{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/sj19k46z2s/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Gallant, Ilse"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2019-11-07 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Gallant, Ilse (b. 1934) (Interviewee)","Ghitis, Sara (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eIlse Gallant was interviewed by Sara Ghitis in Atlanta, Georgia on November 7, 2019. \u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eIlse Gallant was born in Germany in 1934. Her family was Lutheran and her father was a government employee. She, her older sister, and younger brother enjoyed a comfortable childhood near the French border until World War II broke out. Her family was relocated to Munich and Ilse’s father was drafted into the Wehrmacht. As the war went on, Ilse attended school and slowly began to question the propaganda she was taught.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Ilse’s father was imprisoned by the Americans for four years. Meanwhile, Ilse completed her education and decided to immigrate to Canada. In Montreal, Ilse worked as a nanny, maid, and later a cook while she learned English. She soon befriended a family who introduced her to Judaism. Ilse eventually decided to convert. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIlse then took a job on a cruise ship. On a break, she met Henry Gallant (born Heinz Goldstein, 1928-2019), a German Holocaust survivor. After obtaining a visa for the United States, Ilse joined Henry in Miami Beach, Florida, where they both worked in hotels. When tensions mounted in the marriage, Ilse took a job at a hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada, but the couple soon reunited.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIlse and Henry had one son, whom they raised in Jewish tradition. They worked at hotels in Las Vegas, Lake Placid and New York City. In 1975, Henry lost his job as a maître d’hotel in the Empire Room, a nightclub at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. The Gallant family moved to Atlanta for Henry’s new job at the Fairmont Hotel. Ilse became a restaurant manager. Eventually, the couple bought and operated a successful kosher catering company. Henry died in 2019. Ilse still lives in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eIlse remembers her childhood in Germany and introduces her family. She explains how her father was drafted into the Wehrmacht in 1942. She recalls feeling isolated from their Catholic neighbors because they were Lutheran. Ilse recollects the nationalism she learned in school. She remembers food rationing that became more extreme as the war went on. Ilse recalls not seeing soldiers until after Germany had begun to lose the war. She talks about living in Munich during the war and surviving numerous bombing raids. Ilse reflects on how she began, as a teenager at the end of the war, to question was she had been told about the war. She recalls her shock at seeing a black American soldier. Ilse remembers the shame she felt after learning about the Holocaust later. She talks about her decision to immigrate to Canada and her strained relationship with her father. Ilse discusses her early years in Canada, working and learning English. She recounts her introduction to a Jewish family. She talks about her decision to convert and coming to terms with her past. Ilse recalls an interaction that made her lose interest in Christianity. She traces her jobs as a cook and on a cruise ship. Ilse shares how she met her husband. She talks about discovering they were both Jewish. She remembers getting married before returning to Canada to await a visa for the United States. She talks about coming to Florida and fighting with her husband. Ilse explains why she left for a job in Las Vegas. She recollects travelling and dating. Ilse shares why she decided to try again with her husband. She describes the challenges to her Jewish identity she encountered. Ilse discusses why they moved to Atlanta. She talks about opening a catering business. Ilse explains how she became more involved in the Jewish community after her son was born. The interview closes with Ilse’s hope younger generations will be more tolerant than hers.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28946"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Gallant, Ilse (personal name)","Gallant, Henry (personal name)","Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945) (personal name)","Rabbi Stern, Harry Joshua (1897-1984) (personal name)","Congregation Shearith Israel (corporate name)","Flamingo Hotel (corporate name)","Ludwigshafen, Germany (geographic term)","Munich, Germany (geographic term)","Montreal, Canada (geographic term)","Quebec, Canada (geographic term)","Miami, Florida (geographic term)","New York City, New York (geographic term)","Las Vegas, Nevada (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","World War II (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Schutzstaffel (SS) (topical term)","Shabbat (topical term)","Bar Mitzvah (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eIlse Gallant was interviewed by Sara Ghitis in Atlanta, Georgia on November 7, 2019.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIlse Gallant was born in Germany in 1934. Her family was Lutheran and her father was a government employee. She, her older sister, and younger brother enjoyed a comfortable childhood near the French border until World War II broke out. Her family was relocated to Munich and Ilse\u0026rsquo;s father was drafted into the Wehrmacht. As the war went on, Ilse attended school and slowly began to question the propaganda she was taught.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Ilse\u0026rsquo;s father was imprisoned by the Americans for four years. Meanwhile, Ilse completed her education and decided to immigrate to Canada. In Montreal, Ilse worked as a nanny, maid, and later a cook while she learned English. She soon befriended a family who introduced her to Judaism. Ilse eventually decided to convert.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIlse then took a job on a cruise ship. On a break, she met Henry Gallant (born Heinz Goldstein, 1928-2019), a German Holocaust survivor. After obtaining a visa for the United States, Ilse joined Henry in Miami Beach, Florida, where they both worked in hotels. When tensions mounted in the marriage, Ilse took a job at a hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada, but the couple soon reunited.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIlse and Henry had one son, whom they raised in Jewish tradition. They worked at hotels in Las Vegas, Lake Placid and New York City. In 1975, Henry lost his job as a ma\u0026icirc;tre d\u0026rsquo;hotel in the Empire Room, a nightclub at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. The Gallant family moved to Atlanta for Henry\u0026rsquo;s new job at the Fairmont Hotel. Ilse became a restaurant manager. Eventually, the couple bought and operated a successful kosher catering company. Henry died in 2019. Ilse still lives in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIlse remembers her childhood in Germany and introduces her family. She explains how her father was drafted into the Wehrmacht in 1942. She recalls feeling isolated from their Catholic neighbors because they were Lutheran. Ilse recollects the nationalism she learned in school. She remembers food rationing that became more extreme as the war went on. Ilse recalls not seeing soldiers until after Germany had begun to lose the war. She talks about living in Munich during the war and surviving numerous bombing raids. Ilse reflects on how she began, as a teenager at the end of the war, to question was she had been told about the war. She recalls her shock at seeing a black American soldier. Ilse remembers the shame she felt after learning about the Holocaust later. She talks about her decision to immigrate to Canada and her strained relationship with her father. Ilse discusses her early years in Canada, working and learning English. She recounts her introduction to a Jewish family. She talks about her decision to convert and coming to terms with her past. Ilse recalls an interaction that made her lose interest in Christianity. She traces her jobs as a cook and on a cruise ship. Ilse shares how she met her husband. She talks about discovering they were both Jewish. She remembers getting married before returning to Canada to await a visa for the United States. She talks about coming to Florida and fighting with her husband. Ilse explains why she left for a job in Las Vegas. She recollects travelling and dating. Ilse shares why she decided to try again with her husband. She describes the challenges to her Jewish identity she encountered. Ilse discusses why they moved to Atlanta. She talks about opening a catering business. Ilse explains how she became more involved in the Jewish community after her son was born. The interview closes with Ilse\u0026rsquo;s hope younger generations will be more tolerant than hers.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/170/792/small/1668616360_Gallant_Ilse.mp4_1668616672.jpg?1668616678","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - 1668616360_Gallant_Ilse.mp4"]},"duration":5247.496,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/170/792/small/1668616360_Gallant_Ilse.mp4_1668616672.jpg?1668616678","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/170/792/original/1668616360_Gallant_Ilse.mp4?1668616573","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5247.496,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Gallant, Ilse [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: My name is Sarah Ghitis. Today is November 7, 2019. I am interviewing\nMrs. Ilse Gallant for the Bremen Museum. Mrs. Gallant, Ilse, would you please\npronounce your name?\n\nGALLANT: My first name is Ilse. Since so many people don't know how to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pronounce\nit, I spell it for you: I-L-S-E. [My] last name [is] Gallant.\n\nGHITIS: What is your maiden name?\n\nGALLANT: My maiden name was Ilsa Oberpar [sp].\n\nGHITIS: Could you tell us where you were born?