally kind of changed things, and I suspect it was one of the earlier things\nthat occurred. My father bumped into somebody on the street that he knew, with\nwhom he grew up. It was a police officer or somebody in the administration, a\nPolish person, Polish Christian. The fellow said after the hellos, he checked to\nsee whether my father had a family, whether he had any children. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"Well,\nyou better get your son out of town because there's going to be an Aktion.\" A\nword today that we may be more familiar with, a pogrom--\"rounding up children.\"\nThat was the second time I remember my parents arguing. My parents could not\nfigure out, in this case, my dad couldn't either, why would the Germans want to\nhave children? Why would they want to round up children? It just didn't make\nany, little sense. They agreed out of an abundance of caution that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they should\nget me out of town, just in case. They hired a Polish transit worker, in\nuniform, to take me to some safehouse that they arranged out of town. On the\nstreet, I saw . . . We were walking. A truck pulled up, closed the end of the\nstreet, right in front of us. We tried to turn around, go the other way. Same\nthing happened on the other end. I was the very first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child taken in that round\nup, and put in the back of a truck. From there, I was taken to a police station.\nI was held in a corral in a police station. My dad showed up. How he found out\nwhere I was, I have no idea. He said, now imagine a pedophile speaking, \"How\nmuch for one of those children,\" without identifying me. The German who was in\ncharge offered to shoot him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the spot. My father said that he offered him\ndiamonds and gold for a child. [He asked him,] did he really want to shoot him?\nGuy thought for a moment, said, \"Two ounces, two carats.\" My father said,\n\"Okay,\" and he turned around and he left. Of course, I watched the whole thing\nbecause there was a glass partition between them and me. I can't begin to tell\nyou, I knew I was in terrible danger, my level of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disappointment at seeing my own dad\nabandon me there, probably to die. But, what I did not know is he went back, and\nhe went to his mother, and his sister, and scraped together the two carats and\nounces. Several hours later, he came back with the jewelry, turned it over to\nthe German, who offered to shoot him there again. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My dad said, \"Look in your\nhand. You see that when you catch us, there is wealth here for you, but if you\nshoot me, that's all you're ever going to get.\" The German turned around and\nwalked away. My father took that as his assent, called me to join him, and I\ndid, and we walked out of the police station. That's how I survived that\nincident. There were others.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: At this point, you are hiding in the theater?\n\nHALL: Yes . . . No, I think this was probably early on. After that, I think we\nstarted hiding in the theater and subsequently they found a subbasement in a\nfactory that they used as a hiding place, my dad and a couple of engineers. That\ngot to be unsafe because too many people were housed there and there was too\nmuch food ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that had to go in and too much waste that had to come out. We came\nupon . . . and this might be a lot more interesting to you all. We needed false\nidentification papers because, as you know, the papers of those days had a big\nred \"J\" across it if you were Jewish on the ID papers. You needed identification\npapers without the \"J.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He came across some people who used to work for the\nPolish Bureau of Engraving, meaning they were the people who cut the blocks to\nprint the money with. Of course, they were more expert than the Germans who\nproduced the ID papers. He got false ID papers that were really very good,\nundetectable and maintained a relationship with those people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later on, during\nthe war, [my father] literally joined them in an enterprise where . . . They\nwere typical engravers. They did not like people. They certainly did not know\nhow to market anything. He was their marketing manager. He was their\nsalesperson. He would go out and get orders for ID papers and the photographs.\nThey would produce the ID papers and they would split the proceeds.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: What did he get paid in?\n\nHALL: In zlotys, the Polish currency, or maybe Deutschemarks, either way.\n\nLANGER: Was he also paid in other valuables?\n\nHALL: No, I don't think so. He may have been, but that was . . . We were always\nreally looking for money to pay for food and rent. That's all we were really\ninterested in. It didn't take a whole lot of money to sustain us, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we had to\nmake sure we had enough money to pay rent, because every time we . . . We never\nstayed in one place very long, and the reason for that is that we would rent a\nroom in somebody's home, then maybe a guesthouse, then somebody else's home. We\nnever could afford to stay there long enough for people to become friends with\nus, because once they . . . They asked you questions like, \"What church do you\nattend? How do you like this priest versus that priest? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where were you\nbaptized?\" Those questions were treacherous for us.\n\nBRYAN: Did you develop a story that you . . .\n\nHALL: Not that I can remember. Probably, yes, but I don't recall it.\n\nLANGER: How long did your father work in this false paper operation? Do you know?\n\nHALL: That enterprise . . . That was not the only way that we earned money. For\nexample, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prior to that . . . because he knew these people, but it took them\nmaybe a year or so before they came up with the notion of working together.\nDuring that time, we would . . . In those days in Poland, there really wasn't\ntoo much that you could do, and certainly there was very little that you could\ndo if you were illegal. What he chanced upon was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"twisted brown paper that was\ntwisted into a rope. You can still buy the same material today in the United\nStates. Think about brown wrapping paper that's twisted into about an eight of\ninch, quarter inch rope. It's very strong when you try to pull it. He came back\nto the place. I'll tell you about the place where we were hiding after the\ncellar in a moment. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started making shopping bags out of crocheting that\nmaterial with a crochet hook that was made out of wood and started making\nshopping bags. He would sell them for maybe two, or three dollars, or the\nequivalent thereof on the street corner. Subsequently, we took some Easter egg\ndye and we made patterns on our shopping bags. That was another source of\nrevenue that we had. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the things that was interesting was, when we started\nmoving from place to place . . . By the way, in fairness to Christian people, if\nyou were caught helping a Jew, that was a capital crime. You subjected yourself\n. . . The Christian subjected himself or herself and perhaps his or her family,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a death penalty. One of our landladies got suspicious and started telling us,\nas it occurred otherwise, to leave. She just called the police, and the police\ncame, and apprehended us, and took . . . By sure happenstance, my dad was away\nat that time. My mom and I were taken to what we thought was a police station.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It turned out to be the Gestapo headquarters, which was interesting. It was\nexactly across the street and overlooking Umschlagplatz, which was the railroad\nstation at the edge of the Warsaw Ghetto. From their windows in the Gestapo\nheadquarters, they could look into the railroad station across the street and\nsaw what was happening. That was the railroad station from which the Jews of\nWarsaw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and surrounds were taken to Treblinka. The Nazis, the Germans, didn't\nwant to talk to my mother and I because I was a little boy and she was a woman.\nWe weren't important enough. They said to the police, \"Just take them to\nUmschlagplatz across the street,\" which they did. We were ushered in and\nsomething very strange happened. In Europe, railroad stations are such busy\nplaces. This was empty. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It took me years to figure out that what must have\nhappened [was] we must have just missed a train, because within an hour or two,\npeople started showing up at the railway station. People were constantly being\nrounded up in the Warsaw ghetto, sent to the railroad station. Then, in groups,\ntrainloads of 3,000 to 5,000 were taken to Treblinka and there, immediately\nmurdered. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happened to me was that the bodies at Treblinka got so stacked up\nthat the Commandant, and I did not know this until about two or three years ago,\nstopped all the trains until they had a chance to bury the corpses because he\nwas apprehensive that the cadavers would generate disease and that the guards\nwould become infected by the various diseases. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The trains were stopped for about\nfive days, only once. I was there for the first two and a half of those five\ndays. Then, we little kids were such a nuisance at the railway station, that the\nPolish police, the Jewish police, the Germans, agreed to take children my age\nand send them to an orphanage in the Warsaw ghetto. I got out of that railway\nstation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and went into the ghetto. I loved being in the orphanage. I was there\nfor about . . . For the first time . . . I was always being told to sit down, be\nquiet, be still, and never was with other children. All of a sudden, I could run\naround, play. I was with other kids. This was a great place. Food was not really\nan issue. I was used to very meager rations and they continued. That was a\nnonevent. I remember, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think I will remember for the rest of my life, how\nvery kind the adults were, and how very wonderful, and loving, and caring. They\nknew we were going to be murdered. This was about three weeks after Jan\nKorczak's orphanage was taken to Treblinka. If Korczak could not protect these\nchildren, nobody could. They pretty well knew what was going to happen to us.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While I was enjoying that, a man showed up. What happened was my mother did\nsomething very strange. She volunteered to go on a work detail. The police\nofficers that apprehended us never searched us. They were just doing their job.\nThey were told to brings us in, they brought us in. She had money in her pocket.\nExcuse me, I know exactly where that money came from. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Funny, I haven't thought\nof this in years. She sold the fur coat and that's where the money came from.\n\nLANGER: Was that zlotys?\n\nHALL: In zlotys, yes. She offered to bribe the guard who was in charge of that\nwork detail to let her go. He said he would not let her go. He took the money.\nHe said he would walk to the head of the column ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he wasn't going to look\nback. He wasn't going to let her go. She kind of trailed back and when the\ndetail went one direction, she went another. She joined my dad and told my dad\nwhere I was, that I was in the Warsaw ghetto in a certain orphanage. My dad\nhired a trolley car worker to come get me. This man showed up at the orphanage\nto get me and bring me to my parents. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had never forgotten. Perhaps I should\nsay I had never forgiven my father for what I thought was abandoning me in that\npolice station. I didn't trust anybody. I didn't want to leave the orphanage. No\nmatter what this man said, I was not going with him. I was going to stay in the\nWarsaw ghetto in the orphanage. This poor guy, trying to save my life, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nChristian, couldn't. I refused. He finally, in desperation, spoke to the\nsupervisors, the adult caretakers at the orphanage. They understood exactly what\nmy issue was and they knew what our future probably was. They walked very\ngently. They walked me to the front door, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or some door of the orphanage. [They]\nwalked out with me. Once I was outside, they slipped back in and locked the\ndoor. I was outside with this man, whom I didn't trust or like, but I was\noutside and I couldn't get back in, and so I joined him. He did something that\nin retrospect, I can't believe myself. He put a cap on my head, pulled down the\nbill. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of the guard stations were elevated either three or four feet above\nthe ground, or higher. He said, \"Whatever you do, hold my hand. Do not let go of\nmy hand. Do not look up. And don't say a word.\" We walked up to the gate of the\nWarsaw ghetto in that way. The guard looked at him and said, \"Who are you? What\nare you doing here?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"Here, you can see my uniform. I just wanted to\nshow my son these Jewish pigs.\" The guard said something like, \"You must be\nstupid. It's almost curfew and the patrols shoot on sight. You better run home\nand hope that you make it before curfew so you don't get shot in the street.\"\nThat's how I got out of the Warsaw ghetto. He delivered me to my parents.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shortly after that--it must have been a matter of days or weeks--my dad chanced\nupon . . . My dad was educated in Vienna [Austria], as I mentioned. He chanced\nupon a German who was moaning and groaning, they were maybe having a beer\ntogether or something, that he was paying rent on a small two room suite of\noffices in a Nazi headquarters in Warsaw, the tallest building in Poland. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\ntop two floors were being occupied by the air force. That was their\nheadquarters. The rest of the building was occupied mostly by defense\ncontractors for their headquarters. He was just paying rent and not able to use\nthe space. My father very nonchalantly said, \"Oh, I've got this little company,\"\nwhich he did not, \"I'll sublet it from you.\" For the next two years, my mother\nand I hid in the closet of that little two room office, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the rationale being,\nwhere are they not going to look for Jews? In their own headquarters. That was a\npretty safe place.\n\nLANGER: Did this officer did not know that your father was Jewish?\n\nHALL: The reason why he didn't is because early on, my dad, who looked the most\nJewish of the three of us, went to a physician friend of his. He said, \"See\nthis? This is my death warrant. They will kill me because I look Jewish.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\ndoctor looked at him and said, \"What do you want me to do?\" He said, \"I want you\nto give me a nose job, a rhinoplasty.\" The man said, \"You know as well as I do I\ncan't bring you in a hospital because they would shoot both of us.\" Helping a\nJew was a capital crime. My father said, \"Well, you've got your little black\nbag. Why don't you it at home?\" The man said, \"I can't do that. I don't have\nanesthetic, I don't have an assistant, I don't have a sterile surgical suite,\"\net cetera. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father said, \"Please do it. Please. Because not only by your\nrefusal are you killing me, but my wife cannot survive without me,\" which was\ntrue. The doctor wanted to but he just said, \"I can't, I can't, I can't.\" My dad\nplayed his ace card. He said, \"Well, not only is it my wife and I who will die\nif you refuse, but I have a seven-year-old son ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that will perish also, because he\ncannot survive without us.\" Finally, the doctor said, \"I'll do the best I can.\nCome over to my house.\" That evening, my dad brought a half a bottle of vodka,\nprobably half a liter of vodka, as his anesthetic and literally helped the\ndoctor, passing him tools, held a pan under [his chin] to catch the blood and\nbits of flesh. When they were through, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was a brilliant nose job. My dad dyed\nhis hair. Subsequently, when that didn't work out so well, shaved his head. He\ncould pass for a Nazi. [He] spoke brilliant German. He had a nose--subsequently\nafter it all healed--of a retired boxer. This part [the sides of the bridge] of\nthe nose was all gone. Nobody would have thought of a retired Jewish boxer, so\nhe passed.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: During the time that you and your family lived in this German air force\n. . .\n\nHALL: Headquarters building.\n\nLANGER: How were you able to get food?\n\nHALL: Two ways. We earned one way or the other through the shopping bags, or ID\npapers, et cetera--and obviously these things morphed from time to time because\nthe shopping bags were first and the ID papers were subsequently. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We did earn\nsome money, a little bit. We didn't have to pay too much rent, but we did have\nto have enough money to pay that rent to the German and then he paid it to the\nlandlord, whoever that was. Whatever food we got, we did not have ration cards\nor ration stamps, so that would have to be bought on the black market. Our main\nsource of food was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the people who were operating upstairs twenty-four\n[hours a day], seven [days a week] because the air force headquarters was always\nstaffed . . . Their main food source was potatoes. They would peel the potatoes\nand sometimes throw out the bad potatoes, and a few other things, like stale\nbread, et cetera into the trash. My dad would go downstairs at night, scavenge\nthrough the trash, and that was our primary food source.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: You mentioned the black market. Can you describe it?\n\nHALL: No, I can't because that was my . . . See, my dad would come and go. I was\nalways inside. I was always by myself. What my mother and I did hour, after\nhour, after hour, we would sit in this dark closet. The only light was this\ncrack under the door. We would play cat in the cradle, which we could play\ntactilely. That was what kept us sane. There were times ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when there were people\nworking in the back of that suite. Imagine, a two-room suite. The front was like\na public reception with secretaries, et cetera. Occasionally there was, just for\nappearance's sake. In the back was my father's private office with a supply\ncloset. We were the supplies in the supply closet. There were never enough\npeople in the back office. We sat in the closet, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was never a lock on the\ndoor, with the door shut. We played cat in the cradle. Each of us would have a\npillow in our lap. Any time we would need to sneeze, cough, or make any kind of\na sound, the head would be buried in the pillow to muffle the sound. The only\nthing that we had in that closet besides a string to play cat in the cradle was\na potty. We spent two years that way.\n\nBRYAN: The workers that were up front ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were hired by your father?\n\nHALL: Yes, he would have one or two people there for a week or two to put on\nappearances. He would say, \"Write out these invoices and I'll take them to the\npost office tonight.\" Those things went into the trash. But people saw people\nworking, so there was no . . . It was an appearance for propriety.\n\nALTIG: Your father was earning his income still by working with forfeiters?\n\nHALL: Either by selling the shopping bags ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or working with the forgers.\n\nLANGER: Did your family have any other possessions with you at this time? Do you\nremember? Any valuables?\n\nHALL: No, we scavenged up newspapers and we used that for blankets and\nmattresses. That's it. No, not even a blanket.\n\nALTIG: The shopping bags were sold in a market of some sort?\n\nHALL: In Eastern Europe, people just stand on the street and sell things, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even\ntoday. That's the way they were marketed. The reason why I smile when I say\nthat, it turned out that two things happened. First of all, if you got caught\nwith one of those shopping bags in the rain or let's say any of your food cups\nwould leak, then the liquid would loosen the paint or the decoration, so you\nwound up with brown pants, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or green pants, et cetera. Also, if you get caught in\na rain storm, paper becomes very weak and the bags would almost dissolve. He had\nto find different parts of town and hope that a prior customer didn't walk by.\nAnd if they did, he had to run.\n\nLANGER: How long did you say stayed in the . . .\n\nHALL: Closet? Two years. I first thought it was two and a half, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it was two years.\n\nLANGER: Then what happened?\n\nHALL: Then, the only person . . . It was interesting. There was no lock on the\ndoor, but I think there was a lock to my dad's private office. But on a number\nof occasions, people would walk into the front office, like maintenance workers,\npainters, whatever, and they would never go in the back. But on some occasions,\npeople would go in the back, and nobody ever looked in the closet, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether it be\npolice, or the Germans when they checked their own building, et cetera, except\nan air raid warden. He was an old man, much younger than I am today, but an old\nman. They told him to look everywhere to make sure there were no people. Now,\nI'm going all the way forward to the Warsaw insurrection, when the Polish\npartisans were trying to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberate their own capital city. This is probably . . .\nAugust or September of 1944. This air raid warden, fulfilling his duties, opened\nevery door. When he opened the closet door, he found us. His job was not to\nflush out and look for immigrants, to look for Jews, to look for illegals, or\nwhatever. His job was to make sure everybody went to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"air raid shelter. He\nwould not listen to us when we told him we didn't want to go. He forced us to go\ndown to an air raid shelter, which we did. I can still visualize the place. It\nhad barrel ceilings, white washed sides, with benches along the sides. We sat\nwith everybody else on the benches. I thought some people were immediately\nsuspicious that we were Jewish, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but before they could do anything about it, the\nplace shook. The next thing I knew, the dust was so thick that, I'm not\nexaggerating, you could not see the person next to you or your hand in front of\nyou. [There was] just dust like I've never seen before or since. To make a long\nstory short, a huge bomb penetrated the sixteen-story building, landed in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nbomb shelter with us. Had it exploded, we would have been vaporized, but it\ndidn't. We left there and went, under sniper fire because there was fighting in\nthe streets, next to barricades, crawling on our hands and knees, and went to\nanother bomb shelter. There, my mother and I were separated and of course, I was\nterrified. We were not separated by more than maybe twenty feet. They hung a\nsheet beside us, which I didn't understand. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My mother immediately realized I'd\nbe panic-stricken and she kept on reassuring me, which I could hear her easily,\nthat she was fine, and I'd be okay, and there was no problem. That second bomb\nshelter is where my brother [Andzej] was born [on September 16, 1944]. That's\nwhy they separated her, to give her some privacy during her childbirth.\n\nLANGER: Your father was with you at this time?\n\nHALL: Yes, he was in and out, but yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, we thought that my brother would be\nthe cause of our demise because we had passed at this point for four years by\nbeing invisible in plain sight. This new baby was such a rarity because there\nwere no babies being born then. His birth weight was less than two pounds.\nDoctors were coming and going. Nurses were looking at him. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were no women\nhaving babies. There were no wet nurses. My mother was dry. One doctor finally\nsaid that, \"Well, give him some sugar water,\" which we thought was a bizarre\nstatement because we hadn't seen sugar in three years at this point. A bag of\nsugar showed up. We gave my brother sugar water every half hour. There was open\nconversation about infanticide so that we could get out of the city because the\nGermans were destroying the city block by block. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, my brother, who we\nthought was going to be the cause of our demise, was just the opposite. People\nwanted to save the baby. They put us on a hospital train. We did not know where\nit was going. My dad jumped on the train at the last minute, posing as a German.\nWe wound up back in Krakow, which is the place from which we came, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we wound\nup liberated about four months later.\n\nLANGER: Where did you stay in Krakow?\n\nHALL: I found the address. The building is still there. It was a two-story shop\nbuilding, but I don't remember the store downstairs. It was like there was an\napartment upstairs and we were in that apartment.\n\nLANGER: How did you get food at this time?\n\nHALL: That was the time that my father became a full-blown ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"member of this group\nof forgers. They were still doing the same thing. We found out later that they\nwere actually part of the Underground, but my dad never knew he was part of the\nUnderground. He was just trying to get enough money to feed us and to pay the\nrent. But, in fact, that was an Underground activity.\n\nALTIG: Were they counterfeiting?\n\nHALL: Yes. They got so good at it that, with my father's encouragement, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they\ncould counterfeit ration cards, not just ID papers, and ration stamps. Because\nof my father's ability to speak German, what's ironic is that he would sell the\nforged ration stamps. His primary customers were Germans because when Germans\nwere issued stamps for a quarter of a pound of butter in a month's time and if\nthey wanted more butter, my dad had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more ration stamps. He would sell it and he\nand his compadres would keep the revenue . . . What I didn't realize until many\nyears later is that that created havoc in the German economy because all of a\nsudden there were so many more stamps than there were products on the market.\n\nALTIG: Ration stamps were more valuable than currency at this point?\n\nHALL: In some cases, yes.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LANGER: What did you dad get paid for this?\n\nHALL: The currency.\n\nLANGER: The zloty?\n\nHALL: The zloty or the Deutschemark, either one.\n\nBRYAN: Do you have any understanding of how your father found his customers?\n\nHALL: No, because we were always indoors, secluded to a greater or lesser\nextent, and he was out in the street.\n\nBRYAN: This apartment that you moved in, do you know how they found the apartment?\n\nHALL: I have no idea, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no, but I know the forgers were Christians, so they could\nmove around much more easily than he. At this point, it became a group. When we\nmoved into the apartment, there were other people in the apartment also, so my\nguess is either they, or their families, or both were living with us.