{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/s46h12wv4r/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Epstein, Rabbi Harry and Reva"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1985 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Epstein, Rabbi Harry (Interviewee)","Epstein, Reva (Interviewee)","Solomon, Cathy (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Hebert Taylor Jewish Oral History Project"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry and Reva Epstein were interviewed by Cathy Solomon on various dates in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Epstein was born on April 1, 1903, in Plunge, Lithuania. He was the eldest child of Rabbi Ephraim and Hannah Israelowich Epstein. His parents had nine children, with three dying in childhood and one as a young adult. Rabbi Epstein came from a rabbinical family, his father and uncle Moshe Mordechai Epstein were both well-known and respected rabbis.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e In 1909, the Epstein family moved to Chicago, Illinois, where his father became the rabbi of Anshei Kneses Israel, the largest synagogue in Chicago. Rabbi Epstein was educated in a yeshiva in Chicago and New York. He returned to Lithuania to study under his uncle, Moshe Mordechai Epstein at Slobodka Yeshiva and later in Palestine at the Hebron Yeshiva. He was ordained in 1926. In 1927, he returned to the United States and took his first rabbinate position at an Orthodox congregation in Tulsa, Oklahoma. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1928, he took the rabbinate position at Ahavath Achim Congregation in Atlanta, Georgia, where he led the congregation for 54 years. Under his leadership, he led the congregation from an Orthodox orientation to Conservative Judaism, where he introduced a Sunday school, mixed seating of men and women, and the bat mitzvah ceremony for girls. He continued his studies at Emory University in Atlanta, earning a B.A. Degree in Philosophy and an M.A. Degree in Theology in 1932. He earned his Ph.D. Degree in Theology from the University of Illinois School of Law. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDuring his rabbinical career, Rabbi Epstein was involved with numerous and various local organizations with the Atlanta Jewish community and national Jewish affairs. He was also involved with the Zionist movement. He married Reva Chashesman in 1929. They had two daughters, Renana and Davida, and four grandchildren. Rabbi Epstein died in May 2003 at the age of 100.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eReva Chashesman Epstein was born June 13, 1904, in Poland and raised in Russia. She was the only daughter of Rabbi Julius and Rachel Mishkinsky Chashesman. She also had an older brother, Leo, and a younger brother, Herman. In 1925, she immigrated to Chicago, Illinois with her family, where her father became the rabbi at Tiktin Congregation. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHer parents believed education was important. She attended various schools because each time they learned she was Jewish; she was asked to leave. Her father taught her a great deal of the time. She attended the University of Berlin in Germany, the Sorbonne in Paris, France, and graduated from the University of Chicago in 1928. Reva spoke and wrote seven languages, read literature, and enjoyed opera. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1929, Reva married Rabbi Harry Epstein. They moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where Rabbi Epstein served at Ahavath Achim Congregation for the next 54 years. Reva was extremely active in various Jewish organizations and the synagogue. She served as a regional education chairwoman for Hadassah. She also was active in the Ahavath Achim Sisterhood. Rabbi Epstein and Reva had two daughters, Renana and Davida, and four grandchildren. She passed away on May 8, 2001, at the age of 96.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThe interview was conducted as part of Ahavath Achim 100th Centennial and includes different highlights from a series of conversations with Rabbi Harry and Reva Epstein. The interview begins with a discussion about the couples retirement from Ahavath Achim and how they are adjusting to retirement. Rabbi Epstein speaks about the importance of continuing to learn and study. They both talk about hobbies they have and what their partnership in service has given to them. Reva reflects on the importance of education and how this shaped her and her involvement at the synagogue and the community.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRabbi Epstein discusses his parents and the loss of four of his siblings. He also speaks about his father’s expectations for him, the drive his father instilled in him, and his father’s influence on him. He recounts his educational experiences in Chicago, New York, Slobodka, Lithuania and Hebron, Palestine. Reva spoke about her parents focus on education and the efforts her parents took to make sure she was educated despite the fact she was a girl. She reflects on some of the challenges she faced in attending school and how she overcame them. She mentions some of the students she tutored and the impact her efforts had for female students that came after her.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eReva recounts how she met the Rabbi Epstein and how she felt about marrying a rabbi. Rabbi Epstein remembers that after they married in 1929, the Great Depression started and the impact that had on them. Rabbi Epstein recalls spending time with his daughters and treating them differently than his father treated him. He details the efforts he went through to become ordained. He also shares the story of how his father helped him overcome his fear of speaking. Rabbi Epstein mentions his interest in medicine, but why he ended up becoming a rabbi.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRabbi Epstein discusses some of the challenges he faced when he first arrived at Ahavath Achim. He also recalls the tensions between the German Jewish and Russian Jewish population in Atlanta and how he tried to handle it. He spoke about the push back he received for conducting services in English, not Yiddish and the compromises he came up with. Rabbi Epstein shares why it was important for him to live out his Orthodoxy and how it influenced his congregation. He talks about incorporating mixed seating and financial challenges the congregation faced at times. Rabbi Epstein reflects on the most rewarding aspects of his time at Ahavath Achim, getting a mikvah in the Beth Jacob synagogue and the criticism he received.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe discusses his biblical heroes. He also spoke about getting his ideas for sermons and what shapes them. Rabbi Epstein shares his thoughts on various issues including interfaith marriage, shalom bayit, abortion, aging, and death with dignity. He reflects on his relationship with G-d. He also expresses his thoughts on the question “If there is a G-d, how could the Holocaust happen?” Reva reflects on where her commitment to help others comes from. The interview concludes with Reva and Rabbi Epstein reflecting on the ethical will they would leave for their children and grandchildren.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29241"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Epstein, Harry (1903-2003) (personal name)","Epstein, Reva Chashesman (1904-2001) (personal name)","Epstein, Ephraim (1876-1960) (personal name)","Epstein, Hannah Israelovitch (unknown-1967) (personal name)","Epstein, Sidney (1905-1992) (personal name)","Schatten, William (1928-1998) (personal name)","Rubenstein, Chaim Zvi HaLevi (1872-1944) (personal name)","Epstein, Moshe Mordechai (1866-1933) (personal name)","Chashesman, Julius (1880-1964) (personal name)","Sapir, Pinchas (1906-1975) (personal name)","Stern, Avraham (1907-1942) (personal name)","Kook, Abraham, Isaac (1865-1935) (personal name)","Charlap, Yaakov Moshe (1881-1951) (personal name)","Polansky, Shimshon Aharon (1876-1948) (personal name)","Berlin, Meir (1880-1949) (personal name)","Geffen, Tobias (1870-1970) (personal name)","Marx, David (1872-1962) (personal name)","Kahn, Edward (1895-1984) (personal name)","Quinlan, Karen Ann (1954-1985) (personal name)","Lithuania (geographic term)","Prussia (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Chicago, Illinois (geographic term)","Hebron, Palestine (geographic term)","Warsaw, Poland (geographic term)","Tel Aviv, Israel (geographic term)","Jerusalem (geographic term)","Ahavath Achim Synagogue (corporate name)","The Temple (corporate name)","Congregation Shearith Israel (corporate name)","Congregation Beth Israel (corporate name)","Hadassah (corporate name)","Slobodka Yeshiva (corporate name)","Sears Roebuck (corporate name)","Beis HaMidrash LeRabanim (corporate name)","Hebrew Theological College (corporate name)","Yeshiva University (corporate name)","United Synagogue Youth (corporate name)","University of Chicago (corporate name)","Anshi Kneses Israel Synagogue (corporate name)","Mizrachi (corporate name)","The Daily Jewish Courier (corporate name)","Jewish Educational Alliance (corporate name)","Atlanta Jewish Community Center (corporate name)","1929 Palestine Riots (named event)","World War I (named event)","The Wall Street Stock Market Crash of 1929 (named event)","Holocaust (named event)","Great Depression (named event)","Reform Judaism (other)","Conservative Judaism (other)","Orthodox Judaism (other)","Antisemitism (other)","High Holy Days (other)","Yiddish (other)","Rosh Ha-Shanah (other)","Yom Kippur (other)","Bar Mitzvah (other)","Bat Mitzvah (other)","Cheder (other)","Yeshiva (other)","Talmud (other)","Sukkot (other)","Shabbot (other)","Omer (other)","Mikvah (other)","Motzi (other)","Kiddush (other)","Smicha (other)","Torah (other)","Eruv (other)","Shadchan (other)","Yichus (other)","Pesach (other)","Kol Nidre (other)","Kashurt (other)","Shalom Bayit (other)","Passover (other)","Zionism (other)","Stern Gang (other)","Gimnazjum (other)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry and Reva Epstein were interviewed by Cathy Solomon on various dates in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRabbi Harry Epstein was born on April 1, 1903, in Plunge, Lithuania. He was the eldest child of Rabbi Ephraim and Hannah Israelowich Epstein. His parents had nine children, with three dying in childhood and one as a young adult. Rabbi Epstein came from a rabbinical family, his father and uncle Moshe Mordechai Epstein were both well-known and respected rabbis.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;In 1909, the Epstein family moved to Chicago, Illinois, where his father became the rabbi of Anshei Kneses Israel, the largest synagogue in Chicago. Rabbi Epstein was educated in a yeshiva in Chicago and New York. He returned to Lithuania to study under his uncle, Moshe Mordechai Epstein at Slobodka Yeshiva and later in Palestine at the Hebron Yeshiva. He was ordained in 1926. In 1927, he returned to the United States and took his first rabbinate position at an Orthodox congregation in Tulsa, Oklahoma.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1928, he took the rabbinate position at Ahavath Achim Congregation in Atlanta, Georgia, where he led the congregation for 54 years. Under his leadership, he led the congregation from an Orthodox orientation to Conservative Judaism, where he introduced a Sunday school, mixed seating of men and women, and the bat mitzvah ceremony for girls. He continued his studies at Emory University in Atlanta, earning a B.A. Degree in Philosophy and an M.A. Degree in Theology in 1932. He earned his Ph.D. Degree in Theology from the University of Illinois School of Law.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDuring his rabbinical career, Rabbi Epstein was involved with numerous and various local organizations with the Atlanta Jewish community and national Jewish affairs. He was also involved with the Zionist movement. He married Reva Chashesman in 1929. They had two daughters, Renana and Davida, and four grandchildren. Rabbi Epstein died in May 2003 at the age of 100.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eReva Chashesman Epstein was born June 13, 1904, in Poland and raised in Russia. She was the only daughter of Rabbi Julius and Rachel Mishkinsky Chashesman. She also had an older brother, Leo, and a younger brother, Herman. In 1925, she immigrated to Chicago, Illinois with her family, where her father became the rabbi at Tiktin Congregation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHer parents believed education was important. She attended various schools because each time they learned she was Jewish; she was asked to leave. Her father taught her a great deal of the time. She attended the University of Berlin in Germany, the Sorbonne in Paris, France, and graduated from the University of Chicago in 1928. Reva spoke and wrote seven languages, read literature, and enjoyed opera.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1929, Reva married Rabbi Harry Epstein. They moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where Rabbi Epstein served at Ahavath Achim Congregation for the next 54 years. Reva was extremely active in various Jewish organizations and the synagogue. She served as a regional education chairwoman for Hadassah. She also was active in the Ahavath Achim Sisterhood. Rabbi Epstein and Reva had two daughters, Renana and Davida, and four grandchildren. She passed away on May 8, 2001, at the age of 96.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview was conducted as part of Ahavath Achim 100th Centennial and includes different highlights from a series of conversations with Rabbi Harry and Reva Epstein. The interview begins with a discussion about the couples retirement from Ahavath Achim and how they are adjusting to retirement. Rabbi Epstein speaks about the importance of continuing to learn and study. They both talk about hobbies they have and what their partnership in service has given to them. Reva reflects on the importance of education and how this shaped her and her involvement at the synagogue and the community.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRabbi Epstein discusses his parents and the loss of four of his siblings. He also speaks about his father\u0026rsquo;s expectations for him, the drive his father instilled in him, and his father\u0026rsquo;s influence on him. He recounts his educational experiences in Chicago, New York, Slobodka, Lithuania and Hebron, Palestine. Reva spoke about her parents focus on education and the efforts her parents took to make sure she was educated despite the fact she was a girl. She reflects on some of the challenges she faced in attending school and how she overcame them. She mentions some of the students she tutored and the impact her efforts had for female students that came after her.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eReva recounts how she met the Rabbi Epstein and how she felt about marrying a rabbi. Rabbi Epstein remembers that after they married in 1929, the Great Depression started and the impact that had on them. Rabbi Epstein recalls spending time with his daughters and treating them differently than his father treated him. He details the efforts he went through to become ordained. He also shares the story of how his father helped him overcome his fear of speaking. Rabbi Epstein mentions his interest in medicine, but why he ended up becoming a rabbi.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eRabbi Epstein discusses some of the challenges he faced when he first arrived at Ahavath Achim. He also recalls the tensions between the German Jewish and Russian Jewish population in Atlanta and how he tried to handle it. He spoke about the push back he received for conducting services in English, not Yiddish and the compromises he came up with. Rabbi Epstein shares why it was important for him to live out his Orthodoxy and how it influenced his congregation. He talks about incorporating mixed seating and financial challenges the congregation faced at times. Rabbi Epstein reflects on the most rewarding aspects of his time at Ahavath Achim, getting a mikvah in the Beth Jacob synagogue and the criticism he received.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHe discusses his biblical heroes. He also spoke about getting his ideas for sermons and what shapes them. Rabbi Epstein shares his thoughts on various issues including interfaith marriage, shalom bayit, abortion, aging, and death with dignity. He reflects on his relationship with G-d. He also expresses his thoughts on the question \u0026ldquo;If there is a G-d, how could the Holocaust happen?\u0026rdquo; Reva reflects on where her commitment to help others comes from. The interview concludes with Reva and Rabbi Epstein reflecting on the ethical will they would leave for their children and grandchildren.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Epstein__Rabbi_Harry_and_Reva.mp3"]},"duration":5718.30857,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/public/images/audio-default.png","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/221/693/original/Epstein__Rabbi_Harry_and_Reva.mp3?1703208295","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":5718.30857,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Epstein, Rabbi Harry and Reva [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SOLOMON: My name is Cathy Solomon. In honor of the 1987 centennial\ncelebration of Ahavath Achim Synagogue in Atlanta, Georgia, I had a series of\nconversations with Rabbi Emeritus Harry H. Epstein and his wife, Reva Chashesman\nEpstein. We sat around the dining room table in their home during the summer and\nfall of 1985. The following highlights of these conversations will give you some\ninsights into this most unusual couple ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who served their congregational community\nfor 55 years. Let me start with the present. Slowly move to wherever it leads us\nand the present from our conversation, Reva, yours and mine, yesterday, was that\nyou spoke to a retirement group in the synagogue, yesterday. You are both in the\nsame, I don't want to assume anything. Am I correct in saying that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you are in\nthe retirement phase of your lives? I'm going to ask Reva first [to] address that.\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: I figure I haven't retired. I'm just tired.