{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/s46h12w261/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Silbiger, Sam (1996)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1996-02-28 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eSamuel Silbiger interviewed by Sandra Berman on February 28, 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eSam (Shmilek) Silbiger was born on October 27, 1923, in Oswiecem, Poland, which would later be renamed Auschwitz and host the infamous death camp. Sam lived with his parents, two sisters, brother and a cousin, who was raised as a sister. The family owned a brick factory and farm that operated as a bed and breakfast. Sam’s extended family also lived on the farm. Sam attended the public school and learned Hebrew at cheder after school.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans invaded Poland in September 1939, life began to change for Sam. He was no longer allowed to attend school and in 1940, his father and older cousins were sent to labor camps. In March 1941, Sam was sent to a nearby work camp. He was put to work demolishing older buildings and constructing farmhouses for the Germans who had taken over the farms of displaced Poles. A month later, his family and all of the remaining Jews in Oswiecim were sent to the Sosnowiec and Bedzin ghettos. Sam was later sent to Annaberg, a string of labor camps that were placed along the length of the proposed German autobahn (highway) into Poland. Sam took down and rebuilt the barracks when the camps moved. By August 1943, the ghetto in Sosnoweic had been liquidated. Sam’s mother and brother were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau and murdered along with other family members.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e            In 1943 or 1944, Sam and his father were transferred to Blechhammer, a forced labor camp that became a sub-camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau in April 1944. At that point, Sam was given a prison uniform with an identification number and patch and his identification number was tattooed onto his forearm. After American bombing raids in late 1944 and Russian advances, the Germans evacuated the camp on January 21, 1945. The Jewish prisoners were forced to march for ten days during the coldest part of the Polish winter until they reached the concentration camp of Gross-Rosen nearly 600 kilometers (373 miles) away. After arriving at Gross-Rosen, Sam and his fellow survivors were crammed onto railroad cars and shipped to Buchenwald. On the way, the sight of American bombers overhead overjoyed Sam. However, his liberation would have to wait. Sam was in Buchenwald only briefly before he was sent to Berga am Elster, the site of a strategically important fuel factory. Sam was forced to dig holes and tunnels to remove debris from bombing raids.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs the Allies advanced again, Berga am Elster was marched along with 1,500 prisoners to the Dachau concentration camp in Germany. In Dachau, Sam and his father were crammed into train cars with 7,000 other prisoners. The trains made their way south towards Austria trying to avoid the rapidly advancing Allies. Near the Austrian border, orders for the prisoners’ execution had been given, however, the commandant defied the orders at the last minute. The SS soon abandoned the prisoners, who camped near Mittenwald, Austria. Local brought the prisoners food; however, their bodies were unable to digest such rich food, and many died from resulting diarrhea.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmerican soldiers soon liberated the area. Sam and his father were sent to recover at a former SS hospital in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Later, Sam learned that he had surviving cousins in a displaced person camp established near the former Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. He and his father went to stay with them. His father was nursed back to health and lived in Germany until his death at the age of 71. Both of Sam’s sisters also survived the war. They both married and later lived in America and Israel. Sam lived in the Landsberg am Lech DP camp until 1948.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile in the Landsberg am Lech DP camp, Sam joined the Irgun, a Jewish underground organization. In June 1948, Sam traveled to Marseille, France and boarded a ship carrying weapons and fighters for the young Israeli state. After his ship, the Altalena, arrived in Tel Aviv, he and his fellow freedom fighters were greeted by future Prime Minister Menachem Begin and were arrested by suspicious Israeli forces. They were later allowed to join the newly formed Israeli Defense Forces. Sam and his platoon trekked over the mountains to Jerusalem, avoiding the Arab-occupied roads. He was wounded in battle outside Bethlehem.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1950, Sam returned to Germany, where he worked in construction. Sam married his wife Margot in 1955 and immigrated to the United States in 1956. His only daughter was born five years later. Sam lived in Kansas City until 1961, when he moved to Atlanta and opened a grocery store.