\n\nALTIG: The crisis with the large quantity of ration ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stamps, was it driving food\nprices up? Was that an issue?\n\nHALL: No, it was . . . Imagine for an example, there is a finite amount of . . .\nI'm going to use butter as an example. In Poland, they had 1,000 pounds of\nbutter and all of a sudden, on the market, there were stamps for 2,000 pounds of\nbutter. It didn't necessarily rise. It was not a free economy. The prices didn't\ngo up, but the second one thousand stamps ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or second ten thousand, many of the\npeople who had valid stamps, when they showed up to the store, there was no product.\n\nBRYAN: A lot of people were . . . It was valuable currency? People wanted him to\nmake . . .\n\nHALL: The zloty? It was the primary currency of the day, yes.\n\nLANGER: What could you buy with zlotys? If the food was bought by ration stamps,\nwhat could you buy with zlotys? Do you know?\n\nHALL: No, you had to have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a ration card in order to . . . Then, once you had a\ncard in hand, you had to have a stamp, and then you paid. You had to have all\nthree. Obviously, Germans with their ration IDs and ration cards, they probably\ngot a lot more stamps, but they wanted more yet.\n\nALTIG: Do you remember any stories of black market ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trades during this time?\n\nHALL: That's what I'm describing. That in itself was a form of black market.\nConceivably, I'm sure it happened, but I'm not aware of it. Some people who had\nsome of these stamps would buy additional goods and then resell them to others\nto . . . But I never was on the street to be able to tell that. That's my\nconjecture. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Interesting, as far as economics.\n\nLANGER: This was happening up until liberation?\n\nHALL: Until liberation . . . As best I can recall . . . I always get a little\nconfused between January and February because we came to the United States in\none and we were liberated in the other, so either January or February 1945.\n\nLANGER: Then, what happened after liberation?\n\nHALL: I love to tell that story because the liberation I experienced was nothing\nlike you see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here in movies. There was no joyous stuff, nothing at all. There\nwas no celebration in the streets, even in Paris [France]. That occurs usually\nweeks afterwards, when somebody has a parade that they arrange. The real\nliberation is you see . . . My recollection is you see the German troops\nevacuating. You see it out the snippet of a window. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, you're not sure\nwhether they're gone or not. Remember, the Germans had all kinds of\ncollaborators. Even if they're gone, it doesn't mean it's safe to step out.\nSooner or later, somebody is courageous enough to step out on the street. Then,\nthey come back unharmed. Then somebody else is also courageous enough [to go] a\nlittle further. After a while, you realize that it's over. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We realized it was\nover. Actually, the real liberation is that plus, how do you resume a normal\nlife? Where do you get shelter? Where do you get food? How much? What stores?\nThere are no stores. Everything has to be reestablished. In that process, my dad\nbecame part of the Polish government and was this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"undersecretary or under deputy\nminister, something in the Ministry of Finance. Because my dad's pre-war\nexperience . . . As Poland was trying to reestablish its economy, he understood\nthat nobody would bring a factory, nobody would operate a business, unless there\nwas insurance. This is what he was familiar with. He immediately started going\nto England, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and started going to Sweden, and Switzerland, to try and bring\ninsurance companies, because there was no capital in Poland to try to start\nsetting up branch offices, so other businesses, other companies could come in\nand be appropriately insured. That went on for about a year until he made too\nmany trips west. He came up on the Soviet radar. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the middle of the night,\n[there was] loud banging on our door. My dad was arrested and summarily judged\nto be sent to Siberia. He broke out of a prison on his way to Siberia.\n\nLANGER: What did you and your mother do?\n\nHALL: The Soviets used to use to families as hostages. My mother sent my\nbrother--at the age at that time of roughly two-years-old and myself ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"walking\nwith a DP [displaced persons] group towards Palestine, because at this time,\nthere was no Israel. We went from DP camp to DP camp, initially with a cousin.\nThen, she disappeared and we went on our own. My dad, as I said, broke out of\nprison and rejoined my mother. They wound up in Paris. Then, they started\nlooking for us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I did a pretty good job of hiding because I changed my identity.\nThere were no identity papers for somebody like me. Every time I went to a DP\ncamp, I would give a different name. They realized they couldn't look for us by\nuse of our names. They started looking for two children, the older of whom was\nabout eleven and the younger one was two. The older one could be a boy or a girl\nbecause I could just slip on a dress and then be a girl. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They figured my\nbrother, the younger one, would not understand and would want to remain a boy. I\nthink we were about the fifth or sixth pair of children that they visited. They\nwere looking. They knew the route of travel. What happened is my brother wound\nup in a hospital, so I couldn't move. I was stuck, if you will, in Baden, which\nis forty miles south of Vienna [Austria] and was there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would guess, probably\nfour to six weeks. That's when my parents found us.\n\nLANGER: Do you have any recollections of your daily life in the DP camps?\n\nHALL: Yes. Groups came and went. I would not abandon my brother, so I stayed.\n[To stay] four to six weeks at that time, in that particular DP camp in Baden,\nwas extraordinary. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I couldn't befriend anybody because these people would be\nthere for a day, or two, a week at most, and then move onto the next camp. My\nonly friends, quote end quote, were the guards. I would hang around the guard\nshack. It's interesting because theoretically, we were still in a prison. We\ncouldn't just walk around the city. When the guards ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left from their shift, they\nwould frequently ask me do I want to go with them. I said, \"Sure.\" In those days\nin Austria, if you were tall enough to reach, you could be served a mug of beer.\nI'd go with them to the neighborhood pub and we would drink beer together. I\nthought I was pretty cool at eleven years old. Then, they'd drop me off at the\ncamp and I'd spend the night. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had a pretty good time in the DP camp, in that one.\n\nLANGER: Who ran this DP camp?\n\nHALL: I don't know.\n\nLANGER: Was it Americans?\n\nHALL: I don't know. The people I saw were locals who served us as paid guards.\n\nLANGER: That's who you went with?\n\nHALL: Yes.\n\nLANGER: Do you remember what kind of food you got at the DP camp?\n\nHALL: Not really. What I remember is, when we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went from camp to camp, we would\nprobably walk or get a ride. Usually, around five or six in the evening, or\nsometimes it was earlier, we'd be arriving at the next camp. I remember getting\ndeloused. They used probably DDT, because I remember the white powder and being\nserved, for the most part, a bowl of soup and piece of bread. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't remember\nanything . . . I don't recall eggs. I don't recall . . . And certainly not\nfruit. They might have once or twice, but it was basically a bowl of soup.\n\nLANGER: Do you remember being able to get any other kinds of goods in the DP camp?\n\nHALL: No, not all. I do remember a lot of music and dancing.\n\nLANGER: Then, at what point did your parents find you?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HALL: At this point, as I just said, my brother was in the hospital and they\nwouldn't let him go because he was so malnourished. They were trying literally\nto restore him to good health, to fatten him up, call it what you will. They\nwould not let him go and I wouldn't abandon my brother. When my parents showed\nup, I was not 100 percent happy because I knew I'd have discipline and I'd have\nto answer to somebody. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prior to that, I'd been able to do anything I wanted to\ndo, drinking beer at night. Life was pretty good. When my parents showed up, I\nrealized those were my parents. I recognized them. They asked where my brother\nwas and they were horrified when I told them he was in the hospital. No matter\nwhat I told them to reassure them, it didn't. They were not satisfied. We went\nto the hospital. They saw my brother. He looked fine. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was no problem. I\nwould visit him every two or three days, so I knew he was fine. He did not\nrecognize his own parents. He just panhandled them. He was asking them for food\nand bread. That was pretty painful for my parents. They took us to Paris. We\nwaited there for probably about four months, give or take. My dad had two\nbrothers [Henry Horowitz and Natan Horowitz] in New York, who managed to help us\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"secure a flight to LaGuardia. We came on American Airlines. I know these things\nbecause I memorized the logo. In a book of old airline logos, I found that logo.\nWe flew into New York [City, New York]. We had with us the diplomatic passports\nfrom the Polish government, but we didn't have very much baggage. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The people at\nLaGuardia were suspicious. It was, I don't recall, either Friday night or\nSaturday night. They called the embassy or the Consulate over, and over, and\nover again. The reason why we're alive today is because the Consulate or embassy\nwas closed. They didn't answer the phone. Finally, they let us go. We actually\nwere illegal immigrants. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For the first two years that we lived here, in spite of\nwhat [my] uncle said to us, in spite of what lawyers said to us, we were so\nterrified that we were going to be sent back, that we did not dare to make\nourselves known, to come out, if you will. Finally, with enough assurances, we\ndid. We were granted asylum. Within five years after that, in 1954, we became US citizens.\n\nBRYAN: The diplomatic papers that you had . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HALL: Because my dad was in the Polish government.\n\nBRYAN: But they were official papers? They were not forgeries?\n\nHALL: Yes. No, they were not forgeries, but the moment my dad was arrested, they\nwere revoked, except that mom had those papers and she hid them. When she was\nrequested to return them to the government, she said she had no idea where they\nwere. Of course, she knew where they were.\n\nBRYAN: You are the first survivor that we have talked to that came by way of\nairplane. That was a very expensive way to travel.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HALL: Yes. Two uncles paid for it. That's . . . You asked about food. I hadn't\nseen a refrigerator full of food since 1939. The uncle that picked us up from\nthe airport, lived in Grand Concourse, in the Bronx. When his wife, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my aunt,\nopened up the refrigerator, I saw this lit up cornucopia of food. I was\nflabbergasted. I asked, \"What's that?\" She said, \"It's butter.\" She spoke\nEnglish and I spoke no English. After the translation, I hadn't seen butter in\nyears and I said, \"Can I have some?\" She would have given me the whole\nrefrigerator. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not knowing any better, I just took the quarter pound stick of\nbutter, peeled the newspaper like one peels a banana, stuck it in my mouth, and\nstarted eating it. I thought it was delicious. I thought it was wonderful! I\nhadn't had anything like that. Then, it was so good, I wanted another. She gave\nme another and I got half way through it. It took me three days to get over it.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Experiences like that . . . I could tell you more and more of these stories of\njust everyday life experiences. For example, my father's brothers, who came here\nin the early 1930s, wanted to treat us so well. They were both meat brokers, so\nI'm sure they gave us the very finest cuts of meat that they could secure. My\nmother always had cooks and maids. She didn't know what to do with it, so she\ntook the finest prime steaks ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and pot-roasted them. But we learned. It took a\nlittle time, but we learned.\n\nALTIG: Do you know how your father broke out of prison?\n\nHALL: Yes, I do. At least, I know his story. He said that when he was in prison,\nhe was handed a note, which he ate, that said at a certain time, to go over a\nparticular wall. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was a small man. He was probably about five [feet], five\n[inches or] five [feet], six [inches tall]. He said he had no idea how he\nmanaged to scale about a fifteen or sixteen foot wall, never knew, but he\nreached the top of the wall and the guard was standing there, watching him. He\nthought he was dead. The guard turned around, shouldered his weapon, walked the\nother way. But he climbed over the wall ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he was supposed to jump over. Then,\nhe jumped into darkness. He had no idea what he was jumping into. [He] was very\nsurprised, because there was a grass knoll. [He] rolled down the knoll. At the\nbottom of the knoll, there was a car waiting for him. The door opened and my\nmother was in the back seat. What had happened, my mother had got also a note,\nsaying to get into a car that will be waiting for her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a certain time, not to\nspeak to the driver, not to ask any questions. She did that. She sat in the back\nseat. The man took her to the edge of the prison, I guess opened the door,\nwaited for my dad there. [He] got into the car and they drove to a railroad\nstation, the next . . . and they went straight to Paris.