\n\nSOLOMON: Rabbi, that's a short and direct and informative response. Your\nexperience with the group yesterday. You can probably have some interesting\nthings to share, but your input is what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're interested in.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Cathy, retirement needs preparation. Here I have to go back to\nmy father of blessed memory. He told me one thing that stayed in my mind, \"Being\nthe rabbi means you always have to study. Continue to study because without\nlearning each day something new, you won't be able to transmit anything to a\ncongregation. What I want you to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a student of learning all your life.\"\nThat was the greatest gift he bestowed upon me. Therefore, I have no problem\nwith retirement.\n\nSOLOMON: What happens? You get a sense of energy out of what you're absorbing.\nWhat happens to you in this constant absorption of knowledge?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: I need to tell Reva something very pertinent to this subject.\nThere's nothing more exciting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than coming up with an idea. Then getting a new\ninsight into things. Some of the most productive days of my career were always\npre-High Holiday. Why? During the High Holidays, I wanted to concentrate. All\nsubjects matter that came to our attention, to the Jewish community, and to\nmyself so I'd be able to transmit it in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[indistinct: 3:00: possibly 'deep'] to\nthe congregation on those three days, the two days of Rosh Ha-Shanah and Yom\nKippur. In which I would come up with new insights. Reva knows, I wasn't able to\nsleep that night. People haven't learned how to live with themselves. They're\nbored to death if they have to remember themselves. What do you do? You have to\nwatch something on the television, even the soap opera, to get away from\nyourself. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've learned to live with myself. As a matter of fact, Cathy, I hate\nto tell you I enjoyed my own company.\n\nSOLOMON: In the process of this retirement, and I say retirement to you. I can't\nuse it in a modern sense with a woman today. Many of the career women . . . I\nsay \"career woman\" because they have gone out, they have worked, they have used\nwhat they have learned in college, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they've raised families. What has been\nyour career in your time that you are retiring from or are you still in your career?\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: [Indistinct: 4:16, possibly 'I see myself'] a little different,\nyou see. Always a little different. [Indistinct: 4:23: possibly 'My husband']\nchose to be a step higher almost. I have to go back to find high points ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in my\nlife. If my personal self is reading, I love to read, I love to share it with my\nfamily. I love to remember. Many of my memories are very encouraging and very strengthening.\n\nSOLOMON: You're both extremely highly educated people, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we need recreation.\nWhat do we do for recreation? Rabbi, are you still playing baseball?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: No. We don't play baseball. We don't play golf . . . I use to.\n\nSOLOMON: Did you play golf too?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Oh, yes. I was an avid golfer. I used to play every Thursday afternoon.\n\nSOLOMON: Is that right?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Many years. But I haven't played golf in a long time. My form of\nrecreation now is since I retired, I have more time, I walk every morning. I\ncome to the services ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every morning at 7:00. After the service is over, I walk in\nthe lower parking lot of the synagogue for two miles. That's my recreation.\n\nSOLOMON: What about you, Reva? Do you have any hobbies? Activities that you . . .\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: As far as hobbies, I don't think I have any hobbies.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Yes, you have. You prepare dinner every night. \n\nSOLOMON: Is that a duty or a hobby?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EPSTEIN, HARRY: It's both. We don't eat out, so it means Reva has to prepare this major\nmeal. One meal a day. For lunch, I excuse her from. I get lunch on the outside.\nBreakfast doesn't mean much just to cereal and skim milk. But she has to prepare\nthe 6:00 meal. That's a chore.\n\nSOLOMON: What about Rabbi? Does the Rabbi get into the kitchen with the preparation?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Reva says, \"I do better out, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not being near the kitchen.\"\n\nSOLOMON: Oh, really.\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: I do want your help.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Cathy, I wash dishes. Yes, I do. I haven't broken many yet. I'm\ndoing well.\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: He's very helpful. I don't like cooking. My parents. My mother\nnever let me in the kitchen. She felt that if I had time in the kitchen, I am\nwasting time. I'm not allowed to be in the kitchen. There's a Polish expression\nfor a pope, it is called 'pop' ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and for a person who's ignorant it is called\n'hlop'. She use to say, \"What you want would be a 'hop' or a 'pop.'\" She never\nallowed me [to help out]. When I got married, I didn't know a thing about cooking.\n\nSOLOMON: The rabbi taught you everything you know.\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: He told me, \"Don't worry, I know how to make tea.\" I thought I\nknow how to prepare [indistinct: possibly 'stuff'] all day. We will manage\nsomehow. Then when I came here, people were asking me . . . \"Rebbetzin should\nknow how to cook.\" But . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SOLOMON: That makes me feel so good to hear that.\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: Somehow, I magically creative cooking. Sometimes things I have in\nthe house, I combine mix it together.\n\nSOLOMON: Do you want to consider it a hobby?\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: No. But one thing that usually helps me through the years,\nwhenever cooking was really a chore for me. I cook before, I think. Oh, yes\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[indistinct: 8:02]\n\nSOLOMON: The recent Israeli Bond dinner was held in your honor. At the dinner,\nDr. Schatten, William Schatten stated, and I'm going to quote this, \"It's not\nthe community which honors the person, but the person who honors the community.\nRabbi and Reva have honored this community.\" You have given 57 years of service\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the community in partnership. How does that work?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: It's half true. It's a very nice thing for Bill Schatten to have\nsaid what he did, and I appreciate it very much. But I think at the same time,\nyou can't discount the fact that when you build an organization, and I happen to\ntake a great deal of credit in creating Ahavath Achim ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what it is today, that the\nsynagogue itself gives both Reva and myself a certain status and a prestige.\nWhy? Because of the confidence of people. Because of the trust of people.\nBecause of the respect of many people and the love of many people. That's the\nmost gratifying thing one has in life. So as much as I have given in the\nsynagogue, the synagogue is certainly given to me. If we can have a young man\nlike Dr. Schatten say ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the words that you just quoted, that's a great source of\nsatisfaction. That gives me personally a sort of a sense of delight that you\ncan't buy.\n\nSOLOMON: Reva, how do you feel about that partnership?\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: . . . Similar background, our fathers were rabbis . . . I haven't\nbecome religious because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I married a rabbi. I was religious all my life. I\nnever would have thought I'd be a wife of a rabbi. One whose to be highly\nintelligent . . . to think education was the only thing of interest, may be an\neducated person. To be prepared to meet life. You constantly need to study. The\nfact that the more I study the more I realize how little I know. I have got to\nlearn more. I loved it. When we came here we found 185 [indistinct: 10:29,\npossibly 'full'] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"members, older people and their children belong to [a] Reform\ntemple. I was interested at that time in [indistinct: 10:40] identity. Who they\nwere. What kind of history they had. They just didn't appear here in the United\nStates. While their parents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were the first-generation Americans, [they] were\ntrying to sever them from the past, because their past is a very sad one. But\nthat very virtual, the whole drive was to Americanize, to forget. This is why\nwhen I came here, I couldn't continue my education. I immediately became\ninvolved in our sisterhood ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and education and programing of the area, which I\ntook over . . . Since Hadassah was their own organization synonymous with\nZionism, I joined Hadassah. There too, I was in programing and in education,\nwhether it be regional education, chairman, organized or other groups, which at\nthat time was something very new. I don't believe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were any other\norganizations that had it.\n\nSOLOMON: How many years were you involved in the planning?\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: For many years. It's only recently that, I am still very\ninterested in the sisterhood, but I'm not taking an active part. This . . .\nbusiness is a long one. I miss the women with whom I worked together. We would\nmeet here constantly.\n\nSOLOMON: The last conversation we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talking about the gratefulness for your\nheritage of study and the present source of satisfaction. That also takes us\nback to where Rabbi Epstein is from. Your background, who were your\ngrandparents, parents and so forth. Now, in your book, and I'm going to quote\nthis on Judaism and Progress[: Sermons and Addresses], which was published in\n1935. You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a dedication page, and on that page it stated \"To my parents in\ngratitude for their sacrifices in my behalf.\" What were the sacrifices?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: My father was a person who was a rabbi in Chicago [Illinois],\nbut he made a very meager living, very meager living. We lived not in affluence\nall the years, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but when it came to education, sky was the limit. My mother was\nthe kindest, the most gracious woman I ever remember. I grew up in the house,\nactually, until I was 18 years of age. I never heard my mother say a cross word.\nI never heard my mother say anything to us children even if we misbehaved,\nexcept you shouldn't do that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Never a crossword. Never a loud word, an usual\nperson . . . She was the epitome of kindness herself. Refinement.\n\nSOLOMON: Did she have a formal education?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: No, she did not. She grew up in Lithuania, which was on the\nborder of Prussia and so she knew German.\n\nSOLOMON: You are one of how many children.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EPSTEIN, HARRY: We are now . . . I'm one of five now. Two other brothers and two sisters.\n\nSOLOMON: And you are?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: I am the oldest. I am the very oldest. My mother and father lost\nfour children . . . in the interim. Four children, I recall their deaths very\nvividly. For example, a little sister of mine, and I recall that when . . . I\nmust have been eight and a half years old, because a few months later, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my father\nenrolled me in the Talmud, in the school that teaches Talmud at nine years of\nage. She was burned to death. She went out on an afternoon in the fall, which\nwas around sukkot time. The man was burning leaves and her dress caught on her\nfire and she burned to death. My mother took me to the hospital to see her. She\ndidn't live very long, a few hours. That was the first one. Six weeks later, a\nlittle brother of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mine had a stomachache and the doctor said, \"He has an\nappendicitis.\" They operated on him and [he] died on the operating table. That\nwas within six weeks. Then I remember when . . . I was already over bar mitzvah,\nmust have been 14 years of age. A little brother of mine was killed by an\nautomobile in front of our house where we lived, Clifton Park, I recall. The\nfourth brother was killed in 1929, in Palestine, in the riots. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was a student\nat the Yeshiva . . . He was 18 years of age. He had come for Passover to study\nthere and on the . . . .18th day omer he was killed. Fifty-six students were killed.\n\nSOLOMON: Your father was a very pious man.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Unusually pious. Let me give you an incident. When my little\nbrother who was killed by the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"automobile. It happened Friday evening. My brother\nSidney, one younger than I, and I escorted my father to the synagogue for\nservices. My mother [indistinct: 16:44: possibly Hebrew] and went outside and my\nlittle brother, his English name was Charles, he was playing across the street.\nWhen we came back, we saw a crowd gathered around the house. It was already\nSabbath, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sunset had set in. What happened? I'm going back a little bit. My\nmother called Charles from across the street to come to her. As he was crossing\nthe street, an automobile came and killed him. When we came, we had just . . .\nhe was lying on the ground. My father, who was an unusually pious man, a very\nstrict man in the performance of mitzvot. Hailed a cab or got into a car, it was\non the Sabbath ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and took the child to the hospital. He died on the way. On the\nway back, my father couldn't take an automobile because it was not . . .\n\nSOLOMON: [Indistinct: 17:43: possibly Hebrew for not allowed]\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: [Indistinct: 17:45: possibly Hebrew for not allowed] He walked\nall the way. He came to the house. It was very late at night. He gathered all of\nus. I'll never forget\n\nSOLOMON: That's a hard memory to go through.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: He gathered ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of us. Made kiddush. Washed our hands. Made a\nmotzi . . . But see they were strong people, they were strong people, didn't\ndeter them in any way . . .That kiddush I will never forget. The example of my\nfather's piety, although he was a very strict disciplinarian, very strict disciplinarian.\n\nSOLOMON: How did you feel that personally?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EPSTEIN, HARRY: Personally suffered because of it.\n\nSOLOMON: How?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: I resented it when I was a child. Of course. I resented it very\nmuch. I looked up to my father, it's a memory of mine, any youngster would do.\n\nSOLOMON: How did he showed the discipline? What did he do specifically?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: You name it. Until the age of 13, he used to beat me. But after\nbar mitzvah, never laid his hand on me. He used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beat things into me when I\nwas a little fellow. I couldn't misbehave. Let me give you a tragic incident. I\nalways wanted a baseball glove. I was interested in sports. I wasn't bad at\nthat. I was very good in baseball and basketball, but in baseball especially. To\nthis day, I love to see a baseball game. I love it. A baseball glove at Sears\ncost ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$0.98 and that was a vast amount of money. I couldn't ask my father for\n$0.98 for a baseball glove. I always, I went to school, but I went to school at\nthat time to 3:15. I remember from 4:00 to 8:00, I went to the Hebrew school.\nBut I used to love to play ball. I finally cried to my mother over and over\nagain. She finally saved up some extra money ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I bought myself a baseball\nglove. It was the greatest thing I ever had in my life. I never was as thrilled,\nI remember, as buying that baseball glove. What do I do? I skip cheder. I go out\nto St. Mary's lot . . .\n\nSOLOMON: . . . St. Mary's lot. You skipped cheder and went to St. Mary's.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: To play baseball. There was a team there and I was an excellent\nthird baseman. I showed off my glove. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While we were in the game, I see my father\ncoming. He had found out that I had skipped cheder. He was pacing me, but this\nlot wasn't too far from where we lived. St Mary's lot, I will never forget. He\ncame and my mother must have told him that she bought me a baseball glove. He\ncame there, took my glove in front of everybody who was there, took out his\nknife ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and cut the glove to pieces. Every cut was a cut . . .\n\nSOLOMON: . . . Cut your heart out. Oh, I feel it.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: It was the most painful experience I've ever had. My father\npushed me in many areas. He wanted me to be an outstanding scholar. For example,\nwhen I applied for the position here, they vetted me rather, I didn't apply.\nThey vetted me to try out for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"position in Atlanta. My father said, \"Don't go\nthere.