\n\nGALLANT: Yes, I was born in Ludwigshafen in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1934, which is in [the German state\nof Rhineland-Palatine], across from Mannheim. The dividing line is the Rhine\nRiver. It became very famous because they had the IG Farben manufacturers there,\nwhich were the main ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contributor to the Third Reich [Nazi Germany].\n\nGHITIS: You had mentioned that it is also close to Hitler's birthplace.\n\nGALLANT: No.\n\nGHITIS: Not this one?\n\nGALLANT: Not this one.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of place was it?\n\nGALLANT: I really cannot tell you because I was a very small ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child. Whatever I\ntold you so far is hearsay, either from my mother, or some relatives we had at\nthat time. I don't have memory of that time.\n\nGHITIS: What are the stories? What did you hear about it from your family, from\nyour mother, about the place?\n\nGALLANT: It was a big city. It was an industrial ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city. Life seemed to be\npleasant there. I had a father, who worked for Customs, and got transferred on\nto the border of Germany and France, where I have memories. We had a beautiful\nhome. It was kind of in the country. We had a dog. I still remember his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name:\nAmir. [He was] a beautiful dog. My father had a gorgeous garden. We had lots and\nlots of animals. In the night of September 1st, about 4:00 in the morning, the\narmy trucks came and picked us up. My mother had one hour to get us together. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We\nonly were able to take the most necessary things. Everything [else] we had to\nleave behind, including my beloved dog, Amir.\n\nGHITIS: You just mentioned that your father was transferred. Is this the\ntransfer you were talking about?\n\nGALLANT: No. My father, as a professional, as a young man, joined, at first, the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"police force and from the police force, he graduated in to the --\n\nGHITIS: Border police?\n\nGALLANT: No, Customs. He worked up the ranks. Unfortunately, in 1942, all the\nmen in his rank and age group, were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"automatically taken over to the German\nWehrmacht [army] and then all became the SS.\n\nGHITIS: Let us talk about your family a little bit. How many children in the family?\n\nGALLANT: I had a sister, who was older than me, and I have a brother younger\nthan me. Especially ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we were young children, we are very close. But, due to\nthe fact that many times from 1940 on we had to move, they moved the people and\nwe finally ended up in southern Bavaria where my father originally came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from,\nwhich was strictly Catholic. We were Protestants, and so we were not welcomed\nguests. At a very early age, I learned to be isolated. The parents from the\nfriends I made in kindergarten and school did not allow their children to play\nwith us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because -- I don't know if they looked at us as foreigners, or something\nwas wrong with us because we had a different religion, but we learned to keep to\nourselves. We had a very close relationship. We played together. We helped each\nother in our schoolwork. But since my sister was three years older than me and\nmy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother three years younger than me, we start growing apart because everybody\ndeveloped different interests.\n\nGHITIS: Of course, the war started as you were growing up. You were very young,\nbut do you remember any talk about what was going on?\n\nGALLANT: No.\n\nGHITIS: Do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember in your home any discussion about persecution of people\nlike the Jews?\n\nGALLANT: No. I didn't even know till later in the war, like in 1944, that there\nwere Jewish people. I had no idea. I am deeply ashamed about my ignorance, but\nwe were not taught ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything, neither in school or in the outside world. Nobody\ntalked about Jewish people.\n\nGHITIS: What about in the schools?\n\nGALLANT: Nothing. We were trained that when we went to school in the\nmorning--like over here in America, I think it's the custom that they pray--we\nhad to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"raise our hand and say, \"Heil Hitler!\" This is how we started our day.\nWherever you went, there were either big busts of him or pictures. Whenever we\nwent somewhere and we saw that picture, we had to raise our hands.\n\nGHITIS: What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the atmosphere like? What was going on, the environment?\n\nGALLANT: I tell you, quite frankly, especially when we lived in southern\nBavaria, which was a small city, the women were mostly alone due to that fact\nall the men and their husbands were fighting. They were in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wehrmacht. The\nwomen were not at that time -- not that they were stupid people, but they were\nnot educated people. Their mind was not open. It was very closed minded. The\nmost important thing [to the women], from what I remember, was: Where do we get\nfood, what do we cook, how we raise our children, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how [do we] teach them --\nThere was no intellectual conversation, nothing.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember any scarcity, not being able to get products at any\ntime, not being able to get what you need for everyday life?\n\nGALLANT: Yes. As the war progressed, we all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got ration cards and lunch payments.\nThey cut the portions of it. Like, for instance, we were a family of four--my\nmother, my brother, my sister and me. We were allowed one pound of bread a week\nmade out of chestnut flour, for which we stood three, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four, and five hours in\nline twice a week. This is when the baker provided the people with it. It was\neverything down the line. The meat was rationed, the dairy products. Fresh fruit\nwe barely knew. Repeating myself, the longer the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war lasted, the less we got to eat.\n\nGHITIS: Did you see people in uniform?\n\nGALLANT: Not where we lived till about 1943. I saw my father only once in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"six or\nseven years for three days when he was on furlough. We saw very little people in\nuniform because they were in Russia. They were with Rommel in Africa. They were\nall over, spread -- When the United States ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"joined the war and the invasion\nbegan, I believe, in [6th] of June [1944], when they bombed Germany, this is\nwhen we saw more soldiers because they were moved from wherever they were down\nthere, because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that time, Germany and Austria worked together. Germany and\nBraunau now was divided by a river. The other side was Austria, and the other\nside was Germany. The amazing part was Braunau was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"birthplace of, at that\ntime, our Fuhrer. They made a big thing about that every year at his birthday.\nThis is when I saw, and my sister and brother [saw] more and more soldiers.\n\nGHITIS: What were you told about the Fuhrer [German: leader], [Adolf] Hitler?\nWhat did people say?\n\nGALLANT: What did people say? He's the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"greatest human being in the world. He is\nthe savior of Germany because, like you had the Depression over here in the\nUnited States, after Germany lost the war, they were hit with tremendous moneys\nthey had to pay. Germany was really down. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He promised the German people he will\nbring them back, give them back their pride to be proud of the fatherland. By\naccomplishing that, one of his main processes was building the Autobahn highways.\n\nGHITIS: How did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survive? Your father was fighting, right? Where did you get\nmoney for everyday living? How did you survive financially?\n\nGALLANT: Since my father was a Beamte [a civil servant with a privileged\nstatus], [which] means, like the people in Washington -- What do you call them?\nYou must forgive me. Sometimes my English -- I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forget. Automatically, every\nmonth in the bank, there was the money which my father earned while he was doing\nwhatever he was working for.\n\nGHITIS: He worked for the government?\n\nGALLANT: The government. That's it.\n\nGHITIS: You had a brother. What about him? What did he do during the war years?\n\nGALLANT: Since he was three years younger than me, playing and having fun.\n\nGHITIS: He never served?\n\nGALLANT: No.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: What other memories do you have over those years, especially where it\nconcerns the Jewish people that were being persecuted? What comes to your mind\nabout that?