\n\nALTIG: Do they have any idea who arranged this?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HALL: To the day my parents died, they never knew. They assumed that it was part\nof the Underground cell that my dad was involved with during World War II. The\npeople never came out, never surfaced. He surfaced. He became known, but some of\nthe other fellows stayed quiet. But he never knew who arranged it all.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALTIG: You told a couple of stories of your father hiring people to sort of\nspirit you away.\n\nHALL: Yes.\n\nBRYAN: Were these sort of organized . . . ?\n\nHALL: No, I don't think so. I think these are people . . . It was one of two\nthings. Each time, there was a little fee involved, using today's dollars, maybe\na hundred dollars, not really enough ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to risk your life. We never knew whether it\nwas for the hundred dollars that they needed desperately, or whatever the amount\nwas, or they were trying to do the right thing, or both. We had no idea. In\nthose days, long range planning was a matter of trying to survive that day. That\nwas long range planning. Often times, it was just trying to survive the next instant.\n\nLANGER: We are almost out of time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you have any other questions?\n\nBRYAN: No . . . Maybe you said this already, but I'm not quite sure. Do you\nunderstand how your father met the engravers to begin with?\n\nHALL: Yes, I knew that. He was looking among his circle of acquaintances for\nsomebody that would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/transcript/42131/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give him, that could create false ID papers for us. That was\nthe context in which he met them. That I am absolutely sure of.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4350.0,4380.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow [Polish: Kraków; sometimes also “Cracow”] is the second largest city in Poland, situated on the Vistula River. The city is one of the oldest in Poland and dates back to the seventh century. In 1939, some 56,000 Jews (almost one-quarter of the total population) resided in Krakow. As German forces advanced into Poland, many Jews fled east toward Russian ahead of the Germans, while other Jewish refugees arrived from other towns in Poland. On Wednesday, September 6, 1939, the German army entered Krakow. When the Germans occupied Krakow in 1939, the city became the center of the General Government, a separate administrative region of the Third Reich, under Governor General Hans Frank (1900-1946). Frank continued to administer the General Government from Krakow throughout the end of 1944. A large garrison of Wehrmacht soldiers and German officers were stationed in the city. Anti-Jewish Aktions and measures began immediately. German soldiers kidnapped Jews for forced labor, humiliated them in the streets, and arrested and killed some, seemingly at random. Jewish businesses were looted and marked with a Star of David. Soon all synagogues, prayer houses, and Jewish schools were closed. Jewish homes were searched for gold, jewelry, foreign currency, and other items illegal for Jews to possess. A curfew was imposed, and anyone caught disobeying could be shot. Jews were required to register and wear armbands with the Star of David. The 60,000 to 70,000 Jews in Krakow at the beginning of the war were not put into a ghetto a first but their lives were highly restricted, and they were put to work for the Germans. Some without work permits were expelled to Lublin and other places between November 1940 and April 1941. The ghetto was formally established on March 3, 1941 in a southern part of Krakow, in Podgorze, a poor part of town. The ghetto was closed off and 12,000 Jews were forced into it. Another 6,500 Jews from the area were transferred into it. Between 15,000 and 20,000 Jews lived within the ghetto boundaries, which were enclosed by barbed-wire fences and, in places, by a stone wall. The conditions were terrible with disease and starvation rampant. Four guarded entrance gates accessed the Krakow ghetto. Two entrances, including the main gate, were on ulica [Polish: street] Limanowskiego, one was close to the intersection of ulica Lwowska and ulica Jozefinska, and one was at Plac Zgody (the train station Krakow’s Jews were deported from). The Germans established several forced labor factories and camps within and near the ghetto. In the spring and summer of 1942, almost half of the ghetto’s inhabitants were murdered or deported to labor and extermination camps including Plaszow, Belzec, and Auschwitz-Birkenau. The ghetto was liquidated in a series of Aktions between June 1942 and March 1943. On June 1, 1942, 2,000 Jews without work permits were sent to Belzec. Two thousand more Jews followed on June 3 and 4 and hundreds more on June 6. Hundreds were shot on the street. The ghetto was downsized. In October 1942 another 7,000 Jews were sent to Belzec during which the orphanage and old age home were emptied. The hospital patients were murdered in the ghetto. In December 1942, the ghetto was divided into two parts: one for workers and one for non-workers. In March 1943, the remainder of the Krakow ghetto was liquidated. On March 13, 1943 the workers’ ghetto was liquidated and the Jews were sent to Plaszow labor camp. They had to leave their children behind. Any Jew found in the workers’ ghetto after the deportation was shot on the spot. On March 14, 1943, the Jews in the non-workers ghetto were ordered to assemble in the ghetto square. A few dozen were sent to Plaszow, a few hundred were killed and the rest—about 2,300—were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anyone found in hiding was murdered on the spot. In all, approximately 2,000 Jews in the ghetto were killed immediately. Approximately 2,000 Jews were transferred to Plaszow and another 3,000 were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Of the 3,000 sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, around 2,450 were murdered in the gas chambers. The ghetto was officially considered liquidated. The Germans evacuated Krakow on January 17, 1945. Soviet forces entered the city two days later, on January 19, 1945. Only 2,000 Jews from Krakow survived the war. Some Jews who lived in Russia during the war returned to Krakow in 1945-46, but a Jewish community was not re-established because of a fear of pogroms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNumerus clausus [Latin: closed term] is a term that refers to anti-Jewish policies that limited Jews from certain professions, public offices and institutes of higher education by applying fixed quotas. In general, numerus clausus policies were religious or racial quotas used to discriminate against Jews in Eastern Europe. Such policies were not unique to the Holocaust, but gained favor in the inter-war period leading up to the Holocaust. For example, in 1920, Hungary had enacted a numerus clausus that placed a ceiling of six percent on the number of Jewish students allowed in institutes of higher education. In countries such as Poland and Romania, the numerus clausus was introduced as a quasi-legal means, or was applied in practice, as part of an antisemitic policy. In Polish universities, Jews experienced discrimination and exclusion. Unofficial quotas restricting Jewish enrollment to around 10 percent was introduced at some universities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the Holocaust, Jews were the largest minority in Poland. In Poland’s major cities, Jews and Poles spoke each other’s languages and interacted in markets and on the streets. Even smaller towns and villages in Poland were, to some extent, mixed communities. That did not mean that antisemitism did not impact the lives of Polish Jews, however. The antisemitic atmosphere increased in Poland during the 1930s. After World War I, Poland had become a democratic independent state and increasing Polish nationalism made Poland a hostile place for many Jews. A series of pogroms and discriminatory laws were signs of growing antisemitism, while fewer and fewer opportunities to emigrate were available. An economic boycott of Jewish businesses was in full force by 1937.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYuppie, short for \"young urban professional\" or \"young upwardly-mobile professional,\" is a term coined in the early 1980s for a young professional person with a well-paid job and a fashionable lifestyle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMiami Beach is an island city in south Florida, connected by bridges to mainland Miami. The city was founded in 1915. It is known for its early 20th century architecture in the Art Deco Historic district.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism increased in the period between the world wars as massive social and economic changes occurred in the United States. During the first half of the 20th century, numerous American universities worked privately to limit the number of Jewish students they admitted. Even harsher restrictions faced Jews in fraternities, clubs, hotels, resorts, and elite neighborhoods. So-called restrictive covenants excluded Jews from some of the most desirable neighborhoods in major cities and newly emerging suburbs. Jews were also discriminated or limited in some employment. Following World War II and the Holocaust, however, anti-Jewish sentiment significantly declined in the United States. Organized antisemitism began to decline, as did discrimination against Jews in employment, housing and daily life. The deeply imbedded racial discrimination of the South created an environment that was slower to change, however. Like other parts of the country, the Jewish community in southern Florida and particularly the Miami area, saw significant growth after World War II. In 1940, only 9,000 individuals lived in Jewish households in South Florida. By 1950, that figure stood at 52,000, and it reached 134,000 by 1960. As the Jewish community grew, local and statewide exclusionary practices were challenged. By 1949, Miami Beach had passed a local ordinance against advertisements and signs that discriminated on the basis of religion or race. Property owners were prohibited from displaying signs that used the words \"restricted\" or \"gentiles only.\" Jewish exclusion in tourism and housing decreased dramatically over the next decade. In 1953, one-fifth of hotels and motels in the area would not rent to Jews, compared to a rate of over fifty percent in the rest of Florida. By the end of the 1950s, the statewide rate had dropped below fifteen percent. By the early 1960s, almost all resorts and housing developments had dropped their restrictive clauses. Exclusion from colleges and professional fields had also mostly ended. As of 2020, the state of Florida has the third largest Jewish population in the United States (after New York and California), with most living in south Florida and the Miami area. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the codename Operation “Barbarossa,” Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, in the largest German military operation of World War II. Although the Soviet Union had been Germany’s ally in the war against Poland, the destruction of the Soviet Union and conquest of territory in the East had long been one of Hitler’s proclaimed goals. The attack on the Soviet Union marked a turning point in both the history of World War II and the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePolish: Lwów. Ukrainian: Lviv. Lvov was once a Polish town. It is approximately 220 miles (350 km) east of Krakow and 212 miles (341 km) southeast of Warsaw. On the eve of World War II, there were 109,500 Jews living in the city. The city of Lvov was occupied by the Soviet Union on September 22, 1939. It was immediately annexed together with the rest of Eastern Galicia under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact. There were over 200,000 Jews in Lvov in September 1939; nearly 100,000 were refugees from German-occupied Poland. The Germans subsequently occupied Lvov after the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 and renamed the town “Lemberg.” Soviet Security forces (People’s Commissariat of Internal affairs, NKVD) murdered several thousand Ukrainian nationalists, as well as some Jews and Poles, in Lvov prisons before retreating from the German invasion in June 1941. Jewish forced laborers were forced to dig mass graves for the bodies. The Germans and their Ukrainian collaborators then used the massacre as a pretext for anti-Jewish pogroms, claiming that the Jews had helped the secret police. A violent pogrom broke out in Lvov immediately upon German occupation on June 30, 1941. Over the course of four days, Ukrainian nationalists, encouraged by German forces, massacred about 4,000 Jews. More than 2,000 Jews were murdered and thousands more were injured in another pogrom organized in late July. In Lvov in the fall of 1941, Jews still enjoyed relative freedom of movement, but were moved into a ghetto that was established in November of 1941. German authorities ordered some 80,000 people to move into the area designated for the ghetto in the north of Lvov, where about 25,000 people were already living. The ghetto was not sealed until November 1942. Initially, Lvov Jews were put to work in numerous private firms located outside the ghetto that were run by either local civilians or by Germans, as well as for the German army and the Ostbahn railway company. Shortly before the Lvov ghetto was closed in November 1942, the Wehrmacht [the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany, which included the Luftwaffe (air force)] employed approximately 10,000 Jews. In March of 1942, deportations began. The first deportation took around 15,000 religious people, elderly, women, and children to the Belzec extermination camp. By August 1942, more than 65,000 Jews had been deported from the Lvov ghetto and murdered. Many individuals attempted to escape deportation by jumping from the trains into the forest, where their lives depended on finding a partisan group or a peasant who would help them. Guards attempted to put an end to this practice by ordering deportees to strip before leaving on the transports, but the so-called jumpers (shpringers) continued to leap to at least momentary freedom. Some joined work detachments by passing as Poles. Other jumpers tried to escape multiple times, only to return to the ghetto after failing to find help. Thousands were sent to the Janoswka Labor Camp. In early June 1943, German and Ukrainian police destroyed what remained of the Lvov ghetto, killing thousands of Jews in the process. The remaining ghetto residents were sent to the Janowska forced-labor camp or deported to Belzec. The Soviet army reentered Lvov in July 1944. Since World War II, the city has been part of Ukraine and is known as “Lviv.