\" Why? He heard that Atlanta has a great many scholars, and this is a\ncommunity of scholars. [He said,] \"They'll eat you up alive.\" Me it doesn't\nfaze. I said, \"They won't eat me up alive. Don't you worry.\" But he wanted\nalways me to be more than I was even capable of. Otherwise, what I recall in my\nchildhood was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the drive my father had for me to be more than I was able to.\n\nSOLOMON: Without that drive . . .\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: . . . Without that drive, I would have remained very, very mediocre.\n\nSOLOMON: You think so.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: I'd rather play ball than go to school . . . \"To be a someboy,\"\nHe said, \"Nobody's, there are many.\" My father was the one who had the greatest\ninfluence on me as far as my education was concerned. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, until I was\nthe age of ten, I did not attend public school, but he kept tutors for me at\nhome, in Hebrew and in Bible and anything that pertained to Judaica and spent\nthe money for tutors. He wanted me, first of all to get a thorough grounding in\nJudaica. Then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you go to school. School was nothing, school was easy. Anybody can\ngo to school. But I want you to be an educated person. Until the age of ten, I\ndid not go to public school. At ten years of age, I enrolled in the first grade.\n\nSOLOMON: That was in Chicago.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: That was in Chicago, yes. I didn't stay in first grade very\nlong. I was promoted to the fourth grade. From the fourth grade, I was promoted\nto the eighth grade. When I was 16, I graduated high school. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I became bar\nmitzvah, there was no Hebrew school in the city of Chicago that was adequate for\nme, for my studies. A group of us, there were . . . two other students who were\nalso in of my classification, and we didn't know where to go. My father devised\nthat we should create a . . . school of higher learning in Chicago. This is what\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Hebrew Theological College is in existence now. I was the first student. He\nsaid, \"I have to give you an education.\" He talked to a rabbi who lived in South\nChicago. South Chicago was as far from where we lived, as [indistinct: 24:17]\nwould be from Atlanta. Two friends of mine and I used to pack up every Sunday\nmorning and take a few street cars and go down to South Chicago, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where Rabbi\n[Chaim Zvi HaLevi] Rubenstein lived. He wasn't very busy there and was a\nscholar. We stayed there until Friday after school. Then we'd go back home for\nShabbos. Then we studied in Chicago because the Hebrew Theological College,\nalready attracted a great many other students. In 1921, I outgrew that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My\nfather didn't want to let me go, but I persuaded him. I told him I've got to. I\nwent to New York to study at the Yeshiva University, and there I met up with\nsome very prominent rabbis who persuaded me. \"You're a youngster.\" I was in the\ngraduating class already over there. \"You're a youngster. What are you doing\nhere, getting smicha [Hebrew: ordinated] when you're too young? Being that your\nuncle is the head of Slobodka Yeshiva and as he is a world-renowned person ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go\nthere and become proficient in Talmudic study.\" It was an adventure as far as I\nwas concerned. Loved it, go to Europe and my father was delighted, he may have\nput these rabbis up to it. For sure, I don't trust him . . . \u003cMemoirist laughs\u003e\n\nSOLOMON: What are some key experiences?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: I knew . . .\n\nSOLOMON: [What are] the memories of experiences, studying at . . .\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Whether it was phenomenal or not? Let me tell you, this is a man\nwho ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew the Talmud. The Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud and all\nthe literature surrounding it by heart.\n\nSOLOMON: What was life like for you? Social life? Did you have a life beyond the Yeshiva?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Oh no, the business of figurative life. I excluded myself from\nlife completely. It was a difficult time. Let me just give you one example.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First, I stayed with a family, a nice room. It was a room off the kitchen. If\nthey didn't cook too much, I was comfortable. Then they got me a room by myself.\nIt was in a sort of a store. A store front that had only the door opening on the\noutside. Because of the uncleanliness, I became, my body became full of sores\nfrom the top of my head to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the sole of my feet.\n\nSOLOMON: You were what age at that time?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: I was 18 and half, going on 19. I remember that. That was a\ndifficult period. I couldn't get accustomed to the uncleanliness at that time. I\nremember the type of sores and then I use to get boils on my neck. I remember\nand I went \"Uh.\" I had a difficult time. Still, I didn't mind it. I got used to it.\n\nSOLOMON: You're in the Hebron Yeshiva.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EPSTEIN, HARRY: I was two and a half years in Slobodka and two years the Hebron\nYeshiva. Also, a very primitive setting. Hebron [Palestine] was populated by\nsome 26,000 to 30,000 Arabs, and the Jewish community consisted of a few, at the\nmost, a few hundred souls.\n\nSOLOMON: There's a wonderful story of how your father taught you the importance\nof meaning and disciplined learning and how he got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you to study, specifically.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Yes.\n\nSOLOMON: Your father would give you money for something that you studied, would\nreward you.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Only when I was a youngster.\n\nSOLOMON: Tell us about that.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: When I was a youngster he would say, \"If you will learn by heart\na chapter of Isaiah. I'll give you a dime. Then if you will review everyday an\nextra chapter and go back and review ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the first chapter, I'll give you a quarter.\nI found out after five days that I'd have to review five or six chapters to earn\nmuch, so the bargain was off. But he tried to bribe when I was a youngster. When\nI was older, no.\n\nSOLOMON: Did you use that process in learning, as you got into your . . . ?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Oh, sure. I use to reward myself. There were periods of time\nwhen I was not a diligent student. I used to waste a lot of time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if I had\nto, I had the capacity to do what I did. Before I went out to get my\nordinations, I had to cram a lot. For three months, a little less than three\nmonths, a friend of mine, who later became a lecturer at the Hebrew Theological\nCollege in Chicago, and I close ourselves up in the room in Hebron. Gave away\nour shoes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shouldn't be tempted to go out. We were given three meals a day, pass\nthrough the door, the door was locked and we spent all the time studying. I\nremember in the morning we use to take a little exercise, had to. We studied\nclose to three months. Of course, I developed pneumonia after that.\n\nSOLOMON: No fresh air?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: No fresh air and we use to smoke. We were only allowed three\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cigarettes a day. With every meal came a cigarette. But we were able to\ndiscipline ourselves. To this very day I can discipline myself. I can waste a\nlot of time, but I can work hard. In my active rabbinate, I slept very few hours\na day because my best work was always late at night, early in the morning.\n\nSOLOMON: Reva, the last time we stopped generally with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"education and there's a\nstory about how you entered cheder. Let's talk about it.\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: Yes. I think I mentioned to you that by the time I was three, I\nwas able to read Hebrew and Russian. My father continued my education because at\nthat time, the cheder. The cheder is the proper way to say it were closed to . .\n. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Girls did not go . . . I don't even know, I was too young to know whether they\nwere not allowed or whether the parents thought this was important for girls to\nstudy Hebrew. But my father wanted me to go to cheder. I must have been, I would\nsay about . . . 5 or 6 years old. I was a tall, well developed physical . . .\nchild. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He took me to one of the better or the more progressive, more modern\ncheder at the time. Youngsters studied there, I presumed until about 13 or 14\nyears of age. Then after that, they use to be sent to Yeshiva or stop their\neducation completely, whatever the parents planned for them as their future. The\nteacher said, \"I can come, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'll have to sit in the living room because the\nyoungster . . . [is] the only girl there.\" He's living in this living room, the\nwhole house consisted of three rooms. The big kitchen and the one room with the\ncheder with all the classes in there and then the rest of the dining room and\nthe living room and everything else. For two days, I was there. Then he . . .\ntold me that he spoke to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the youngsters, this home is the rabbi's daughter.\nBecause my father used to come periodically and test them. Any time my father\nwould walk in, I remember as a child, so proud. We'd all rise and say, \"Baruch\nHada\" -- Blessed is the one who came in. I was allowed to study together with\nthese young people. I studied there until . . . the age of seven and we covered\nthe Bible. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By that I mean not the five books of Moses, but the entire Bible.\nThis is as far as they went there in the school, so to speak I graduated. Then I\ndon't know if I have mentioned to you that my mother wanted me to go to the\nRussian public school. I went to the Russian public school for a short while.\nThen I went to Germany. Did I tell you about crossing the border, going through\nGermany there for a short while. Then the war broke out, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1914 . . . by that time\nI was already nine years old. In the meantime, there were private teaching. My\nmother got together with two more ladies and we brought down the teacher.\n[indistinct: 33:43: possibly the teacher's name], one of the members of our\ncongregation. She graduated [from] gimnazjum [Polish: secondary school] so they\nbrought her down and she taught me and my brother Russian. The drive for\neducating the children was so unusual ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together with this beautiful ethical\natmosphere and common home of love. This is how I was raised. My parents went to\nit to live with my grandparents and left me in the largest city, which had a\ngimnazjum and also one of the finest teachers. I stayed with my aunt and uncle\nwho lived in that largest city [indistinct: 34:24: name of the city]. It was\nlate fall and my mother decided not to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"buy herself a coat, but to leave enough\nmoney to pay Evenstein, who was the best teacher in the city. By the way, he was\na man who was bedridden, and students came to him. You had too. He didn't accept\njust anybody. He gave you a test before he accepted you. He was wonderful to me,\na very nice person. I think I mentioned to you the fact that he wrote a letter\nto the principal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"telling him that he has a student who wishes to enter the\ngimnazjum . . . to give her a test and he gave my age. The principal answered,\nI'm four years too young. It's out of the question. This is when he wrote him\nanother strong letter, I think I mentioned to you . . . most immodestly, I\nmention fact that he said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"[Indistinct: 35:30: Russian word for genius] . . .\nyou're dealing here with a little girl genius.\" He said, \"No.\" He said, \"Your\nteacher [sent] the copy of this letter to my parents.\" This is how I knew he\nwrote and my parents, my father was so proud of it and told me that this is what\nhe wrote, but he did not accept me. Of course, I don't believe my age was\nagainst me, as much as I was Jewish too. The combination of both just didn't\nwork. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then the Germans reached us there during the war. The Germans kept on\nprogressing, advancing and they reached us there. Then we turned back to our\nhome. [I] continued to study. But came back to the place where my maternal\ngrandparents use to live. The estate of my grandparents was almost completely\ndestroyed. However, my parents were settled there. For a while, they left me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nmy brother in the large city where there was a gimnazjum, the Poles closed all\nthe Russian schools and opened the Polish gimnazjum. We didn't know what to do.\nParents didn't know what to do with their children. My parents sent away my\nolder brother to [indistinct: 36:52] which was a Russian gimnazjum. However, it\nwas difficult for them . . . to keep up two children, so I was just lost. I must\nhave been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the time . . . 14, 15 years old. I was walking down the street with\nmy friend, and I was stopped by a man who called me by my first name. I see it\nis a teacher who used to teach my aunts and my uncles at my grandparents estate\nyears ago when I was a little girl. He says, \"What are you doing?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said,\n\"Well, I'm lost. I've studied Russian all my life and [when] the Polish\ngimnazjum was open I don't know the language or Polish history. Even worse, the\ngeography, a different one. Geography, even general history, geography is\ndifferent. I don't know what . . . we're just lost.\" He says, \"I want to help\nyou. I'm going to talk to some of my friends, teachers\" . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was teaching in\nthe Polish gimnazjum. He was a Pole . . . he was born there. He was a Pole, his\nparents and grandparents are Poles, but he was looking for a job. After he\ngraduated college, I presume, my grandparents engaged him as a teacher in their\nestate [indistinct: 38:24: possibly the name of the estate]. I'll make it short,\na lot of interesting little incidents are connected with it. However, I'll make\nit very short. He got me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three teachers and within nine months I took an exam. A\ngovernment official, it was a government school. A government official came down\nfrom Warsaw [Poland] and I took tests, and I passed it grand. At the Polish\ngimnazjum, I was the only Jewish girl there. Poles are antisemites. I think they\nare born antisemites. This goes without saying. Then the church ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"helps a great\ndeal because I remember that during the Christmas holidays, the Jews were afraid\nto walk in streets at night because of their beards, they would hit them over\nthe head, they would do all kinds of things. However, I was really fortunate. I\n. . . had a wonderful relationship with all of them. They would come to my home.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Math was my easiest subject, not my favorite, but it was the easiest thing.\n\nSOLOMON: You and the rabbi made a good pair. Math was his most difficult.\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: My math was the easiest, but I didn't especially like it. I liked\nliterature. I like history. This was blah, that's figures. Many times they would\ncome to my home ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to study together and I remember that whenever my father would\nwalk in they would all rise. We develop a certain sense of respect.\n\nSOLOMON: These were the Polish students.\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: The Polish, in spite of the fact, what they did. At first they\nstarted giving me compliments that I am so wonderful. I don't even resemble or\nact like a Jewish girl. I told them \"I resent it. This is not a compliment. I am\nJewish and I act like one.\"\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SOLOMON: Reva, there is very poignant story you told to a group of USY [United\nSynagogue Youth] youngsters when they asked you if you wrote on the Shabbot\nsince you did go to school on the Shabbot. Tell us about that.\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: They asked me the question, \"Did you go on the Shabbot?\" I said,\n\"Yes, I did.\" I said, \"By the way we had an eruv, eruv chatzerot, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"permission to\ncarry things.\" Another words, I was able to carry my books and suddenly the\nquestions stopped and they began whispering to each other. Whispering,\nwhispering. I knew exactly what they wanted to ask me, but I waited. I see they\nask their leader. He said, \"Go ahead and ask.\" They were hesitant. I said, \"You\nknow, I think you want to ask me question, but you're hesitating. Let me guess\nwhat question it is. You want to ask me if I write on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Shabbot. Is that\nright?\" \"Yes, we do.\" I said, \"Instead of telling you whether I did not, let me\ntell you a story what happened to me. In 1959, the rabbi and I went for the\nfirst time to Israel.\" By the way when I was going to school to the Polish\nschool, gimnazjum. I used to give private lessons to adults and to youngsters\nbecause I knew both languages. For adults who studied Russian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and wanted to\nlearn Polish, I was able to transpose. By the way, among the students, I had\nthree very prominent people. One of them was Mr. [Pinhas] Sapir who became the .