{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/sq8qb9w014/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Bloom, Rabbi P. Irving"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2010-08-17 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRabbi P. Irving Bloom interviewed by Sandra Berman on August 17, 2010 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003ePaul Irving Bloom was born in Hattiesburg, Mississippi on November 30, 1931. His father, Herman David Bloom (1897-1987), was born in Lithuania and came to the United States when he was about 17 or 18. Irving’s mother, Florence Kaplan Bloom (1903-2000), was the youngest of four children, and her parents opened a store in Uvalda, Georgia. That is where Irving’s parents met. After they married, they traveled to Hattiesburg, Mississippi where Irving was born, because Herman was a shochet. They soon moved to Thomasville, Georgia for the same reason, but Irving’s grandparents had opened a second store in Vidalia, Georgia and needed someone to run it, so the family moved to Vidalia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere was no Jewish congregation in Vidalia, and Irving was one of two Jewish students in his high school class. The family either traveled to Savannah for services or held them at home. Irving’s father continued to serve as a shochet and as a teacher for pre-bar mitzvah children. At home, the family spoke Yiddish and a Yiddish newspaper came every day. They always celebrated the holidays, and Irving remembers the family always had a full, long lasting seder. Irving describes a “Litvak” culture at home and his parents’ dedication to Judaism that inspired him and his older brother Samuel to become rabbis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen World War II broke out, Herman Bloom tried to remain in touch with his family. Some family members had traveled to South Africa, but some were still in Lithuania. One of Herman’s brothers was killed, and one of his sisters, who had been a lawyer, survived the concentration camps, but came to the U.S., as Irving remembers, “totally shattered.”\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIrving traveled north to Cincinnati for college, where he received his Bachelor's degree at the University of Cincinnati in 1952, and was ordained as a rabbi at the Hebrew Union College in 1956. In Cincinnati, Irving discovered that the segregation he had only begun to notice in his later years of high school was prevalent in the North as well. After getting married to his wife Patricia Frankel in 1955, his last year of school, the young couple traveled to New Orleans where Irving served as a assistant rabbi. After filling in for an ill rabbi in Mobile, Irving was hired for the position and he and his wife moved to Alabama in 1960 with their young son Jonathan who had been born in New Orleans.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1962, when Mobile was planning to integrate its public schools, the Governor of Alabama threatened to call out the National Guard. Irving, along with Father Albert Foley and other leaders formed ABLE, “Alabamians Behind Local Education,” and created an Interfaith Ministerial Alliance because the Ministerial Alliance would not allow African Americans to join. Irving faced criticism from his congregation for his preaching on equality and civil rights, but no one ever tried to stop him. Irving did receive threats from the general community, and while he and Patricia were concerned, they were not frightened and they did not tell the children, Jonathan and their daughter, Judy, who was born while they were in Mobile.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIrving decided to leave Mobile in 1973 because he felt he had done all he could, and his career was in need of a move. His next congregation in Dayton, Ohio allowed Irving to be close to his alma mater, Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, where he served as the campus rabbi for a few years. He continued to speak out in favor of integration and received some backlash in papers. Irving retired in 1997, and he and Patricia returned the Mobile, Alabama area, settling in the city of Fairhope. In 2007 Irving and Pat left Fairhope for the larger Jewish community of Atlanta and to be closer to their children and grandchildren.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRabbi Paul Irving Bloom died on January 29, 2020, at the age of 88 in Atlanta, Georgia. He was survived by his wife of almost 65 years Patricia Frankel Bloom of Atlanta; children Jonathan (Aurora) Bloom of Columbus, Ohio and daughter Judy (Jonathan) Minnen of Atlanta, Georgia; grandchildren Michael Minnen, Molly Minnen, and Ariel Bloom; nephew Michael J. Bloom of Buffalo, New York; and niece Nadine A. Bloom of Amsterdam, New York.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eIrving discusses his childhood in Vidalia, Georgia, including how his parents met, how they settled in Vidalia, and the lack of a Jewish community. Irving speaks of a “Lithuanian” home life where the family spoke Yiddish, and his father served as a shochet and as a teacher for boys approaching their Bar Mitzvah.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBriefly, Irving recalls World War Two and the Holocaust, and the effect it had on his family, as some of his father’s relatives were still in Lithuania. Irving also discusses what it was like growing up in the Jim Crow and Civil Rights eras, both as a child as an adult participant. Irving discusses ABLE, the organization he, Father Foley, and other Mobile leaders created, and the threats he received in response to his activism.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIrving recalls his professional life, from graduating from the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati (after his marriage), his time in the Air Force Chaplaincy from 1956-8, his time as an assistant rabbi in New Orleans, his move to Mobile, Alabama, his later move to Dayton, OH as a career step and his children adjusting to the new city, his retirement in 1997 to Fairhope, Alabama, and eventually settling in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28517"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRabbi P. Irving Bloom interviewed by Sandra Berman on August 17, 2010 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePaul Irving Bloom was born in Hattiesburg, Mississippi on November 30, 1931. His father, Herman David Bloom (1897-1987), was born in Lithuania and came to the United States when he was about 17 or 18. Irving’s mother, Florence Kaplan Bloom (1903-2000), was the youngest of four children, and her parents opened a store in Uvalda, Georgia. That is where Irving’s parents met. After they married, they traveled to Hattiesburg, Mississippi where Irving was born, because Herman was a shochet. They soon moved to Thomasville, Georgia for the same reason, but Irving’s grandparents had opened a second store in Vidalia, Georgia and needed someone to run it, so the family moved to Vidalia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere was no Jewish congregation in Vidalia, and Irving was one of two Jewish students in his high school class. The family either traveled to Savannah for services or held them at home. Irving’s father continued to serve as a shochet and as a teacher for pre-bar mitzvah children. At home, the family spoke Yiddish and a Yiddish newspaper came every day. They always celebrated the holidays, and Irving remembers the family always had a full, long lasting seder. Irving describes a “Litvak” culture at home and his parents’ dedication to Judaism that inspired him and his older brother Samuel to become rabbis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen World War II broke out, Herman Bloom tried to remain in touch with his family. Some family members had traveled to South Africa, but some were still in Lithuania. One of Herman’s brothers was killed, and one of his sisters, who had been a lawyer, survived the concentration camps, but came to the U.S., as Irving remembers, “totally shattered.”\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIrving traveled north to Cincinnati for college, where he received his Bachelor's degree at the University of Cincinnati in 1952, and was ordained as a rabbi at the Hebrew Union College in 1956. In Cincinnati, Irving discovered that the segregation he had only begun to notice in his later years of high school was prevalent in the North as well. After getting married to his wife Patricia Frankel in 1955, his last year of school, the young couple traveled to New Orleans where Irving served as a assistant rabbi. After filling in for an ill rabbi in Mobile, Irving was hired for the position and he and his wife moved to Alabama in 1960 with their young son Jonathan who had been born in New Orleans.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1962, when Mobile was planning to integrate its public schools, the Governor of Alabama threatened to call out the National Guard. Irving, along with Father Albert Foley and other leaders formed ABLE, “Alabamians Behind Local Education,” and created an Interfaith Ministerial Alliance because the Ministerial Alliance would not allow African Americans to join. Irving faced criticism from his congregation for his preaching on equality and civil rights, but no one ever tried to stop him. Irving did receive threats from the general community, and while he and Patricia were concerned, they were not frightened and they did not tell the children, Jonathan and their daughter, Judy, who was born while they were in Mobile.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIrving decided to leave Mobile in 1973 because he felt he had done all he could, and his career was in need of a move. His next congregation in Dayton, Ohio allowed Irving to be close to his alma mater, Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, where he served as the campus rabbi for a few years. He continued to speak out in favor of integration and received some backlash in papers. Irving retired in 1997, and he and Patricia returned the Mobile, Alabama area, settling in the city of Fairhope. In 2007 Irving and Pat left Fairhope for the larger Jewish community of Atlanta and to be closer to their children and grandchildren.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRabbi Paul Irving Bloom died on January 29, 2020, at the age of 88 in Atlanta, Georgia. He was survived by his wife of almost 65 years Patricia Frankel Bloom of Atlanta; children Jonathan (Aurora) Bloom of Columbus, Ohio and daughter Judy (Jonathan) Minnen of Atlanta, Georgia; grandchildren Michael Minnen, Molly Minnen, and Ariel Bloom; nephew Michael J. Bloom of Buffalo, New York; and niece Nadine A. Bloom of Amsterdam, New York.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIrving discusses his childhood in Vidalia, Georgia, including how his parents met, how they settled in Vidalia, and the lack of a Jewish community. Irving speaks of a “Lithuanian” home life where the family spoke Yiddish, and his father served as a shochet and as a teacher for boys approaching their Bar Mitzvah.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBriefly, Irving recalls World War Two and the Holocaust, and the effect it had on his family, as some of his father’s relatives were still in Lithuania. Irving also discusses what it was like growing up in the Jim Crow and Civil Rights eras, both as a child as an adult participant. Irving discusses ABLE, the organization he, Father Foley, and other Mobile leaders created, and the threats he received in response to his activism.