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrlando, Florida is a city located in central Florida. It was incorporated in February 1885 and is located in Orange County. The distance between Miami Beach and Orlando is almost 240 miles.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoth the Russian and German armies invaded Poland in September 1939. On September 28, Germany and the Soviet Union reached an agreement partitioning Poland and outlining their zones of occupation. A demarcation line for the partition of German- and Russian-occupied Poland was established along the Bug River, between Krakow and Lvov. It is estimated that the number of refugees who crossed from the German-occupied part of Poland to the areas annexed by the Soviet Union totaled about 300,000. The Russians left the border freely open to traffic until the end of October 1939. From then until the end of 1939 a small number of persons still crossed the border. After that, it was completely sealed. Some refugees still attempted to sneak across the heavily guarded border, often at great danger. Those caught trying to cross between occupation zones or trying to flee without papers faced arrest and arbitrary violence at the hands of both Russian and German border guards. The demarcation line would remain in effect until June 22, 1941, when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in a military campaign codenamed Operation “Barbarossa.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Plaszow camp [Polish: Płaszów; also known as the “Krakau-Plaszow” camp] was in a suburb of Krakow, Poland. Planning for the Krakow-Plaszow camp began in the summer of 1942 and construction began in October, when it was established as a detention place for Jewish forced laborers in the district. The Plaszow railway station had already served as a transit point for deportations to the Belzec death camp and there was a small camp there for Jewish railway workers called “Julag I” (Judenlager or Jews’ camp). Several hundred ghetto inmates constructed the new camp nearby, partly on the site of two Jewish cemeteries. The first group of Jewish forced laborers in Plaszow was the Barackenbau group, which was used for the hardest outdoor work in harsh winter conditions. They erected camp barracks, leveled the ground, dug trenches for the water supply and the sewage systems, and demolished the Jewish gravestones of the one-time cemeteries. Plaszow was then expanded in September 1943 with the arrival of Jews from Krakow and held 10,000 prisoners. Jews from the district and Hungary were also sent there. Only in 1944 was it transformed into a full-fledged concentration camp when Jews from the Krakow ghetto were sent there. Up until the summer of 1943 almost all the prisoners were Jewish, but non-Jewish Poles were also interned in Plaszow as punishment for small offenses in a separate area that served as a work reeducation camp for people whom the Nazis considered unreliable workers. Almost 10,000 Poles were imprisoned there during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. Some Gypsies were also kept in the Polish part of the camp. In comparison to other camps, Plaszow’s inmate population included a comparatively high proportion of Jewish women and children. While most Polish Jewish children under the age of 14 had been killed by the end of 1942, there were still some in Plaszow until the spring of 1944. Mass executions, random violence and beatings were an almost daily feature of life Plaszow, especially under Commandant Goeth. Goeth was infamous for randomly beating prisoners to death, shooting them, or commanding his two trained dogs, Ralf (an Alsatian mix) and Rolf (a Great Dane), to attack prisoners. Frequently, members of working detachments were shot after they were apprehended smuggling food into the camps. Prisoners lived in constant fear of Goeth’s murderous roll calls or barrack searches. On February 11, 1943, Amon Goeth (Göth) (of Schindler’s List fame) became the commandant. Goeth was replaced by Philipp Grimm and Kurt Schuppke. In Plaszow, Amon Goeth’s office and the camp’s administration were housed in a building known as “The Grey House.” In August 1943, 5 holding cells, solitary confinement cells, and special tiny cells referred to as “standing bunkers” [German: stehbunker] were developed in the building’s basement. The standing bunkers were built for prisoners who violated camp regulations and were constructed so as to prevent a prisoner from doing anything but standing. The cells were for prisoners of the security police and the camps’ political department, mostly on death row. The perimeter of the Plaszow camp was surrounded by an electric, double barbed-wire fence 2.5 miles in length. On the eastern edge of Plaszow was a complex of fenced barracks, which served as storehouses for the property stolen from Jews during resettlement campaigns. The items were segregated, cleaned, repaired, and then sent to Germany. The head of the storehouses, SS Untersturmführer Heinrich Balb, was not responsible to the camp Commandant, but directly to the SS and Police leader for the Krakow district. During World War II, Jewish gravestones, or matzevot, were frequently removed from cemeteries and reused for a variety of purposes. Prisoners at Plaszow were forced to use Jewish tombstones from the cemeteries the camp was situated on to pave the camp streets. There were three execution sites in Plaszow. From the summer of 1943, daily executions were held at the remains of a World War I fortification located on a hill in the southwest part of the camp. Prisoners called the site Hujowa Górka (sometimes also called Chujowa Górka), which roughly translates to “prick hill” and is a mockery of the surname of SS officer Albert Hujar, who committed and directed the executions. The second killing site was on the southeastern side of the camp, called Lipowy Dolek [Polish: Lipowy Dølek, lime hole]. The prisoners had dug large pits there between 1942 and 1944. This is where the bodies from the Krakow Ghetto liquidation were buried. The third site was on the northern part of the camp at the old cemetery. In Plaszow, most of the guards were non-Germans. Most were Ukrainian police auxiliaries chosen from prisoner-of-war camps and trained at the Trawniki training camp in Lublin and used to supplement the German SS staff until the official designation of the camp as a concentration camp in January 1944. Thereafter, 600 men of the SS Totenkopfverbaende (Death's Head Units) staffed the camp. There were two stone quarries near the Plaszow concentration camp, where male and female prisoners worked 12-hour shifts. The work was extremely arduous. Male prisoners broke down the rocks in the quarry. The stones were then loaded into cars and pulled out of the quarry by a human train of female prisoners divided into two rows and tied to the heavy cars. In March 1944, a special barrack or “kindergarten” was installed in Plaszow. In mid-May between 250 and 300 children were separated from their parents and moved into the barrack. On May 15, 1944, the children were loaded into wagons, while their horrified parents, gathered nearby for a roll call, stood watching. The children were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they were killed. Survivors who witnessed the deportation recall the Germans playing lullabies such as Gute Nacht Mutti [German: Goodnight Mommy] over loudspeakers. The approaching front line caused the evacuation of Plaszow and its sub-camps to begin in the summer of 1944. Most inmates were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Mauthausen and Stutthof concentration camps. On August 8, 1944, a transport of over 4,500 Jewish males left Plaszow for Mauthausen. About 400 were Jews who had recently worked for Oskar Schindler at his enamel factory. The biggest evacuation transport left Plaszow on August 6, 1944, deporting 7,500 to 8,000 prisoners to Auschwitz-Birkenau. In September 1944, there were still 2,200 Jews in Plaszow. The SS evacuated at least 1,500 of them to Gross-Rosen concentration camp on October 15, 1944. At the beginning of 1945, there were 636 prisoners—453 males and 183 females—left in Plaszow, together with 87 male guards. On January 14, 1945—just three days before Russian troops liberated Krakow—the prisoners were evacuated on foot to Auschwitz-Birkenau. It took three days to march to Auschwitz-Birkenau, which is approximately 38 miles (62 km) west of Krakow. When units of the Red Army reached the camp on January 17, 1945, only 180 prisoners—178 females and 2 boys—were still alive.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “concentration camp” refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy. In Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945, concentration camps (Konzentrationslager; briefly “KL” or “KZ”) were an integral feature of the regime. The Nazis differentiated between concentration camps, which were used to contain slave laborers and prisoners of the Nazi state, and extermination camps, whose primary purpose was the systematic killing of prisoners. Shortly after coming to power in 1933, the Nazis began to set up a series of concentration camps across Germany. Those were mostly local initiatives: facilities that the SA, SS, and police established on an ad hoc basis, where they would detain and abuse real and imagined enemies of the regime. By 1934, there were over 100 of these early camps in operation. When the Nazi regime came to power, they systematically persecuted both Jewish and non-Jewish Germans perceived to be opponents of the regime. Political opponents (Communists, Social Democrats, liberals) were some of the first victims housed in “temporary” detention centers like Lichtenburg. Jews, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jehovah's Witnesses, clergy who opposed the Nazis, and any others whose behavior—real or perceived—could be interpreted as being in opposition to Nazi political and racial ideologies were also persecuted and incarcerated. The Nazi regime refused to tolerate criticism, dissent, or nonconformity from the German people. Non-Jewish German political activists were treated harshly but other political opponents remained potentially valuable members of the German race. The goal behind their internment in and subsequent release from concentration camps was often a kind of reeducation that would see them fall into line with the regime’s political and racial ideologies. Between 1933 and 1939, tens of thousands of Germans were sentenced by the criminal courts. If authorities were confident of a conviction in court, the prisoner was turned over to the justice system for trial. If the outcome of criminal proceedings were unsatisfactory, the acquitted citizen or the citizen who was sentenced to a suspended sentence would still be taken into “protective detention” and incarcerated in a concentration camp. The first concentration camps were established in 1933. Various authorities set up the makeshift “camps” in empty warehouses, factories, and other locations. Camps were established in Oranienburg, north of Berlin; Esterwegen, near Hamburg; Dachau, northwest of Munich; and Lichtenburg, in Saxony. By the end of July 1933, almost 27,000 people were housed in these camps. Most of the prisoners were political opponents of the Nazi regime. By the end of 1934, most of these early camps were disbanded and replaced by a centrally organized concentration camp system under the exclusive jurisdiction of the SS.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnti-Jewish Aktions and measures began immediately in Krakow. German soldiers kidnapped Jews for forced labor, humiliated them in the streets, and arrested and killed some, seemingly at random. The 60,000 to 70,000 Jews in Krakow at the beginning of the war were not put into a ghetto a first but their lives were highly restricted. A ghetto was formally established in March 1941 in a poor part of town. Between 15,000 and 20,000 Jews lived within the ghetto boundaries, which were enclosed by barbed-wire fences and, in places, by a stone wall. In the spring and fall of 1942, almost half of the ghetto’s inhabitants were murdered or deported to labor and extermination camps in a series of Aktions. Hundreds were shot on the street. In March 1943, the ghetto was liquidated. About 2,300 were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Those considered fit for work were sent to Plaszow labor camp [Polish: Płaszów; also known as the “Krakau-Plaszow” camp], established in late 1942 in a suburb of Krakow. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is possible the theater Allan’s father worked in and later hid his family in was located at 11 Hnatyuka Street in present-day Lviv. Today, it is the home of the First Ukrainian Theater for Children and Youth. According to one source, the building itself was built in 1939 as a Jewish theater. It is in an area of the city just south of where the ghetto was established and where the Jewish cemetery is.