\n\nGALLANT: I tell you, quite frankly -- Toward the end of the war, through\nconnections, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we got again transferred. We ended up in Munich, Bavaria, which is\na beautiful big city. There, it was a very cosmopolitan city. I became aware\nmore. First of all, I was older and I became more aware what was going on. The\npeople in the city, you had people who were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fanatic Germans and people [who]\nwished not to be identified as a German. The news [and] what was going on became\nclear to me. I didn't understand in the overall everything, but I understood. I\nheard that most of the people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that ended up in concentration camp, which I found\nout toward the end of the war. Even in Munich, we were almost 60 kilometers away\nfrom Dachau. We had no idea there was a concentration camp. People tried to\nsurvive, because the more the war ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continued, the intense of bombing was\nunbearable, day and night. Twice, we lost everything. Once, we were buried over\n72 hours in the cellar before they were able to dig us out. In the shock, when\nthe whole house crumbled, I bit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with my teeth through my tongue, and they opened\nit up. This is my birthmark. It was not a laughing matter, a combination of\nbeing deprived of freedom -- Yes, we were allowed to go to school, but the\nschool was not education which one wanted to know. They did not teach us in\nschool ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything about why we fight. The only thing we had to memorize and learn\n[was] that the Fuhrer, Hitler, is big and he does the best for the German\npeople. People were brainwashed. Looking back in my old ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"age, I see the whole\npicture so different, but at that time, I became slowly aware of it, about the\nunfairness that goes on. Especially amongst the Germans, one cannot put\neverybody over the same hump, because regardless [of] what race or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nationality,\nthey have good people and bad people. What I never could understand [is that],\nin the overall, German people were very educated people. That they could be sold\nthrough [Josef] Goebbels, the propaganda minister, what goes on in the world and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we will come up the winner because our Fuhrer is building a Thousand Year Reich\n-- Now, I couldn't imagine a thousand years--I was about 14--but my mind was\nopen. I stopped listening. I saw the discrimination that went on. But it was\n[not until] at the end of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war that I became aware of it, what goes on. To\nwhat extent, I had no idea till I left. In Canada, [I] faced reality through\npictures, through programs, through the newspaper, to people you run in. This is\nwhen I really realized ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what happened.\n\nGHITIS: When you are talking about discrimination in Germany in the postwar\nyears, are you talking about discrimination against Germans?\n\nGALLANT: Germany, yes. The war was very bad, as I said, because we lived more in\nthe bunkers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we had a normal life. When finally the sirens blew and the\ndanger was over, we were allowed to go up again. We never knew what we found. We\nnever knew on what we stepped. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"awful.\n\nGHITIS: I want to go back a little. Do you remember any propaganda against gay\npeople, against people of dark skin, against gypsies, against other minorities?\n\nGALLANT: No, because, again I have to confess, I had no idea till I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was living\nin Canada that there were gay people and there are lesbians. I know gypsies were\nvery much also mistreated. Color, I saw my first African American in 1945 when\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[tanks] rolled through Munich. What the planes didn't destroy, they finished\nit, because Munich was a very historic city. This is the first time I saw a dark\nperson. I broke out screaming and I couldn't stop shaking. This I remember\n[because] my sister told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me because they had to hold me down. I was hysterical\nwhen I saw it the first time. I had no idea there is another race besides the German.\n\nGHITIS: What did you think was wrong with that person who had dark skin? What\nscared you so much?\n\nGALLANT: The dark skin. I did not know. You read in books as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child, in\nchildren's books, there are other people. You read about the Indians here. I\njust had -- I was very much afraid till he started laughing and threw us\nchocolate. Then I knew everything is okay.\n\nGHITIS: I want to go inside your heart. What did you feel? What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did you think\nwhen you heard what Germany had done to other people?\n\nGALLANT: Ashamed. Very much ashamed to a point--today, where I understand\nmore--I went into a depression. I could not comprehend smart people like the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German nation, educated people -- If you go down the line in history, divide us,\nthe musicians, the philosophers down -- That they commit such atrocities. I\ncould not believe it. I was deeply ashamed. At the beginning, when I lived on\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other side, in Canada, when people asked me, \"What's your accent from? Is it\nGerman?\" I denied it. I said, \"No, it's Swiss. We speak German in Switzerland.\"\nI denied [being] German because I was so ashamed and hurt. I was hurting as a\nhuman being for another human being.\n\nGHITIS: Let us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go back a little bit. Tell us how it happened that you ended up\nin Canada.\n\nGALLANT: When you are young, you don't think. I was almost finished with school\nand there was no future in Germany. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany started coming to life at the early\nfifties when the Marshall Plan took place. I always wanted to become a\nchildren's doctor, but I knew there is not the money there. My mother insisted\nthat I get a good education. I went [to] what you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would call over here business\nschool, from which I graduated when I was about almost 17 years old, because our\nschooling system in Europe is entirely different. I was surprised when our son\nwent here to high school. We learned that already in elementary school. We were\non ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an entirely different level. One day I said to myself, 'Okay, what are you\ngoing to do with your life?' I was very uncomfortable living in Germany. I had\nvery few German friends. I had a friend, but she associated--she was a little\nolder than ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me--with American military people. Through her, I saw -- I said to\nmyself, 'I want to go to America,' but I didn't know anybody in America. I\ndidn't know who could help me. One day, I sit in the streetcar -- There was a\nbig advertisement up. It said, \"Canada will ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pay [for] your trip to Canada\nproviding you qualify --\" I said to myself, 'That's my way out.' I went to the\nCanadian consulate and they walked me through all the bureaucracy. Three months\nlater, I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my papers. I had to sign said [an agreement that] wherever the\ngovernment puts me, I have to take, and I have to stay in that job till I pay\nback my fare.\n\nGHITIS: What did your family think about it?\n\nGALLANT: My mother was very upset. Since my father -- At that time, he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was -- My\nfather was four years imprisoned by the Americans, but at that time when I did\nthat, he was already cleared of everything there is. [He was] reinstated at the\nCustoms Service where he worked, but at the lower level and had not the rank he\nused to have. Then, he had to work himself up. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother was very upset. Since\nmy father and I never had a good relationship due to the fact I was too\noutspoken, I ask too many questions, we didn't get along very well. He very\nsardonically said, \"I knew always you are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stupid, but how stupid you really are,\nyou just proved. Don't you know that you need papers to get to Canada?\" I went.\nI got the pass book. [I said,] \"And what is this?\" I forged my [father's] name\nbecause I know out of spite he never would give me the permission. He threatened\nme that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he goes to the police. [I said,] \"Okay, go ahead. Tell them what I did\nand I'll tell what you did.\" That was the end of the story.\n\nGHITIS: On what charges was he sent to prison? Why was he imprisoned, your father?\n\nGALLANT: I forged his signature.\n\nGHITIS: No, why did your father go to prison?\n\nGALLANT: Because he was in the German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wehrmacht and SS. He was in the Panzer\ndivision [with a rank of], I don't know-- colonel, major, I don't know. They\nwere responsible for pulling everything out from Griechenland [German: Greece],\nfrom Greece, over Turkey, over all the Slovak ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries later on. One doesn't\nneed a vivid fantasy, what went on and what they did. For that, they were caught\nby the Russians, but he escaped and walked through whole Germany till he came to\nthe Americans -- Germany was divided between the French, English, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian and\nthe Americans -- He came to the American and gave himself up. There, he was\nimprisoned for four years.\n\nGHITIS: Let us talk about your time in Canada. You arrived in Canada. What happened?\n\nGALLANT: We ended ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up -- After two weeks of being violently seasick, we arrived\nin Quebec. People were very nice, very friendly. There were about 400 or 500\npeople on that ship doing the same thing like I did, using the Canadian\ngovernment to come into this country. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Until they sorted out what was your\neducation, where can they put you, I ended up in Montreal [with a] family. He\nwas the CEO of the biggest hospital in Montreal. He was from Scotland and his\nwife was from England. I was hired ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a nanny. That's what they told him. What I\nwas used to, what I was being used for, [was] like a maid. I worked from six in\nthe morning till ten thirty or 11 at night, six and a half days a week for $35 a\nmonth. When I was hungry and, G-d ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forbid, I took an extra piece of bread, the\nlady of the house made me pay for it. When I was able, and could go out, and\ncould do the shopping, and I came back, and I was a few cents short, I had to\ngive her the money. She was very stingy. They worked me, but it was good\ndiscipline for me later ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on in life because it gave me the stamina to endure, not\nto give up, and get a life for myself.\n\nGHITIS: Then you met some other people?\n\nGALLANT: They had quite a few Germans [and] Austrians. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met, while we were\n[at], I call it, 'camp' in Quebec, a very lovely Austrian young lady. She was\nput in a Jewish family with four children. We stayed in contact by telephone.\nShe always told me how nice and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"warm the people are where she is. I had very\nlittle time off. One day, she came and we went to where she worked and she\nintroduced me to the lady of the house. At that time, it was still customs that\neither the parents of her or the parents of the husband ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived with them. The\npeople were very well to do. They lived in Canada almost a hundred years. They\ncame from Syria. They were in the antique business, but not little figures on\nthings; [it was] like there's paintings going back hundreds of years to new\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paintings. They also had connections getting in touch and getting the stuff out\nof Germany for their auctions and everything. They were wonderful people. The\nfirst thing that touched me is the warmth of them. They welcome me like I they\nknow me forever and I felt so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rotten. She says, \"What's wrong?\" I said, \"Are you\naware that I'm German?\" She looked at me and she said, \"Do you feel bad about\nthat?\" I said, \"I am very ashamed that I'm German.\" Believe it or not, she took\nme in her arms and said, \"My dear, remember one thing. Regardless where you come\nfrom, regardless what you are, they have good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people and bad people. And this is\nwhat you carry in your heart.\" She won me over. Due to the fact that I grew up\nduring the war, there was no family life, there was no warmth. There was -- Even\nthough we knew our mother loved us because she rather gave us her food ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before\nshe ate it, but that cohesiveness, the warmth of family, I never knew. There, I\nknew [it]. As we progressed, I became very interested and they invited me for\nShabbat dinner. I was overwhelmed. Then a couple of months later, if I mentioned\nto get off on a Friday ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night, so I spent Shabbat and went with them to the\nsynagogue. They were Sephardic and the women sat separate from the men. Again, I\nwas overcome by the warmth of the people about the prayers they were saying,\nabout the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"melodies they sang. One day I asked her, \"Do people convert?\" She\nsays, \"Yes, they do. Nowadays, not so often, but it happens.\" I said, \"What\nwould you say if I ask you for your help?\" They had good connections due to the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact that they gave a lot of money to the synagogue and so forth and so on.\nThrough their rabbi, I got an interview with Rabbi [Harry] Stern. I was very\ntimid because I said to myself, 'I have a lot of chutzpah [Yiddish: audacity]\nasking them after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what we did to their people.' He felt that I was holding back\nand he outright asked me--just like Mrs. Samuel asked me. He says, \"You don't\nhave to feel bad. You were a child. You couldn't help it. There was nothing you\ncan do. But you survived it. You learned ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right from wrong. Why you ended up in\nthat family and you had this relationship with them such you decided you want to\nconvert -- Why do you want that?\" I says, \"Because I finally want to have\nsomething of my own.\" I says, \"I grew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up Lutheran,\" which of course, at that\ntime nobody -- anything. To me, it was nothing. Another thing is, as I mentioned\nat the beginning of our conversation, we ended up -- the second time when we\nwere back in southern Bavaria, which was strictly Catholic. The years after the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war were even worse than the war years, because everything ended up on the black\nmarket. My mother heard that the Catholic priests, they gave out potatoes, so we\nwent there and we stood in line. Since it was a small town, it was no secret\nthat we were not Catholics. The priest--I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still remember he was like a frog, his\nmushy hands--he took my hand in his and squeezed it. He says, \"But, dear, you\nhave to understand, we cannot give you potatoes because you are not a Catholic.\nYou are a Lutheran and this is why I am sorry I cannot give you any potatoes.\" I\nsaid to myself, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"And this is Christianity? You can keep it.\" At that time --\nnine or ten years old, where it formed already in me: I don't belong in Germany.\n\nGHITIS: You converted?\n\nGALLANT: I converted, yes. The first Rabbi Stern gave me a lot of material to\nread. He says, \"Call ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me in three months and we have a discussion.\" I called him\nand we spent about a couple of hours together. He had asked me all these\nquestions and after, he says, \"Okay, I take you on.\" I studied with him close to\na year. Then, I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"examined by three rabbis. Then, I went to the mikvah, which\nI was violently afraid of because it was in a very dark place and they told me I\nhave to shave and do everything. I says, \"What are they gonna do to me?\" But\nafter I dunked three times and I came out, I met with the three rabbis. Each one\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took me in his arms. This [was] their parting words to me: \"My dear, regardless,\nwhatever happens in your life, you are a Jew as if you would have been born a\nJew. Don't ever let that be taken away from you.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is how I ended up being a Jew.\n\nGHITIS: Did they give you a Hebrew name?\n\nGALLANT: Yes, my name is Esther.\n\nGHITIS: Esther?\n\nGALLANT: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: Hello, Esther. What was the name of the family that supported you?\n\nGALLANT: Mr. and Mrs. Samuel, [from] a very old family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Montreal. They lived\nin the French part. I lived in the English speaking part. When I came into that\n[other] household, it took me only one week to figure out what I'm being used\nfor and what goes on. But I had no choice. I had barely any money and my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English\nwas school English, which is really different from spoken English. I decided I\nhave to learn English. Since I didn't have much money, on my day off, I walked\nabout an hour down -- the street was called Cordenage [sp] where the YMCA was,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where I learned English free of charge. Within two or three months, using, of\ncourse, my hands, I could say everything, but forget about the grammar. Then I\nmet somebody. I was very fortunate. I met somebody who helped me to get into a\nschool a free of charge, where I learned. Since I knew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already some grammar and\n[was] able to read a certain amount of English, it was not so bad. Within six\nmonths--I always was a person what I never owed anybody any money, not even a\npenny--I was paid off to the government. In the meantime, I found a job as a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cook at [the home of] very elderly people, very rich, retired. They were\nsocialites. Since I was from Europe, they thought that I can cook. I didn't even\nknow how to cook water, but I learned very fast. A block away from us was a\nbeautiful French ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"restaurant. One of the waitresses--already at that time, they\nwere not allowed to smoke in the facility--was standing outside. I was walking\nthe dog from the people I worked for. We started talking. I told her, I says,\n\"G-d, I wish I knew how to cook.\" Long story short, she says, \"My boyfriend ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is\nthe chef here.\" Then, I spoke with him and we came to an understanding that I\ngive him the money for the food he paid, but he cooks everything, explained to\nme, where they have it a couple of hours earlier in the apartment. The smell was\ngoing around nights and the people thought I am the greatest. This is how I\ntreated them, but they had good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food. From then on, I got connection and I met\nsomebody else. I became a stewardess on the Canadian cruise ship line. The ship\nwas called CSL Tecumseh. We went over all the five flags and then through the\ndocks, the Saint Lawrence River, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down to wherever we went. On one of the trips,\nour captain looked too deep into his bottle. He slammed against the walls. We\nhad to go in dry dock. Since I still had a few people in Canada which I knew, I\ncalled them up and we made an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appointment--because we had to stay three days in\nMontreal--to go to the movies. Why I got out of that taxi one block before the\nmovie house, I have no idea. I got out. There was a beautiful Italian shoe store\nand I was looking at the shoes. All of a sudden, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody asked me in French if\nI know where club so-and-so is. By that time, I understood enough French to\nknow. I turned around and in my heavy German accent I said, \"I'm sorry, I cannot\nhelp. I don't know,\" because -- I'm not going to tell you -- because the club\nwas known to gentlemen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was when I met Henry.