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIrving recalls his professional life, from graduating from the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati (after his marriage), his time in the Air Force Chaplaincy from 1956-8, his time as an assistant rabbi in New Orleans, his move to Mobile, Alabama, his later move to Dayton, OH as a career step and his children adjusting to the new city, his retirement in 1997 to Fairhope, Alabama, and eventually settling in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/120/750/small/Bloom_Iriving.mp4_1628017240.jpg?1628002842","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Bloom_Iriving.mp4"]},"duration":4501.164,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/120/750/small/Bloom_Iriving.mp4_1628017240.jpg?1628002842","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/120/750/original/Bloom_Iriving.mp4?1628002838","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4501.164,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Bloom, Rabbi Irving [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is August 17, 2010. My name is Sandra Berman. I'm the archivist\nof the William Breman Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Heritage Museum. I'm here with Rabbi Irving Bloom\nwho has agreed to participate in the Herbert and Esther Taylor Jewish History\nProject of the Museum. Thank you so much Rabbi Bloom for being here today. I'm\nvery appreciative of your time.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I'm glad to be here. Thank you for asking.\n\nBERMAN: I'd like to begin by asking you a little bit about your own background:\nwhere you were born, where you were ordained, and really what brought you to the South?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I suppose it was my mother. I was born in Hattiesburg, Mississippi\nand reared in Vidalia, Georgia so I have pretty good southern credentials there.\nI was ordained at the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati [Ohio] in 1956. Most of\nmy elementary and high school education was in Vidalia. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had all those\nwonderful onions then but we didn't know it. We hadn't been marketed at that\ntime. [I] graduated from Vidalia High School in 1948.\n\nBERMAN: I didn't realize that you were originally from Georgia...\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I grew up here. [I] wasn't born in Georgia, but I grew up here.\n\nBERMAN: ...grew up here. Let's talk a little bit about that. First of all, who\nwere your parents?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: My parents were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herman and Florence... Herman Bloom [and] Florence\nKaplan Bloom [sp]. My mother's parents, my maternal grandparents, when they came\nto this country, they had come to a tiny place compared to which Vidalia's a\ncity. They had come to a place called Uvalda, Georgia... have you ever heard of\nUvalda, Georgia?... and opened a store there. My mother was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the oldest of four\nchildren. One of her brothers is still living and has been in Atlanta for many\nyears. His name is Sonny Kaplan [sp]. He's married to Paula Alterman [sp]. My\nfather was born in Lithuania [and] came to this country at the age of 17 [or]\n18, I think. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[He] was in Savannah [Georgia] for a short period of time, met my\nmother... her parents were then living in Savannah. They were married, and hence\nmy Georgia background.\n\nBERMAN: So they opened a store in Uvalda?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: My grandparents... had a store in Uvalda.\n\nBERMAN: Then your parents went to Hattiesburg [Mississippi]?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: No. When my father and mother were married, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were in a number\nof smaller communities. My father was a shochet by profession and he was shochet\nin Hattiesburg, Mississippi, and then in Thomasville, Georgia. We lived for a\nshort time in Thomasville, Georgia. After several years there, my grandparents\nhad also opened an additional store... a very small store in Vidalia. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\nmanager... that was a one-person operation... the manager and I think a\npart-time clerk... the manager got sick and my grandparents wanted my parents to\ncome to Vidalia to take over the operation of that store. That's how we got to Vidalia.\n\nBERMAN: What was the name of the store?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Kaplan's.\n\nBERMAN: Was it general merchandise or...?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Yes, it was a very small store... general merchandise. It was a\nfamily... mom-and-pop operation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was... a Jewish hardware [store].\n\nBERMAN: Did you...\n\nRABBI BLOOM: ...Jewish hardware...\n\nBERMAN: ...Jewish hardware.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Did you grow up in the congregation in Vidalia?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: There was no congregation in Vidalia at that time. There is a small\ncongregation today but...\n\nBERMAN: So did you go to Thomasville or Bainbridge or...?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: No. We went from time to time to Savannah and we also had services\nat home. As a matter of fact, I'm fond of saying that in my high school\ngraduating class... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let me put it this way... in Atlanta there lives a man by\nthe name of Irwin Levine... is that name familiar at all to you?... Irwin is\nretired... [he was] both accountant and a lawyer. When Irwin and I get together,\nit is a 100 percent gathering of the Jewish members of the graduating class of\n1948. We're all in attendance when he and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I are together\n\nBERMAN: What was it like for you growing in a small community... being one of\nthe few Jews?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I have nothing memorable to add. There was no... when Jews live in\na small town... where there are very few Jews, there's little or no\nantisemitism. If you're asking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that vein, I was not aware of any\nantisemitism. Many viewed the couple of Jews that were there as descendants of\nAbraham and Sarah. There was really... in fact, Irwin and I talk about this\nsometimes... he had a little different problem. He did experience some negative\nreactions, but it wasn't because... I didn't realize it back then, but he has\ntold me in more recent years, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it wasn't because he was a Jew, it was because he\nwas a Yankee. They had moved down from New York and he experienced some\nanti-Northern... \"anti-Yankee\" in quotation marks.\n\nBERMAN: We've heard both reactions from different individuals. Some say there\nwas little or no antisemitism. Other people said, \"I felt different. I felt like\nan outcast. I felt like I wasn't included.\" Were you included in everything?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Yes, yes, I did not have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that feeling at all. I was part of all of\nthe high school activities and competed in the state literary meets, debate and\none-act plays and all that sort of thing. I never felt unaccepted.\n\nBERMAN: Were your parents concerned that there weren't more Jewish young people\nfor you to associate with?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I suppose they were but let me put it to you this way: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we lived in\na small town in south Georgia... that was typical south Georgia. But as far as\nour home was concerned it was extra-territorial Lithuania, In terms of how we\nlived at home... a Yiddish newspaper came daily. Yiddish was often the language\nused at home. So it was almost as though we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"growing up in a house that was\nLithuanian but plopped in the middle of a little town in south Georgia.\n\nBERMAN: Did your father perform services of the shochet for your family? How did\nyou get kosher...?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: For our family, yes. Sometimes he would... for Jewish families\naround Vidalia who kept kosher... once we moved there, and they realized that he\nwas there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember there were some families in Milledgeville [Georgia] that\nwould come and he would do shechita for them. He would also... a handful of\npre-bar mitzvah children... he would... teach. He was much more interested in\nthat than he was in the store. My mother ran the store basically.\n\nBERMAN: That's great. Were they active in the community... your parents...\noutside of the store?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: In the general community?\n\nBERMAN: Yes.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI BLOOM: Not really, not really. They were... a little active, but I would\nnot characterize them as being very active in the community.\n\nBERMAN: So you grew up in Vidalia. What led you to the rabbinate?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: [I] have to throw you another curve. I have to tell you that I have\nan older brother, alav ha-shalom [may he rest in peace], who was also a rabbi.\nSo, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two of us!\n\nBERMAN: What was his name?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Samuel. He was much more Conservative. He actually was ordained\nfrom an Orthodox yeshiva in Brooklyn [New York], but spent his entire career as\na Conservative rabbi in Amsterdam, New York. He went there upon ordination,\nloved it, and never left.\n\nSandra: So what was it about...?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI BLOOM: What bug bit us both?\n\nBERMAN: Right, right.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I guess it was that Litvak culture at home. What can I say? It was\nas I said... the home was extremely Jewish. Our parents were involved in\neverything Jewish... although there was so few Jews in Vidalia. I guess that the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"love of that culture and that tradition... those ideas penetrated.\n\nBERMAN: You grew up in, in the Forties. How did the war and what was happening\nto the Jews of Lithuania because the community there was so decimated affect\nyour family?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Well, it affected us very much because we were... not all of the\nfamily had left Lithuania. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had an uncle who was killed in the Jewish\nresistance to the Nazis. I had an aunt who survived the concentration camps.\n[She] came to this country after the war, shattered in mind and in spirit. She\nmust have been... I never knew her as a full person because when I knew her she\nwas already shattered... totally shattered. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But she must have been an amazing\nwoman in her prime because if you can imagine in the... Twenties, mid-Twenties\nand early Thirties... there was a Jewish woman in Lithuania who was a lawyer...\nThat sort of blows me away when I think of how in the world did she manage to\nbecome a lawyer as a Jewish woman in Lithuania... yet she was a lawyer. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But her\nlife was totally shattered. She... when we were here... she had to be\nhospitalized. She lived only a very short time, so I never really knew the\nperson who was Tante [Aunt] Rachel.\n\nBERMAN: Where in Lithuania were they from?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: A little town called Linkuve... L-I-N-K-U-V-E... in Kovno Gubernia.\n\nBERMAN: So they were in the Kovno ghetto?