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans occupied Lvov after the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 and renamed the town “Lemberg.” Approximately 150,000 Jews were living in the city just prior to its capture by the Germans. Soviet Security forces (People’s Commissariat of Internal affairs, NKVD) murdered several thousand Ukrainian nationalists, as well as some Jews and Poles, in Lvov prisons before retreating from the German invasion in June 1941. Jewish forced laborers were forced to dig mass graves for the bodies. The Germans and their Ukrainian collaborators then used the massacre as a pretext for anti-Jewish pogroms, claiming that the Jews had helped the secret police. A violent pogrom broke out in Lvov immediately upon German occupation on June 30, 1941. Over the course of four days, Ukrainian nationalists, encouraged by German forces, massacred about 4,000 Jews. More than 2,000 Jews were murdered and thousands more were injured in another pogrom organized in late July. Additional smaller-scale Aktions took place throughout the summer of 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Lvov in the fall of 1941, Jews still enjoyed relative freedom of movement, but were moved into a ghetto that was established in November of 1941. German authorities ordered some 80,000 people to move into the area designated for the ghetto in the north of Lvov, where about 25,000 people were already living. The ghetto was not sealed until November 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “ghetto” originated in sixteenth-century Venice from the Jewish quarter, where authorities compelled the city’s Jews to live. The term’s usage spread across Europe and referred to areas within cities where members of minorities (typically Jews) lived and were often restricted to by the authorities as a way to separate them from the majority Christian population. During World War II, Nazi Germany established ghettos in segregated city districts to further isolate and imprison regional Jewish populations. Starting in 1939, the Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. Jews living in ghettos experienced miserable conditions and overcrowding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAktion (Plural: Aktionen) is the German term used for any non-military campaign to further Nazi ideals of race, but most often referring to the assembly, and deportation of Jews to concentration or death camps. In many cases, the Germans planned deportations and other operations so that they would coincide with the Jewish holidays. Pogrom is a Russian word meaning \"to wreak havoc, to demolish violently\" that historically refers to violent attacks on by local non-Jewish populations on Jews. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDeportations from the Lvov ghetto began in March 1942, when Allan was seven. The first deportation took around 15,000 religious people, elderly, women and children to Belzec. This could be when Allan was caught. It was not uncommon for the Germans to carry out “children’s Aktions” to reduce the ghetto populations. Like the elderly, children were considered unfit for work and were, therefore, useless. It is also possible that Allan was rounded up outside the ghetto in a Lebensborn [German: fount of life] operation. Lebensborn was an SS operated program that aimed to increase the birth rate and total population of “racially pure” children within the German Reich. Hundreds of thousands of children were kidnapped from Nazi occupied countries, especially Poland, during World War II. Those that appeared to match Nazi racial ideals would be sent back to Germany for reeducation and adoption.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRescuing or helping Jews was extremely difficult and dangerous. In an attempt to discourage Poles from helping the Jews and to destroy any efforts of the resistance, the Germans applied a ruthless retaliation policy, which included the death penalty for the entire family or household of anyone who concealed a Jew. It is estimated that the Germans may have killed tens of thousands of Poles for aiding Jews. Poles who helped Jews \"in any way” (including simply selling goods or food to Jews) risked execution or imprisonment in labor and concentration camps. In addition to the terror instilled by the Germans, antisemitism and conflicting political loyalties among Poland’s ethnically diverse population made the fear of denunciation too great for many Poles to risk helping Jews. The inadequacy of food rations further limited the ability of many Poles to provide assistance. Throughout German-occupied Europe, a concerted effort was made to locate Jews in hiding. Anyone who aided Jews was harshly penalized and rewards were offered to individuals willing to turn in Jews. Neighbors often betrayed others for money or out of support for the regime and blackmailers squeezed money or property from Jews by threatening to turn them in to the authorities. Some German collaborators acted out of opportunistic motives and others from antisemitic sentiments. After the war, there were accusations some Jewish survivors had helped the Germans tack down others Jews living in hiding in exchange for the collaborators’ freedom or that of their relatives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police,” the Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II. German authorities established it in November 1940. The Jews of Warsaw and the surrounding areas were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. The ghetto population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews. The conditions in the ghetto were harsh. There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter, or basic necessities. Starvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the Warsaw ghetto killed many. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Umschlagplatz [German: collection or transfer point] was the square in German-occupied Warsaw where Jews were gathered for deportation to the Treblinka extermination camp. It was located just outside the ghetto by the railroad station, along the northern boundary. The Umschlagpaltz was at the intersection of Stawki and Dzika streets, just outside the northern walls of the ghetto. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTreblinka was established in the Lublin district of Poland in November 1941. It began operations as an extermination camp in July 1942. The camp had gas chambers that used diesel engine exhaust to murder the Jews. In the first few weeks of the camp’s existence about 250,000 Jews from the Warsaw ghetto were murdered there. Treblinka was closed in early 1943 and the bodies in the mass graves were dug up, cremated and reburied. Thereafter it was razed to the ground and a farm was set up on the land. The Russians liberated the area in the summer of 1944 but there was nothing left to find except the disturbed ground over the mass graves of nearly 900,000 souls from all over Poland and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA large-scale operation to liquidate the Warsaw ghetto took place between July 22 and September 21, 1942. More than 250,000 Jews from the Warsaw ghetto were swept up in daily round-ups, herded into the Umschlagplatz, and deported to the extermination camp of Treblinka. At the beginning of September 1942, deportations to Treblinka were temporarily halted. The camp gas chamber continually broke down and the burial pits were overflowing with bodies. A new commandant was installed to restore order, new gas chambers were built, and transports soon resumed. Deportations to Treblinka from Warsaw continued until September 21, 1942. Allan and his mother might have avoided immediate deportation if they were captured during those few days in the beginning of September 1942 that deportations were halted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within ghettos, German authorities installed a hierarchy of Jewish administrative units under their control. A Judischer Ordnungsdienst [German: Jewish Ghetto Police; also known as the OD], was also established by the Germans to keep order in occupied areas and often were responsible for rounding up Jews selected for forced labor or deportation. They were often referred to as the “Jewish Police.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear which orphanage Allan was sent to. Janusz Korszak ran perhaps the most well-known orphanage in the Warsaw ghetto. It was not the only orphanage within the ghetto, however. The brutality of life in the ghetto killed many adults, orphaning many children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStarvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the Warsaw ghetto killed many children. During the liquidation of the ghetto between July and September 1942, the majority of any children who had survived life in the ghetto were sent to Treblinka where they were murdered. Even fewer people—children or adults—survived the ghetto uprising in 1943. In fact, of the almost 1,000,000 Jewish children in Poland in 1939, only about 5,000 survived the Holocaust. Most of these youngsters survived in hiding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJanusz Korczak (1878-1942) was the pen name of Henryk Goldszmit, a well-known Polish Jewish author, pediatrician and educator. He ran a Jewish orphanage in Warsaw from 1911 until 1942. In 1940, the orphanage was forced to move into the Warsaw ghetto. Despite repeatedly being offered places to hide outside the ghetto, Korczak refused to leave the children. On August 5 or 6, 1942, German authorities deported all of the children in the orphanage. Korczak and about 12 members of his staff went with the almost 200 children. They all were killed in the Treblinka extermination camp. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore World War II, the overwhelming majority of Austrian Jews lived in Vienna, which was an important center of Jewish culture, Zionism, and education. In 1938, some 170,000 Jews lived in Vienna, Austria, as well as approximately 80,000 persons of mixed Jewish-Christian background. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, the Nazis quickly applied anti-Jewish policies to Vienna. Jewish organizations and universities were shut down. Jews were barred from many professions and forced to wear a yellow badge. The Nazis encouraged emigration and, by the summer of 1939, nearly half the Jewish population had left Vienna. Emigration was not easy, however. Those seeking exit visas and necessary other documentation had to stand in long lines, night and day, in front of municipal, police, and passport offices. Would-be emigrants were forced to pay an exit fee and to register all of their immovable and most of their movable property, which was confiscated concurrent with their departure from the country. Only 2,000 Viennese Jews survived deportations during the war, along with about 800 Jews who managed to hide. After the war, the city was under joint Allied occupation. After the city was liberated in April 1945, there were 17,000 Jews in the city, most of whom were Hungarian Jews or other refugees. Between 1945 and 1952, other Jewish displaced persons, who looked towards the American Army for services and protection, rather than towards the Austrian government, augmented their numbers. After the Kielce pogrom in the summer of 1946, Jews fleeing Poland flooded into Vienna. Some 52,000 individuals passed through Vienna. In response to the overcrowding, more DP camps were opened in Austria, with Vienna often serving as a transit point. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuilt in 1933 in the Art Deco style, Prudential Tower is a 16-story high-rise that served as a base for the British-based Prudential Insurance Company. At the time, it was the tallest skyscraper in Poland and one of the tallest buildings in Europe. The building was is in the Srodmiescie district of the city, which, during World War II, was south of where the Warsaw ghetto was and in area that became home to multiple German authorities and offices. Used as a base by insurgents in the Warsaw Uprising in August 1944, the building sustained significant damage from German mortars, but was not destroyed. It was rebuilt after the war and in 2018, it became a luxury hotel called Hotel Warszawa.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLuftwaffe literally translates to “air force” and is the generically used German term for any air force. From 1935- 1945, it was also the official name of the Nazi air force led by Hermann Göring. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA black market is economic activity that takes place outside government-sanctioned channels. Black market transactions usually occur “under the table” to let participants avoid government price controls or taxes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, the air raid warden’s main task was to ensure that people were protected during air raids when they enemy would drop bombs. They handed out gas masks, directed people to shelters and if necessary give first aid or put out fires.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn August 1, 1944, the Armia Krajowa (Polish Home Army, AK) tried to seize control of the city from the Germans in advance of the Red Army. The AK hoped to liberate the city from the German occupation and reclaim Polish independence. The Soviet army was within sight of Warsaw, but did not advance into the city. The Western allies dropped ammunition and supplies but failed to offer enough support. The Germans used tanks, heavy artillery, and tactical bombers to suppress the uprising. Life behind the lines in Warsaw became increasingly difficult. Hundreds of thousands of civilians were killed during the Warsaw Polish uprising. About 20,000 civilians were evacuated from Warsaw during a ceasefire from September 8-10. The resistance ultimately capitulated to German forces in early October 1944. A provision of the agreement that ended the Warsaw uprising was that the civilian population had three days to evacuate the city. The Germans then systematically razed much of the remaining buildings. The majority of Warsaw was left in ruins. By the time Soviet troops liberated the devastated city on January 17, 1945, only about 174,000 people were left. Approximately 11,500 of the survivors were Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA wet nurse is a woman employed to breastfeed another woman’s child. It was commonly used in early times if something happened to the mother or if the mother was not able to nurse the child themselves.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInfanticide is the act of intentionally killing of infants or offspring within a year of their birth.