\n. . minister of finance in Israel. The second one was [Avraham] Stern. Have you\nheard about the Stern Gang? These were the most brilliant boys I have ever\nknown. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pinhas Sapir was about two years younger. Stern may have been about four\nor five years younger than I was. His father was a dentist, his mother was an\nhighly educated woman, and he was brilliant. The third student was Dr. Peter\nRobinson, who passed away about a year and a half ago in Israel. Then 1959, when\nI came to Israel for the first time, some of them found out that I here and\ndecided to give a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"party in Tel Aviv [Israel]. I came to the place, they greeted\nwith so much love, sentiment, nostalgia attached to it, and then he turned back\n. . . and hugs me. This is Peter . . . I didn't know anybody by the name of\nPeter. He said, \"[indistinct: 43:23] Kolosky, don't you remember. His name was\nKolosky when he was there. He use to come everyday. I would come from school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nthe student would wait. He would leave, my mother would serve me my lunch. The\ndesk was close to the windowsill, so I ate my lunch on the windowsill. It was\nconstant, I was the only one who could help them out. At that evening, it was a\nvery moving evening, a young woman comes up to me, a woman who maybe in her late\ntwenties or thirty, but she knew she was either born after I left, or she was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nlittle child when I left. She comes up to me, she says [indistinct: 44:04:\nHebrew word] in Hebrew. \"You don't know me and I wasn't invited to this party. I\ncame on my own because I came to thank you for the heritage [indistinct: 44:20:\npossibly Hebrew word for 'heritage'] for the heritage you left me.\" \"What\nheritage have I left you?\" She says, \"My father came to register me in school .\n. . my father who is a very religious man ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"asked the principal if they allow his\ndaughter not to write on the Shabbot.\" The principal hit the ceiling. He said,\n\"What, we have had hundreds of students and no one every dared to even ask for\nany kind . . . What kind of an exception should [I] make. Do the test when? The\ntest are given on the Shabbot, she's got to write. No one, but no one had ever\ndared. Go to your other schools, you don't have to come here.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The man says, \"If\nI prove to you that there was a student who did not write on the Shabbot would\nyou allow my daughter to go through school without writing?\" He said, \"Yes. If\nyou can find somebody like this.\" Her father found my old math teacher. The math\nteacher, an old gentleman came and testified that Reva Chashesman, which was my\nname, never wrote on the Shabbot. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Her test were given days later. He said, \"By\nthe way, the students who sit around her didn't like it, because they had no one\nto copy from.\" I said, I turned to the USYers. I said, \"Did this answer this question?\n\nSOLOMON: Tell us how you met the rabbi.\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: My mother was going shopping for the weekend. My father was at\nservices. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was evening like, and I was washing my hair in the back, and I hear\nthe doorbell rings. Oh, you know how you feel when you're hair is sopping wet\nand washing your hair and you're not dressed up for your hair washing and\nsomeone is at the door. Who could it be? I answered it, I push my hair with the\none hand and waters running down my arm. There's a young man standing there. He\nsays, \"My name is Epstein and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I understand that your father has this particular\nbook.\" My Father had a library of rare books. \"I would like to borrow this book\nfrom your father.\" I said, \"I'm very sorry but my father at services now.\nHowever, if you want to walk in the library and if you can find it.\" Because I\ndidn't know where it was. He says, \"No, I pick it up some other time. Goodbye.\"\nI was so mad of all times. The following day, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I came from the University of\nChicago, there was a young man there, I realized I didn't even get [indistinct:\n47:04] Rabbi Epstein . . . I recognize same man. He says, \"I got the book.\" By\nthe way, when we became engaged, we had a formal engagement. As an engagement\npresent, my father gave my husband this book. The inscription is . . . that my\nfather refers to the book as the shadkhn [Yiddish: matchmaker].\n\nSOLOMON: Wonderful. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you have qualms or questions about marrying the rabbi.?\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: Oh, no qualms. But I'd never thought of marrying a rabbi. It\nnever occurred to me. In fact, when my brother from Canada, who was a doctor in\nCanada, found out I was marrying a rabbi wrote me a long letter. He said, \"You\nmarried a rabbi\" . . . He thought perhaps -- I presume my parents must have\nwritten to him about the yichus. . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Rabbi Epstein. My brother had the\nfeeling that perhaps my parents must talked me into something. I wrote to him.\n\"If you would meet, I know you've heard about the yichus but if you meet, Harry,\nyou would know why I married him in spite of the fact that he's a rabbi.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: We were married on January 13, 1929. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we came back,\neverything was fine and it was very prosperous. But that was in August or\nSeptember when the crash came, the 1929 crash. Then things turned around and all\nof us suffered. All of us suffered.\n\nSOLOMON: Did you suffer yourself personally?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Very much so. There was a period time when I didn't receive any\nmoney from the congregation for six months at a stretch . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I borrowed money\nfrom every loan shark in town and every bank and so forth. When I came here, I\ncame at a quite, a high salary at that time. It was $6,000, which was a lot of\nmoney at that time. But then I came to the board, and I said, \"Being it's\ndepression time, let's cut my salary in half.\" But they couldn't . . . meet it\nat certain periods of time. The people were very cooperative, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I suffered a\ngreat deal.\n\nSOLOMON: You had some hard times here.\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: Very hard. My parents helped us out. My in-laws helped us out.\nBut they never complained. My husband never asked for a raise in his entire\nlife. Never.\n\nSOLOMON: Let's go into that part of your life, Rabbi. You were not only a rabbi,\nyou were a husband and a father. In the leadership capacity, obviously, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much of\nyour time was taken up.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Yes.\n\nSOLOMON: How much time did you spend with your family, your children?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: My children will tell you to this day that until they were 14\nyears of age, I think . . . they never went to sleep without me putting them to\nbed. Putting them to bed, I was able to tell them stories. Anything throughout\nthe Talmud ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Bible and then world literature. They used to remember some\nof the classic stories that I thrived on. I was very close to the children, very\nclose, not like my father treated me. They loved me more then they respected me\ntoo. But they loved me, and I was very close to them. Now for example, whenever\ntheir birthday came, I took them out and we used to go to a movie and . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a\nplace where we had some refreshments afterwards and things of that sort. Bought\nthem a bouquet. I was a good father, but Reva actually raised them more than I\nand she was a wonderful mother. Unusual, she set certain standards for them that\nthey maintain to this very day. She very dedicated. You know about Reva, I say\nthis all the time, \"I laid down the law in my family. But then I accept every\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"amendment Reva makes.\"\n\nSOLOMON: Rabbi, I have here your educational background. What is the process of\nbeing ordained?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: The process is as follows, they give you examinations. When I\nwanted to get smicha, an ordination, from Rabbi [Abraham Isaac] Kook. I went to\nhim. He told me he cannot be the first one to give me ordination. But if I would\nget ordination ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from at least one prominent recognized rabbi in Jerusalem, he\nwould do it to. The next in line to Rabbi Kook was a man by the name of Rabbi\n[Yaakov Moshe] Charlap. He was supposed to, by the way, be the Chief Rabbi of\nIsrael after Rabbi Kook died. But the only way fault of Rabbi Charlap was that\nhe was not a man of the world. He never left Jerusalem. Never stepped out of\nJerusalem. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charlap was like a saintly a man and as brilliant a man as you want\nto know. I went to him because I always like to go to the top. He told me to, he\nsaid, \"I'd like to do that, but I can't be the first one. If you will find\nanother rabbi, a prominent rabbi in Jerusalem, who will give you ordination then\nI will give you one too.\" What did I do? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I inquired, and I found out that the\nrabbi of Teplik [Rabbi Shimshon Aharon Polansky], who had settled in the\nshkhuna, [Hebrew: neighborhood] in the neighborhood of Beit Yisrael, was a man\nthat you could talk to. I went to him. He took a liking to me. Spent with him a\nnumber of weeks and he gave me an ordination. I took that ordination went to\nRabbi Charlap. I said, \"Here's an ordination.\" He says, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Fine, spent a month\nwith me and then I'll see.\" I rented a room on the second floor and I stayed\nthere for a month. Every day I used to take walks with Rabbi Charlap. The exam\n[was] as he talked with me. He finally, after a month, gave me ordination so I\nwent to Rabbi Kook . . . he saw both of these ordinations. He said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Alright\nspend a week with me.\" I stayed in Rabbi Kook's house for a whole week. But he\nwas the easiest man of them all. Why? His mind carried him away. When he'd start\ntalking with me, all of a sudden he would stop, he was in a different world.\nAfter I got these three, I thought to myself, \"Let me get a few more because\nthey make it so easy.\" I got three more. The amount ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of study we had to go\nthrough was so much greater than any of these institutions, the Conservative\nmovement doesn't spend as much time. You go there for four or five years. I\nstarted studying when I was six and seven and eight. At nine, I started studying\nthe Talmud. Never stopped for one day since that time.\n\nSOLOMON: How did you overcome your fear of speaking?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Also, a story. I came back in 1926, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pesach time. One of the\nworries that I had was that I wasn't ever going to be able . . . to become a\nrabbi because I don't how to speak. My private synagogue was the largest\nsynagogue in Chicago and one of the most prominent men in Jewish life, Rabbi\n[Meir] Berlin, the leader of World Mizrachi, was visiting in Chicago. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you\nvisit in Chicago, you always visit my father, he was leading rabbi. Apparently,\nthey arranged that on the last day of Pesach, there would be a mass meeting in\nmy father's synagogue and Rabbi Berlin would be the featured speaker. But my\nfather, being this shrewd person who was, put in the paper [that a] special\nregard from Palestine will be given by his son ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so-and-so, who has just returned\nfrom Palestine and spent there so many years. I saw The Courier that was the\nYiddish press. I said, \"Pa, who put this in I can't speak.\" He said, \"You're\ngoing to speak. Now you have to it's in the paper.\" I sweated it out and I made\na tremendous hit. I was the talk of the town.\n\nSOLOMON: You wanted to go into medical, Rabbi, right?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: I was interested in medicine. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[My father] told me, \"You can go\nif you can find the means to go . . . I'm unable to give you money for that. If\nyou pursue your Jewish studies, you can have anything you want. Otherwise, you\nhave to shift for yourself.\" I couldn't shift for myself I had no means. I\ndidn't want to be a rabbi. I bulked at it. I've never heard anyone as thought\nprovoking and [indistinct: 56:59] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a man as my father was in Yiddish. He used\nto take me for walks and I remember the kind of walks that we use to take. We\nlived about a mile away from the synagogue where his . . . \"Come on, I'm walking\nand I am alone. Come along with me.\" He didn't ask me to go into the services\nwith him. If I wanted to, I did. If I didn't want, I didn't. On the way, he was\nvery persuasive person. First of all, he was a very eloquent preacher. The words\nhe spoke to me sunk into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my heart and mind, and that turned me around. He tried\nto impress upon me that I had a duty to perform in carrying on the tradition of\nthe family. He said, \"The rabbinate should not cease with him.\" My family\ndecided that this was the way I ought to go.\n\nSOLOMON: Moving a little farther ahead, Rabbi. You came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here to Ahavath Achim in\n1928, and the synagogue was at Washington Street at that time. You're quoted as\nhaving said, \"It had the air similar to that of a Buddhist temple.\"\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: I first came into the synagogue, it was on Friday night. I came\ninto the synagogue, the building's very nice. But the ark was very low one. A\nvery small ark, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and on top of the ark were two huge lions. The eyes of the\nlions, there were two large, two hundred red bulbs. The first thing I did when I\nbecame the rabbi is to take that ark out and take the lions off. I had a policy\nall the time of not doing things hurriedly. I conducted a Talmud class ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the\nfirst day that I came here for many years until we moved out of that building. I\nuse to take them in, I had a little office in the synagogue, and tell them what\nI was going to do. I'm not doing this for myself, I don't need it. I'm not doing\nit for you, you don't need it. I am doing this for your children, especially\nyour grandchildren. They cooperated with me. When we came to the lions, they\ncouldn't understand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how you take a sacred object of lions, which represents\nstrength in the Jewish tradition, and they were on the ark. \"What are you going\nto do with them?\" I said, \"I don't know what I am doing with them, but I'm\ntaking them off.\" There was a board meeting called of membership and they were\ngoing to fire me. Anyways, I hid those lions and when we moved out of the\nWashington Street Synagogue, they found them, they were chopped up a little bit.\nThey shouldn't replace them, I didn't want them to replace them.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SOLOMON: Along with the changes that you made then. There was a population of\nGerman Jewish and Russian Jewish population at that time. There must have been\nsome conflicts, some issues.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Very much so.\n\nSOLOMON: If you're asked to remember those . . .\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: I remember very distinctly. The first thing I did when I came\nhere was to visit the two older rabbis in the community, Rabbi [Tobias] Geffen,\nwho was the rabbi of the Shearith Israel, and Dr. David Marx, who was the rabbi\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at The Temple. Now, Dr. David Marx did not like Russian Jews. It was an inferior\nbreed for him. When I came to visit him, he came to my installation, too. He\ntold me, he said, \"Young man, if you will have confidence in me, I'll show you\nhow to turn this synagogue around, so it will be a synagogue that will be\nattractive to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all people.\" I thanked him profusely. I wasn't interested in it.\nHe hated Russian Jews.\n\nSOLOMON: But you weren't going to listen to his . . .\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: . . . No. First of all Jewish lies, he was an ignoramus. He\ndidn't know much, and he didn't believe in the Orthodoxy. He just believed in\nthe Reform. That's the future of Jewry in America.\n\nSOLOMON: But you are aware of the problem that existed between the Germans [and\nthe Russians]. How did you handle that?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: It was difficult. For example, I tried to get on the board ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of\nthe [Jewish] Educational Alliance. It wasn't the Jewish Community Center at that\ntime. It was called the Educational Alliance . . . The board was populated\nentirely by German Jews. To the extent that Ed Kahn, who was the executive\ndirector, when I came here, of the Alliance, who was a Russian Jew who spoke\nwith a Russian accent. He claimed he doesn't know any Yiddish and he's a German\nJew and so forth, because his future lay with these German Jews. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I couldn't get\non the board for a long time until I got some people who persuaded them to put\nme on the board. But when I raised questions, they fired me.\n\nSOLOMON: You started your sermonizing in Yiddish when you came?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: No.