{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/s46h12wg4q/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Cunningham, Rose Gold"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2005-04-04 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Cunningham, Rose Gold (Interviewee)","Ghitis, Sara (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRose Gold Cunningham was interviewed by Sara Ghitis in Atlanta, Georgia on April 4, 2005.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eRose Cunningham (nee Gold) was born December 12, 1927, in Bucharest, Romania to parents Marcel Gold, a French veteran who worked at the embassy, and Rachel Rohrlich Gold, a housewife.  She had an older brother named George Gold.  For the first ten years of her life, Cunningham’s family lived a privileged life, having a nanny who taught her German (in addition to the French and Romanian she already spoke), a maid, and a chauffeur, and with Cunningham and her brother being sent to summer camps.  Although her family was Jewish, her family celebrated Christian holidays such as Christmas and Easter, and she was educated in a Catholic school, leading Cunningham to aspire to become a nun for a time.  Cunningham had no understanding of herself as a Jewish person until she was ten years old, at which time the family was forced to flee Romania to escape World War II.  Taking the Orient Express, the family spent some time in France before ultimately taking a ship to Cuba.  During the voyage to Cuba, Cunningham fell ill with tuberculosis.  While in Cuba, she met her future husband, John Hunt Cunningham, who was in the United States Air Force, to whom she was married for 65 years before his death.  When they came to the United States, she was listed as a war bride and was able to bring her family with her.  Cunningham worked at Emory University, where she helped start the Spanish program and authored a textbook.  She developed the first International Department of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, she served 27 years in the Diplomatic Corps as Honorary Consul of Costa Rica and was the producer/host of Latin Atlanta Spanish language television talk show.  She served as a member on the Atlanta Olympic Bidding Committee and paraded in the 1996 Olympic Game's Opening Ceremonies with the Costa Rican Team.  She was an active member of her chapter of the Kiwanis Club and a docent with Emory University’s Michael C. Carlos Museum.  She published a book about her life called \u003cem\u003eJoie de Vivre\u003c/em\u003e.  Cunningham died on August 18, 2020, and was survived by her two daughters, Valerie and Marcelle, as well as several grandchildren and great-grandchildren.       \u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eOn April 4, 2005 Rose Gold Cunningham was interviewed by Sara Ghitis.  Cunningham speaks about her upbringing in Bucharest, Romania, where she says her parents did not express to her that she was Jewish until she was ten-years old, at which time the family had to leave for fear of the Nazi invasion.  They came to France, as her father had worked for the French embassy in Romania and was originally from France.  After being told his wife needed a visa since she was born in Romania, Cunningham’s father eventually got the family on a boat to Cuba.  Cunningham describes the long journey, including having tuberculosis and the many insistences of others for the money of Jewish refugees.  Cunningham credits her father’s business acumen to their success in Cuba.  Cunningham relates having met Ernest Hemingway as a young bookshop employee and eventually meeting her husband, who brought her to the United States under war bride status.  Cunningham describes her discomfort with religion in the southern United States, as well as with her local Jewish congregation.  Cunningham expresses a desire to impart the idea of freedom on those who listen to her words and wishes that she could ask her parents why she was deprived of her Jewish heritage as a child.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28979"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Immigration (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Romania (geographic term)","Cuba (geographic term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRose Gold Cunningham was interviewed by Sara Ghitis in Atlanta, Georgia on April 4, 2005.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRose Cunningham (nee Gold) was born December 12, 1927, in Bucharest, Romania to parents Marcel Gold, a French veteran who worked at the embassy, and Rachel Rohrlich Gold, a housewife. \u0026nbsp;She had an older brother named George Gold. \u0026nbsp;For the first ten years of her life, Cunningham\u0026rsquo;s family lived a privileged life, having a nanny who taught her German (in addition to the French and Romanian she already spoke), a maid, and a chauffeur, and with Cunningham and her brother being sent to summer camps. \u0026nbsp;Although her family was Jewish, her family celebrated Christian holidays such as Christmas and Easter, and she was educated in a Catholic school, leading Cunningham to aspire to become a nun for a time. \u0026nbsp;Cunningham had no understanding of herself as a Jewish person until she was ten years old, at which time the family was forced to flee Romania to escape World War II. \u0026nbsp;Taking the Orient Express, the family spent some time in France before ultimately taking a ship to Cuba. \u0026nbsp;During the voyage to Cuba, Cunningham fell ill with tuberculosis. \u0026nbsp;While in Cuba, she met her future husband, John Hunt Cunningham, who was in the United States Air Force, to whom she was married for 65 years before his death. \u0026nbsp;When they came to the United States, she was listed as a war bride and was able to bring her family with her. \u0026nbsp;Cunningham worked at Emory University, where she helped start the Spanish program and authored a textbook. \u0026nbsp;She developed the first International Department of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, she served 27 years in the Diplomatic Corps as Honorary Consul of Costa Rica and was the producer/host of Latin Atlanta Spanish language television talk show. \u0026nbsp;She served as a member on the Atlanta Olympic Bidding Committee and paraded in the 1996 Olympic Game's Opening Ceremonies with the Costa Rican Team. \u0026nbsp;She was an active member of her chapter of the Kiwanis Club and a docent with Emory University\u0026rsquo;s Michael C. Carlos Museum. \u0026nbsp;She published a book about her life called \u003cem\u003eJoie de Vivre\u003c/em\u003e. \u0026nbsp;Cunningham died on August 18, 2020, and was survived by her two daughters, Valerie and Marcelle, as well as several grandchildren and great-grandchildren. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn April 4, 2005 Rose Gold Cunningham was interviewed by Sara Ghitis. \u0026nbsp;Cunningham speaks about her upbringing in Bucharest, Romania, where she says her parents did not express to her that she was Jewish until she was ten-years old, at which time the family had to leave for fear of the Nazi invasion. \u0026nbsp;They came to France, as her father had worked for the French embassy in Romania and was originally from France. \u0026nbsp;After being told his wife needed a visa since she was born in Romania, Cunningham\u0026rsquo;s father eventually got the family on a boat to Cuba. \u0026nbsp;Cunningham describes the long journey, including having tuberculosis and the many insistences of others for the money of Jewish refugees. \u0026nbsp;Cunningham credits her father\u0026rsquo;s business acumen to their success in Cuba. \u0026nbsp;Cunningham relates having met Ernest Hemingway as a young bookshop employee and eventually meeting her husband, who brought her to the United States under war bride status. \u0026nbsp;Cunningham describes her discomfort with religion in the southern United States, as well as with her local Jewish congregation. \u0026nbsp;Cunningham expresses a desire to impart the idea of freedom on those who listen to her words and wishes that she could ask her parents why she was deprived of her Jewish heritage as a child.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/170/763/small/Cunningham_Rose.mp4_1668515648.jpg?1668515649","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Cunningham_Rose.mp4"]},"duration":2868.366,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/170/763/small/Cunningham_Rose.mp4_1668515648.jpg?1668515649","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/170/763/original/Cunningham_Rose.mp4?1668515645","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2868.366,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Cunningham, Rose Gold [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Today is April 4th, 2005. In Atlanta [Georgia]. My name is Sarah\nGhitis. I'm interviewing Mrs. Rose Cunningham. Mrs. Cunningham, would you\npronounce your full name for us?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Yes, my full name is Rose Gold Cunningham.\n\nGHITIS: What were the names of your parents?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: My father's name ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was Marcel Gold. My mother's name was Rachel\nRohrlich Gold.