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I think they were for a short time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then they were transported\nto the camps.\n\nBERMAN: So did your parents... how did they find out what happened to your\nrelatives after the war?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I'm not sure I can answer that. I don't know how they found out\nabout my aunt who came to the United States. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father had several brothers who\nwere younger than he and who could not come to the United States because they\ncame of age after the... I believe it was the McCarren-Walters Immigration Bill\nin maybe 1924...\n\nBERMAN: Nineteen twenty-four.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Yes. So they joined a lot of Litvaks who left and went to South\nAfrica. It may have been through my father's South African brothers... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not sure.\n\nBERMAN: Do you know if they tried to keep in touch with the relatives in\nLithuania while they still could?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Yes. But I remember mail being returned and all that sort of thing.\nSo yes, I do know that there was an effort to stay in touch but I can't say\nexactly when it stopped being possible to do so. But at some point fairly early\non, it became impossible ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to maintain any kind of contact.\n\nBERMAN: Growing up Jewish in a small community... what is your memory of the\nrelationship between the African-American community and the white community in\nVidalia? Also the relationship with the mercantile community and the\nAfrican-American community... with the stores?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI BLOOM: You have to remember I was very young at this time. I don't think\nthere was much relationship between the Jewish merchant... you ask about the Jew...\n\nBERMAN: Whether they were accepted into... could the African-Americans shop\nanywhere they wanted to?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Sure. I don't think there was any difference in the relationship\nbetween... of course, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they would not recognize the appellation of\n'African-American' community... they wouldn't know who you were talking about...\n\nBERMAN: Right.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: ...neither the Jews nor the African-Americans. But, I don't think\nthat relationship differed in any way with the Jewish merchants or with the\nnon-Jewish merchants.\n\nBERMAN: I guess I was just wondering whether your parents ever discussed Jim\nCrow and separate drinking fountains and separate facilities ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and whether you\nthought about it much growing up.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I didn't think about it very much until the end of high school. It\nwas just the way it was. It was a fixture of life. I don't think I gave it much\nthought until my last couple years in high school. Then I began to think about\nit and began to be concerned about it.\n\nBERMAN: What changed?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I guess I grew up a little bit. I don't know. The external\ncircumstances ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't change.\n\nBERMAN: Was there a particular event that made you more aware?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I can't pinpoint any particular event, no.\n\nBERMAN: When you went up north to go to school in Cincinnati, was it a culture\nshock for you? Was it a different way of life?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: No, no. Lest I disillusion you... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during those years, Cincinnati\nwas not all that much different than the South. I was disillusioned a bit when I\ncame to Ohio as a rabbi in 1973... thinking I was going to the much more\nenlightened North, and discovering that the situation in Dayton [Ohio] in many\nways was not terribly different from what it had been in Mobile [Alabama]. As a\nmatter of fact that the first year I was there, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Dayton School Board was\nunder a court order to desegregate. I was appointed to the commission by the\nUnited States District Judge in Dayton, as I had been ten years earlier in\nMobile. I felt I was reliving the same story in Ohio ten years later that I had\nlived in Alabama.\n\nBERMAN: That's amazing... interesting. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, if we could walk through a little\nbit of your career history.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Okay.\n\nBERMAN: You finished at Hebrew Union...\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I was ordained in 1956 in Cincinnati from the Hebrew Union College.\nI entered the United States Air Force Chaplaincy. [I] served for two years in\nGermany, from 1956 to 1958. In 1958, when I ended my chaplaincy tour, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to\nNew Orleans [Louisiana]. I was the Assistant Rabbi at Temple Sinai with Rabbi\nJulian Feibleman in New Orleans for two years... 1958 to 1960. In 1960, I went\nto Mobile [Alabama]. I was the rabbi at Springhill Avenue Temple. I was there\nuntil 1973 at which point I went to Dayton, Ohio as the Senior Rabbi of Temple\nIsrael. [I] remained there until I retired in 1997. That's about it!\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I'm very interested in your 13 years in Mobile. Describe what the\ncommunity was like when you first got there... the Jewish community.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: In what sense?\n\nBERMAN: I know there were two synagogues in Mobile.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Was the community cohesive [or] was it divided?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Now you know the answer to that.\n\nBERMAN: But I'd like the tape to hear it.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI BLOOM: It was... there was some deep-seated divisions between the Temple\nand the [Ahavas Chesed] synagogue... still remaining as a relic of the Temple\nbeing viewed as the province of the German Jews and the synagogue as [that of]\nthe East European Jews. So, there were... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I started to say, \"of course,\" but\nit's not necessarily \"of course.\" The Temple was much older than the synagogue.\nThe [Springhill Avenue] Temple in Mobile was established... depending on how you\nlook at it... in either 1844 or 1840 or 1841 when they bought the first cemetery\nlots. The year generally given is 1844. That was only... 25 years after Alabama\nbecame a state. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think Alabama joined the Union, if I remember correctly, in\n1819... so it's only 25 years later that Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim\n[Springhill Avenue Temple] was formed in Mobile... a Reform congregation in\nMobile. So it had a lot of history. It also had among its members a number of\nfamilies... not a whole lot, but several... perhaps ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three, four, five families\nwho were sixth or seventh generation Mobile Jews. That was very unusual... very\nunusual. The [Ahavas Chesed] synagogue, on the other hand, was formed a lot\nlater as a result of the Eastern European immigration of the 1880's and 1890's\nand the early part of the twentieth century. There were some fairly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deep-seated\ndifferences I think that divided the two communities. Toward the end of my\ntenure there, we had a brief shot at talking about merging the two\ncongregations. Not a chance in the world.\n\nSandra: Do you remember any particular incidents of...?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: There weren't a lot of overt incidents. There were just people in\n[Ahavas Chesed] who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did not wish to visit the Temple, and people in the Temple\nwho did not wish to visit [Ahavas Chesed]. There was also a lot of, a lot of\ntransference, a number of Temple presidents had grown up in [Ahavas Chesed] and\nthat didn't help relationships a whole lot either. When a family left [Ahavas\nChesed] and joined the Temple and then some years later, someone in that family\nbecomes the president ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Temple... I'm sure that's not unusual.\n\nBERMAN: No, no, no.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: That's probably a very familiar story.\n\nBERMAN: How did you find out about the job in Mobile? How did you end up being\nemployed by them?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Well, very interesting. When I was the Assistant [Rabbi] in New\nOrleans... at least the second year... even the first year... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the rabbi in\nMobile was quite ill.\n\nBERMAN: What was his name?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Solomon Cherniak... C-H-E-R-N-I-A-K... Solomon Cherniak. Sol had\nParkinson's disease and was really not able to function fully the first year and\nvery little the second year. It happened that in April of 1960, a young man was\nto become a bar mitzvah ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Mobile... a man by the name of Jack Friedlander...\nthe Temple in Mobile had had some connection with New Orleans... they got in\ntouch with Rabbi Feibleman and asked him if he would come over and officiate at\nthe bar mitzvah. He said, \"No, I can't come, but I'll send my assistant.\" So\nthat was my first visit to Mobile ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to officiate at the bar mitzvah of Jack\nFriedlander. Shortly thereafter, Rabbi Cherniak's situation became impossible\nhealth wise. He died later that summer. Anyway, so they decided that they\ncouldn't go on and he decided he couldn't go on... I had just been there so they\nasked me if I would come for an interview. So, that's how that happened.\n\nBERMAN: Were you married already?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was married when I went into the chaplaincy. I was married\nin 1955. I was married during my last year of rabbinic school.\n\nBERMAN: ...who is your wife?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Patricia... her maiden name was Frankel.\n\nBERMAN: Where did you meet?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: We met in Cincinnati [Ohio], when I was a... I guess I was a\nsophomore at the University of Cincinnati, and she was a senior in high school.\n\nBERMAN: Where was she from?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Cincinnati.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Cincinnati. So how did she feel about moving to the South?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I think she was very reluctant to move to the South, because she\nhad a lot of stereotypical notions of what the South was like. But once we got\nthere, she found that these ideas were really not very accurate. She found that\nshe enjoyed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people very much and, of course, in the South or in Mobile and\ncertainly in New Orleans... although I never got to know the New Orleans\ncommunity in the depth that I did Mobile because I was only in New Orleans the\ntwo years. There were a lot of Jews whose origins were Cleveland [Ohio] or\nBaltimore [Maryland] or Pittsburgh [Pennsylvania] or whatever. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were not\nindigenous to the Deep South. Interestingly enough, you were asking about the\nclimate... some of the Jews who had come from other parts of the country, very\nrapidly acculturated to southern racial norms, much to my surprise.