\n\nGHITIS: Who was Henry?\n\nGALLANT: Henry, who became three years later, my husband.\n\nGHITIS: You met that at that time. What followed? What was the romance like?\n\nGALLANT: Right away, since Henry [is] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very talented language wise, he detected\nmy German accent and he spoke to me in German. I said, \"Will you excuse me? I'm\nmeeting my friend.\" He says, \"Oh, can I come along?\" I says, \"No, we're just\ngoing to the movie.\" He says, \"Well, I have the evening off, so why don't we all\ngo to the movies?\" Since I was not able to get rid of him, I said to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself, my\nfriend--who was also from Berlin, where Henry originally came from--she [will]\nget rid of him for me. She liked him! What can you do? We ended up going to a\nvery respectable, nice club where Della Reese had her first engagement singing.\nWe spent a wonderful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evening there. Then, it was time to say goodbye. We\nexchanged addresses. At that time, we didn't have cell phones or anything. That\nwas it. A couple of weeks later--I think it was in Sainte Marie where we got\nmail--I got mail from the friend of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mine where we spent the evening together.\nShe [sent] me a card. She said, \"Do you remember that guy we met? I saw him with\none of the biggest,\" I don't want to use the word, \"ladies of Montreal.\" I got\nso angry. It took me one hour to find a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big postcard. I wrote on it to him, \"I\nhope you had a good time.\" I didn't even sign it and send it. Three weeks later,\nI got called from the captain's boy I should come up to the wheelhouse. I have a\nphone call ship to shore. I never heard of something like this. It was him\ncalling me. This is how the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"romance started . . . Where are we?\n\nGHITIS: You met your husband. You got married three years later. But I want to\ngo back and address something. You became a Jew. You became Esther. When you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met\nyour husband, did he know you were Esther?\n\nGALLANT: When I met my husband, I had no idea he was Jewish, and neither did he\nhave an idea I was Jewish also. Since we didn't have a close relationship -- [We\ngot to know one another] through telephone, writing, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and seeing each other every\nfour or five months, all depending how the place was. It never came out,\nbecause--I'm not ashamed to say it--we didn't have a sexual relationship. He\nnever said anything. It never dawned on me to should ask him, because he called\nhimself 'Gallant.\"\n\nGHITIS: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When did you both find out?\n\nGALLANT: I am married to Henry three times without ever being divorced. The\nfirst time we got married on November 27, 1957, in Las Vegas, I was very sick.\nAt that time, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Asian flu was going around. The company was very generous. I\nwas four weeks in the hospital and then they gave me a whole month's off, paid\neverything, to recuperate. I told Henry I had a month off and [asked,] \"What can\nwe do?\" He said, \"Why don't you come ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down to Miami Beach?\" At that time, he\nworked down there and. I did it. This is when we showed our colors. I said, \"Oh\nmy goodness, you are Jewish.\" He says, \"Yes, does it make a difference? I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"says,\n\"I'll let you know.\" He says, \"Well, I never went with a German girl.\" I says,\n\"Well, I have news for you. I am German, yes, but I'm also Jewish.\" He says to\nme, \"How can you?\" I explained to him I converted. He was fascinated by the\nstory. We spent a wonderful ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time in Florida. Then, we had ten days left before I\nhad to go back to my job in Canada. I forgot to mention in the meantime, I also\nhad my papers running, coming to the United States. At that time, you had to\nkeep $5,000 in escrow in case you don't have a job, in case you get sick, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you\ncannot go and get help from the government. We had a wonderful time and I said\nto him, \"Okay, I'm going back.\" He says, \"Listen, I have a wonderful idea.\" He\nwas full of ideas. I said, \"What is it?\" [He said,] \"Let's go to Las Vegas.\" I\nsaid, \"What's out there?\" He says, \"It's a fun city.\" While we were in Las\nVegas, he says, \"Let's get married.\" I said, \"But I don't want to get married.\"\nHe says, \"You will ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get married.\" He says, \"We don't have to stay married. [It\nis] just so I can get these women away from me. I am so sick and tired of them,\"\nbecause really he attracted them because of his personality, which also drew me\nto him, his personality and he was a flamboyant bullshitter. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We got married in a\nchapel. No, we had to take a blood test and three days we had to wait. Then the\ncity hall, and then we got married in a chapel, and we were married. He went\nback to Miami. I went back to Canada. At that time, I still have -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I checked\nwith the consulate and I still have five months left before I got my papers to\nimmigrate, so he did his thing and I did my thing. Then, March came and I went\nto America. I took the train, sleeping cars. At that time, I could afford it\nwith my nice salary from the ship. I didn't have a place to spend my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money. I\nmade $600. Can you imagine? I couldn't buy anything, so I splurged and went all\nthe way down to Miami in the sleeper. There, I spent -- What do you call it when\nyou get off the train?\n\nGHITIS: Station?\n\nGALLANT: The station. I stood there and everybody leaves and everybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leaves. I\nhave my big overseas trunk and three or four suitcases and [there was] no,\nHenry. I says, \"Oh, well, maybe he's stuck in traffic or something.\" Since I had\nthe number where he lived, I called. They said, \"I'm sorry. He's not here.\" She\nsays, \"Can I give him a message? I said, \"Would you tell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him his wife is here\nand I'm waiting on the railway station.\" Whoever answered that said, \"But Mr.\nGallant is not married.\" I said, \"Excuse me?\" [She said,] \"No, he's not\nmarried.\" I said, \"Just tell him to come as quickly as possible over to Miami,\nto the railway station, and come and pick me up.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Five hours later, he came. In\nthe meantime, in the five hours, I said to myself, 'Well, Ilse, this is one big\nboo-boo you did. Okay. Can't be helped.' I went and bought my ticket back to New\nYork. I didn't know anybody in New York either. The train left two hours later.\nI would have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to wait another two hours. I sat there in that heat. I was not\ndressed [for] Florida. I never was in subtropical climate. All of a sudden, he\ncomes here. He says, \"Oh, I'm sorry.\" I said, \"Okay. What kind of excuse you\nhave for letting me sit here? And what kind of excuse do you have that you are\nnot married?\" He says, \"Oh, I will explain,\" with his charm and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything.\nAnyway, he got me out of the station. Then, I must say, he rented a very lovely\napartment. I calmed down, but when he turned around after one week to tell me,\n\"I have to leave you now, I have to go to New York and console my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother that I\nmarried you,\" I thought I'd get a heart attack. I didn't say anything. I said,\n\"Have a good time.\" After four weeks, when he came back with a long face, I took\neverything down. I says, \"Look, you showed your cards. You're a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonderful\nperson. You're a lot of fun, but there is no backbone in you. You cannot even\nstand up to your own mother.\" \"I don't know with what she threatened you, but,\"\nI said, \"you go your way. I go my way.\" I just could see him, how he took a deep\nbreath [and thought to himself,] 'Oh, I'm off the hook.' He says, \"You want a\ndivorce?\" I says, \"Look, I only do things once in my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life. I married you. If\nthis is what it's about, I don't need a divorce. But if you want a divorce, you\ngo ahead and get a divorce.\" I started my life. What can I do? I applied at the\nDeauville Hotel. At that time, it was a new hotel on Miami Beach, and it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by\nLansky and Schwarz owned. I started there in the coffee shop and worked myself\nup to the dining room, where you make more money. It was a disaster, because\nwhat did I know about food? People [were] there on vacation and everybody comes\nat the same time. At 10:00 in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"morning, they want their breakfast. The\nwaitresses knew I had no idea what I was doing. They took my orders. They took\nmy tips at the end of the shift. I stood there. I said, \"Ilse, this has to\nchange.\" I was standing on the -- where you check out, the time [clock]. I was\ncrying. I was really discouraged because I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heartbroken, because from the\nbeginning on, I realized I loved Henry. But even with my love I had at that\ntime, he couldn't make up for what he did to me so early in the game. There\nstood a little gentleman and said, \"Why are you crying?