\n\nSOLOMON: That's a misconception.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: No, it's not a misconception. When I began speaking, the thing\nthat they resisted and resented was my speaking in English ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on Rosh Ha-Shanah and\nYom Kippur. I told them now this, I will not compromise on. I have to speak in\nEnglish on both days of Rosh Ha-Shanah. However, I will given into you one\nthing, the first day, Rosh Ha-Shanah in the afternoon for an hour's time, I'll\nspeak in Yiddish. For many years, I used to speak both mornings in English ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nthe first Rosh Ha-Shanah day in the afternoon, a Yiddish sermon. Now, Yom\nKippur, I had to compromise to. Kol Nidre, I spoke in Yiddish. In the morning, I\nspoken in English. That lasted only the first two years I was here. But I knew\nthat if I were to succeed in bringing back some of the people to our form of\nJewish expression, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had to be able to talk to them in their language. When the\nYiddish sermon began, they would walk out.\n\nSOLOMON: Rabbi, you came to the position as an Orthodox rabbi . . .\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Yes, of course. [Indistinct: 1:03:44: possibly a Yiddish word]\n\nSOLOMON: Your Orthodoxy and your way of living Orthodoxy was it very different\nfrom your congregants way of living.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: This is one of the criticisms that a few people threw up to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me.\nWhy do you live a life different from the members of your congregation? I had\noccasion, a number of times, when a funeral took place on the second day of a\nholiday. I would permit the funeral to be held. It's permissible, but I wouldn't\nride to the chapel. I would walk there. It was a long walk, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I use to walk\nit. I wouldn't go to the cemetery because they don't need me at the cemetery.\nThey used to criticize me for that. Either you have to convert your congregation\nthat they would live the life that you lead or you'd have to compromise with\nthem. That I wouldn't give in. I said, \"No. I had to set the example.\" I used to\nbe in charge of the kashruts in the meat markets. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had a number of butcher\nstores here. They were a tough bunch. Never do business with them. If you want\nto do business with them, they're very tough. At one time I had to issue a\nprohibition against one meat market and close them up. That didn't help me out a\ngreat deal. People were very antagonistic towards me at that time. The following\nthat remained is very friendly with me to this day. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I introduced confirmation\nthat was in 1931. I had girls up there. They didn't read the Torah, nothing like\nthat, but they did some of the parts. I wasn't wise enough to have them wear\ngowns, so they all had décote and short sleeves. It was very bad for the first\nfew years, but I got them up in the bimah there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not one of the men ever\nleft. They sat with me. Then I introduced bat mitzvah [on] Friday night and I\nhad difficult time persuading parents. The girls wanted to do it. The parents\ndidn't do it. We had difficulty at that time. Now it's accepted by everybody.\nYou have a bat mitzvah. At that time, many people didn't want to do it, so that\nwas a struggle.\n\nSOLOMON: Seating, mixed seating . . .\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: . . . Mixed seating . . .\n\nSOLOMON: . . . How did that . . .\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: That's a story by itself. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A rumor went out that the balcony was\nunsafe. Therefore, half the balcony occupants must be accommodated downstairs.\nWhat did we do? As we walked in on the left side and outside aisle, we fenced\noff and put a little mechitza there and the women sat there. That mechitza grew\nlower and lower, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the first year, second, third year. The third year it\ndisappeared. I got a few of my friends, \"Be brave, get your wife to sit next to\nyou.\" The problem is as follow there were many pews, seats served in the old\nsynagogue. If you had to bring women downstairs, they would have no place for\nyou. I came to the board meetings, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time after time and people got up. One man I\nremember, he said, \"My pew, I will not give my pew to anybody. Since that time,\nI use to call him \"Mr. Pew.\" They wouldn't do it, but I induced a few people to\nhave their wives sit next to them. The first Rosh Ha-Shanah a few women came there.\n\nSOLOMON: Were you immediately responsible for funds for the synagogue and\nraising the kind of money that you felt, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the synagogue would need.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: There wasn't a week that I wasn't in the office of our\nsecretary, a minimum of three times a week. Why? I was the only one who was able\nto see that we were able to raise our budget. It was a small budget because the\nsecretary we had was an accountant. He was busy. A very busy and successful man.\nBut I used to go up to his office and stay there for hours, a minimum of three\ntimes a week ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and get after him. He should pay a little attention to the\nsynagogue affairs.\n\nSOLOMON: Did the synagogue ever suffered financially in the years where there\nwas not enough money?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Certainly. They weren't able to pay me . . . They always pay\ntheir mortgage. There was a $10,000 mortgage. They never failed to pay on time.\nBut as far as I was concerned, it was one time when they owed me for six months\nand I just didn't have enough ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money to go along.\n\nSOLOMON: Were you helped at that time by any of the members of the . . . ?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Let me tell you a story of the psychology of some of the\nleadership. I'm not going to mention his name. He's not here anymore. He was a\npresident of our congregation, and I came to him, and I said, \"You know very\nwell that I haven't been paid now five and a half months, and I just haven't got\nenough to meet the electric bill and my gas bill.\" He was one of the wealthiest\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men in our community. \"Would you mind loaning me $100?\" His answer was as\nfollows, \"Young man, my policy is money has got to make money. I just don't give\nout loans.\" I said, \"If that be the case, I'm willing to pay any interest\nbecause I do make loans in banks and in certain companies that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"loan money. They\nalso charge me an interest. I'll be glad to pay any interest.\" [He said,] \"Young\nman, would I charge a rabbi interest?\" This upshot of the matter was I did not\nget the $100.\n\nSOLOMON: Rabbi, at looking back at the rabbinate. What would you say were some\nof its most rewarding features?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: The most rewarding feature, I think of my rabbinate is that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what\nwe've done and what we created in Ahavath Achim. We became known as one of the\nmost important Jewish communities in America, our synagogue gained a national\nreputation, international, for that matter. After the first few years, I pursued\nthe board not to have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"membership committee. Let's build up something here, let\nit speak for itself, now that be the attractive element in our synagogue. My\nsituation is that I think I have created in Ahavath Achim a certain environment\nby which many of our people were enriched Jewishly, and which carried over. Many\npeople ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"began keeping a kosher home in their own way, little by little. We are\nthe only synagogue in Atlanta, the only synagogue, that's including Rabbi Geffen\nand all the others, we sponsored the mikvah. I've sponsored it myself,\npersonally, I raised money for it. When I was short of money and I couldn't get\nsome of the people in Atlanta to give, I used to go out in the small\ncommunities. They didn't know any better. I used to tell them the mikvah was a\nwondeful institution ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I went to [indistinct: 1:12:01] Georgia. I went to all\nthrough South Georgia and raised money. Our mikvah now is at Beth Jacob. How did\nit come about? When we were been building this synagogue here, the blueprint\ncalled for a mikvah. It was in the blueprints, I insisted on it. Rabbi Geffen\nand also Rabbi [Emanuel] Feldman didn't feel comfortable that we should have the\nmikvah and they wanted to have it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I made a compromise with them. I told them at\nthat time, Feldman's congregation Beth Jacob were building the new synagogue,\n\"If you will build a mikvah in your building and you will promise that it would\nbe open to the entire community for of all us that exist. I'll give all the\nmoney that I have for the mikvah and turn it over to you. I saved the baby. I\nhad a baby, a mikvah baby. I took the money and gave it to Beth Jacob and they\nbuilt the mikvah.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SOLOMON: Rabbi, a person in your position, your accomplishments can't have it\nall good must have your critics.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Oh, sure.\n\nSOLOMON: Many of your critics have said that these ceremonies via services were\nsterile. You didn't allow children and babies to come in. Nobody could go back\nand forth and walk in the synagogue. What would you say to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these critics?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: They're 100% right. They're 100% right. But I wouldn't have had\nthe decorum in the synagogue unless I did that. For example, bringing babies,\nit's a torture for a baby to sit there and he doesn't know what's going on. We\nused to have a junior congregation all the time, take them to the junior\ncongregation. As far as walking up and down the aisle or talking, that was\nanathema to me. Now that I used to call names, I would say Mr. So-and-so or Mr.\nSo-and-so, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quit you're talking. I wouldn't have had any decorum in the\nsynagogue, and you can have a very warm service with everybody paying attention.\nMy services were always geared so everybody could participate, whether you knew\nHebrew or didn't know Hebrew. I always tried to gear myself to those who don't\nknow the Hebrew, but still not to eliminate the Hebrew. This is a justified\ncriticism, of course.\n\nSOLOMON: Rabbi. Did you have any biblical heroes?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EPSTEIN, HARRY: My hero of the Bible is and is Ezra. E-Z-R-A. The one who came\nback with the Babylonian captives. Only 42,000 of them were all of the Jewish\npopulation. 42,000 remain loyal Jews. He was the one who reorganized Jewish\nlife. If not for him, Judaism would have petered out. Therefore, the Talmud say\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that if weren't for Ezra, there would have been no Moses. Moses would have been\nforgotten, the Torah would have been forgotten, and he's as great as Moses.\n\nSOLOMON: We're going to talk a little about your sermon. How do you select your\ntopics? Your ideas? Have you thought about it in terms of the congregants need\nto hear it. You want them to hear it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or you just wanted them to be heard?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: A speaker and a rabbi especially should always keep one question\nin his mind. The thing you're talking about, are people interested in or should\nthey be interested in. Both things are important. A sermon should always be of\nJewish contents. One thing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a rabbi must keep in mind is . . . developed a thing\nthat your worshipers may go away from that particular session, learning\nsomething. Something is added to their knowledge of Jewishness, and it should be\nJewish. Most of my sermons dealt sometimes with general topics, but from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a\nJewish point of view. What would Judaism, say about?\n\nSOLOMON: In one of your sermons that I remember very keenly, you stated, \"What\nwe need is more text people, not textbooks.\"\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Right.\n\nSOLOMON: Elaborate on that.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: The Talmud has a very fine expression by a very outstanding sage\nin Talmudic times who said, \"I've learned a lot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from my books, from the Torah.\nI've learned more from my teachers. Why? Because the teachers expounded on that,\nbut I learned mostly from my students.\" When you study Judaism, it isn't enough\nto say that I should love thy neighbor as thyself. If you can find a few people\nwho are . . . in my career, I've met these people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I once spoke on Yom Kippur\nday about three of these kinds of people that I never forget. Small things. But\nthey were text people. One of them for example, had pawn shop on Decatur Street.\nOne of the most ordinary people you can ever imagine. It was the former\nFederation was in existence and whenever a cause came, I used to go out to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"schnoder [Hebrew: pledge a donation] I use to take along somebody else\n[indistinct: 1:18:02]. I went to Decatur, all the merchants were there on\nDecatur Street and I pass by this place because I heard that Mr. Levine, has\nname was Levine [indistinct: 1:18:14: possibly 'Earl'] Levine's father, that's\nwho it is, an ordinary person. I don't want to use any other names, very\nordinary. I heard that he wasn't doing well. I said, \"We don't want to embarrass\nhim. He won't be able to give anything, we'll pass by.\" But as we walked by a\nfew stores, out he came on the street, called me by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name. \"Why do you insult me? Am\nI not a Jew. Do you consider up out on the street? Do you consider me inferior\nto all these people whose stores you've just visited, why don't you come in to\nsee me?\" We came in and he couldn't give much. He gave me a few dollars. But\nI'll never forget he didn't want to be omitted.\n\nSOLOMON: From a sermon of yours. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the statements you made was one of the\nmost treasured freedoms we have is the right to choose our own form of slavery.\nWhere does that come from? Would you talk about that?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Moses had a title in the Bible called, The Servant of G-d. What\nis a servant? When you have a servant, he answers your call ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he does your\nbidding. A person who has a sense of responsibility is a slave. A slave to duty,\na slave to goodness, a slave to righteousness. He is a servant of G-d. The\nhighest title Moses can be given is not a friend of G-d, a colleague of G-d, no,\na servant of G-d. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a form of slavery. If you believe an ideal, you're a\nslave to it. Anyone who has a purpose in life, who has certain principles by\nwhich he is guided, becomes a slave to those principles. There are no\ninsignificant people. This I've learned in life. The Talmud has a wonderful\nexpression I'll recite it in the Hebrew first and then the English. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Hebrew\nsentence: 1:20:34]. If one of the community passes away, dies. [Hebrew sentence:\n1:20:40]. The entire community should be upset and worried. [Oddly], some say\nwhen does this apply. [Hebrew phrase: 1:20:54]. When a very prominent person\ndies, then the whole community should be concerned who will replace him.\n[Oddly], but others ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say [Hebrew phrase: 1:21:03]. When the smallest, the most\ninsignificant person in the community passes away, the whole community should be\nconcerned. Why? This insignificant person, what did he accomplish in the\ncommunity? Yet the Talmud says a community should be concerned. Why? Perhaps we\nhadn't judge it properly. Perhaps we haven't studied him adequately. Perhaps we\ndidn't come to know, he must have had some quality ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was surpassingly\nbeautiful and meaningful. When an insignificant person dies, the very fact that\nyou call them insignificant should be a concern for you.\n\nSOLOMON: There are several issues that I just want to present you with and you\ncan give me some short comments on what Judaism has to say about them and your\npersonal feelings. The first I have here is interfaith marriage.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: In this instance, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm a fanatic. It's a painful thing. There are\na very few families that are free of it. I don't denounce a parent, when its\nchild marries out of the faith. A parent isn't responsible for it. The parent\ncan only give a certain guidance, lays a certain foundation. But as far as\nJudaism is concerned and its future, we cannot condone it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have to protest against.\n\nSOLOMON: Protest?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: By not participating in the marriage, the wedding, in any\nceremony, and by estranging ones self from a member of the family who has\nstrayed. In this matter, I am ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"totally one sided.\n\nSOLOMON: What about shalom bayit, the peace in the home?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Shalom bayit is alright if there . . . shalom also means a\nperfection. Shalom. The word shalom means complete, be complete. There is no . .