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eSam introduces his family and describes his childhood. He talks about going to a labor camp to build houses for Germans and beatings he received and witnessed. He recounts his experiences in the Annaberg labor camp and later the Blechhammer concentration camp. Sam traces his evacuation route from Blechhammer to Gross-Rosen and then Buchenwald. He recalls the allies bombing the area before he was sent to Berga-Elster to work in the tunnels. Sam outlines his evacuation to Dachau and being put on a train headed towards Austria and then liberated. Sam tells how he and his father recovered in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and then moved to the Landsberg am Lech displaced persons camp. Sam shares what happened to his mother, brother, and sisters. He explains how he joined the Irgun and went to Israel. Sam discusses how hard it was for others to immigrate to Israel and the hard life endured by those who stayed.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28512"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["World War II (named event)","Poland (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","The Holocaust (named event)","concentration camps (topical term)","The Altalena Affair (named event)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eSamuel Silbiger interviewed by Sandra Berman on February 28, 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSam (Shmilek) Silbiger was born on October 27, 1923, in Oswiecem, Poland, which would later be renamed Auschwitz and host the infamous death camp. Sam lived with his parents, two sisters, brother and a cousin, who was raised as a sister. The family owned a brick factory and farm that operated as a bed and breakfast. Sam’s extended family also lived on the farm. Sam attended the public school and learned Hebrew at cheder after school.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans invaded Poland in September 1939, life began to change for Sam. He was no longer allowed to attend school and in 1940, his father and older cousins were sent to labor camps. In March 1941, Sam was sent to a nearby work camp. He was put to work demolishing older buildings and constructing farmhouses for the Germans who had taken over the farms of displaced Poles. A month later, his family and all of the remaining Jews in Oswiecim were sent to the Sosnowiec and Bedzin ghettos. Sam was later sent to Annaberg, a string of labor camps that were placed along the length of the proposed German autobahn (highway) into Poland. Sam took down and rebuilt the barracks when the camps moved. By August 1943, the ghetto in Sosnoweic had been liquidated. Sam’s mother and brother were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau and murdered along with other family members.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e            In 1943 or 1944, Sam and his father were transferred to Blechhammer, a forced labor camp that became a sub-camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau in April 1944. At that point, Sam was given a prison uniform with an identification number and patch and his identification number was tattooed onto his forearm. After American bombing raids in late 1944 and Russian advances, the Germans evacuated the camp on January 21, 1945. The Jewish prisoners were forced to march for ten days during the coldest part of the Polish winter until they reached the concentration camp of Gross-Rosen nearly 600 kilometers (373 miles) away. After arriving at Gross-Rosen, Sam and his fellow survivors were crammed onto railroad cars and shipped to Buchenwald. On the way, the sight of American bombers overhead overjoyed Sam. However, his liberation would have to wait. Sam was in Buchenwald only briefly before he was sent to Berga am Elster, the site of a strategically important fuel factory. Sam was forced to dig holes and tunnels to remove debris from bombing raids.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs the Allies advanced again, Berga am Elster was marched along with 1,500 prisoners to the Dachau concentration camp in Germany. In Dachau, Sam and his father were crammed into train cars with 7,000 other prisoners. The trains made their way south towards Austria trying to avoid the rapidly advancing Allies. Near the Austrian border, orders for the prisoners’ execution had been given, however, the commandant defied the orders at the last minute. The SS soon abandoned the prisoners, who camped near Mittenwald, Austria. Local brought the prisoners food; however, their bodies were unable to digest such rich food, and many died from resulting diarrhea.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmerican soldiers soon liberated the area. Sam and his father were sent to recover at a former SS hospital in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Later, Sam learned that he had surviving cousins in a displaced person camp established near the former Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. He and his father went to stay with them. His father was nursed back to health and lived in Germany until his death at the age of 71. Both of Sam’s sisters also survived the war. They both married and later lived in America and Israel. Sam lived in the Landsberg am Lech DP camp until 1948.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile in the Landsberg am Lech DP camp, Sam joined the Irgun, a Jewish underground organization. In June 1948, Sam traveled to Marseille, France and boarded a ship carrying weapons and fighters for the young Israeli state. After his ship, the Altalena, arrived in Tel Aviv, he and his fellow freedom fighters were greeted by future Prime Minister Menachem Begin and were arrested by suspicious Israeli forces. They were later allowed to join the newly formed Israeli Defense Forces. Sam and his platoon trekked over the mountains to Jerusalem, avoiding the Arab-occupied roads. He was wounded in battle outside Bethlehem.