\n\nGHITIS: When and where were you born?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: I was born December 12, 1927, in Bucharest, Romania.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of work did your father do?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: My father, when I first was born, of course, was working with the\nFrench government at the embassy, and later on he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked in the bank, and that\nwas the only recollection I had of his employment activities.\n\nGHITIS: What about your mother?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: My mother was a 100 percent housewife and the lady of the house.\n\nGHITIS: Did you have any siblings?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Yes, I had a brother. His name was George Gold, and he's dead. He\nwas older.\n\nGHITIS: What are your earliest ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recollections of your life at that time.\n\nCUNNINGHAM: In Bucharest? The finest recollection I have is the Sunday dinners\nwe used to have at my grandparents' house and we used to go there for a late\nlunch. Usually it was called dinner and the whole family. My aunts, I had three\naunts, would just have a fantastic food and everything we ate. I remember to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today. It's very funny, but what you eat stays with you like vinete, which was\neggplant, eggplant salad, vinete. It's funny, a lot of Jewish foods we\nwere eating really just now. I discovered it was Jewish foods I didn't know\nthen. It was Jewish food. We had these long dinners in the family with my\nbrother and of course, my parents. It was very lovely. I remember that\ndistinctly because I was a spoiled ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brat, because I was, of course, the baby and\nmy aunts did not have children. They really spoiled me. The warmth of the family\ngathering on Sunday was very significative to me.\n\nGHITIS: Was the discussion about faith. About religion.\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: Family.\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Mm hmm.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of conversations were there?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: We celebrated Easter and Christmas. Never have I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"celebrated the\nJewish holidays. I was certain that I was in a Christian family. Then I was too\nyoung to know the difference, of course.\n\nGHITIS: Did you have a contact with Jewish families at all?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: No, not in Romania. Not in Romania. No. Strictly, of course. I went\nto a Catholic school. All my friends were Catholics, so I had no contact with\nthe Jewish and my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish ancestry. Of course, they were there. You must remember\nthat in Romania during that time, the tremendous anti-communist, antisemitism.\nMy father had a very important position with the French embassy. I think perhaps\nthat was the reason he was in survival. That's the word, survival. Not to ever\nmention his ancestry.\n\nGHITIS: Were there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any in your extended family? Do you remember any child being baptized?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: No.\n\nGHITIS: Or any comments about Jews within your family circle?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: The comments were always historically speaking, they were always\ngood. There was no animosity against the Jewish people. I know there must have\nbeen many of them in Romania especially.\n\nGHITIS: What can you tell me about your school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Yes. I'm glad you asked this, because I remember distinctly I was\nsent to a Catholic school of nuns. As a matter of fact, I became entrenched with\na Catholic religion, and I wanted to become a nun. I loved the pageantry. I\nloved the holidays. I loved the everything they did. We prayed three times a\nday. This was, I was in the boarding school. I was not even at home. My parents\nput me in a boarding school in Santa Maria. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was the name of the school. It\nwas high walls and horrible black uniform. Dressed in black, you will see that\nin the book. I recall that it was extremely, it was a very stern education, but\nyet I loved it. I love the ritual and my friends. I really oh, by the age of\nten, I wanted to become a nun.\n\nGHITIS: How did your family react to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Oh, they thought I was crazy, of course.\n\nGHITIS: Describe some of the festivities. You said you celebrated.\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Easter.\n\nGHITIS: Easter. How was Christmas?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Christmas was a big Christmas tree and the presents and all. We did\nnot go to church, though. This was very interesting. We never went to any\nchurch, no church at all. The only church I attended it was, of course, at the\nschool, but otherwise we didn't go to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"church. I remember at Easter, Easter in\nRomania, it's very it's a big, a big feast not only with the eggs, but they have\nMarkova sorkova, which they call it, or they beat you on the back with, like, a\nbroom to bring you good luck. This was Romanian folklore, of course. All these\nfolklores, they were lovely, but they were not. Oh, it's nothing to do\nwith Judaism.\n\nGHITIS: What language did you? Obviously, you spoke Romanian at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home.\n\nCUNNINGHAM: No, we spoke French. My father was a tyrant. French was the language\nof the day. Of course I spoke Romanian, I was born there, and I had a nanny that\nwas German until the age of three. I spoke German fluently. I've forgotten now,\nbut I understand everything. I spoke three. I was raised to three languages simultaneously.\n\nGHITIS: You say you had a nanny.\n\nCUNNINGHAM: With German.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"standard of living did you have?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Very high. We had a chauffeur. We had a nanny. We had a maid. We had\na very high standard of living. Very luxurious.\n\nGHITIS: Outside of school. Do you remember any other activities?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Yes. Summer camps. My parents were real big on summer camps because\nit would give them a chance to get away. They would always put, George and I, in\na summer camp. The summer camp was usually in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the mountains and it was lovely. I\nremember that was great fondness, the summer camps that we attended.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know whether any of your ancestors served in the military?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: My father. He served in the French military. I even had pictures of\nhim serving in the French military. I don't remember anybody else. Serving in\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"military? No.\n\nGHITIS: Did he fight in the war?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: No. Oh. Did he fight in the war? Which war? World War One? No. No,\nhe did not.\n\nGHITIS: Your, where were your parents born?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: My mother was born Piantranance [possibly Piatra Neamt?] in Romania.\nMy father was born in Marseilles, France. His parents died. His mother died\nwhen, when he was very young, when he was three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"months old, because it was a\nplague, the great plague of 18- I don't remember the year 1882. His grandmother\nraised him.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember the first time things started changing, even in a very\nsubtle way?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Not subtle at all. It was like a bomb. I came home ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from school one\nday, from the Catholic school, and I noticed that everybody in the house, they\nwere men packing away furniture and crating everything. I had no idea. I must\nhave been really, ten. I was ten years old. I turn around and I ask my father,\nI says, \"What's going on? What's happening here?\" He said, \"We're moving.\"\n\"We're moving? Where are we moving?\" Then he looked at me and he took me by the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shoulders. I remember that. He said, \"Rose, we are leaving. We're going to leave\nEurope because we are Jewish. If we don't leave, we will die.\" It was such a\nshock. \"Jewish. What do you mean, we are Jewish?\" He said, \"Yes, we are Jewish\nand we have to leave or we will die.\" To me, you know, ten years old, I didn't\nunderstand what he was talking about, I said \"We can't be Jewish. I was all my\nfriends ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are Catholic. I'm going to a Catholic school. I did my communion. What\ndo you mean, Jewish?