\n\nBERMAN: That's a great ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sociological study...\n\nRABBI BLOOM: It was interesting to find in some cases that you had Jews of... I\ndon't know... third fourth, fifth generation Mobile Jews, who had very liberal\nnotions as far as race is concerned, and some who had come post-World War II\nfrom other parts of the country ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who were articulating very racist kind of\nfeeling. So, it was... what do I want to say?... the juxtaposition was\ninteresting of who felt how, as it were.\n\nBERMAN: Did you like the community?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I did, very much. Pat and I both feel as though, in some ways, we\nreally grew up in Mobile. We love Mobile... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strong feelings. Our children... our\nson was born in New Orleans and our daughter was born in Mobile. When we moved\nto Mobile, our son was two and Pat was pregnant when we moved... so our daughter\nwas born a few months after we moved to Mobile. So, yes, we felt very much at\nhome in Mobile.\n\nBERMAN: How many families were in the congregation when you became rabbi?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: It fluctuated between about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"225 and 250... somewhere in there.\n\nBERMAN: And today... do you know how many families?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: About the same. I would say... more toward the 250. But it's\nbasically the same.\n\nBERMAN: Is [Ahavas Chesed] faring as well also?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Well, it has been. In more recent years they built a new\nbuilding... a very nice building. They have a fine rabbi... who's been there\nnow, I don't know... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would say probably close to 20 years. I think they're\ndoing quite well, yes.\n\nBERMAN: I'd like to talk a little bit about the late Fifties, early Sixties. You\ngot there in 1960...\n\nRABBI BLOOM: ...summer of 1960.\n\nBERMAN: ...so you got there right during the most really tumultuous time during\nthe Civil Rights Era. What was it like in Mobile when you got there?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI BLOOM: Mobile was different. There was never a march in Mobile. There was\nnever a demonstration in Mobile. Many of the things that Birmingham [Alabama]\nand Albany, Georgia and others were fighting about in the mid-Sixties had long\nbeen common practice in Mobile. For example... I will use the terminology of the\ntime, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than African-Americans... Negroes had been on the police force in\nMobile since the early Fifties. So that kind of thing was not an issue.\n\nBERMAN: What about schools?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Schools. 1960 was what... six years after the school desegregation\ndecision?... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there wasn't a whole lot of push for actually desegregating the\nschools in 1960. That came a little bit later in 1962 and 1963... a lawsuit was\nfiled. By the way, I did a Masters in Political Science thesis on the\ndesegregation process in Mobile. So ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was very interested in that process. When\nI left Cincinnati in 1956, I had already completed the academic requirements for\na Masters in Political Science. But I could not, in the years that followed, get\nmy teeth into a thesis topic that held my interest that I could finish until I\ngot to Mobile. Then I was fascinated by the process by which desegregation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came\nto Mobile. I wrote my thesis on that and submitted it for my masters in\nPolitical Science. It's available through the UC [University of Cincinnati]\nlibrary. It's footnoted in that document that you have because I refer to it in\nmy interview.\n\nBERMAN: Could you talk a little bit about what you...\n\nRABBI BLOOM: The reason why was Mobile different? I think there are three or\nfour reasons ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are very important. One is the mayor of Mobile for all those\nyears was a man by the name of Joe Langan. Joe was an incredible guy. Joe was a\nRoman Catholic. He maintained full communication with the Negro community.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anybody in black leadership who wanted his ear could have it. They were in\nconstant communication. He was the kind of guy who could and did move quietly,\nwithout newspaper publicity, which was deadly in the South. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Publicity would kill\nany forward movement and there was just constant communication. Joe was able to\ndo a lot of things that other cities simply could not or did not do. Another\nfactor was [that] Mobile's a port city. Because of being a port city, there was\na little bit more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"differing cultures and nationalities and viewpoints. It was a\nlittle more cosmopolitan than many southern communities. Another name... two\nnames have to figure in why Mobile remained as it was. One was Joe Langan, the\nmayor, the other was Father Albert Foley, who was a Professor of Sociology at\nSpringhill College in Mobile. Father Foley ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a powerful force in the\ncommunity. Again without publicity... any publicity would have killed what these\nguys were trying to do. A fourth reason, in my opinion, and I don't know that\nthis is... I don't know that any studies have been done on this or that this can\nin any way be verified... in fact, I don't even know whether it's really true...\nbut I think it's true. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is that you had in Mobile... this part is fact...\nthat you had in Mobile a significant Roman Catholic community... not a majority,\nbut maybe... I don't know... maybe 20 percent, 25 percent... maybe a little\nmore. It's my feeling... and a number of us who were involved... that when there\nis a Roman Catholic community that is not a majority, but is a substantial\nminority... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it can have a liberalizing force in the community... even\nthough the Archbishop [Joseph Toolen] during those days was incredibly\nconservative, even racist. But Father Foley was at Springhill College. It was a\nJesuit-run institution. He was not under the authority of the Archbishop, so he\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"able to do things that others were not able to do.\n\nBERMAN: What about your congregation? Did it get involved... did you get involved?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I got involved in a number of different areas, yes. When we finally\ngot a court order to desegregate, it was very interesting. The city of Mobile\nand Mobile County ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were prepared to implement the court order. The Governor\n[George Wallace], however, threatened to call out the state guard [National\nGuard] in order to prevent black children from entering Murphy High School. A\ngroup of us... myself, Father Foley, two or three others... were instrumental in\ncreating an organization that we called \"ABLE\"... A-B-L-E... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we thought we were\nsort of turning the tables on the governor, because the governor's cry was that\nthese outsiders are coming down and agitating and telling us what to do with our\nschools. So our organization was called \"Alabamians Behind Local Education.\" Our\npoint was [that] we in Mobile County are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perfectly capable of handling our\nschool system. We don't need [Governor Wallace] in Montgomery coming down to\ntell us... we took his argument and we used it in that way. We don't need the\nGovernor in Montgomery. We don't need the State coming down to tell us in Mobile\nCounty how to run our schools. Schools are important, and we want open schools.\nWe did not make public statements about \"we are for integration.\" that wasn't\nthe issue. The issue is we want to follow the law, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we want our schools to be\nopen, regardless. This is local education. Our school board is prepared to do\nwhatever it takes to keep our schools open. We're not closing our schools. Well,\nthat was the one time we did have... for two days... a bit of a problem because\nwhen the schools opened the Governor did, in fact, send down the state guard.\nThey prevented the children from going to school. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Only for two days. Two days\nlater in the face of pressure, the Governor withdrew the state guards and the\ncity police and the county sheriff's office took over security. That was it. The\nchildren entered the school and from that point on, it went quite smoothly given\nthe whole picture. It was that kind of thing. The municipal auditorium... six,\nseven, eight million dollars, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't remember now how much... a big municipal\nauditorium was built during 1966 [or] 1967, somewhere along in there. There was\nno question that it would be an integrated auditorium. But a number of us worked\nhard to try to keep the press from writing feature articles about it that would\nkill us. So it was that kind of thing that...\n\nBERMAN: Were you in an organized group...?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: ABLE was an organized group. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was an Interfaith Ministerial\nAssociation. It was interesting that the regular Ministerial Association during\nthose early years, did not admit either blacks or Catholics, interesting...\nJews, yes, but not blacks and not Catholics. So a number of us formed something\ncalled the Interfaith Ministerial Alliance ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or Association or whatever, that\nincluded black and white. I don't think that was such a big deal because it\nnever did anything, but I guess simply establishing it was a step forward.\n\nBERMAN: What about your congregation? Some of the members of your congregation,\nhow did they... do you remember any specific incidents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of any individuals who\nwere vocally not in favor of...?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Sure.\n\nBERMAN: ...what was going on?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Vocally not in favor of... in what...\n\nBERMAN: ...vocally not in favor of your involvement in integrating the schools...\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Sure, oh sure.\n\nBERMAN: ...any specific incidents you can recall?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I got letters and I got phone calls. Naturally I didn't\nparticularly like them, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I... and none of it was surprising... I was very\ngrateful for the fact that people disagreed, but nobody tried to stop me. I was\nvery appreciative of that. I used to always make the point to them and to others\nwith whom I spoke, that I was not speaking... particularly when I was speaking\nto the congregation or to members of the congregation... I was not speaking for\nthe congregation. I was speaking for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judaism to the congregation, and that what\nI hoped and expected was that they would listen. Then they were free to come to\ntheir own conclusions. I could not tell them how to think. I wasn't speaking for\nthem or for the corporate entity that is the congregation. But my job was to\nspeak for Judaism as I understood it to the congregation.