\" I says, \"Well,\" and I\njust told him. He said, \"Don't worry. Don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worry.\" He was one of the owners. He\ntook me to the manager of the coffee shop. He says, \"Okay, this is Ilse. I want\nher fully trained and I want to hear nothing about it. I want her to get all the\nhelp she get.\" Within a month, I was promoted going upstairs. I must say, I made\na very good living, [enough] that I could keep the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apartment and could start\nsaving money, which then in the slow season, I used to travel. First, I traveled\nand saw the United States. I always loved California and then New Mexico. I\nalmost didn't come back from New Mexico because I was so fascinated. Then,\nBoston, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Martha's Vineyard, and all this. Then, I went back and worked to\nseason again. But I didn't hear from Henry and I wouldn't even know where I can\nreach him. It was just shortly before my birthday, which is in December, and I\nwas walking on Collins Avenue. All of a sudden, I see Henry coming with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nbeautiful girl. She was a showgirl. She worked at the Fountain Blue. He looked\nat me and he turned all colors. I looked at him like I never saw him in my life.\nHe says, \"Excuse me, don't we know each other?\" I said to him, \"I don't think\nso,\" and kept on walking. I mean, everything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in me was shaking like a leaf. I\nsaid to myself, 'I am not giving you the satisfaction to realize what you did to\nme.' I went on my next vacation. I met some people and they went to Spain. I\nwent to the Costa Brava and I stayed in Barcelona. [It was] beautiful. Then, we\nwent up to Malaga and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went over to Morocco--beautiful. Coming back, two days\nbefore I boarded, before I had to go home, there was Henry, standing there. This\ntime he was alone. He says, \"Why did you say you don't know me?\" I said, \"I\nreally don't know you.\" I said, \"I know I married you and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know I'm your wife,\nbut I don't know you.\" But he had such a charming way. We spent a couple of\nhours together and I told him I have to go back. He says, \"Well, I should be\nback in the States in four or five months. May I come and see you?\" I said, \"I\ndon't know. I don't know what I am doing and I don't know where I'm going to\nbe.\" Mr. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cohen and Mr. Landsburg bought then--it was the late fifties--the\nFlamingo Hotel in Las Vegas. He came to me and he says, \"Listen, if you want to\ngo to Las Vegas, I can get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you a job in the club where the gamblers are,\" but it\nwas run by the mafia. I says, \"I don't want to go out there. As much as much as\nI would like to make the money, but I don't feel comfortable.\" He says, \"Honey,\nthe general manager out there, you will be under his protection. You don't have\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do anything to keep your job. You just do a good job and that is it.\" I\npacked and I went to Las Vegas.\n\nGHITIS: When did you finally connect with Henry and get married the second time?\n\nGALLANT: It was in August 1961. He was in Las ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vegas, but he didn't know I was in\nLas Vegas. I had a boyfriend. He was a Polish count. I was impressed by him\nbecause he was so rich and he was connected to the mafia in Chicago. I almost\nmarried him, but he had a mother -- I was like kept in a golden ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cage. Like, I\nhad some friends in Los Angeles, and sometimes I went there. He put detectives\non me to see if I really did what I said I'm doing. When Henry finally came, I\njust came home from the movie. I still remember [it was] \"Breakfast at\nTiffany's\" with Audrey Hepburn. It was so beautiful. I come home and he sits in\nfront of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my apartment door. Then, he says, \"Would you like to try it again?\" I\nsaid, \"Yes, but not like the last time,\" and we got married. Then, he told his\nmother. This time, he stood up to his mother. We got married on the 1st of\nDecember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1961. On the 2nd of January, we got married at the city hall in New\nYork, and then married by Rabbi [Hugo] Hahn [of Congregation Habonim] in New\nYork [City].\n\nGHITIS: I have something else to ask you. You became a Jew, Esther. Did you have\nto face ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"situations where your Jewishness was challenged or people questioned\nyour Judaism?\n\nGALLANT: Yes. I was accused of [having] married Henry so I could come to United\nStates. That was number one. [People said,] \"We don't believe in all that,\"\nsaying, \"This is a fabrication of your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mind. How can a German --\" I was accused,\neven though I was a child when World War Two happened--\"How can a German convert\nto Judaism after you killed six million? You have absolutely nothing Jewish on\nyou.\" I says, \"You have a kosher ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home? I come and I show you,\" because I learned\neverything. I could go as a [unintelligible; 1:14:10]. I didn't have to do that\nand that. If Henry would have insisted, I would have a kosher home, two\nkitchens, everything down. I would have changed everything for Passover, because\nI was totally familiar and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comfortable with it. People were not very nice and\nespecially people who -- like, in the synagogue. We belonged to the Forest Hills\nJewish center [in Queens, New York], which was the upper clientele of the Jewish\npeople out there. A lot of people who had big businesses, who had daughters,\nwhere nobody was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good enough, and nobody was good enough to marry. Then, they\nturned 35 years old and [were] not married. That was [unintelligible; 1:15:10],\nso the fathers with the money, went hunting to the mothers of the young men.\nHenry, wherever he went -- He made a good impression. My son was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"--\n\nGHITIS: A few more questions. You and your husband had a business here in Atlanta?\n\nGALLANT: In Atlanta? Yes.\n\nGHITIS: Tell us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about it.\n\nGALLANT: My husband worked for ten years at the [Empire Room nightclub in the]\nWaldorf-Astoria [Hotel in New York City]. Due to the fact that the entertainers,\ntheir price range went up, and up, and up, and the room was not booked enough,\nthey closed it. It was very difficult to get a good job. He was used to making\ngood money. People who worked together at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, stuck together. At that\ntime, they built a new hotel. This is the Fairmont [Hotel] chain out of San\nFrancisco [with] Mr. Smith, and his friends got General manager and so forth.\nThey got Henry down there and this is how we ended up in Atlanta in 1975. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But\nthe job didn't work out because Atlanta was not ready, because this, the New\nYork ideas -- speak connected to Atlanta, and how one entertains, and how one\neats, nobody bought that in 1975 because Atlanta had 900,000 people. That was\nit. The job came to an end. Due to the fact that Mark ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was ready when we came\ndown here to start his bar mitzvah lessons, we joined Shearith Israel, for which\nwe were X, Y, Z members. The caterer there, the in-house caterer, his children\nmoved up to Baltimore [Maryland] and he wanted out. Henry's job, he was not\nhappy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there because there was too much politics. Long story short, he bought\nPrestige Caterers from Norman Arms [sp], who had the business before him, since\nHenry's real background is cooking because he went to hotel school in\nSwitzerland. He discussed it with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, and I says, \"Go ahead.\" But he says, \"I\nonly do it if you help me.\" Now, at that time, I had an excellent job as a woman\nin her late forties and being a Jew. I was manager of Steak and Ale restaurant\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chain. I made good money. I said, \"I'm not gonna give up my job because we don't\nknow how your business goes.\" I was able to manage to pay for whatever. We had a\nbeautiful apartment just five minutes from here. I says, \"For one year, I help\nyou wherever I can, but for one year, I keep my job.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HaShem [G-d] was very good\nto us. Henry really put his soul into the business. He was the chef, he was the\nsalesperson, he was this -- I had an 80 hour a week job. I did the shopping, I\nhired the people, I did the signing for the affair, put everything together,\nbesides my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job. The business was growing. After close to two years, I was ready\nto give up my job. I felt secure enough because I always had to stand behind\nHenry. He had so many talents, no backbone. That we accomplished what we did\nwith Prestige Caterers, 85 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"percent is my doing and 15 percent Henry's talents.\n\nGHITIS: Changing the subject a little bit back to the old subject, what place\ndoes Judaism have in your life?\n\nGALLANT: Very simple. Once I knew I will have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child, I want the child to have\na family, a better family than I am. I had to straighten out Henry first. The\nonly way I got through to Henry was that I locked him out. I pushed him away. I\nsaid, \"Look, I cannot make you love me. I cannot make you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"love your son. I\ncannot make you enjoy being married. So be it. But I'm gonna live my life. I'm\ngoing to keep the child.