\n. the completeness, it disrupts a family. The sentiment that a mother or father\nhas for a child, you can't do away with. Yet ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a parent must take a stand in these\nmatters. Take a stand.\n\nSOLOMON: Abortion?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Now in this I would be more liberal. According to the Talmud,\naccording to Jewish law and their scholars will differ with me. Whenever there\nis a life at stake, abortion is permitted. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The law doesn't specify mental\nstress. Mental illness is just as much, and I consider when I had a number of\ncases that came to me through the years. Mother and father, they were both\nreligious minded people. Broken hearted. She could not take the idea of having\nthe child born and the father . . .\n\nSOLOMON: . . . A mother could not handle that . . .\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: . . . She wanted to do everything according to Jewish law. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But\nshe said, she thinks she'll go crazy if she gives birth to this child. She just\ncan't take it and I permitted her to have an abortion.\n\nSOLOMON: We will move from there to a subject that's come up a great deal\nrecently with psychologists and gerontologists, who are studying aging and\nurging us to acknowledge the reality of death as part of life, which Judaism has\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dealt with [since] ancient times. But in secular society, it's becoming a more\npopular subject to talk about and to confront ourselves with talk about it and\ncome to terms with. We're even teaching our children about the aging process and\nthe facts of death at an early age. An early age, meaning as youngsters. Would\nyou comment on that personally, your own feelings and what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judaism has to say\nabout this?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Judaism has always said, \"You should rise before afor [Hebrew:\ngray] head and you shall respect an older person.\" Talking about aging. Aging is\na natural process. Respect for the ageded has always been preached and taught in\nJudaism. I always think that the Bible had to say that you shall always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"respect\nan older person because of the fact that an older person was always a burden.\nThere had to be a special injunction, a special mitzvah, respect an older\nperson, treat them properly.\n\nSOLOMON: Death with dignity, Rabbi. In the light of medicine's ability to . . .\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: . . . This I believe in strongly. According to Jewish tradition,\nyou must not hasten the death of a person, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you don't have to use heroic\nmeasures to prolong that life when that life only is a vegetable life and has no future.\n\nSOLOMON: The decision of what we call today pulling the plug.\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Pulling the plug is something else. Once the plug is in, you\ncan't pull it out, but then you hasten death. Although the [Karen Ann] Quinlan\ncase shows you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you can pull the plug and she can live for, what, 30 years\nor something.\n\nSOLOMON: You talked about the chamad, the love of G-d. What is your relationship\nto G-d?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: My relationship to G-d comes through my relationship to Judaism.\nI am a Jewish person, and I'll always be one. Prefer it above any of the other\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religions that I have studied in my lifetime. In Judaism, I find a concept of\nG-d, and one of them is to try to love G-d. Loving G-d to me is through an\nunderstanding of his teachings. From his teachings, I receive an insight what\nG-d is. For example, one of my definitions of G-d has always been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Hebrew,\nBereishit bara Elohim, in the beginning G-d created. The first term for G-d in\nthe Bible is Elohim [Hebrew: G-d]. Now Elohim, the two first letters are . . .\n'e' 'l' In Hebrew the word l is works towards and my concept of G-d is the\nstriving in the human mind and heart towards ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something greater, something\nbeyond. In trying to reach out, if possible, to try to grasp the essence of that.\n\nSOLOMON: Have you dealt with the question? If there is a G-d, how could the\nHolocaust had happen?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: Yes. To me it's a very simple matter. It's easy to say . . . if\nthere is a G-d, how does He permit this horrible thing to happen? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was more\nthan one holocaust in Jewish history. There was a holocaust, the first one is\nwhen in 586 B.C., when the Jewish state was destroyed by the Babylonians, there\nwas horrible slaughter. There were holocaust after that, in the second\ndestruction by the Romans, Titus, horrible destruction. A holocaust just proves\nhow man can fall short of his destiny. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How a human being can turn into a beast.\nG-d gives us free will. I can be a good person. I can be a bad person. It's up\nto me. G-d sets . . . certain regulations. If you want to be the proper person,\nfollow these teachings. But if I obey or violate these teachings, so I have the\nchoice. When the Nazis choose ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to exterminate six million Jews and others, 11\nmillion in all, they are the ones who prove that a man can be an angel or can be\na devil.\n\nSOLOMON: Reva, in the Rabbi's reference to the angel side of humanity. It brings\nto mind your commitment to helping others. It all seems to come so naturally\nfrom within you. Where does ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that come from?\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: My father was home all the time. He's \"office\" . . . was his\nstudy and his study was at home. I saw him, since I was a little child. I . . .\nsaw whatever happened in the house, I was there. My father, I remember . . . had\na very close friend in our town who was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ordained rabbi. He had feeling about\nthe girl. One day, I hear my parents, my father and mother very worried, very\nconcerned. Something is wrong with Nashon and Esther. Nashon comes in through\nthe front door, straight to my father's study and doors closed into the other\nhalf of the house. Esther comes through the door where my mother is. After a\nlittle while my father opens the door and calls in Esther. I had no idea, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"none\nwhat so ever what was going on. As they were telling good-bye to my mother and\nthey were getting ready to leave, it started to rain. My father takes out an\numbrella, his umbrella and gives it to Nashon, to the husband. Now as a child,\nwhy didn't my father give my mother's umbrella to Esther. My father said, \"No.\"\nI was shocked. My father was one of the kindest people in the world was going to\nlet her get soaked. It was pouring. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After they left, my father called me. He\nsaid, \"Reva, I want to show you why.\" I said, \"Why didn't you let me give Esther\nthe umbrella, she is going to get soaked.\" \"Come on, I'll show you.\" I tiptoed\nand through the window, she was holding her husband and under one umbrella, they\nreturned home.\n\nSOLOMON: Rabbi and Reva, as we bring these conversations to a close. Let's\nconsider what you would include in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an ethical will to your children and\ngrandchildren. Reva, let's hear yours first.\n\nEPSTEIN, REVA: My ideas and my decisions were always based on certain ethical\ngrounds, which is Jewish. My children, this is what . . . I want my children to\nknow that they are members of an eternal people with a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beautiful heritage. They\nhave a tremendous challenge and a responsibility to the future. But whatever\nthey are doing, they have got to be aware of the fact that they are part of the\nlink. This is how I see my Jewish heritage. This is how I feel it.\n\nSOLOMON: Rabbi, how would you express your ethical will?\n\nEPSTEIN, HARRY: This is a slogan that I have developed through the years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"What\nshould be the goal of an individual in life?\" A verse in the Book of Proverbs in\nthe Bible, in the third chapter and fourth verse. I think it's a third chapter\nfourth verse. It's says as follows, [Hebrew sentence: 1:34:09] and \"find grace\nand favor in the sight of G-d and in the sight of fellow man.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Live a life that\nwould be pleasing to G-d, in the sense that you would obey His commandments, and\nlive by . . . the rules of decency and justice and honor. Gain favor in the\nsight of G-d and also in the sight of men. Let your dealings be honest. Let your\nattitude be kind and just, let your relationship with people be favorable ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so\nthat you will find favor in their sight to. One's goal in life should be that.\nFind grace and favor in the sight of G-d and the sight of men. I could elaborate\nthat, but this is the goal that I would set up for my children and my grandchildren.\n\nSOLOMON: These conversations were produced through the Ahavath Achim Synagogue\nCentennial Committee, co-chaired by David Alterman and Norman Diamond, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/transcript/62725/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"project\nproducer and interviewer Cathy Jacobs Solomon, producer, editor - Lynn Hoffman\nKeating, technical advisor - Jess McCurry. Copyright July 1986.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5700.0,5730.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA synagogue is a Jewish house of worship where the congregation meets for religious services and instruction.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe High Holy Days are the two holiest times of the Jewish calendar: Rosh Hashanah (new year) and Yom Kippur (days of atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eR\u003cem\u003eosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on \u003cem\u003eRosh Ha-Shanah\u003c/em\u003e, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur \u003c/em\u003emay revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: “day of atonement”] The most sacred day of the Jewish year. \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting \u003cem\u003eyizkor \u003c/em\u003efor deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the \u003cem\u003eshofar \u003c/em\u003e(a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRebbetzin (Yiddish: רביצין) or Rabbanit (Hebrew: רַבָּנִית) is the title used for the wife of a rabbi.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsrael Bonds is the commonly known name of Development Corporation for Israel, the U.S. underwriter of debt securities issued by the State of Israel. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Eugene Schatten (1928-1998) was an Atlanta doctor and philanthropist who was born in Nashville, Tennessee. He was one of the youngest Emory medical school graduates, finishing in 1950 at the age of 21. A child prodigy, Schatten originally planned to become a concert pianist. Instead, he performed plastic surgery and invented surgical techniques. Schatten was president of Ahavath Achim synagogue and the Atlanta Jewish Federation and a board member of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra. Schatten was one of the key supporters in launching a Jewish studies program at Emory and the Woodruff Library's Schatten Gallery bears his name. For his service he received many honors, including the Anti-Defamation League's Abe Goldstein Human Relations Award in 1985. His papers are housed at the Breman Museum’s Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer service organization founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold. It currently has over 300,000 members and supporters worldwide. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened, and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJudaism and Progess: Sermons and Addresses\u003c/em\u003e was a book written by Rabbi Harry Epstein and was published in 1935. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Ephraim Epstein (1876-1960) was an orthodox rabbi and prominent member of the Jewish community in Chicago in the half-century after his arrival in Chicago in 1911. He is associated with Modern Orthodox Judaism. Rabbi Ephraim Epstein was born in Bakst, Lithuania and trained in yeshiva at Slobodka yeshiva. He arrived in Chicago in 1911 after being asked to serve as rabbi at Anshe Kneseth Israel, one of the leading Orthodox congregations in the city. He served as rabbi of the congregation for almost 50 years. Rabbi Ephraim Epstein served as an officer with a number of other Jewish self-help organizations, including the Central Relief Committee of America, Relief Committee of Jewish War sufferers, and the Federation of Orthodox Charities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHannah Israelovitch Epstein (unknown-1967) was the wife of Rabbi Ephraim Epstein and the mother of Rabbi Harry Epstein. She was born and raised in Lithuania and immigrated to Chicago, Illinois in 1909 with her husband and children. She had nine children with three sons and two daughters surviving into adulthood. She founded the Chicago branch of the women’s Mizrachi, a Zionist organization.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLithuania is the southernmost of the Baltic States. Lithuania was an independent country from the end of World War I until 1940. Before World War II, the Jewish population was 160,000, about 7 percent of the total population. On January 16, 1939, Lithuania and Germany signed a nonaggression pact. Nevertheless, in March of that year Germany annexed the Lithuanian territory of Memel-Klaipeda, a region with an ethnic German majority. The Soviet Union occupied Lithuania in June 1940 and annexed the country in August 1940. By 1941, the Jewish population of Lithuania swelled by an influx of refugees from German-occupied Poland to reach about 250,000, or 10 percent of the population. The Lithuanians carried out violent riots against the Jews both shortly before and immediately after the arrival of German forces in June 1941. Then on June 22, 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union and Soviet forces fled the country. In June and July 1941, the Germans occupied Lithuania. The persecution of Jews was not solely the result of German actions. In occupied territories like Lithuania, Nazi leaders required the help or cooperation of locals. Throughout their occupation of the country, the Germans continued to recruit auxiliaries for their police forces, military units, and civilian administrations. The police played an especially vital role in the consolidation of Nazi power and the brutal persecution and mass murder of Jews. Prior to the German invasion, Soviet occupation (1940-1941) had brought traumatic changes to Lithuania, which fueled later violence by nationalists. As the Soviets took control of the country, they began targeting people declared to be enemies of communism. Politicians, intellectuals, and community leaders were purged and executed in an atmosphere of lawlessness and extreme violence. The Soviets also began to nationalize farms, factories, and mines, transferring both people and equipment inland as part of their economic strategy. The Soviets sent tens of thousands of Lithuanians to Siberia for internment in labor camps (gulags). Although some Jews supported a version of socialism or communism, the majority did not. This fact did not prevent Lithuanian nationalists and others from claiming that Jews were collaborating with the Soviet occupiers. Others openly accepted the claims of Nazi antisemitic propaganda. These factors set the stage for a brutal display of hostility and vengeance toward the Jews. In June and July 1941, detachments of German Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units), together with Lithuanian auxiliaries, began murdering the Jews of Lithuania. By the end of August 1941, most Jews in rural Lithuania had been shot. By November 1941, the Germans also massacred most of the Jews who had been concentrated in ghettos in the larger cities. The surviving 40,000 Jews were concentrated in the Vilna, Kovno, Siauliai, and Svencionys ghettos. In 1943, the Vilna and Svencionys ghettos were destroyed and the Kovno and Siauliai ghettos were converted into concentration camps. Some 15,000 Lithuanian Jews were deported to labor camps in Latvia and Estonia and about 5,000 were deported to extermination camps in Poland. Shortly before their withdrawal from Lithuania in the fall of 1944, the Germans deported another 10,000 to concentration camps in Germany. By the time Lithuania was liberated, about 90 percent of Lithuanian Jews had been murdered—one of the highest victim rates in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePrussia was a German state located on most of the North European Plain. It also occupied the southern and eastern regions. Prussia formed the German Empire when it united the German states in 1871. The Prussian government powers were transferred by an emergency de facto degree to the German Chancellor in 1932 and by de jure by an Allied decree in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eTalmud\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: study] is the legal code spanning 1,000 years. Based on the teachings of the Bible, the \u003cem\u003eTalmud\u003c/em\u003e interprets biblical laws and commandments. It also contains a rich store of historic facts and traditions. It has two divisions: the \u003cem\u003eMishnah\u003c/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003eGemara\u003c/em\u003e. The \u003cem\u003eMishnah\u003c/em\u003e is the interpretation of Biblical law. The \u003cem\u003eGemara\u003c/em\u003e is a commentary on the\u003cem\u003e Mishnah\u003c/em\u003e by a group of later scholars.