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: So in that respect, did you sermonize much about...?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Sure, oh sure. I tell you... they had no doubt about where I stood.\nIn fact, I was in North Carolina last week at... do you know what \"GCAR\" is...\nthe Greater Carolina Association of Rabbis. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Does the name I. D. Blumenthal mean\nanything to you from Charlotte [North Carolina]?\n\nSandra: I don't think so.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Yes, I. D. Bumenthal was an incredible philanthropist. He bought\nthis 1,400 acre parcel of land in the Blue Ridge Mountains that is now called\n'Wildacres.' It's a retreat center... all kinds of different groups use it as a\nretreat center. Anyway, how did I get on to... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what had you asked me?... I lost\nmy train of thought.\n\nSandra: I had asked about some... a particular sermon... or if you sermonized...\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Yes, now I have the train of thought. I met a rabbi who was at\nWildacres, I was there for a rabbinic Kallah. I met a rabbi about whom I had\nknown... we had met before, but I hadn't seen him in a long time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, we\nshare a name although we're not related. His name is Brad Bloom, and he's now a\nrabbi at Hilton Head [South Carolina]. Anyway, at some point in the Eighties,\nBrad had interviewed for the pulpit in Mobile. I had been gone maybe 10 years or\nso... there'd been one or two successors. I met [him] in Wildacres last week,\nand he said to me, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I was about to take that pulpit. I really liked the people.\nBut then one of the men on the committee said to me, 'Now we're very impressed\nwith you, but we want you to remember that change comes through evolution, and\nnot through revolution. We don't want you to be like Irv Bloom.\" Brad just told\nme that, that last week.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: That's a great story.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Yes, of course, there were people who disagreed, but they disagreed\nrespectfully. There was never nastiness involved. I didn't expect every...\nthat's too much to expect everybody to agree.\n\nBERMAN: Did you receive any kind of threats from outside of the congregation...\nfrom the general community?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Only once or twice, not, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was not a regular thing, I did once or,\nI think, twice...\n\nBERMAN: Was that...\n\nRABBI BLOOM: ...received some.\n\nBERMAN: ...was that frightening?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: In fact, we had a black woman who worked in the house as a cleaning\nperson. I think she was more upset than we were. She got a couple of calls once.\nWe were... neither Pat nor I were home. They said, \"You tell the Rabbi that it's\ntoo bad Hitler didn't do the whole job. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'll finish it... tell him we'll finish\nit.\" I really think in retrospect, she was more upset about that than we were.\n\nBERMAN: Were you frightened?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I don't know whether we were concerned... frightened might be a\nlittle too strong a word. We certainly were concerned... [you] can't just\ndismiss it, but these kinds of things were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not uncommon. As long as it was a\ngeneral thing, we were not upset to the point that we felt we needed to change\nour pattern of behavior or change what we did or how we did it. Of course, we\nwere upset... frightened may be a little strong. I don't know. I guess maybe we\nwere frightened a little bit. Certainly, we didn't tell the kids. We didn't want\nthe kids to know about that.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Do you remember if there were members of the congregation that were\ninvolved with any White Citizens Councils?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I don't think so. We had some segregationists, but I don't think we\nhad anybody who would go to the White Citizens Council.\n\nBERMAN: What about [Ku Klux] Klan activity in Mobile? Was it there at all?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: It was not a threat. White Citizens Council became active. The Klan\nwas not a threat.\n\nBERMAN: What about... in a lot of the communities... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"white children, no matter\nwhat religion, ended up going the private school route. What happened in Mobile,\ndid the white children stay in the public schools or were private schools...?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: There were private schools in Mobile prior to the whole issue of\nsegregation, so a number of Jewish children did go to private schools, but not\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"private schools that were created as an escape from segregation in the public schools.\n\nBERMAN: Can you recall any other activities during that time period that just\nstand out in your memory?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI BLOOM: Does the name Reverend [James] Reeb mean anything to you? R-E-E-B.\nHe is a Christian clergyman who was murdered... I think it was on the highways\nof Alabama. I think his car was stopped or whatever...\n\nSandra: I do, yes.\n\nRabbi RABBI BLOOM: ...I don't remember the details, but I do remember that I was\nasked to give the invocation at the funeral. I, of course, accepted. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only\nthree white faces at that funeral were... well, I guess four... I think Pat went\nwith me... were Pat and I and a white Protestant minister and white Catholic\npriest. I got some static for that, to let... but again, you expect that. I got\nsome static from both members and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-members who said, \"This was a black\naffair. You had no business being there. What were you doing there? Why was it\nyour business?\"...that kind of thing.\n\nBERMAN: Did you ever feel that your job was in jeopardy?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: No, never.\n\nSandra: Your children... they grew up during this tumultuous time... have they\ntalked about it at all with you... about what they remember or what it was like\nfor them?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Remember they... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we moved in 1973, Judy was 12 and Jonathan\nwas 14, so their later growing up was not in Mobile. I remember Jonathan... this\nhappened in Dayton [Ohio], not in Mobile... I told you that there was a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"desegregation problem in Dayton when I got there. I was quoted in the press in\nDayton several times and there was a letter to the editor, taking me to task.\nSomebody had gone to the trouble to find out that our daughter was in private\nschool in Dayton. The letter took me to task ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for taking positions in favor of\nsegregation when I have a child in...\n\nBERMAN: ...integration...\n\nRABBI BLOOM: ...private... when I have a child in private school. My son... much\nto my surprise... my son took great umbrage at that. He basically wrote a letter\nto the editor saying, \"Yes, my sister goes to private school, but I'm here too\nyou know, and I go to public school.\"\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: That's great. What made you leave Mobile?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: That's a very good question because we really loved Mobile. I guess\nI felt that I had done just about all I could do in Mobile. I was looking for a\nlarger horizon. The Dayton congregation was a historic congregation, and I knew\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the work of my predecessor. It was an hour from the campus of the Hebrew Union\nCollege, which would enable me to participate. A few years later, I did in\nfact... for two years I was the campus rabbi for the students. I used to come\ndown twice a week to Cincinnati [and] spend time with the students. That was a\nchallenge to me. I wanted to be connected to the college. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The congregation in\nDayton was a much larger congregation offering much more opportunity to do\ndifferent things. This congregation was between 900 and 1,000 members. When it\nbecame available, I was interested.\n\nBERMAN: In retrospect, do you think it was a good decision for you?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I think it was, yes. I think it was professionally ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a very good\ndecision. On a personal level, our hearts sort of remained... in many ways our\nhearts were still in Mobile. We used to come back with some frequency. On\nretirement, we chose to return right across the bay from Mobile to a little town\ncalled Fair Hope, Alabama on the eastern shore of Mobile Bay. So Mobile remained\na very fond spot in our hearts.\n\nBERMAN: That's wonderful. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How would you describe the Mobile community today? Do\nyou think it's much different than when you got there?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I do, but I don't know that I'm really qualified to answer that\nquestion in all honesty. It can't help but be different. Things have just\nchanged so much in the last ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"35 years since I left Mobile in 1973, that I could\nnot imagine that it would not be different. So, I'm sure it is very different.\nThe congregation is... even the rabbinate in general is very different today\nthan it was back then. The congregation cannot help but be different. But I\ndon't think I'm really qualified to say in what way it is different today.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: You mentioned earlier that some of the families you came in contact with\nat the synagogue were sixth- and seventh-generation families from Alabama.\nSpecifically, can you, can you name a few of those families or any...?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Sure. I can name two. The Holberg family... H-O-L-B-E-R-G...\nHolberg family. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ralph Jr. who was Sr.... Ralph Jr. who was the father of...\nRalph Jr. is gone, although his wife Mimi is living, and their sons, Ralph the\nThird and Bobby are still there. There was a family, Sam...\n\nBERMAN: What did they do... the Holbergs?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI BLOOM: Ralph Jr. was a lawyer as is his son, Ralph the Third. Bobby is...\nI think, was... he's retired now... I think, Bobby was in advertising. Sam[uel]\nBrown... I wish I could remember his wife's maiden name... Carolyn... it may\ncome to me, because Carolyn came from an Atlanta family. I believe... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not\ncertain about this, but I believe that her family was involved, not in the\nownership of the business, but in the ownership of the building that housed the\npencil factory.\n\nSandra: I think she was a Montag.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: No, no, I know... the Montag family. Montag is... she's an Isholde\n[53.54] from... Mobile. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the Montags were the owners of the business...\n\nSandra: ...part owners, yes.