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn response to the German occupation, Poles organized one of the largest underground movements in Europe with more than 300 widely supported political and military groups and subgroups. The resistance movement became collectively known as the Polish underground. Hundreds of thousands of Polish people, loyal to the government-in-exile, were involved with various agencies of the underground that actively participated in a variety of activities meant to undermine the German occupation. Activities of different resistance groups inside Poland included setting up underground courts for trying collaborators and others, establishing clandestine schools when the Germans closed educational institutions, and the training of fighters and hoarding of weapons. There were over 1,000 underground publications dedicated to politics, economics, education, and literature. From 1942, the Polish resistance began reporting to the Polish government-in-exile on the situation of the Jews in Poland, especially in the Warsaw ghetto and the extermination camps. Microfilm secreted out of Poland offered further evidence of the extermination of European Jews in Poland. During the Warsaw ghetto uprising, the Home Army (Armia Krajowa, or AK) disseminated information and appeals to help the Jews in the ghetto, both in Poland and by way of radio transmissions to the Allies. Polish resistance units attacked some German units near the ghetto walls, provided a limited number of badly needed weapons and ammunitions, and assisted several commanders and fighters in escaping the ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans evacuated Krakow on January 17, 1945. Soviet forces entered the city two days later, on January 19, 1945. Only 2,000 Jews from Krakow survived the war. Some Jews who lived in Russia during the war returned to Krakow in 1945-46, but a Jewish community was not re-established because of a fear of pogroms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany people in German-occupied areas collaborated with German authorities. In some cases, antisemitism, greed, or resentment of alleged cooperation with the Russians motivated the behavior. In others, coercion was the motivating factor. When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union and occupied their Polish territories in June 1941, the Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) followed the German army as it advanced. The Germans often drew on local civilian and police support to carry out their operations. Pogroms in towns such as Jedwabne and Lvov complemented the German policy of systematically eliminating entire Jewish communities. In territories they occupied (particularly in the east), the Germans depended on indigenous auxiliary units (civilian, military, and police) to carry out the annihilation of the Jewish population. Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, and ethnic German collaborators played a significant role in killing Jews throughout eastern and southeastern Europe. Such collaboration was a critical element in implementing the Final Solution and the mass murder of other groups whom the Nazi regime targeted. Collaborators committed some of the worst atrocities of the Holocaust era.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the invasion of Poland in 1939, the Polish government moved to France. When France fell in 1940, the government-in-exile moved to London, where it stayed for the duration of World War II. While in exile, the government continued to exert influence in Poland through the Polish Underground and the Home Army. As the first of the Allies to occupy Poland, the Soviets were able to influence the interim government formed in 1945—a government that won Allied recognition over the government-in-exile still based in London. The new communist government solidified its political power in a sham election held in January 1947. Prior to the election, many members of the opposition were arrested or prohibited from running. In the purge that followed the election, the new communist regime replaced any remaining opposition members in office with trusted Stalinists. Poland officially became part of the Soviet sphere of influence, while the government-in-exile remained in London.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSiberia is an extensive geographical region in Russia that extends eastward to become what is often referred to as North Asia. It is a sparsely populated area with long, cold winters. The majority of Soviet forced labor camps in the 1930’s through 1950’s were in remote areas of northeastern Siberia. The Siberian labor camps were used as a form of political repression and prisoners were often worked to death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the seven million uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP Camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. Often, shelter was improvised and DPs found themselves housed in everything from former military barracks, summer camps and airports to castles, hotels and even private homes. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe number of Jewish refugees seeking to enter Palestine increased dramatically after World War II. Although the British had established a strict quota that virtually eliminated the possibility to legally immigrate to Palestine, underground networks worked to transport as many displaced persons as possible into Palestine. Holocaust survivors from all over Europe moved from displaced persons camps in Allied zones of occupation to gathering points in places like Italy. Allan’s mother probably thought the safest place for the children was in an Allied occupied area with other Jewish refugees. Illegally immigrating to Palestine probably seemed the most feasible option for the family to finally leave Europe at that time.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear which camp Allan and his brother went to. Baden, also called Baden Bei Wien, is a spa town southwest of Vienna, the Austrian capital. It was the headquarters of the Soviet occupation zone from 1945 to 1955. At the end of World War II, the Allies divided Austria into four zones: American, British, French, and Russian zones. Vienna, the capital of Austria, was also divided into four zones, but was within the Soviet zone. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a chemical first synthesized in 1874 and further developed as an insecticide in 1939 by Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Muller. During the second half of World War II, DDT was used to control malaria and typhus in civilians and troops. DDT was used after World War II as an agricultural insecticide.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLaGuardia Airport is a civil airport in East Elmhurst, Queens, New York City. Covering 680 acres in its present form, the facility first opened in 1939 and is named after former New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmerican Airlines, Inc. is a major American airline headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. The airline was started in 1930 via a union of more than eighty small airlines. Today, it is the world's largest airline when measured by fleet size, scheduled passengers carried, and revenue passenger mile.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to an air passenger manifest, the family arrived in New York City, New York on January 12, 1947 aboard a plane operated by American Overseas Airline that originated in Berlin, Germany and departed from London, England on January 11, 1947. When the Hall family arrived in the United States in January of 1947, immigration and naturalization information sheets originally give their purpose for visiting the United States as a “family visit” and their expected stay was to last 2 months. Their information sheets were amended to say “Lawful entry for permanent residence created at Miami, Florida under Section 4 of the Displaced Persons Act of 1948.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hall family became United States citizens on March 7, 1955.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Grand Concourse is a 5.2-mile-long thoroughfare in the borough of the Bronx in New York City. It is one of New York's most impressive, historic thoroughfares, with architecturally-significant buildings. Grand Concourse runs through several neighborhoods, including Bedford Park, Concourse, Highbridge, Fordham, Mott Haven, Norwood and Tremont.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/annotation_set/1019/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn post-war Poland, the newly installed Communist government considered the Polish resistance movement a threat to its security. Surviving members were asked to come out into the open and promised freedom and safety. Most who did so were swiftly arrested, tortured, executed, or deported into the Soviet Gulag system. In addition to the level of mistrust for the government that developed (Poland) experienced a series of violent anti-Jewish incidents between 1944 and 1946. Many of those who had helped Jews during the war were weary of being found out for fear of repercussions either from the government or from suspicious antisemitic neighbors. Cut off from the West and the Jews they had saved (most of whom had immigrated), many rescuers changed their addresses and remained silent about their efforts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4230.0,4260.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Allan Hall [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Introduces himself and talks about his family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=21.0,121.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life was very pleasant and very comfortable for the most part, for me at least, because I was the first born child, and a son  in those days was important, and also because I was the firstborn grandchild.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=21.0,121.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aunt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grandparents","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Parents","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=21.0,121.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Impact of antisemitism before World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=121.0,186.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My dad could not get the education he wanted. Therefore, he had to go to Austria, where there was much less quotas and restrictions. He went to university there.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=121.0,186.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anitsemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Italy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=121.0,186.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life prior to war and early days of the war","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=186.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do recall a couple incidences of antisemitism. I don't know chronologically when it occurred, but I do recall being in a garden,  in a public park, in Krakow and being . . . I just picked one rose blossom to bring home to my mother. A police officer very roughly grabbed me and even though my nanny was there and she pled with him, he brought me home, and essentially, that resulted in some minor bribe.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=186.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bug River","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"French","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lviv, Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lvov, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Miami Beach, Florida","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Plaszow Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Restrictive Property Covenants","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=186.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping Krakow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=660.0,843.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She took the thing that she owned that was the most valuable thing, which was a fur coat. A little inappropriate for the summertime, but that's what she took. She took the most valuable thing that the family owned, which was a chest of silver, which I don't think we ever used.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=660.0,843.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lviv, Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lvov, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Walking","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=660.0,843.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in Lvov before the invasion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=843.0,1138.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He became a project manager, building a theater. The reason I laugh is because he knew very little about theater and less about construction. But he was a very nimble man intellectually.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=843.0,1138.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lviv, Ukraine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lvov, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=843.0,1138.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Being taken by the Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1138.0,1383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They hired a Polish transit worker, in uniform, to take me to some safehouse that they arranged out of town. On the street, I saw . . . We were walking. A truck pulled up, closed the end of the street, right in front of us. We tried to turn around, go the other way. Same thing happened on the other end. I was the very first child taken in that round up, and put in the back of a truck.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1138.0,1383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bribery","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pogrom","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1138.0,1383.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going into hiding and his father getting into the forgery business","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1383.0,1577.