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e is one of the harvest festivals of Judaism. It is seven days long and comes after the ingathering of the yearly harvest. It celebrates God’s bounty in nature and God’s protection, symbolized by the fragile booths in which the Israelites dwelt in the wilderness. During \u003cem\u003eSukkot\u003c/em\u003e, Jews eat and live in such booths, which gives the festival its name and character.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: \u003cem\u003eb’nai mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on \u003cem\u003etefillin\u003c/em\u003e, and may be counted to the \u003cem\u003eminyan\u003c/em\u003e quorum for public worship. He celebrates the \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e by being called up to the reading of the \u003cem\u003eTorah \u003c/em\u003ein the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine is an area in the eastern Mediterranean region. Today, the region is made up of modern Israel and the Palestinian territories of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Beginning in 1920, Great Britain ruled Palestine under a mandate created by the League of Nations. The British were to facilitate the establishment of a modern Jewish homeland. In April 1947, the U.N. General Assembly set up the Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP). This committee recommended that the British mandate over Palestine be ended and that the territory be partitioned into two states. On November 29, 1947, the U.N. General Assembly passed the partition plan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1929 Palestine Riots were a series of demonstrations and riots in late August 1929. The riots were a result of a longstanding dispute between Muslims and Jews over access to the Western Wall in Jerusalem. The on-going dispute broke into violence from August 23-29, 1929, with 133 Jews and 116 Arabs being killed. Additionally, 339 Jews and at least 232 Arabs were wounded. As part of these riots, 67 or 69 Jews were killed by Arabs in Hebron, Palestine, then part of Mandatory Palestine, which is known as the Hebron massacre. The murders led to the re-organization and development of the Jewish paramilitary organization, the Haganah, which later became the nucleus of the Israel Defense Forces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYeshiva\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: sitting] is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a \u003cem\u003eTalmudic\u003c/em\u003e college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: \u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e] is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. Although enslaved by the Pharaoh, the Israelites continued to survive and even increase in numbers. Dismayed, the Pharaoh declared that all sons born to Hebrew women must be killed, but Hebrew midwives defied the Pharaoh’s decree. One mother, who had given birth to a son, placed him in a basket in the Nile River. The baby was found by none other than the Pharaoh’s daughter, who scooped him up, named him Moses, and raised him as her own. When Moses had grown up, G-d spoke to Moses saying that he, along with his brother Aaron, would be the one to take the Israelites out of Egypt. Moses challenged the Pharaoh, demanding freedom for the Israelites. When the Pharaoh refused, G-d sent a series of plagues upon the Pharaoh and Egyptian people. There were 10 plagues in total: blood, frogs, lice, wild beasts, diseases, boils, hail, locusts, darkness, and the most severe of all, the death of every Egyptian first-born son. In order to protect the Israelite children from the Angel of Death, the Israelites marked their doors with lamb’s blood, so that their houses would be passed over (hence the holiday name, “Passover”). Finally, Pharaoh surrendered and ordered the Israelites to leave Egypt. The Israelites were in such a hurry to leave Egypt that their bread had no time to rise. Pharaoh had also soon changed his mind and sent his armies after the Israelites. When the Israelites came to the Red Sea, they were trapped until G-d miraculously parted the sea. As soon as they passed through, the sea closed up, saving them from the Egyptians and beginning the Israelites’ epic journey to the Promised Land.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOmer \u003c/em\u003erefers to the forty-nine-day period between the second night of \u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e (Passover) and the holiday of \u003cem\u003eShavuot\u003c/em\u003e. This period marks the beginning of the barley harvest when, in ancient times, Jews would bring the first sheaves to the Temple as a means of thanking G-d for the harvest. The word \u003cem\u003eomer\u003c/em\u003e literally means “sheaf” and refers to these early offerings. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMitzvot\u003c/em\u003e is the plural form of \u003cem\u003emitzvah\u003c/em\u003e. The Hebrew word “\u003cem\u003emitzvah\u003c/em\u003e” refers to precepts and commandments as commanded by G-d. It is used in rabbinical Judaism to refer to the 613 commandments given in the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e at Mount Sinai and the seven rabbinic commandments instituted later for a total of 620. In its secondary meaning, the Hebrew “\u003cem\u003emitzvah\u003c/em\u003e” refers to a moral deed performed as a religious duty.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKiddush\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: sanctification] is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Sabbath and Jewish holidays. In many synagogues congregants gather for \u003cem\u003eKiddush\u003c/em\u003e reception after the Friday night or Saturday morning service to recite the blessing over wine or grape juice and have something to eat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMotzi\u003c/em\u003e is the blessing recited over bread and any meal that includes bread.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn American chain of department stores founded by Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck in 1886. It began as a mail order catalog company and opened retail locations in 1925. Kmart bought it in 2005. Sears was the largest retailer in the United States until October 1989 when was surpassed by Walmart. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew school can be either the Jewish equivalent of Sunday school (an educational regimen separate from secular education, focusing on topics of Jewish history and learning the Hebrew language), or a primary, secondary, or college level educational institution where some or all of the classes are taught in Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003echeder\u003c/em\u003e is a traditional elementary school teaching the basics of Judaism and the Hebrew language.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeis HaMidrash LeRabanim was founded in 1919 when a group of rabbis met to evaluate the priorities of higher Jewish education in Chicago. In 1921, the name of the school was changed to Hebrew Theological College – Beis HaMidrash LaTorah, and the college was chartered by the state of Illinois as a degree granting institution of higher education.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Chaim Zvi HaLevi Rubenstein (1872-1944) was born in Byten, Russia (now Belarus). He attended the Volozhin yeshiva where he received smicha from Rabbi Naftali Zvi Berlin and Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik. Rabbi Rubenstein first moved to Jaffa, and then Jerusalem, when he was sent on a fundraising mission to America. In 1917, Rabbi Rubenstein became rabbi of Congregation Bnei Reuven and in 1919 he founded a small yeshiva that met in his home. In 1921, in conjunction with Rabbis Efrayim Epstein and Saul Silber, he helped found the Beis Medrash Latorah/Hebrew Theological College and remained as one of its roshei yeshiva for over twenty years. He was active in the Merkaz Harabonim and was also involved in kashrut supervision and standards.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Slobodka yeshiva was located in the Lithuanian town of Slobodka, adjacent to Kovno (Kaunas), now Vilijampolė, a suburb of Kaunas. The Slobodka yeshiva  was founded in 1882 by Rabbi Hirsch (Nathan) Zvi Finkel, also known as “Der Alter” [Yiddish: The Elder]. It stressed Musar [ethical study] in addition to study of the Talmud. It expanded to a student body of 400 to 500 students after the Vlozhin yeshiva closed in 1892. In 1897, opposition in the yeshiva by the student body to the study of Musar resulted in the founding of a yeshiva by Rabbi Finkel, known as Knesset Israel that continued to stress Musar. The remaining students who were opposed to Musar and who did not follow Rabbi Finkel were reorganized into a yeshiva called Knesset Beit Yitzchak in memory of the deceased rabbi of Kovno, Yitsḥak Elḥanan .  Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Epstein became rosh yeshiva of Knesset Israel and a branch of Knesset Israel was eventually established in Israel, first in Hebron, then moved to Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoshe Mordechai Epstein (1866-1933) was born in the town of Bakst, in the Vilna district of Lithuania to Rabbi Tzvi Chaim and Baila Chana Epstein. Rabbi Epstein was rosh yeshiva of Yeshiva Knesset Israel in Slobodka, Lithuania and is recognized as having been one of the leading Talmudists of the twentieth century. He is also one of the founders of the city of Hadera, Isarel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSmicha [Hebrew: ordination; plural: smichot] is the appointment of a disciple as a rabbi, or teacher, of the Torah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva University is a private Orthodox with four campuses in New York City. The university was founded in 1886 and the rabbinical seminary was chartered in 1897.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Babylonian Talmud covers only tractate Berachot. It focuses on the Mishnaic order of Kodashim, which deals with sacrificial rites and laws pertaining to the Temple.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jerusalem Talmud has a great focus on the Land of Israel and the Torah’s agricultural laws pertaining to the land because it was written in the Land of Israel where the laws applied.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebron Yeshiva was started by Rabbi Nosson Zvi (Nota Hirsh) Finkel known as the Alter of Slobodka (1849-1927). He was an influential leader of Orthodox Judaism in Eastern Europe and founder of the Slobodka yeshiva, in the town of Vilijampolė (a suburb of Kaunas). He is better known as “der Alter” in Yiddish [the Elder]. In the 1920’s, he created a branch of his yeshiva in Hebron in British Palestine and made aliya two years before his death. The Hebron Yeshiva moved to Jerusalem following the massacre of Jews during the 1929 Palestine riots in which many of the yeshiva students perished. Today known as Yeshivas Chevron in Jerusalem, it has about a thousand students.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebron is a Palestinian city in the southern West Bank. It is located 19 miles south of Jerusalem and the second largest city in the West Bank. The city is often considered one of the four holy cities in Judaism and in Islam.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Julius Chashesman (1880-1964) was born in Russia. In 1900, he moved to Poland and was of the leading rabbis in the country for 25 years. He was the founder of the Mizrachi, the religious Zionist movement. In 1925, he came to the United States and became the rabbi of the Tiktin Congregation in Chicago, Illinois. He was married to Rachel Mishkinsky Chashesman. They had two sons, Leo Jordani and Herman Jordani, and a daughter, Reva Epstein, wife of Rabbi Harry Epstein. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWarsaw is the capital and largest city in Poland. It sits on the River Vistula in east-central Poland. During WWII, the Jewish community in Warsaw [Polish: Warszawa] was the largest in Poland, composing about 30 percent of the entire population of the city (about 337,000 Jews). Before World War II, Warsaw was a major center of Jewish life and culture. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II. German authorities established it in November 1940. The Jews of Warsaw and the surrounding areas were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. The ghetto population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews. The conditions in the ghetto were harsh. There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter, or basic necessities. Starvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the Warsaw ghetto killed many. From July 22 until September 12, 1942, about 265,000 Jews were deported from Warsaw to the Treblinka extermination camp while approximately 35,000 Jews inside the ghetto were killed. Then there was relative quiet until January 1943 when a second major wave of deportation started. When German SS and police units, assisted by auxiliaries entered the ghetto, they were surprised to be met with organized armed resistance and withdrew. When they returned on April 19, 1943, stiff resistance that continued for three weeks met the Germans. By the time the better-armed Germans ended the operation on May 16, 1943, the ghetto was largely destroyed. At least 7,000 Jews sided during the fighting, another 42,000 survivors were captured and deported, and approximately 10,000 escaped to the Aryan side of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnited Synagogue Youth (USY) and Kadima are the official youth organizations of the Conservative movement of Judaism. USY was founded in 1951 and has grown from a handful of chapters to an international organization with thousands of high school age members. In 1964, Kadima was formalized as a separate entity for pre-USY age young people. USY was conceived as a means of meeting the social, educational, religious, and recreational needs of Jewish teenagers. The organization seeks to involve teenagers in synagogue life and help build the Jewish community of the future. As a Zionist organization, it also works to build a relationship between Israel and Jewish youth in America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEruv Chatzerot\u003c/em\u003e refers to the established area within which one is allowed to carry things on the Sabbath without breaking the rules against carrying items in a public space.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStern Gang was the name given by the British government to the militant Zionist group, Lehi. Their leader was Avraham Stern, who founded the group in 1940 after a split from the right-wing underground movement Irgun Zvai Leumi. The group was extremely anti-British and repeatedly attacked British personnel in Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAvraham Stern (1907-1942), whose alias was “Yair”, was one of the leaders of the Jewish paramilitary organization Irgun. In 1940, he founded a breakaway militant Zionist group, Lehi – Fighters for the Freedom of Israel. The British authorities and the mainstream Jewish establishment referred to his group as the “Stern Gang.” Stern viewed the British as the primary enemy of the Jews and the principal obstacle to Jewish independence. He and his group carried out attacks against the British in Palestine and also published a newspaper and made clandestine radio broadcast justifying their on-going attacks. In 1942, the British colonial police killed Stern after he was arrested.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePinchas Sapir (1906-1975) was an Israeli politician during the first 30 years of Israeli’s founding. He was born and raised in Suwalki, Russian Empire. After graduating from teachers’ seminary, he emigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1929. Sapir served in various ministerial roles including Minister of Trade and Industry, Minister of Finance, Minister without Portfolio, and Minister of Trade and Industry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTel Aviv, Israel is located on the Mediterranean coast. It is considered the economic and technological center of Israel. It is the country’s second most populous city after Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. The university has an undergraduate college, four graduate schools, and eight professional schools. The school was founded in 1890 by the American Baptist Education Society with endowments from John D. Rockefeller and Marshall Field. The university is based in Chicago’s Hyde Park neighborhood with campuses in England, Europe, and Asia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eshadchan\u003c/em\u003e (or \u003cem\u003eshadkhan\u003c/em\u003e) is a professional matchmaker in Orthodox Jewish communities. The official process of matchmaking in these communities is called \"\u003cem\u003eshidduch\u003c/em\u003e.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYichus\u003c/em\u003e is a word of Hebrew or Yiddish origin, meaning pedigree, lineage, or family background. Among Orthodox Jews it is commonly considered a source of bragging rights based on respected family history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the Great Crash or Black Tuesday was a major American stock market crash that occurred in the autumn of 1929. The Great Crash is associated with October 24, 1929, called Black Thursday, the day of the largest sell-off of shares in U.S. history, and October 29, 1929, called Black Tuesday, when investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. The crash signaled the beginning of the Great Depression.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929, when the American stock market crashed, and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century. The Great Depression is often seen as the major turning point in 20th-century world history. In Europe, World War I had a long-term impact on the economy and financial stability. Postwar inflation spiraled into hyperinflation by the 1920’s and European banks struggled to stay open. Exasperating the situation were skyrocketing unemployment rates. The Great Depression had immediately visible political and social ramifications in Europe, including increased antisemitism and nationalism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbraham Isaac Kook (1865-1935) was the first Ashkenazi chief rabbi of the British Mandatory Palestine, the founder of Yeshiva Mercaz HaRav Kook (The Central Universal Yeshiva), Jewish thinker, Halakhist, Kabbalist and a renowned Torah scholar. He is known in Hebrew as HaRav Avraham Yitzchak HaCohen Kook, and by the acronym HaRaAYaH, or simply as “HaRav.” Rav Kook was born in Griva, Latvia and studied in the Volozhin \u003cem\u003eyeshiva\u003c/em\u003e. After the First World War, he was appointed the Rav of Jerusalem, and soon after, as first Chief Rabbi of Israel. He was one of the most celebrated and influential rabbis of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJerusalem is located in western Asia and is one of the oldest cities in the world. It is considered to be a holy city for the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both Israel and Palestine claim Jerusalem as their capital. The status of the city remains one of the core issues in the on-going Israeli-Palestinian conflict.