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: ...part owners of the business. Carolyn... I don't remember the\nmaiden name, but she used to talk about... as a child... she remembered from her\ngrowing up, the impact that that had on her family and on Atlanta Jewry. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those\nare the two families that I remember that go way back. Sam Brown... Sam and\nCarolyn, of course, are gone, but their daughter Phyllis... they have a daughter\nPhyllis, who married a guy by the name of Feibelman. Her husband is deceased but\nPhyllis is very much alive and very much... very active in the community in\nMobile. She has a brother, Milton, who is also very, very active. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So those are\nthe two families that come to mind that go back six [or] seven generations...\nwould be the Browns and the Holbergs.\n\nBERMAN: The Holbergs. Going back a little bit... if we could go back to your\nboyhood... growing up in Vidalia... what were some of your... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you could\ndescribe a day in the life of a young Jewish boy living in Vidalia, what would\nit have been like? What did you do on a regular basis? Went to school and you...?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: On a regular basis, it would be just go to school, homework, debate\npractice, one-act play practice, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"preparing for... at that time... I don't know\nwhether they still have it in Georgia, they probably do... both district and\nstate literary meets where high schools compete both on the district level and\nthen on the state level. [It] used to be at Mercer University in Macon\n[Georgia]... used to be the state literary meets... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that kind of thing. Studying\nHebrew and Chumash, Bible and so on with my father, whenever he could catch me.\nThat's about it... going to the store sometimes in the afternoon, to help a\nlittle bit...\n\nBERMAN: So you did work in the store?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: ...to help a little bit. Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Was your family religious?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: It depends on how you define religious. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I define...\n\nBERMAN: ...observant...\n\nRABBI BLOOM: ...religious different from many people. To me there's such a thing\nas religious and there's such a thing as ritually observant.\n\nBERMAN: Were your parents...\n\nRABBI BLOOM: They both can go together, but they can be separate as well. My\nfamily was ritually observant in the sense of kashrut. In the sense... to the\nextent that they could, but it was waved where there were business demands...\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where there were store demands. The store was not closed on Shabbat [Sabbath:\nSaturday]. It was closed on yontif, but it was never closed on Shabbat [Hebrew:\nSabbath]. So I would say that, by and large, they were both. I once wrote an\narticle for the bulletin of the Temple in Dayton about my grandfather, alav\nha-shalom... my paternal grandfather who was the shochet of Linkuve. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was\noccasioned by the fact that an uncle had... no, I keep missing a generation... a\nfirst cousin had sent me a clipping from the Yiddish press of Linkuve when my\ngrandfather had died. I read this article, and I was taken by the fact... I was\nso impressed by the fact that the writer... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this was a time in the middle\nThirties... I think he died in 1936 or 1937 maybe... where they quote... the\nreligiously observant Jews were in great conflict with Zionism. They were very\nopposed to Zionism. The article pointed out that my grandfather had died was a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"devout Jew, but that he was able to bring the religious faction and the Zionist\nfaction together... that he was able to somehow be a peacemaker between the\nZionists and the devout Jews. That motivated me to write an article about\nritually observant Jews and religious Jews and how one can be both or one can be\neither ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without the other.\n\nBERMAN: So, was the store... were you kept out of school on the High Holy Days?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Sure, oh sure.\n\nBERMAN: Was that ever an issue for your teachers or for...\n\nRABBI BLOOM: No, never.\n\nBERMAN: Was there an attempt made to go to services or did you just pray at home?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Both, depending on the year. There were years when we went to\nSavannah [Georgia]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were years when we had a minyan at home or with Jews\nfrom the community. Maybe a couple of nearby communities would come together at\nour house, and we'd have a minyan at home.\n\nBERMAN: I think it's wonderful that your parents were able to maintain this\natmosphere within the home, when there were so few Jews to participate. It's a\nreal credit to the way they raised you. I just think it's a very interesting\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's hard, it's harder to be a Jew in a small town.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: It is harder to be a Jew without other Jews... you really need\nother Jews. That's one of the reasons by the way... only one, the lesser\nimportant one... but one of the two reasons why we... three years ago... we left\nFair Hope [Alabama] to come to Atlanta. The other reason was Judy, Jonathan,\nMichael and Molly... was my daughter and her family who live here.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I was going to ask you. That was leading me to a question, and I just lost...\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I'm sorry...\n\nBERMAN: ...my train of thought.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I took you off...\n\nBERMAN: That's okay. We were talking about being Jewish in a small town. So do\nyou think that your children, growing up in Dayton, missed out on some of that\nsmall town atmosphere that they had in Mobile, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although Dayton's not that big of\na community?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: No, I would say... I guess the answer to that is probably to some\nextent, but I don't think that it was an important omission. Dayton was a Jewish\ncommunity of... I don't know... 5,000 [or] 6,000 thousand Jews... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three, four\nsynagogues. So they were able to get certainly a taste of Jewish life that they\ncould never have gotten in a small town. I doubt if I could have been my father.\nI doubt that I could have done with them what my father did with my brother and\nme. I don't think I could have done that...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I think it's really amazing. I'd like to talk a little bit about your\nmother. So here she is... in this little community and making this wonderfully\nJewish home within this greater community. Do you remember any of the meals that\nshe would serve? Did she make a big Shabbat meal every Friday night?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI BLOOM: Oh sure, sure.\n\nBERMAN: What was Passover like... Pesach?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Pesach was always very, very festive. We did not have big sederim\nbecause we didn't have a lot of family that could be involved and a couple of\nfriends. They were relatively small sederim, but we always had a full, long\nlasting seder. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes, it seemed to take... it would never end, as a matter\nof fact. As a child, I remember thinking, \"Will this ever be over?\"\n\nBERMAN: Did you try to include some of your non-Jewish friends in some of these activities?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Occasionally, but not a lot... occasionally.\n\nBERMAN: Did they try to include you in some of their activities?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: You mean as...\n\nBERMAN: Church activities.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: ...church activities? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, not very much, we were not candidates\nfor... they did not view us as candidates for conversion. They didn't try to\nsave us, as it were.\n\nBERMAN: I always ask this question, especially with people with a small Jewish\ncommunity... what about dating? Was it okay with your family for you to take a\nnon-Jewish girl out?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RABBI BLOOM: No, I don't think that would have been okay. I didn't really date\nin high school, so I don't think that would have been... it didn't come up. But\nI don't think that would have been okay. I think that would have gotten a thumbs\ndown... had I tried it...\n\nBERMAN: Did you feel...\n\nRABBI BLOOM: ...which I didn't.\n\nBERMAN: ...sort of left out because of that?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: No, because you got to remember you're back in the Forties now.\nThere just wasn't that much... there was some, but there wasn't that much. I\ndidn't really feel left out. I guess senior prom or... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on occasion, maybe, but\nnot to a significant degree.\n\nBERMAN: Now if we can fast forward to the almost the present day, how did you\nget involved with the Anniston [Alabama] community?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: That's a great story there. I was their Student Rabbi in 1953. We\nhad... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part of the program at the Hebrew Union College, was students went out to\nsmall congregations for the [High] Holy Days and/or every other weekend. So, I\nwas sent to Anniston in 1953 for Rosh Ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur. I fell in love\nwith the community. They liked me, and they decided they would see if they could\nbring me once a month ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Anniston. So, I went back to Cincinnati after Yom\nKippur, and they wrote to the college, and the college agreed. So, for 1953\n[and] 1954, I went to Anniston once a month, one Friday, one weekend a month.\n[There] used to be a train called the Humming Bird that went from Cincinnati to\nBirmingham on the L\u0026N Railroad. The next year, they increased it to twice a\nmonth. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, in 1954 and 1955... I went again for the Holy Days in 1954 and\nthrough... the summer of 1955, twice a month. To make the story even more\ninteresting, I think you've interviewed [Rabbi] David Baylinson. David succeeded\nme in 1955... and he went to Anniston. He was their student Rabbi from 1955 to\n1957. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So now they have both of us back... they weren't able to get rid of us.\nNow, more than 50 years later, they have both of us back.\n\nBERMAN: That's wonderful. We, we were just in Anniston. It's a community that is\nworried about its future.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Sure, and with good reason. Gadsen [Alabama] has just closed as I'm\nsure you know.\n\nBERMAN: It must be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sad for you to see this demise of this congregation.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: It is sad for me, but I look at the other side of that coin. I am\nencouraged by the fact that they're still there, and they're still going\nforward. Yes, there may well come a time, five years, eight years, four years, I\ncan't predict how long... but sure there will come a time... unless there's a\ndrastic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"change of some kind, a population shift which is very unlikely or unless\nthey try to pull a 'Dothan' and do it successfully... But I was there 50 years\nago... more than that... 54... 