\" [Henry said,] \"But I cannot give you any money.\" I\nsaid, \"Who asked you for any money? I worked all my life. I can support my\nchild.\" I knew, even though I had a lot of knowledge by that time, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judaism\nand the history, I couldn't give my son everything which is necessary. When he\nwas -- I made up my mind a long time before I [would] put him into yeshiva\nkindergarten. He was in yeshiva till grade seven, till we moved down here. I\nwent to work to pay for it because nobody else would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pay for it--neither his\ngrandmother, nor my husband. I paid it -- I got together with other Jewish\nfamilies. I led a nice Jewish life. We spent the holidays together. We went\nevery Shabbas to synagogue. By going and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"repetition, I became familiar with\neverything that goes on in the service. I not only was very fond of the whole\nthing, I felt extremely comfortable. I thought I finally -- not only did I have\na family of my own, I have an extended family.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: What goes through your mind and through your heart, when you see the\nworld today? Are you optimistic? What do you see happening?\n\nGALLANT: I tell you quite frankly. Due to the fact that, as we know I'm not a\nspring chicken, I lived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through World War Two, I lived through a lot of changes,\nchanges in myself, changing my nationality, changing my religion. I was hopeful\nthat after World War Two, after I was familiar with what happened, especially to\nthe six million Jews and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five million other ones--homosexuals, gypsies,\npeople who didn't fit into the political pictures--I thought something like\nthat--I get goose pimples--never will happen. I realize today, that people don't\nlearn or don't want to learn something. In the overall, in Europe, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America,\nor Africa, the antisemitism is growing, but I am hopeful that the younger\ngeneration -- I see it left and right. The students who go to religious school\nhere, they go and finish their education in Israel. They have an entirely\n[different] concept. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They learn to live with the Arabs. I hope that through our\nyounger people, the change will come. The older generation, they are like bulls.\nThey want to go through the world -- They cannot change. They cannot help\nthemselves. They hate just because you dress different, or because you are\nMuslim, or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because -- The hate is unbelievable. They have no qualm of turning\naround -- I just saw yesterday something [about] a guy threw to another guy a\nbottle of acid to burn his whole face because he was a Muslim. It is in smaller\nquantities and in bigger quantities, but, as I said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hopefully our generation\nwith modern technology and everything, they will eventually with time, overcome\nthe narrow mindedness. Like all my life, I was not afraid of a lot of things,\nbut what I was afraid of was ignorance because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/transcript/40790/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ignorance breeds all these\nproblems. I am guardedly optimistic.\n\nGHITIS: Is there anything you would like to add to what you have told us? What\nwould you like to add another statement? Is there anything else you want to tell?\n\nGALLANT: No.\n\nGHITIS: Thank you very much. This was wonderful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=5220.0,5250.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLudwigshafen is a city in western Germany. It is on the Rhine River, opposite the city of Mannheim.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInteressengemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG, commonly known as IG Farben, was a German chemical and pharmaceutical conglomerate formed in 1925 in Frankfurt, Germany. During World War II, the company operated numerous plants in or near concentration camps. Almost half of its workforce of 330,000 men and women consisted of slave laborers, including 30,000 Auschwitz-Birkenau prisoners. IG Farben staff were involved in medical experiments in some camps and a subsidiary produced the pesticide, Zyklon B, used to kill millions of concentration camps prisoners. After the war, some of the company’s directors were tried for war crimes and given brief prison sentences. IG Farben ceased operations in 1952 and was eventually liquidated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or \u003cem\u003eSchutzstaffel \u003c/em\u003ewas a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “\u003cem\u003eSaal-Schutz\u003c/em\u003e” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “\u003cem\u003eSchutz-Staffel\u003c/em\u003e.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi salute, also called the 'German greeting' by the Nazi Party, 'Hitler greeting,' or ‘\u003cem\u003eSieg Heil\u003c/em\u003e’ salute, is a gesture that was used as a greeting by the German National Socialist (Nazi) party in the 1920s. The greeting later became compulsory in Nazi Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohannes Ewin Eugen Rommel (1891-1944) was a German general. He served as field marshal in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. The success of his North Africa military campaign earned him the nickname \"Desert Fox\" from British journalists. When Rommel was accused as a conspirator in the plot to assassinate Adolph Hitler in 1944, he committed suicide rather than face trial.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Normandy landings (codenamed ‘Operation Neptune’) were the landing operations on June 6, 1944 (termed ‘D-Day’) of the Allied invasion of Normandy (known in its entirely as ‘Operation Overlord’) during World War II. The Normandy landings have been called the beginning of the end of war in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBraunau am Inn is a town in Upper Austria on the border with Germany. It is on the lower half of the River Inn and is known for being the birthplace of Adolf Hitler.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression is the term used for a severe economic recession that began in the United States in 1929. It had far-reaching effects around the globe, especially in Europe. Germany had weathered a period of intense inflation in the 1920s due to reparations required after World War I. To pay the reparations, Germany had borrowed millions of dollars from the United States. American demands for loan repayment had disastrous repercussion on the already fragile German economy. With banks failing and unemployment rising, an angry, frightened and financially struggling populace became more open to fascism. Germany’s deteriorating economic conditions in the 1930s led in part to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Autobahn is a federal controlled-access highway system in Germany. Construction of the Autobahn was begun before Hitler came to power, but the Nazis appropriated the project and the Autobahn became one of the Nazi regime’s showpieces. Fritz Todt, an engineer, senior Nazi figure, and founder of Organisation Todt, used conscripted laborers to construct more than 3,000 kilometers (1,900 miles) of roadway between 1933 and 1938. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunich is a city in southern Germany and Bavaria’s capital. It was known as the “Capital” of the Nazi movement. The first Nazi Party rally took place in Munich in 1923. Munich is also where Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party led a failed coup d’etat in 1923 that became known as the Beer Hall Putsch. When Hitler and the Nazi Party later took power, Munich became a special place in the narrative of the Nazi movement and German state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and tens of thousands were literally worked to death. American troops liberated the camp on April 29, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Hitler imagined a “thousand-year Reich,” that would not be overturned and would serve as the natural conclusion of a process that he traced back to the coronation of Charlemagne in 800.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Marshall Plan was an American program that was designed to rehabilitate the economies of 17 countries in Western Europe. The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, channeled over $13 billion to finance the economic recovery of Europe between 1948 and 1951. Its name comes from one of the plan’s architects, George Marshall, who became Secretary of State after World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 1949, Germany was occupied by the Allied forces and divided into four administrative zones by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. The American occupied zone was in the southern portion of Germany and included the cities of Munich, Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart, Nürnberg, and the southern part of the city of Berlin. The British zone was in northeastern Germany and included the cities of Hannover, Bremen, and Hamburg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShabbat \u003c/em\u003e(Hebrew) or \u003cem\u003eShabbos \u003c/em\u003e(Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. \u003cem\u003eShabbat \u003c/em\u003eobservance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the \u003cem\u003ehavdalah \u003c/em\u003eblessing. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa, and the Middle East, and their descendants. The adjective “Sephardic” and corresponding nouns Sephardi (singular) and Sephardim (plural) are derived from the Hebrew word Sepharad, which refers to Spain. Historically, the vernacular language of Sephardic Jews was Ladino, a Romance language derived from Old Spanish, incorporating elements from the old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, Hebrew, Aramaic, and in the lands receiving those who were exiled, Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Greek, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian vocabulary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry Joshua Stern (1897-1984) was a Canadian Reform rabbi. Born in Lithuania, his family immigrated to the United States when he was still a child. He was ordained in 1922. In 1927, he moved to Montreal’s Temple Emanu-el, where he remained until his retirement. Stern was knot for his interfaith work, Zionist activism and social welfare. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSainte-Marie is a neighborhood of the Ville-Marie borough, located on the eastern end of downtown Montreal,\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKashrut \u003c/em\u003eis a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term \u003cem\u003ekashér\u003c/em\u003e, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReal estate developer James E. Cushman built the 12-acre Colony Square complex in Midtown Atlanta, Georgia in the early 1970s. In 1974, San Francisco-based Fairmont Hotel chain opened a 27-story hotel there. It was Atlanta’s first five-star luxury hotel, with 457 guest rooms, four French restaurants and a concierge. The hotel went out of business during the economic recession of the 1970s. From 1977 to 1990, it operated simply as the Colony Square Hotel, owned by The Prudential Insurance Co. of America and managed by a succession of management companies. In 1990, it was acquired by the Sheraton Hotel corporation and continues to operate today (2022) as the Sheraton Colony Square.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah \u003c/em\u003e[Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: \u003cem\u003eb’nai mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan \u003c/em\u003equorum for public worship. He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah \u003c/em\u003ein the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Congregation Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002. As of 2022, the current Senior Rabbi of the congregation is Ari Kaiman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSteak and Ale was an American chain of casual dining restaurants founded in Dallas, Texas in 1966. It went bankrupt in 2008. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide, yet calculating how many individuals were killed during the Holocaust and World War II as a result of Nazi policies is difficult as no single document exists which spells out how many died. To accurately estimate the extent of human losses, scholars, governmental agencies and Jewish organizations since the 1940s have relied on a variety of records including census reports, captured archives, and postwar investigations. The best and most commonly accepted estimate of Jewish victims is six million.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/annotation_set/935/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the era of the Holocaust, German authorities also persecuted other groups because of their perceived racial and biological inferiority. Other groups were persecuted on political, ideological and behavioral grounds. The best estimates of civilians killed by the Nazi regime and its collaborators are: 7 million Soviet citizens; 1.8 million non-Jewish Poles; 312,000 Serb civilians; 250,000 people with disabilities living in institutions; 250,000-500,000 Roma; 1,900 Jehovah’s Witnesses; 70,000 criminal offenders, homosexuals, and so-called asocials, Around 3 million Soviet prisoners of war also were killed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=5070.0,5100.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Gallant, Ilse [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Background, Family History, and Ilse's Childhood before World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=17.0,405.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mrs. Gallant, Ilse, would you please pronounce your name?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=17.0,405.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bavaria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Catholism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Police","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Wehrmacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"IG Farben","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ilse Gallant","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ludwigshafen, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Protestants","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rhine River","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schutzstaffel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SS","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Third Reich","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=17.0,405.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life During World War II ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=405.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course, the war started as you were growing up. You were very young, but do you remember any talk about what was going on?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=405.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Autobahn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Braunau am Inn, Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Erwin Rommel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food Scarcity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Wehrmacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Great Depression","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Persecution","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=405.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Surviving, Moving to Munich, and Learning What Was Happening in the War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=870.0,1461.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did you survive? Your father was fighting, right? Where did you get money for everyday living? How did you survive financially?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=870.0,1461.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"African Americans","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beamte","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Concentration Camps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dachau Concentration Camp","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finances","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Persecution","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Josef Goebbels","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Minorities","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munich, Bavaria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Munich, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Propoganda","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=870.0,1461.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Learning What Germany Had Done During World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1461.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to go inside your heart. What did you feel? What did you think when you heard what Germany had done to other people?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1461.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gay People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roma People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shame","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1461.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Getting to Canada and Her Father's Military Experience","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1560.0,1967.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let us go back a little bit. Tell us how it happened that you ended up in Canada.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1560.0,1967.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Business School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Canada","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Customs Service","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German Wehrmacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marshall Plan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Panzer Division","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russian Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1560.0,1967.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ilse's Life in Canada and Her First Interactions with Jewish People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1967.0,2599.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let us talk about your time in Canada. You arrived in Canada. What happened?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1967.0,2599.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austrian People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bavaria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Canada","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Catholic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conversion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German People","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"House Work","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lutheran","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montreal, Canada","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Quebec, Canada","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Henry Stern","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sephardic Jews","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shabbat","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=1967.0,2599.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Converting to Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792#t=2599.0,2720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/80702/file/170792/index/51941/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I converted, yes. 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