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYaakov Moshe Charlap (1881-1951) was Rabbi of the Shaarei Chesed neighborhood in Jerusalem. He was one of the most prominent students of Harav Avraham Yitzchak HaCohen Kook and served as the Rosh Yeshivah of Yeshivat Mercaz Harav in Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeit Yisrael is a predominantly Haredi neighborhood in central Jerusalem. It was built in the 1880s as an extension of Mea Shearim, one of the oldest Jewish neighborhoods in Jerusalem outside of the old city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShimshon Aharon Polansky (1876-1948), also known as Rabbi of Teplik-Jerusalem, was born in Volin (Volhynia), near Cherkasy, in the Kiev region of the Russian Empire. He was appointed Rabbi in Midova, in the Kiev region, and five years later, he became Rabbi in Teplik, near Podolia. In 1925, he settled in Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePesach\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, \u003cem\u003ematzo\u003c/em\u003e, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the \u003cem\u003eseder\u003c/em\u003e, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnshi Kneses Israel was one of the largest synagogues in Chicago, Illinois. It was founded in 1875 and was able to seat 3,500 worshipers. It was known as the Russian shul. In the 1950s, the congregation merged with Torah Synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMeir Berlin, later Hebraized to Meir Bar-Ilan, (1880-1949) was an Orthodox rabbi and leader of Religious Zionism, the Mizrachi movement in United States and British Mandate of Palestine. He inspired the founding of Bar Ilan University in Israel which is named for him. He was born in Volozhin, Russia (now Belarus), where his father Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin was head of the Volozhin yeshiva. In 1913 Meir Berlin came to the United States and developed local Mizrachi groups into a national organization, chairing the First U.S. Mizrachi convention. In 1923 he moved to Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMizrachi is a religious Zionist organization founded in 1902 in Vilna, Lithuania by Rabbi Yitzchak Yaacov Reines. Its youth movement, B’nei Akiva, became an international movement. Mizrachi believes that the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e should be at the center of Zionism and that Jewish nationalism is a means of achieving religious objectives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Daily Jewish Courier \u003c/em\u003ewas a daily Jewish newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. It was published in Yiddish and in English on Sundays. It was published from 1887-1944. It represented an Orthodox, Zionist perspective and became one of the oldest Yiddish periodicals in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn every synagogue, the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e scrolls are kept in a cabinet called the holy ark. During services the scrolls are removed from the ark and prayers/songs/scriptures are recited as the scrolls are carried amongst the congregation. When they are completed, the \u003cem\u003eTorah scrolls\u003c/em\u003e are returned to the ark.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Tobias Geffen (1870-1970) was an Orthodox rabbi and leader of Congregation Shearith Israel in Atlanta from 1910-1970. He is widely known for his 1935 decision that certified Coca-Cola as kosher. He also organized the first Hebrew school in Atlanta, and standardized regulation of kosher supervision in the Atlanta area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Congregation Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002. As of 2022, the current Senior Rabbi of the congregation is Ari Kaiman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Dr. David Marx (1872-1962) was a long-time rabbi at the Temple in Atlanta, Georgia. A native of New Orleans, he led the congregation’s move toward the practices of Reform Judaism. He served as rabbi from 1895 to 1946. When he retired, Rabbi Jacob Rothschild took the pulpit that Rabbi Marx had held for more than half a century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families. As of 2022, its Senior Rabbi is Peter S. Berg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) operated from 1910 to 1948 on the site where the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium was later located. The JEA was once the hub of Jewish life in Atlanta. Families congregated there for social, educational, sports and cultural programs. The JEA ran camps and held classes to help some new residents learn to read and write English. For newcomers, it became a refuge, with programs to help them acclimate to a new home. The JEA stayed at that site until the late 1940s, when it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Community Center was officially founded in 1910, as the Jewish Educational Alliance. In the late 1940s it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to the suburb of Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdward M. Kahn (1895-1984) was an immigrant from Bialystok, Poland. He became a leader in Atlanta’s Jewish community and served as executive director of several organizations including the Jewish Educational Alliance (presently, Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta), the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund, and the Atlanta Federation of Jewish Social Service (presently, Atlanta Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta), an earlier incarnation of the current Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and the Morris Hirsch Clinic (presently, Ben Massell Dental Clinic). Mr. Kahn also became Executive Secretary of the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund and of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council. He held these various positions until his retirement in 1964. Kahn was prominent in both local and national social work organizations as well as in Jewish organizations such as B’nai B’rith, the Jewish Children’s Bureau, the Jewish Home, and the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education. He also worked with the Southern Israelite newspaper as a writer and adviser.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKol Nidre\u003c/em\u003e is an Aramaic declaration recited in the synagogue before the beginning of the evening service on every \u003cem\u003eYom Kippur\u003c/em\u003e, the Day of Atonement. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKashrut\u003c/em\u003e is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term \u003cem\u003ekashér\u003c/em\u003e, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\"). In colloquial English, kosher often means \"legitimate,\" \"acceptable,\" \"permissible,\" \"genuine,\" or \"authentic.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTorah \u003c/em\u003e[Hebrew: teaching] is a general term that covers all Jewish law including the vast mass of teachings recorded in the \u003cem\u003eTalmud\u003c/em\u003e and other rabbinical works. “\u003cem\u003eSefer Torah\u003c/em\u003e” refers to the sacred scroll on which the first five books of the Bible (the Pentateuch) are written, but it is often shortened simply to \"\u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e\" in casual speech and writing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for “platform.” The \u003cem\u003ebimah\u003c/em\u003e is a raised structure in the synagogue from which the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e is read and from which prayers are led.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for “daughter of commandments.” A rite of passage for Jewish girls aged 12 years and one day according to her Hebrew birthday. Many girls have their\u003cem\u003e bat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e around age 13, the same as boys who have their \u003cem\u003ebar mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e at that age. The \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e girl is now duty bound to keep the commandments. Synagogue ceremonies are held for \u003cem\u003ebat mitzvah\u003c/em\u003e girls in Reform and Conservative communities, but it has not won the approval of Orthodox rabbis. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003emechitza\u003c/em\u003e is a physical divider placed between the men’s and women’s sections in Orthodox synagogues and at religious celebrations. In some synagogues, a balcony (usually with a 3-foot wall) where women sit, serves the same function as a \u003cem\u003emechitza\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003emikveh\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003emikvah\u003c/em\u003e is a pool of water, gathered from rain or from a spring, which is used for ritual purification and ablutions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmanuel Feldman (b. 1927) is an Orthodox rabbi and Rabbi Emeritus of Congregation Beth Jacob of Atlanta, Georgia. During his nearly 40 years at Beth Jacob beginning in 1952, he nurtured the growth of Atlanta’s Orthodox community from a city with two small Orthodox synagogues to a community large enough to support Jewish day schools, yeshivas, girls’ schools, and a kollel. He is a past vice-president of the Rabbinical Council of America and former editor of Tradition: The Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought published by the RCA.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation. Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation. The congregation first met in a rented grocery store on Parkway Drive. It moved to a permanent location on Boulevard when it purchased and renovated a two-story apartment building. In 1956, it converted the Tabernacle Baptist Church on Boulevard to a synagogue. It built its current synagogue building on a five-acre lot on LaVista Road in 1961. Rabbi Joseph Safra was the congregation’s first permanent rabbi in 1951, followed by Rabbi Emanuel Feldman from 1952 to 1991. Rabbi Ilan Feldman has been the congregation’s Senior Rabbi since his father Emanuel’s retirement in 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJunior congregations are child-centered prayer programs. They help children to learn how to pray and learn the importance of prayer and the concept and meanings that make prayer central to the Jewish heritage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEzra was a priest and “a scribe skilled in the law.” He was instrumental in restoring the Jewish scriptures and religion to people after the return from their Babylonian captivity. He is a highly respected figure in Judaism and regarded as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Babylonian captivity was a period in Jewish history during which many Judeans from the ancient Kingdom of Judah were held as captives in Babylon, the capital city of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. It occurred after the Jewish defeat in the Jewish-Babylonian War and the destruction of Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem. The captivity lasted 70 years from approximately 597 BCE to 538 BCE. The captivity ended when the Persian conqueror of Babylon, Cyrus the Great, gave the Jews permission to return to Judah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoses is considered the most important prophet in Judaism and one of the most important prophets in Christianity, Islam, the Druze faith, Baháʼí Faith, and other Abrahamic religions. Moses was the leader of the Israelites and he is the prophet who received the Ten Commandments from God. In Judaism, it is believed that all of the teachings found in the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e were given by God to Moses. Moses wrote down all the teaching resulting in the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDecatur Street is one of the original seven streets of Atlanta, Georgia; it was also a famous entertainment area from the 1850s through the early 20th century. Today, Decatur Street cuts across the Georgia State University campus in the downtown area, while further east it is part of the Sweet Auburn neighborhood, and further east, it changes names to DeKalb Avenue and extends to the City of Decatur.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShalom bayit\u003c/em\u003e refers to the peace and harmony in the home. In the Jewish court of law, the term is the Hebrew term for marital reconciliation. It is a key concept in traditional Jewish marriage. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaren Ann Quinlan (1954-1985) was an American woman who was an important individual in the history of right to die controversy in the United States. In April 1975, she became unconscious after consuming Valium along with alcohol while on a crash diet. Paramedics resuscitated her, but she did not regain consciousness. Quinlan has suffered irreversible brain damage and was in a persistent vegetative state. A feeding tube was placed to feed her, and a ventilator was used to help her breather. Her parents requested that she be disconnected from the ventilator believing this constituted extraordinary means to prolong her life. After a legal battle, Quinlan’s parent were grant permission from the court to remove the ventilator. Quinlan’s feeding tube remained, and she lived for another nine years in a persistent vegetative state, eventually dying from respiratory failure in June 1985. The court case around Quinlan resulted in legal changes and hospital practices regarding the right to refuse extraordinary means of treatment, even if the lack of treatment lead to death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChamad\u003c/em\u003e is the Hebrew word that means to desire, covet, take pleasure in or delight in.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTitus (39 CE-81 CE) was the Roman emperor from 79 CE-81 CE. In 70 CE, he conquered Jerusalem in what is known as the First Jewish-Roman War, destroying the city and the Second Temple. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/annotation_set/1257/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=5370.0,5400.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/index/81408","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Epstein, Rabbi Harry and Reva [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/index/81408/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Retirement and hobbies","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=44.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/index/81408/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi and Reva discuss preparing for retirement and retirement.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=44.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/index/81408/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cathy, retirement needs preparation. Here I have to go back to my father of blessed memory. He told me one thing that stayed in my mind, \"Being the rabbi means you always have to study.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=44.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/index/81408/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ahavath Achim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baseball","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Golf","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"High Holidays","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Retirement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rosh Ha-Shanah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yom Kippur","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=44.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/index/81408/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Partnership and giving to the Atlanta community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=483.0,749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/index/81408/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi and Reva discuss what their partnership and giving and receiving from the community.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=483.0,749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/index/81408/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think at the same time, you can't discount the fact that when you build an organization, and I happen to take a great deal of credit in creating Ahavath Achim what it is today, that the synagogue itself gives both Reva and myself a certain status and a prestige.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=483.0,749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/index/81408/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. William Schatten","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hadassah","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israeli Bonds","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Synagogue","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=483.0,749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/index/81408/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Epstein's family background","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=749.0,1269.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/index/81408/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi discusses his family and memories of his parents.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693#t=749.0,1269.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/116984/file/221693/index/81408/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father was a person who was a rabbi in Chicago [Illinois], but he made a very meager living, very meager living. 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