57 years ago now. That they have persevered and\nthat they have kept it going, I think is a feather in their cap. I think that...\nI'm very proud of what they've done. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the other side of the coin is it's\ndisappointing that it undoubtedly will not last forever, but it has lasted a\nlong time. I don't think they're on the verge of closing. I think it will come\nat some point, assuming present trends continue. As a matter of fact, one of our\nmembers in Anniston, a man whose name is Hyman Gordon [sp]... do you know Hyman?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: We were sort of introduced to him through some other conversations.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: ...Hyman had his 97th birthday recently. Hyman was a jeweler. In\n1955, I bought Pat's engagement ring from him.\n\nBERMAN: So how often do you go to Anniston?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: One Friday night a month and for Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.\n\nBERMAN: And Rabbi Baylinson... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he still goes?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: One Friday night a month.\n\nSandra: I think it's wonderful that you both give back to that community. I\nreally think it's...\n\nRABBI BLOOM: We love that community... and that community gives back to us. Pat\nand I look forward to our trips to Anniston.\n\nBERMAN: Do you get back to Mobile much?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: Not as, not as much as we would like to. We have many friends in\nMobile. We do get back from time to time, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not as often as we would like to.\n\nBERMAN: Just out of my own curiosity, I have to ask you this question. Why don't\nyou have a southern accent?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I don't really know the answer to that. But I have to tell you a\nstory about my mother. My mother had a very thick southern accent but did not\nrealize ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that she did. When someone would comment to her, \"Florence, you really\nhave a thick southern accent,\" she would respond, \"Y'all really think ah have a\nsouthern accent?\"\n\nBERMAN: What happened to yours?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: I don't know. I guess it's a combination... that I never really had\na pronounced ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"southern accent. I'm sure I had more than I have now. But I guess\nwhen I went to school in Ohio for all those years, it somehow disappeared. I\ndon't know. But I can come up with it when called for.\n\nBERMAN: That's good.\n\n[To Ruth Einstein: Did you want to ask...\"]\n\nRuth: Yes, I wonder if you could articulate what about Jewish values may have\nguided you or your parents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in your world view that allowed you to see the civil\nrights struggle as being something that you wanted to get involved... how you\ntalked about that to your congregation specifically. Was it the prophets... what\nwas it for you?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: For me it's a Jewish view that God did not create ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different races\nin order to be treated differently... in order for one to subjugate another.\nThat Adam... man is universal, and that this does not allow for separate and\nunequal even if it were possible, which it isn't... separate and equal. I think\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's a phrase that has no meaning because by definition, I think separate is\nunequal. That this is just contrary to everything that I understand about\nJudaism, that if Judaism means anything at all, it means that one respects other\nhuman beings and treats them as one would wish to be treated. It's as simple as\nthat, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from my perspective.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think some of your sermons... sway some of your congregation...\nthe segregationists within the congregation? Did any of them ever have a\ndiscussion with you that a particular sermon affected them or made them see a\ndifferent way to...?\n\nRABBI BLOOM: That's a good question. I would love to be able to say yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the\ntruth is I don't really know. I guess what I really think is to some limited\nextent... I don't think I converted a segregationist into an integrationist. But\nI would count it successful, as a success... I think this may have happened a\nnumber of times... I used to tell people this, \"You don't have to agree with\nme... what I want you... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all I really have a right to ask of you to do, is to\nlisten to me, give thought to what I say to you. Then, however you come out, you\ncome out.\" I think that I may have succeeded in getting people to maybe think\nabout it from a little different angle... and maybe be a little less strong and\na little less ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/transcript/31651/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"convinced of the rightness of the other position. I think I may\nhave done that... may have succeeded slightly in that. But did I take a\nsegregationist and turn him into an integrationist? No, I didn't do that. I wish\nI had, but I don't think I did that.\n\nBERMAN: I think on that note we can conclude. I'm... very appreciative and thank\nyou for being here today.\n\nRABBI BLOOM: You're very welcome. I'm happy to have...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4470.0,4500.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Bloom, Rabbi Irving [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew Union College is the oldest Jewish seminary in the Americas and the main training seminary for rabbis, cantors, educators and communal works in Reform Judaism.  It has campuses in Cincinnati, New York, Los Angeles and Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn adult male Jew who is trained and accredited by a rabbinic authority in the Jewish dietary laws.  Specifically a shochet slaughters animals in a way prescribed by Jewish dietary laws to avoid pain to the animal as much as possible and to safeguard the health of the consumer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/Kashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws.  Food that may be consumed according to halakha (Jewish law) is termed kosher in English. Food that is not in accordance with Jewish law is called treif . The word kosher has become English vernacular, a colloquialism meaning proper, legitimate, genuine, fair, or acceptable.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew term for ritual slaughter of mammals and birds according to Jewish dietary laws.  The animal must be killed by a religious Jew, a shochet, who is duly licensed and trained.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism.  It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance.   They also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis and bat mitzvahs).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for “sitting.”  A Jewish religious school roughly equivalent to high school.  Also a Talmudic college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Litvak” is the Yiddish term for Jews from historical or “greater” Lithuania (which is significantly larger than the geography of Lithuania today). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe proper spelling is L-I-N-K-U-V-A.  In 1941 there were about 1,000 Jews in Linkuva, including refugees from the area.  It was occupied by the Germans on June 28, 1941.  All were shot in the following month by the Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing squads).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKovno Gubernia\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe name of this act is in error although the date is not.  The Immigration Act of 1924 was popularly known as the Johnson-Reed Act.  It was a federal law that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2 percent of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890.  It was aimed at restricting Southern and Eastern European immigrants, mainly Jews fleeing persecution in Poland and Russia, who had started immigrating to the United States in large numbers in the 1890s.  It also restricted immigration of Middle Easterners and Asians.  (The McCarran-Walter Immigration Act was enacted in 1952.  Like the Johnson-Reed Act it retained quotes for Southern and Eastern Europeans and favored British, Irish and German immigrants.  However, it did open some countries for immigration.)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965.  The name seems to have originated in the song “Jump Jim Crow,” a song-and-dance caricature of blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in blackface in 1832.  As a result of Rice’s fame, “Jim Crow” became a pejorative expression meaning “Negro” by 1838 and the later segregation laws became known as “Jim Crow” laws.  Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the southern state of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly “separate but equal” status for black Americans, although in reality this was not so. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks.  Private businesses, political parties and unions created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring blacks from buying home in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc. In the twentieth century, the Supreme Court began to overturn Jim Crow laws on constitutional grounds.  Rosa Parks defied the Jim Crows laws when she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, which became a catalyst to the Civil Rights movement.  Her actions, and the demonstrations that followed, led to a series of legislative and court decisions that contributed to undermining the Jim Crow system.  The Civil Rights Act of 1964 official ended Jim Crow laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1894 it is affiliated with the Conservative Movement of Judaism.  In 2015 about 175 families were members.   Its current rabbi is Rabbi Mayer Mitchell.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded on January 25, 1844 as Sha-arai Shomayim Umaskil el Dol (Gates of Heaven and Society of Friends of the Needy).   It is the oldest synagogue in the State of Alabama.  Currently located on Springhill Avenue (hence its familiar name).  It is affiliated with the Reform Movement in Judaism.  Its rabbi (as of 2015) is Rabbi Donald Kunstadt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e(Hebrew for ‘son of commandment.’)  A rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day.  At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes.  He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship.  He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Deep South’ is a descriptive category of the cultural and geographic sub-regions in the American South.  Today, the Deep South is generally considered to be Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia and South Carolina.  Some people add Florida and parts of Texas a well.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph N. Langan was a community leader and politician who served in the Alabama State Senate and several terms as the Mayor of Mobile, Alabama.  Langan was a devout Catholic and staunch desegrationist.  