\" I was angry because I felt that I was taking away my\nidentity. At ten, you have your friends, you have your you already\ndevelop a social life. It was just a shock.\n\nGHITIS: What about the idea of being Jewish? How did that sit with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: At ten it didn't sit well because it meant that I was not who I\nthought I was. I wrote that in my book. It was a tremendous shock to me. I knew\nnothing about the Jewish religion or the Jewish faith, although I'm not against\nit. I didn't know anything about it. It was like, perhaps telling you that you\nwere Chinese when you thought you were European. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From that moment on, my life\nchanged completely.\n\nGHITIS: What did your parents respond when you, when you act, when you inquire,\nhow come?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: My father said, \"Yes, we are Jewish.\" Not my mother. My father. In\norder to save our lives, we have to leave and will eventually we leave Europe.\nThis was before the war. This was at the beginning of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1940, in 1939, war\nstarted September 3rd, 1939, and this was in March of 1939.\n\nGHITIS: Did you ask, \"Why didn't you tell me before? Why haven't I known this?\"\n\nCUNNINGHAM: I don't remember what I told them or not. I was so shocked to hear\nthat we were moving. I mean, it was just like taking me out of my environment. I\ndidn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really even think about that. Of course, later on I did as I realized who\nwe were and why we were running. Then all of a sudden, I realized. Frankly, I\nreally am disappointed that my parents protected me? Or should I say I don't\nknow. Protected me, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hid me from my true ancestry because I missed all the\nJewish tradition. I think they're beautiful. I wish I had these traditions,\nbecause as I see today, Passover and Hanukkah and all these beautiful\nJewish tradition, and the families are so together. Perhaps my father thought\nthis was a, it was a matter of survival. That's what it was. Because of his\nhigh position with the French government, and by the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way, he got fired. That\nwas the reason we were really moving at first. He got fired from the embassy.\nThey found out they found out everything. Those days you couldn't hide. Of\ncourse . . .\n\nGHITIS: You come home. There's packing and crating going on. What happened after that?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: After that. The next day, I didn't have time to go. I was not going\nback to school. The next day we were on the Orient Express, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going towards\nFrance. To France with some belongings? No.\n\nGHITIS: Who was there?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: My mother. My brother, my dad and I. The four of us.\n\nGHITIS: Grandparents?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: No. Said goodbye to them. Grandparents and aunts. We said goodbye to\neverybody. Just left on that very elegant Orient Express. That was a very last\nvestige of elegance that I saw.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember the goodbye ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moment?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: No, frankly, I don't remember. I don't remember the goodbye. I don't\nremember exactly what happened.\n\nGHITIS: Do you know what happened to the relatives you left behind?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Sure. First my parents left very expensive furniture and antiques.\nWe had a gorgeous house. They left everything in storage. Later on, of course,\nmy mother told me, she asked her sisters to dispose of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything and buy food\nbecause then after the Nazis and communism came, if you remember, so\nthey went from one regime to another and they lost everything. They were in\nhiding. My grandparents and my aunt, they went in hiding during Nazis. They\nescaped, at least that part of Romanian antisemitism. Then when communists took\nover, they lost everything they owned because my grandfather was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wealthy,\nalso. He had a lumber company. I understand that they lost their house and they\nhad to move to a smaller place. Of course, they used the money from all our\nbelongings, our antiques, and my mother left to survive. Strangely\nenough, I heard later on that my grandparents were buried in a Jewish cemetery.\nIsn't that interesting? Yes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were already here first. I said I was already.\nWe actually. I don't remember when they died. Yeah, it must have been at the\nbeginning of my marriage.\n\nGHITIS: Would you know the name of your grandfather's lumber company?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: No, no, I don't remember. It had nothing to do with. Again,\neverything was hidden, it was not Jewish because they celebrated with us all the holidays.\n\nGHITIS: You got on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train. Then?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Then we were stopped at the French border. At the French border, the\npolice came on board and they looked at the passports and he said, \"You are -\nyou can go, Mr. Gold and the children. You can go to France. Your wife cannot\nbecause she is born in Romania. We are we are almost at war. They will not allow her.\"\n\nMy father was furious. He said \"She has ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a diplomatic passport. She's always\ntraveled with me. What? What is this?\"\n\n\"No, we are close to war. You must have a visa.\"\n\nWe had to get off the Orient-Express and go to Rome. Because we were in Italy by\nthat time and get a visa. We did that. We went to the French embassy. Of course,\nthere was no problem. My dad was well known and he knew how you do these things,\nbut you never had to have a visa before because she had a diplomatic passport.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We got back on another train and went over to France, towards Paris and resumed\nour trip. From that moment on, my lifestyle changed completely and my father's\nattitude changed completely. It was as if he had a new identity. Everything was\ndark and foreboding and scary.\n\nWe arrived in Paris and we went to a real ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shabby hotel room, to tell you how\ndifferent lifestyle became then. My father said to us, he says, \"Well, tomorrow\nmorning I am going to all the embassies and see if I can secure exit visas. We\ngot to get out of Europe.\"\n\nWar had not started yet. That's what he did. He went to leave, anywhere from\nAustralia to Argentina to China, Hong Kong. He went to all the embassies trying\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get a visa because he knew, he was smart enough to know that unless we get\nout of Europe, we will perish. Another thing about my father, my father was,\nbecause he worked at a bank, he also knew a lot about the stock market, and I\nsuspect that he made a lot of money in the stock market. He sent his money to\nthe United States, which was very smart. That's how we were able to pay for the\nvisas, which he got later ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on. That fact alone was very meaningful for us to be\nable to do escape from France. Then we of course, started telling my brother and\nI, this was already March or April,  and we were not going to school yet. My\nfather said, one day he comes home, well, home. I said, we were at that hotel\nand then we moved into a little apartment. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then one day he comes home and he\nsaid, \"I'm going to put you and George in a summer camp in Brittany, where your\nmother and I can stay here in Paris and pursue our quest to get an exit visa.\"\nHe found the camp in Brittany, Portmarnock. I must tell you that remembrance of\nthe six months we spent there, it's the best time of my childhood. I loved it.\nWe rented a cottage overlooking the ocean, and we were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together. Before that,\nthough, I was at the summer camp on September 3rd, 1939. I was having a picnic\nwith my friends from the camp. There were 20 of us. When World War Two was\ndeclared, when France and the UK declared war on the Germans. From that moment\non, everything changed in my life. The lady that owned the summer camp, she\ncalled all the parents. You must come and get your children. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"closing the camp.\"\n\nOf course, it was very hectic and my parents said, \"Don't, don't send the\nchildren to Paris [France]. We are coming over there.