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After that, I think we started hiding in the theater and subsequently they found a subbasement in a factory that they used as a hiding place, my dad and a couple of engineers. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1383.0,1577.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forgery","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hiding from Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Identification Papers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Bureau of Engraving","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1383.0,1577.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His father's other business activities to help the family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1577.0,1682.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In those days in Poland, there really wasn't too much that you could do, and certainly there was very little that you could do if you were illegal. What he chanced upon was twisted brown paper that was twisted into a rope. You can still buy the same material today in the United States.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1577.0,1682.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Employment","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1577.0,1682.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping from the Germans a second time","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1682.0,2193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She just called the police, and the police came, and apprehended us, and took . . . By sure happenstance, my dad was away\nat that time. My mom and I were taken to what we thought was a police station. It turned out to be the Gestapo headquarters, which was interesting. It was exactly across the street and overlooking Umschlagplatz, which was the railroad station at the edge of the Warsaw Ghetto.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1682.0,2193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bribery","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Christians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Curfew","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gestapo","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orphanage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Police","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Treblinka","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw Ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=1682.0,2193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going into hiding again","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2193.0,2260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father very nonchalantly said, \"Oh, I've got this little company,\" which he did not, \"I'll sublet it from you.\" For the next two years, my mother and I hid in the closet of that little two room office, the rationale being, where are they not going to look for Jews? In their own headquarters.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2193.0,2260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hiding from the Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vienna, Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2193.0,2260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allan's father has a nose job","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2260.0,2404.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The man said, \"I can't do that. I don't have anesthetic, I don't have an assistant, I don't have a sterile surgical suite,\" et cetera. My father said, \"Please do it. Please. Because not only by your refusal are you killing me, but my wife cannot survive without me,\" which was true.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2260.0,2404.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anesthetic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boxer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rhinoplasty","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Surgery","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2260.0,2404.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life hiding in a closet","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2404.0,2740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was always inside. I was always by myself. What my mother and I did hour, after hour, after hour, we would sit in this dark closet. The only light was this crack under the door.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2404.0,2740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Black market","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cat in the Cradle","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forfeiters","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Air Force","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hiding from the Nazis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Luftwaffe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2404.0,2740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Being discovered and surviving a bombing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2740.0,2868.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can still visualize the place. It had barrel ceilings, white washed sides, with benches along the sides. We sat with everybody else on the benches. I thought some people were immediately suspicious that we were Jewish, but before they could do anything about it, the place shook. The next thing I knew, the dust was so thick that, I'm not exaggerating, you could not see the person next to you or your hand in front of you.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2740.0,2868.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Air Raid Warden","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bomb","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bomb Shelter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Resistance","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warsaw, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2740.0,2868.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His mother give birth to his brother","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2868.0,3007.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That second bomb shelter is where my brother [Andzej] was born [on September 16, 1944]. That's why they separated her, to give her some privacy during her childbirth.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2868.0,3007.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bomb Shelter","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Childbirth","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Doctors","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nurses","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wet Nurse","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=2868.0,3007.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life after returning to Krakow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3007.0,3179.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The building is still there. It was a two-story shop building, but I don't remember the store downstairs. It was like there was an\napartment upstairs and we were in that apartment.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3007.0,3179.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Christians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Counterfeiting","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Identification Papers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Krakow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Underground","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ration Stamps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3007.0,3179.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Black market in Krakow, Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3179.0,3306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Imagine for an example, there is a finite amount of . . . I'm going to use butter as an example. In Poland, they had 1,000 pounds of butter and all of a sudden, on the market, there were stamps for 2,000 pounds of butter. It didn't necessarily rise. It was not a free economy.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3179.0,3306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Black Market","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Economy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ration cards","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3179.0,3306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation and life afterwards","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3306.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was no joyous stuff, nothing at all. There was no celebration in the streets, even in Paris [France]. That occurs usually weeks afterwards, when somebody has a parade that they arrange. The real liberation is you see . . . My recollection is you see the German troops evacuating. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3306.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"England","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Troops","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liberation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Ministry of Finance","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sweden","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Switzerland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3306.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His father is arrested and he is sent to Displaced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3480.0,3538.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Soviets used to use to families as hostages. My mother sent my brother--at the age at that time of roughly two-years-old and myself walking with a DP [displaced persons] group towards Palestine, because at this time, there was no Israel.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3480.0,3538.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palestine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prison","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siberia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3480.0,3538.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in the Displaced Person Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3538.0,3786.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we were about the fifth or sixth pair of children that they visited. They were looking. They knew the route of travel. What happened is my brother wound up in a hospital, so I couldn't move. I was stuck, if you will, in Baden, which is forty miles south of Vienna [Austria] and was there I would guess, probably four to six weeks. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3538.0,3786.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baden DP Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3538.0,3786.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Parents find him and his brother","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3786.0,3865.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They asked where my brother was and they were horrified when I told them he was in the hospital. No matter what I told them to reassure them, it didn't. They were not satisfied. We went to the hospital. They saw my brother.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3786.0,3865.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Displaced Persons Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Malnourished","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3786.0,3865.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigrated to the United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3865.0,4119.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had with us the diplomatic passports from the Polish government, but we didn't have very much baggage.The people at LaGuardia were suspicious. It was, I don't recall, either Friday night or Saturday night. They called the embassy or the Consulate over, and over, and over again. The reason why we're alive today is because the Consulate or embassy was closed.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3865.0,4119.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Embassy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LaGuardia Airport","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York City","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polish Government","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=3865.0,4119.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shares how his father broke out of prison","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4119.0,4258.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He thought he was dead. The guard turned around, shouldered his weapon, walked the other way. But he climbed over the wall that he was supposed to jump over. Then, he jumped into darkness. He had no idea what he was jumping into. [He] was very surprised, because there was a grass knoll.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4119.0,4258.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prison","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soviet Union","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Underground","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4119.0,4258.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discusses the individuals that helped them","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4258.0,4361.693"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Each time, there was a little fee involved, using today's dollars, maybe a hundred dollars, not really enough to risk your life. We never knew whether it was for the hundred dollars that they needed desperately, or whatever the amount was, or they were trying to do the right thing, or both.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4258.0,4361.693"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105/index/52750/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Christians","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Engravers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Identification Papers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/88660/file/184105#t=4258.0,4361.693"}]}]}]}