Besides championing desegregation bills in the Senate and as Mayor Langan worked with other activities to desegregate downtown lunch counters, the public library and the city-owned golf course peacefully.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFather Albert Sidney “Steve” Foley (1912-1990) was a Jesuit priest ad sociology professor at Spring Hill College, worked closely with John LeFlore and Joseph Langan in their efforts to bring about peaceful change in race relations in Mobile, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArchbishop Thomas Joseph Toolen (1886-1976) served as Bishop of Mobile from 1927 to 1968 and was given the title of Archbishop in 1954.   He had an oddly mixed record when it came to race relations.  On one hand he opened several new churches, orphanages, hospitals and other institutions that catered exclusively to blacks—separate but equal—causing his opponents to call him the “nigger bishop.”  While he tried to keep blacks out of seminaries, in 1964 he ended racial segregation in Catholic schools throughout Alabama.  On the other hand, he publicly denounced the methods of activities and spoke for more non-confrontational approaches to civil rights.  In 1965 he removed a priest who had let his rectory serve as the headquarters for the Selma marchers.  He resigned from the archbishopric at age 83 in 1969 and died in 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Wallace (1919-1998) was the 45th governor of Alabama, serving four nonconsecutive terms: 1963-1967, 1971-1979 and 1983-1987.  He also ran for the presidency unsuccessfully.  In 1972 he was left paralyzed after an assassination attempt and was in a wheelchair for the remainder of his life.  During the Civil Rights Era he was noted for his Southern populist and segregationist attitudes.  Wallace’s most remembered utterance was:  “In the name of the greatest people that have ever trod this earth, I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny, and I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever.”  He tried to stop desegregation in schools by physically standing in the way of black students at several universities in 1963.  Federal marshals and the Alabama National Guard under federal command forced him to step aside.  He later renounced these views at the end of his life. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA teachers’ convention.  The tradition dates back to the Babylonia captivity ca. 586 BCE when it was held twice a year to foster continuation of Jewish teachings and traditions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhite Citizens’ Council (WCC) was an American white supremacist organization formed on July 11, 1954.  After 1956, it was known as the Citizens’ Councils of America.  It had about 60,000 members, mostly in the South, and was opposed to racial integration during the 1950’s and 1960’s when it retaliated with economic boycotts and strong intimidation against black activists, including depriving them of jobs.  By the 1970’s its influence had faded.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or Knights of the Ku Klux Klan today) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-black secret society, whose methods included terrorism and murder.  It was founded in the South in the 1860’s and the died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920’s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960’s during the civil rights era.  When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain.  It is still in existence.  In the past it members dressed up in white robes and a pointed hat designed to hide their identity and to terrify.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Reeb (1927-1965) was a white American Unitarian minister from Boston, Massachusetts, and a pastor and civil rights activity.  While marching for civil rights in Selma, Alabama, in 1965, he was beaten severely by white segregationists and died of head injuries two days later in the hospital.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Chumash is another word for Torah or the Five Books of Moses of the Hebrew Bible.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYontif is the Yiddish word; in Hebrew it is ‘yom tov.’  It is generic word for Jewish holidays.  It includes all but the High Holy Days of Rosh Ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA minyan refers to the quorum of 10 Jewish adults required for certain religious obligation.   According to many non-Orthodox streams of Judaism adult females count in the minyan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew: Pesach) The anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage.  The holiday lasts for eight days.  Unleavened bread, matzot, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise.  On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday is celebrated.  The seder service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Humming Bird was a train of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad.  It was inaugurated in 1947 and ran from Cincinnati, Ohio to New Orleans, Louisiana via Louisville, Nashville, Birmingham, Montgomery and Mobile.  The service ended on January 9, 1969.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSee oral history of Rabbi David Baylinson, June 29, 2010. https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30495\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Beth Israel.  It was founded in 1908 and due to lack of membership was closed in 2010.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/annotation_set/555/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Dothan, Alabama Jewish community offered $10,000,000 to attract Jewish families to the town.  They offer Jewish families $50,000 in relocation assistance. As of 2013 there are 18 new Jewish residents Dothan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4080.0,4110.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/index/48686","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Bloom, Rabbi Irving [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/index/48686/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family history","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=0.0,609.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/index/48686/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I’d like to begin by asking you a little bit about your own background: where you were born, where you were ordained, and really what brought you to the South?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=0.0,609.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/index/48686/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hattiesburg, Mississippi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kosher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Milledgeville, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shochet","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small towns","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thomasville, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Uvalda, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vidalia, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=0.0,609.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/index/48686/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Growing up in Vidalia, Ga","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=609.0,1019.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/index/48686/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: You grew up in, in the Forties.  How did the war and what was happening to the Jews of Lithuania because the community there was so decimated affect your family?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=609.0,1019.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/index/48686/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cincinnatti, OH","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kovno Gubernia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"segregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vidalia, Ga","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=609.0,1019.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/index/48686/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbinic career and community involvement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1019.0,2571.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/index/48686/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Well, if we could walk through a little bit of your career history.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=1019.0,2571.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/index/48686/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ahavas Chesed Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alabamians Behind Local Education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Archbishop Thomas Joseph Toolen","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cincinnatti, Ohio","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Congregation Sha’arai Shomayim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"desegregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Father Albert Sidney “Steve” Foley","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gov. 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What did you do on a regular basis?  Went to school and you... ?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3310.0,3912.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/index/48686/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dating","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religious observances","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vidalia, Ga","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3310.0,3912.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/index/48686/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anniston, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3912.0,4277.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/index/48686/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Now if we can fast forward to the almost the present day, how did you get involved with the Anniston [Alabama] community?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3912.0,4277.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/index/48686/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anniston, AL","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Congregation Beth Israel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dothan, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gadsen, AL","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi David Baylinson","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=3912.0,4277.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/index/48686/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish values","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4277.0,4501.164"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/index/48686/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: Yes, I wonder if you could articulate what about Jewish values may have guided you or your parents in your world view that allowed you to see the civil rights struggle as being something that you wanted to get involved... how you talked about that to your congregation specifically.  Was it the prophets... what was it for you?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4277.0,4501.164"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750/index/48686/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"civil rights","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civil Rights Movement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/47515/file/120750#t=4277.0,4501.164"}]}]}]}