\" They came over and they\nrented a cottage and we stayed there for six months. The first six months of the\nwar, nothing happened. It was a very funny kind of a war. Nothing really\nhappened. You didn't know we were at war. After the six months, we decide, my\nparents, my father said, \"Well, we have to go back to Paris ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I'm out of\ntouch. We got to go back to Paris and see and go visit some more consulates and\nembassies.\" When we got into Paris, we realized there's a war going on. The\nreason for that is because they issued gas masks. We had to have the gas masks.\nMy brother and I, we were enrolled in school, to go to school. We had to wear\nthe masks in school. It was horrible. There were sirens. There was big signs,\nyou ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know, on all the, they were on, what you call it.\n\nGHITIS: Blackouts?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Big blackouts, too. You know, I don't remember what you call those\nsigns had in every avenue. There was a big sign saying we're going to win the\nwar because we have the Maginot Line and this and that and the other. You know,\nthis is all a joke. Then before we knew it, and so this was in six months we\nspent in Brittany. Oh, it was already ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1940, 1940. Then the war really started.\nThen there were, we heard the sirens and we had to go underground. Oh, I\nremember this very well. As a matter of fact, every time I hear sirens, even to\nthis day, my skin crawls.\n\nMy father was not able to obtain a visa. One day before the Germans occupied\nParis, we were on a train ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"packed like animals. This was not yet the Germans,\njust French people and other people. There were Jewish people, probably most of\nthem going south to Marseilles. Why? Because Marseilles was a port and it was an\nexit to get out of Europe. We were stopped in Bordeaux. I'll tell you, in\nBordeaux [France], I thought that I was going to meet my maker. I was sure we\nwere going to die. There was a bombing going on, and we had to get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the\ntrain and walk in the trains in Paris, just like the metro. You go underneath,\nand it was bombing and there was yelling and it was total chaos. The railroad\nwas, the station was bombed. I was sure, my mother was sure, that we were just\ngoing, we were going to die. This was it. Then we stopped. Everything stopped.\nAround us it was nothing but chaos and dead people. Half the station was\nhanging. From that moment on, we walked. I want you to know we had little\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suitcases. We walked to a farm, and I remember my father knocking on the door of\nthe farmer's house and saying, \"Look, we're very tired. We come from Paris.\nWe're going to Marseilles. Please help us. We have money.\" That was the word,\nmoney. Speaking of money, I must tell you that my father was very smart. Yes. He\nhad gold during the war money is not worth anything, but gold is. My\nfather had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of gold. This is I'm talking about this medal here, the\nmedallion. The medal. This medallion is very\nimportant because this is a Napoleon, 20 franc Napoleon, which in the gold, it's\nnot worth that much. It has a tremendous significance for me because it's this\nthese gold pieces. My mother was able to buy food and pay for anything she had\nto do to sustain our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lives. I keep this with me. It's my mother's. She's with\nme, so I never take it off. There are four of these left. My daughter, my\ndaughters have one and my nephew. There are four gold coins. Yes. It has a great significance.\n\nGHITIS: This was purchased by your father.\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Probably when he was working at the bank. He must have accumulated a\nlot of gold pieces. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"See, my father was so smart. He was so, he knew about money,\nsituations, he knew about politics. He was an extraordinary man. Thanks to his\nastuteness, we were saved, of course, eventually. Then this is what my mother\nexchanged in the black market for food. From that place, from Bordeaux, and the\nwhole journey is, of course, listed in my book. We went on foot first and then\nwe rented a broken down car. My father never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew how to drive. We had a\nchauffeur and he didn't know how to drive very well. It was disaster. We arrived\nin Marseilles. There was a Jewish committee called Joint. For some\nreason or another, my father all of a sudden became very Jewish. He went to all\nthe meetings and he tried to find out what was going on and who was helping who.\nHe went to the, to again pursued to get a visa. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, one day, and this was\nin 1942, and we lived in an attic. We were in hiding. By the way, from that\nmoment on, I want you to know, from the moment that we left Brittany, we knew we\nwere at war and we knew there was something wrong because we had to be in hiding\nall the time. From that on, I knew what it meant to be afraid and we were. When\nwe were at that farm, we stayed there for a few weeks. Then one day my dad came\nto the farm and he said, \"We have to leave, they're here.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He meant by, \"They're\nhere,\" the Nazis. They were in the village and we had to leave. My\nfather was fluent in German also, so he could go and mingle in the little\nvillage and find out pretty much what was going on. In Marseilles, all the\nJewish refugees were there. They were everywhere. He made contact with some of\nthe Jewish refugees. Again, a lot of them were leaving. They were going to\nSpain. They were climbing the Pyrenees to get away. He did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not want to do that.\nHe wanted to see again if he could really purchase a visa somewhere. He'd heard\nabout Cuba. He went to the Cuban consulate. One day he got the visas for four of\nus in the passage that cost $1,000. Do you know that in that time, 1942, to pay\n$1,000 per person, which was $4,000, what kind of money you're talking about?\nYou're talking about today, it would be more than half a million dollars. It was\na lot of money. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What saved us was the fact that my father had money in the\nUnited States and he could pay with this. He didn't have it right on him, but he\ncould pay with this by draft or I don't know how he did it. We left on the very\nlast ship from Marseilles to Cuba. It was a voyage of six weeks that I shall\nnever, never forget.\n\nGHITIS: [indistinct: 27:24].\n\nCUNNINGHAM: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We got on the last ship, Santo Tomas, I think the name was. There\nwere 500 refugees on board. The men were put on one side and the women and the\nchildren on another. It was a freighter. We went through the Gibraltar, through\nthe Straits of Gibraltar at night. We had to stand on the ship because we could\nnot go below because they were afraid that it would be, we would be bombed. I\nmean, there were mines all over the Straits of Gibraltar that the Nazis had put\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against the British. The next day, we arrived in Casablanca [Morocco].\nCasablanca. We were starving. We had not had a decent meal in a long time. In\nCasablanca, I'll never forget that. When we had the first omelet with 12 eggs\neach. 12 eggs. Again, it's from where my father hid the money. To pay for this,\nyou had to pay for all of this. In Casablanca, we changed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ships and we were on\nthe Santo Tomas, I don't remember the name of the ship, it's in my book, but I\ndon't remember right now. Anyway, we changed ships and we got on a Portuguese\nfreighter, again with Jewish refugees. The Jewish people that escaped,\nthey were wealthy people. You had to be. It was no way that any ordinary family\ncould pay that kind of money. It was really a survival of the wealthy. I'm very\ngrateful to my father that he had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the knowledge to get out of Europe. We were\nnot, to go in hiding like Anne Frank did, it would have been suicidal. There\nwas no way because people talked and you knew what was going. There was no way\nto hide. This I learned later on. Anyway, we got on, we went on another ship and\nthen took the long journey to Havana [Cuba]. I was very sick. I had the\nbeginning of TB [tuberculosis] and that was because very skinny and underfed.