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1950, Sam returned to Germany, where he worked in construction. Sam married his wife Margot in 1955 and immigrated to the United States in 1956. His only daughter was born five years later. Sam lived in Kansas City until 1961, when he moved to Atlanta and opened a grocery store.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSam introduces his family and describes his childhood. He talks about going to a labor camp to build houses for Germans and beatings he received and witnessed. He recounts his experiences in the Annaberg labor camp and later the Blechhammer concentration camp. Sam traces his evacuation route from Blechhammer to Gross-Rosen and then Buchenwald. He recalls the allies bombing the area before he was sent to Berga-Elster to work in the tunnels. Sam outlines his evacuation to Dachau and being put on a train headed towards Austria and then liberated. Sam tells how he and his father recovered in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and then moved to the Landsberg am Lech displaced persons camp. Sam shares what happened to his mother, brother, and sisters. He explains how he joined the Irgun and went to Israel. Sam discusses how hard it was for others to immigrate to Israel and the hard life endured by those who stayed.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/120/321/small/Silbiger_Sam.mp4_1627408793.jpg?1627394394","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Silbiger_Sam.mp4"]},"duration":2167.748,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/120/321/small/Silbiger_Sam.mp4_1627408793.jpg?1627394394","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/120/321/original/Silbiger_Sam.mp4?1627394391","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":2167.748,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Silbiger, Sam [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Mr. Silbiger, if you could begin by stating your name and telling us\na little bit about your family and yourself?\n\nSILBIGER: My name is Samuel Silbiger. In Poland, they called me Shmilek. My\nmother's name was Eva. Her maiden name was Holzer. My father's name was [Natan]\nHaber Silbiger... Silbiger... Haber. He took the name after his mother. My\ngrandparents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived in Oswiecim [German: Auschwitz] from 1600... almost 400\nyears. I went over there in the cemetery. I found some stones... just everything\nwas [torn] up. It was very hard to find something. I was born in 1923 [on]\nOctober 27. I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two sisters and a brother... also a [adopted] sister because\nmy aunt... She died by caesarean. My mother took her child. This child grew up\ntogether with us, so we were five children.\n\nWe had a big factory. We had a farm. Both [my] grandparents had farms\n[unintelligible: 55:44]... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, when they come into the town to the market,\nthey would be coming with horses... with wagons. They put the horses in the\nstable, the wagon in the corral and they sleep all in the stable. In the\nwintertime, they sleep in the big house. I have over there... I'll show you...\nthe house is torn down now... I have still the picture from the house.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was going to school seven years. Later, [when] the war broke out I could not\ngo more to school. My father had a brick factory. Plenty of people were working\nover there. From the bricks from our factory, they built ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the army barracks that\nlater was the concentration camp... from our bricks... from our brick factory.\n\nIn 1941 -- on March 5 -- they took me to the work camp. I was in\nBautrupp-Saybusch... We were working on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German-Polish occupied land. They took\npart from Poland and they annex[ed it] to Germany. They brought the Germans that\n[were] living in Romania and Hungary and they put them on the farm. Over there\n[lived] 100 Polish families... [they] took them away... moved them [to] a\ndifferent place. They put just one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German farmer [there]. He had five Polish\nfamilies that were helping him to take care of everything. From the start, we\nwere tearing out the old houses and stables that were old. We were building new\nhouses... coming from Sweden, the parts. I was the builder. [I was] 18 years\n[old]. I was working with the Germans.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was Christmas time. They went on vacation. The SS men asked us, \"Boys, what\ndo we want to do? Do you like to stay on the street and clean the street from\nsnow or you like to go build the houses?\" We said we liked to go better [and]\nbuild the houses because when we work on the street pass by German columns with\nthe trucks, with the vehicles... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they see the Jews, they beat them. We said...\nwe did not like to be on the side [of the road].\n\nWhen the Germans that were working with us... they were carpenters... they said,\n\"Who did it? Who built this?\" I said, \"I did it.\" They said they tried to find a\nmistake. They could not find a mistake. Building the house... on the roof we\nput... brick ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shingles. You had to figure out from bottom to the top... how to\nput up the shingles. I measure up. I said, \"So and so it has to be.\" He said,\n\"No, I hit you.