\nEven though my mother had these coins, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she never had enough. We were, we were\nhungry. We did not have sufficient foods or vitamins or, we just didn't have a\nnormal life, you know? As a teenager, of course, I was 12 already, there was a\nlot lacking. I was very, very underfed and very skinny girl. We stopped in\nJamaica. Then we also stopped in Veracruz in Mexico. The reason we stopped, the\nJamaicans heard that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were a lot of rich Jewish people and they wanted\njewelry and they came and searched the ship. My mother didn't have any. She had\nthe coins. She had a very few coins left, but she hid them very well. Some of\nthe other Jewish families had had jewelry and they, of course, took everything\naway, everything they could get their hands on. We also stopped in Veracruz,\nMexico, and again, why we stopped there, I don't know. Everywhere we stopped, I\nhad to go to the hospital to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"X-rayed because of my lung condition. I was sort\nof more privileged because I stayed in the infirmary when I was sick and I did\nnot have to be in the main dormitory with the rest of the children. It was my\nmother. She and I were really, my brothers, not, he had to be with my dad. In\nMexico, my mother sent a telegram. The King Carl was in Mexico with his\nmistress, and she sent him a telegram saying, \"We know we are here. We don't\nwant to go to Cuba. Can you help us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now?\" We never heard from him, so we\nproceeded on to Cuba. When we arrived in Cuba, I want you to know something\nhorrible happened. We arrived in Havana and the Cuban police came on board and\nthey said the law has been changed and our visas were no good unless you can\nraise another $5,000. The people that could raise another $5,000 were put in a\ncamp, not a concentration camp, it was more like a boarding house, really, but\nit was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp to raise the money. We stayed in that camp for six months.\nHowever, some of the people on board and the boat was, by the way, the ship was\ngoing back to Europe. Some of the people on board didn't have the money and some\nof them jumped ship and drowned.\n\nGHITIS: What was the name of the ship?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Saint Thomas. That was not what you're thinking about, Saint Louis.\nNo, no. That was before the war, Saint Thomas or Santa Maria. See, because we\nchanged ships. I think it was Santa Maria ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some of the Jewish people jumped.\nThe older, elderly people didn't want to go back to Europe and they drowned in\nthe Bay of Havana.\n\nWe went to that camp and lived there for six months and I learned Spanish\nfluently by then and went to school among the Jewish families. There were some\nvery educated people, they were scholars, and so they organized a school for the\nJewish children. There were a lot of us in the picture, it's in the book about\nthe children at the camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My brother and I started the school and it was\nwonderful. I loved it. It was like being another summer camp. Six months later,\nmy father was able to obtain the money from his accounts in the United States.\nWe were led out of the camp to Havana, and that's when we started a new life.\nHavana, it's a beautiful city. Havana, Cuba was just a wonderful experience for\nme. We learn Spanish real fast. You know, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were linguists already, and my\nfather got a very good job with the National Cash Register Company. He knew\neverybody there. He became a salesman, Spanish all within six months. He was\nfluent. We were fluent. We had the ability because we had so many other\nlanguages. When I was 16, I wanted to have a job and all my girlfriends had\njobs. By the way, they were three girls that I stayed friends until today. They\nwere all survivors of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust. Two were German and one was French. The\nfour of us stayed friends until now, and the four of us had a reunion in Cuba\nfive years ago, and we met there again. That it's in the book. That's very interesting.\n\nGHITIS: What schooling did you have in Cuba?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: The first I went to a grammar school to learn more Spanish. As soon\nas I became fluent, I jumped to high school. Of course, I had this European\nschooling my gosh, when I was ten or 11, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already knew all about the\nGreek mythology. We were very advanced and the schools in Europe were and are\nstill much more advanced than the school in this country. Because I remember\nthat distinctly. Reading too, reading was a passion with me and read many books.\nAnyway, I started going to school, high school, and then of course, my very last\nyear in Cuba, I went to the university. That's right. The year when I met my\nhusband. Before that, I must tell you a very interesting story. I was 16 and I\nwanted to have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"job. Most of my girlfriends had jobs for the summer, and so I\nworked in this bookstore. It was an American bookstore and then met the owner\nand told him, \"I'd like to work here and I love books.\" Because I spoke all\nthese languages, he and though my English was not that good, but it was good\nenough, he hired me and paid me miserably. I started working and I loved it. I\njust loved books. One, there was this old man that used to come in my bookstore\nall the time. He was old, he was dirty, he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drunk. He was really the dirty\nold man. He would always come and say, \"Rose, I want you to climb on that ladder\nand give this.\" We spoke Spanish, of course, \"I want a book that's way up there.\nThat's a book I want.\" His intention was to look under my skirt every time.\nDirty old man. I would go up, you know, put my skirt around me and I'd go up.\nOne day I said, \"I'm going to show you.\" I threw a book on his head and it hit\nhim and he was serious. He walked out of there yelling, screaming, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Norman came\nin, the owner of the shop, he said, \"What happened?\" I says, \"Oh, you know, that\ndirty old man always comes in here. He's drunk. He always makes me go up the\nladder to get a book. He doesn't want the book. He just wants to look under my\nskirt.\" He said, \"Rose. Do you know who that man is?\" I said, \"No, I have no\nidea.\" \"It's Ernest Hemingway.\" \"So what? I don't care. He was drunk and dirty\nand is very annoying.\" Anyway, he let me. I thought he was going to fire me, but\nhe didn't. I think he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"admire me really for what I did. Then, of course, I went\nback to school and when I was 18 I went to a USO dance and my whole life\nchanged. From that moment on, I was the chaperon. My mother we'd never went to a\ndance in Cuba, not like, here it was all chaperoned. That's when I\nmet my husband. Then 19, I married him. I've been here ever since.\n\nGHITIS: It was in Cuba. It, did you interact at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all with members of the Jewish community?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: My best friends were Jewish, these four girls I was telling you\nabout until today. We correspond and we have a reunion. We had a reunion in New\nYork two years ago. They were all they were all Jewish at the camp, of course. I\nmet nothing but Jewish people were wonderful. We had Jewish friends in Cuba. We\nhad Jewish friends. It was not like in Romania, not like in Romania, but in\nCuba. Yes. All of a sudden we, my father, talk to everybody was Jewish, but I\ndidn't go to a Jewish school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my friends did. They went to a Jewish school.\n\nGHITIS: Did you connect with a synagogue or with any Jewish organization in Cuba?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: No, I didn't. Again, because my parents were not religious at all.\nThey were not religious. Let's just say the word religious. We didn't pray at\nhome. Once the war started, everything I learned at the Catholic\nnunnery was absolutely buried and forgotten, even not to make the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sign of the\ncross. It was strange to me that it was all finished.\n\nGHITIS: Tell me a little about your friends who you are still friends for.\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Yes, very much so. I'll tell you.\n\nGHITIS: Where are they now?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Okay. One lives in India, she married an Indian. One lives in Paris\nand one lives in L.A. They're very much part of my life. Ingrid and Jane escaped\nfrom Germany. They came from very prominent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"families. Ingrid's father was a\nbanker, and I think Jane's father was in manufacturing. Florence was different.\nFlorence's father was a very famous art dealer in Paris. Her mother was\nCatholic. She was Italian. Like I say, we're friends to this day. Florence was\nthe youngest of all. In her home, they prayed. They made the sign of the cross,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though her father was Jewish. Now Florence's father, Pierre Loeb, once the\nwar was over, he went back to Paris to recuperate his Galerie, Loeb Galerie.\nVery well known. He was Picasso's friend. I want to show you something when we\nfinish this. Picasso was a friend of the family, and Florence got to meet him.\nNot only she got to meet him, she was 16 then, he painted her. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've got to show\nyou the sketches that I have. He painted her, and then Florence was able to sell\none of the paintings for $1,000,000.\n\nGHITIS: Going back to your story.\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: You met your husband in Cuba.\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Mm hmm.\n\nGHITIS: You got married?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Yes. In Cuba. Then I came over here and my whole life changed again.\nYou're talking about culture shock? I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think culture shock. The United States was\nthe worst because it was totally different. Cuba was not. Maybe I was too young,\nbut it was not as much transition for my international background as this\ncountry was, especially the South. Then my husband, who came from a very\nreligious family, a Baptist, and preachers and teachers in a rural area. They were good people, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"absolutely, like I say, they were good people,\nbut they were not educated. They were really country people and they were very\npoor. You talk about culture shock and I had my share of culture shock when I\nfirst came to this country. Of course, I learned English in three months. From\nthen on, my only concern was to bring my parents, out of Cuba, because Castro\nwas taking over and I didn't want my parents to go again through a, through\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"communism when we just escaped from Nazism. I was old enough to realize the\ndanger. As soon as I became an American citizen, which was two years later,\nsee, I was a war bride. I came in here under the war bride status. Being a war\nbride gave me the opportunity to bring my parents over and my brother. I\nimmediately the next day, I send them the paper, and within six months, they\nwere out of Cuba. We were very fortunate. They came here and for a while they\nlived with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us and then they moved to New York.\n\nGHITIS: Children?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: I have two children, two girls. Marcelle lives in Paris. She\nexchange places with me. She's become very French. My other daughter lives in\nFlorida now. She has the grandchildren. Marcelle is not married. She doesn't\nhave any children. Valerie has two children and they're grown now. One is Ashley\nand Ashley is 18 and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she goes to University of Florida. John, my grandson, is 22\nand he graduate now in in April at the end of April. They know my story. I told\nthem. You see, they were raised as Christians. Not too much, because, again, my\ndaughter did not, really was not very religious either. When I first came to\nthis country, I had an interesting experience living here in this neighborhood,\nand we've been living here ever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since because my husband is an architect. He\nwent to Georgia Tech. I had the visit of several preachers that come up here and\nsay, \"You should join the church. You know, your husband is an architect. It's\ngood for business.\" I didn't like that. I said,\" Join the church. Why?\" Then I\nrealized that to me at that time, I felt like religion here was mixed with\nbusiness. Not only about Jewish, story about the Christian ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religion. It really\nturned me off. I did not go to church with him. He took the girls to church, to\nhis church. He joined the Presbyterian Church. As a matter of fact, he was the\narchitect for one of the churches. Again, religion was always secondary. It was\nnot the primary, the focus of my life, although I really believe in God. If I\nhad my choice, I would be Jewish. I am ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish. I'm Jewish.\n\nGHITIS: When you look back on all your experiences, your history, what kind of\nmessage do you want to tell others based on what you have learned from?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Sure. I want to tell especially the children. I want to tell ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them\nwhat a wonderful country we live in here. A country that represents freedom\nwhere you can practice, you can worship any religion you want, and you don't\nhave to worry that they'll come and take you and send you to a camp because you\nare Jewish or Catholic or Christian, that you can pursue your religion. I have\nbeen speaking to children in schools and tell them what it meant when I was ten\nyears old to lose everything I loved and knew because I was Jewish, how unfair\nthis was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how we left everything behind. Children in this country are very\nmaterialistic, as you know. They think that, you know, without your television\nset, your car, that this and that and the other, you can't exist. That's the\nmessage I want to give to children. I do all the time, about how unimportant\nthat is. What is important is a kind of a country that will be behind you. To be\nfree. Freedom. That's the message I want ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to give. I love this country.\n\nGHITIS: If you could talk to your parents.\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: What would you say to them?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Why did you deprive me of my Jewish heritage? That's what I would\ntell, because I must tell you, I really, I miss this. Although I must tell you\nthat I am ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here in a Jewish neighborhood now, Beth Jacob is right around the\ncorner and my neighbor, Alicia Gelfand, invited me to go with her to Beth\nJacob's. I feel very uncomfortable at Beth Jacob's. That was not for me. Then\nfurther down the street, we have Sephardic Jews. They invited me to go to their\nsynagogue, and I went with them. There again, I felt completely out of place,\nalthough those were my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. It did not really touch me. Because my husband's\nPresbyterian, you know, I did join the Presbyterian Church, but I believe in\nGod. I know there is a God and I pray every day. I pray for my husband, my\nchildren. I thank God for what he's given me. For all my blessings and truly,\nI've been blessed. I've been blessed with good health and good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mind that I can\nteach at my age. Now I'm 77. It's really, it's a miracle.\n\nGHITIS: Could you tell us a little of what you are doing today?\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Yes. I'm doing a lot. I started the Spanish program at Emory, not\nreally started that somebody else started. With one class and I published my own\ntextbook because I didn't like theirs. For 18 years, almost 20, actually, 20\nyears, we teach ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Spanish to the, we teach Spanish as a language to adults. It's\ncontinuing education, is noncredit. Today, of course, you need Spanish. That's\nthe reason we have so many students. It's a language that is needed, really.\nIt's becoming it's the second becoming the second language is no doubt about it.\nI think it's extremely important to have this in this country, to have a second\nlanguage. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English is not enough. Here in Atlanta, we have over 100,000\nHispanics. I'm teaching, I'm the head of the department, of the Spanish\nDepartment. We have 12 classes and I have five teachers that teach in my\nprogram. That is one of the things I'm doing. I'm very active of the Carlos\nMuseum because I love history and I'm a docent there and I'm also very active at\nthe downtown Kiwanis Club, where I'm on the board and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/transcript/40662/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where I've made many friends.\n\nGHITIS: We want to thank you very much for doing this and for sharing your story\nwith us.\n\nCUNNINGHAM: Thank you for coming. I'm very touched that you found me interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2850.0,2880.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Cunningham, Rose [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBucharest is the capital of Romania and is the largest city. In 1940, 95,072 Jews lived in Bucharest. This number increased to at least 102,000 by 1941 due to the influx of refugees into Bucharest from other parts of Romania. In a pogrom carried out in Bucharest in October 1941, 120 Jews were killed. Antisemitic legislation downgraded the identity of Jewish citizens to second-rate status, they lost their rights to education and health care, their property was confiscated, and they were forced to perform humiliating hard labor. In September 1942, approximately 1,000 Jews were deported to Transnistria. Despite this harsh treatment, many Jews in Bucharest survived the Holocaust, and after World War II ended, a great influx of Jewish refugees arrived in the city from concentration camps, and from other areas in Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarseille, also spelled in English as Marseilles, is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Situated in the camargue region of southern France, it is located on the coast of the Gulf of Lion, part of the Mediterranean Sea, near the mouth of the Rhône river.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHanukkah or Chanukah [Hebrew: dedication] is an eight-day festival of lights usually falling around Christmas on the Christian calendar. Hanukkah celebrates the victory of the Maccabees in 165 BCE over the Seleucid rulers of Palestine, who had desecrated the Temple. The Maccabees wanted to re-dedicate the Temple altar to Jewish worship by rekindling the menorah (ritual candelabra) but could only find one small jar of ritually pure olive oil. This oil continued to burn miraculously for eight days, enabling them to prepare new oil. The Hanukkah menorah, or hanukiah, with its nine branches, is used to commemorate this miracle by lighting eight candles, one for each day, with the ninth candle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Orient Express was a long-distance passenger train service created in 1883 by the Belgian company Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (CIWL) that operated until 2009. The train traveled the length of continental Europe and into western Asia, with terminal stations in Paris and London in the northwest and Athens or Istanbul in the southeast.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrance is a country in Western Europe. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the “Nazi Party,” was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. Racism was also central to Nazism. The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans as national comrades, whilst excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or of a foreign race. The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a disregard for the value of individual life, which could be sacrificed for the good of the Nazi state and the “Aryan master race.” The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately 6,000,000 Jews and 5,000,000 people from the other targeted groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommunism is a political theory coined by Karl Marx that advocates for class war, which would lead to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRome is the capital city of Italy, which is a country located in Europe. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eParis is the capital city of France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAustralia is a sovereign country in Oceania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHong Kong is a city and special administrative region of China. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArgentina is a country in South America. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChina is a country located in East Asia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrittany is a peninsula, historical country, and cultural area in the west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica during the period of Roman occupation. It became an independent kingdom and then a duchy before being united with the Kingdom of France in 1532 as a province governed as a separate nation under the crown.  Brittany has also been referred to as Little Britain (as opposed to Great Britain, with which it shares an etymology). It is bordered by the English Channel to the north, Normandy to the northeast, eastern Pays de la Loire to the southeast, the Bay of Biscay to the south, and the Celtic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Kingdom is an island country located in Europe composed of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Maginot Line, named after the French Minister of War André Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. The Maginot Line was impervious to most forms of attack. In consequence, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries in 1940, passing it to the north. The line, which was supposed to be fully extended further towards the west to avoid such an occurrence, was finally scaled back in response to demands from Belgium. Indeed, Belgium feared it would be sacrificed in the event of another German invasion. The line has since become a metaphor for expensive efforts that offer a false sense of security.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBordeaux is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis likely refers to the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, which also had offices in Marseilles.  American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, also known as Joint or JDC, is a Jewish relief organization based in New York City. Since 1914 the organisation has supported Jewish people living in Palestine and throughout the world. The organization is active in more than 70 countries. The JDC offers aid to Jewish populations in central and eastern Europe as well as the Middle East through a network of social and community assistance programs. In addition, the JDC contributes millions of dollars in disaster relief and development assistance to non-Jewish communities. During the Holocaust, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee was the main financial benefactor towards Jewish emigration from Europe and rescue attempts of Jews from Nazi-controlled territories. From the outbreak of World War II through 1944, JDC made it possible for more than 81,000 Jews to emigrate out of Nazi-occupied Europe to safety. JDC also smuggled aid to Jewish prisoners in labor camps and helped finance the Polish Jewish underground in preparations for the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto revolt. In addition, JDC was a major channel keeping American Jewish leaders informed—often in detail—about the holocaust.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCuba is an island country in the Caribbean comprising the island of Cuba, Isla de La Juventud, and several minor archipelagos. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory and headland. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHavana is the capital and largest city of Cuba. The heart of the La Habana Province, Havana is the country's main port and commercial center. The city has a population of 2.3 million inhabitants, and it spans a total of 728.26 km2 (281.18 sq mi) – making it the largest city by area, the most populous city, and the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean region.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTuberculosis is an lung disease caused by infectious bacteria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnne Frank (1929-1945) was a German-Jewish girl whose family fled to Amsterdam and, after the Germans occupied the Netherlands in World War II, went into hiding with her family and others. After almost two years, they were discovered and deported to concentration camps. Anne died in Bergen-Belsen in April 1945, at the age of 15. Anne’s father, Otto Frank, is the only one of the eight people in hiding to survive. After the war, Anne became world famous because of the diary she wrote while in hiding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHeroica Veracruz is a Mexican Port city located in the city of Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJamaica is a island country located in the Caribbean. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe St. Louis was a German ocean liner most notable for a single voyage which began on May 13, 1939, in which her captain, Gustav Schröder, tried to find homes for 936 German-Jewish refugees, after they were denied entry to Cuba (even though they had valid visas), the United States and Canada. The ship with its Jewish refugees was forced to return to Europe where the passengers were admitted to France, Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The 288 passengers who were accepted by the United Kingdom survived. Of the 620 who were returned to continental Europe, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that the Germans murdered 254. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNCR Corporation, previously known as National Cash Register, is an American software, consulting and technology company providing several professional services and electronic products. The company began as the National Manufacturing Company of Dayton, Ohio, and was established to manufacture and sell the first mechanical cash register invented in 1879 by James Ritty. The US Navy Bombe was built by NCR for the United States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory to decrypt the Enigma machine that encrypted German military messages. The NCR-made American bombes (decryption machines) were faster, and soon more available, than the British bombes at Bletchley Park and its outstations. The American bombe was essentially the same as the English bombe, though it functioned better as they were not handicapped by having to make it, as Keen was forced to do owing to production difficulties, on the framework of a 3 wheel machine. By late autumn 1943 new American machines were coming into action at the rate of about 2 a week, the ultimate total being in the region of 125.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eErnest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style—which he termed the iceberg theory—had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his adventurous lifestyle and public image brought him admiration from later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and he was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature. He published seven novels, six short-story collections, and two nonfiction works. Three of his novels, four short-story collections, and three nonfiction works were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature. He maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida (in the 1930s) and in Cuba (in the 1940s and 1950s). He almost died in 1954 after two plane crashes on successive days, with injuries leaving him in pain and ill health for much of the rest of his life. In 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho, where, in mid-1961, he died by suicide.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe USO (United Service Organizations) is a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization whose mission is to support American troops and their families with programs and services. During World War II, the USO began a tradition of entertaining the troops that still continues. The USO is not part of the United States government, but is recognized by the Department of Defense, Congress and President of the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew York is a city located in New York State.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePablo Ruiz Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist and theatre designer who spent most of his adult life in France. One of the most influential artists of the 20th century, he is known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed sculpture, the co-invention of collage, and for the wide variety of styles that he helped develop and explore. Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), and the anti-war painting Guernica (1937), a dramatic portrayal of the bombing of Guernica by German and Italian air forces during the Spanish Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePierre Loeb (born September 24, 1897, in Paris; died May 4, 1964) was a French art dealer and gallery owner who focused primarily on Surrealism and 20th-century Modernism. In 1924 he founded the Galerie Pierre in Paris, whose most famous exhibition was the first collective exhibition of Surrealists the following year.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFidel Alejandro Castro Ruz 13 August 1926 – 25 November 2016) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, he also served as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1961 until 2011. Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party communist state; industry and business were nationalized, and state socialist reforms were implemented throughout society.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWar brides are women who married military personnel from other countries in times of war or during military occupations. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Florida is a public land-grand research university located in Gainesville, Florida established in 1853. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Georgia Institute of Technology is a public research university and institute of technology located in Atlanta, Georgia established in 1885. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa, and the Middle East, and their descendants. The adjective “Sephardic” and corresponding nouns Sephardi (singular) and Sephardim (plural) are derived from the Hebrew word Sepharad, which refers to Spain. Historically, the vernacular language of Sephardic Jews was Ladino, a Romance language derived from Old Spanish, incorporating elements from the old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, Hebrew, Aramaic, and in the lands receiving those who were exiled, Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Greek, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian vocabulary.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation. Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation. The congregation first met in a rented grocery store on Parkway Drive. It moved to a permanent location on Boulevard when it purchased and renovated a two-story apartment building. In 1956, it converted the Tabernacle Baptist Church on Boulevard to a synagogue. It built its current synagogue building on a five-acre lot on LaVista Road in 1961. Rabbi Joseph Safra was the congregation’s first permanent rabbi in 1951, followed by Rabbi Emanuel Feldman from 1952 to 1991. Rabbi Ilan Feldman has been the congregation’s Senior Rabbi since his father Emanuel’s retirement in 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKiwanis International is an international, coeducational service club founded in 1915. It is a volunteer-led organization dedicated to building better communities, children, and youth\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/annotation_set/943/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Michael C. Carlos Museum is an art museum located in Atlanta on the historic quadrangle of Emory University's main campus. The Carlos Museum has the largest ancient art collections in the Southeast,[1] including objects from ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Near East, Africa and the ancient Americas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2820.0,2850.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Cunningham, Rose [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Background and Childhood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=15.0,525.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mrs. Cunningham, would you pronounce your full name for us? ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=15.0,525.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bucharest, Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Christian Upbringing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=15.0,525.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life Changes and Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=525.0,2025.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you remember the first time things started changing, even in a very subtle way?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=525.0,2025.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cuba","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Identity","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orient Express","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, France","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=525.0,2025.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in Cuba","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2025.0,2256.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What schooling did you have in Cuba? ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2025.0,2256.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cuba","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Community","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2025.0,2256.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Friendships and Relationships","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2256.0,2586.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tell me a little about your friends who you are still friends for. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2256.0,2586.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Children","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Friendships","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marriage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2256.0,2586.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life Lessons","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2586.0,2769.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you look back on all your experiences, your history, what kind of message do you want to tell others based on what you have learned from?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2586.0,2769.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Heritage","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Religious Freedom","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2586.0,2769.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Contemporary Life ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2769.0,2868.366"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Could you tell us a little of what you are doing today?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2769.0,2868.366"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763/index/51961/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carlos Museum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emory University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kiwanis Club","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Spanish Professor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/82521/file/170763#t=2769.0,2868.366"}]}]}]}