\" He said to me -- he was from Romania -- \"I hit you with the ax\nin the head.\" I said, \"You hit me with the ax in the head, just you will do like\nI tell you.\" I was very rough with them. This time it was not... a concentration\ncamp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We got beaten from the SS when... if somebody does not work or somebody\nstay on the side. He see me and sometimes he got angry or he did not have a date\nor something... who they taking the racha [Yiddish]... the punishment. He was in\nit to try to exploit someone... he beat the Jews.\n\nIn 1943, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they cleared out Bautrup-Saybusch and they took us to Annaberg. This\nwas already German land. Over there we were for a few months. From over there\nthey sent us to Blechhammer. Over there we were probably maybe almost ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a year.\nLater, the SS came over there and took over us and [gave] us the numbers... the\nnumbers like this. [rolls up his sleeve to show the tattoo on his forearm] Our\nname was no more name. We were working over there... every morning we went...\nappell [German: roll call]. We stood appell and we went to work... groups of 40,\n50 people... 30 people, 100 people. In the evening ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we came back home. Still some\ncleaning up, eat something, go to bed because at 5:00 in the morning they run us\nout of the bed. We had to be ready again for work.\n\nIn 1945... in January... the Germans evacuated Auschwitz-Birkenau. They brought\nNazi ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration people... häftlinge [German: prisoner]. I was a häftlinge.\nEveryone was a häftlinge. The häftlinge from Auschwitz-Birkenau, they also\nbrought to Blechhammer. From over there we started walking to Germany because\nthe Russians was coming. The Germans was going back [retreating] and they took\nus with [them]. On their way, [unintelligible: 1:02] Jewish people... most of\nthem were Jews... the Jews [unintelligible: 1:02] from France, from\n[unintelligible: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1:02]... they were falling like flies on the way.\n\nWe came to Gross-Rosen. From Gross-Rosen, they put us on railroad cars... they\nloaded on our car 100, 120 [people]... how many [they] could get in it. They\nbrought us to Buchenwald. In Buchenwald... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exactly when we were on the\nstation... the Americans came and they had been [bombing]. We were so happy...\nwe see an American plane. After the bombardment, the SS left everything. They\nwent and ran somewhere to hide. We were still in those railroad cars. Later,\nthey brought us to Buchenwald and they gave us... everyone... a piece of soap.\nThey said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"[Take] off all the clothes. You go inside and take a shower.\" We\ntook a shower. Later we walked naked probably a mile down, like I was walking\nhere inside. We were walking over there. We thought, \"Who know what this is.\nMaybe this is the end.\" They brought us over to their camp.\n\nOver there I was probably ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five [or] six weeks. From over there they send us to\nBerga-Elster. This was not far away from Leipzig [Germany]. This was where in\nthe hills we make [tunnels]. Over there, later they built those [V-1 or V-2]\nrockets... what they be shooting against England. Over there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was terrible... no\nfood... very bad food. Lots of people got killed. We had lots of lice. Americans\n[prisoners of war] were over there also. They had the same trouble like we got.\nThey went to work and... when one fell down, they put him not on a stretcher...\nthey took two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pieces of wood and tied it up together. They brought him this\nthis. When they came to Endlösung [German: Final Solution ]... One time they\ntook everybody to a steaming bath to take off the lice. Americans had larger\n[unintelligible: 1:05]... from us because it was not clean... they could not\nkeep clean... because too many people [came] in from east to west.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From Berga-Elster... they brought us to Dachau. In Dachau, we thought is the\nend. Those places where they sleep... just... hay... some [straw]... where you\nsleep on... everyone ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just skin and bones. When you wanted to have a tiny\npiece... in the morning you just got a tiny piece of bread. When you got soup,\nyou have to look for a tiny piece of potato inside. Other people were over there\nin Dachau... Polacks [Poles] or French... they got Red Cross. The Jews did not\n[get] the Red Cross. There was with my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[unintelligible: 1:06]... this was now in\nApril... again on the railroad car. With the car that brought us to... it was\ngoing back and forth because the Americans are coming and bombarding. We could\nnot go no farther.\n\nLater they took us to Mittenwald. This is in Germany...\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen... Later Mittenwald on the way to Innsbruck [Austria]...\nbrought us on the Isar -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the river there is named Isar. All of us had to get\nout of the wagon and we went over there on... like a beach... by the water. The\ngeneral that was the commander from the transport received an order to shoot all\nof them. [It was good that] together with him was his wife. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She said to him,\n\"Listen and see what is going on. Maybe tomorrow it is over... maybe the day\nafter tomorrow. Make like you did not get the order. [Wait a little longer.] You\nalready took... you can make tomorrow the order. You know you can do it.\" This\nwas our luck. If he would give right away the order, they all would shoot us.\n\nWhen later it became night, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those German SS had already civilian clothing with\nthem. At night, they [threw] off their army uniforms and they put on the\ncivilian clothing. They left their rifles and run away. In the morning we did\nnot see nobody. We did not know about it. In the morning... we just lay down and\nwere sleeping... tired, hungry. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everyone... when you see when one is going...\neveryone gets up and everyone is going. The Germans right away know... the ones\nthat are living over there [nearby]... they tried to make you food. Just our\nstomachs were empty. Our stomachs were not good for fat food. They gave us milk;\nit was no good. They gave us soup with onions... with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pork fat or something like\nthis. We ate this and everyone got diarrhea. This was not good.\n\nWe came later to Mittenwald. We had been sitting on a toilet like on a chair and\nrunning back and forth. Lots of people... from this died because of it. From\nMittenwald... I was over there for several weeks... they took us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen... [which was] an SS camp. In this SS camp, we were over\nthere... for a few months. My father was so weak they took him... I was together\nwith my father... they took him to a sanatorium to [recover]. The doctors were\nlooking... what is wrong with [him]. They give him some medicine ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so he would not\nrun. I weighed probably 60 pounds... just skin and bones... the same thing... my\nfather. You just could count every one bone on you. Later, I find out where my\nfather was. I still could not take him because he was better off over there in\nthe sanatorium... [than] with me in camp.\n\nIn camp they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cooking for everyone. They give you a spoon... they give you\nsome food. From over there, they brought us to Landsberg am Lech... over where\nHitler was writing his book. That was also an army camp. In the army camp were\nalready some Jews that had been in camps around Munich [Germany]. After a few\nweeks ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I met some boys and they [had been] made [displaced persons] police[men].\nI wanted to do something to be occupied... [I became] a DP police[man]. It got a\nlittle better... I got cigarettes more or some clothing.\n\nIn the meantime, I received news that I have a cousin in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bergen-Belsen in Celle,\nnot far away from Hannover [Germany]. He was together with his sister. They hear\nmy father is alive. Their father died. My father is alive. They said, \"Shmilek,\nbring your father and he can stay with us.\" I cannot cook for him... I am not a\ncook. [unintelligible: 1:11] He was together with them until... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later they went\nto America... [unintelligible: 1:12]... He was not okay, just he could walk. He\ndied in 1971... 25 years ago in Germany.\n\nBERMAN: What happened to the rest of your family?\n\nSILBIGER: My mother... when I went on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"March 5 [1941] to the camp... in April\n[1941] [Oswiecim] was Judenrein [German: free of Jews]. No Jews in Oswiecim...\neverything what they had... they had to leave like this... just to take a little\nluggage and that's all. They went to Sosnowiec. My mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took my father again\nto work camp.\n\nMy two sisters -- one was born in 1925; one in 1927. My brother was born in\n1929. The [sisters] born in 1925 and 1927, they are both alive. One is living\nnow in Florida, in Boca Raton. The other one that was born in 1927... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"May 31...\nshe's in Israel. When I was in the army [Israeli Defense Forces] they came to\nIsrael. She came together with her husband. Her husband is also from\nAuschwitz... from Oswiecim. They came back after the war to Oswiecim to look for\nthe family. They find nobody. They were over there for some time and... the\nyoungest one got acquainted with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Maurycy] Bodner, which was my brother-in-law\nlater. They got married. She is now in Israel. Her husband died probably around\nmaybe 14, 15 years ago...\n\nMy mother with my brother... 1943, I think it was September... Sosnowiec [was\nmade] Judenrein. They took all of them to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau. Some people from\nOswiecim who knew her... they see her going with my brother and the other sister\n-- my cousin, my sister-cousin. They died in Auschwitz-Birkenau. How they died,\nI cannot tell you. My mother... from people seeing her for a few weeks... going\nto work... cut off hair. Nobody could help her, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing. Everyone was afraid for\ntheir life. That's what I know.\n\nBERMAN: After you were liberated, how long was it before you went to Israel?\n\nSILBIGER: I went to Israel in 1948. I went to Israel when Israel was accepted in\nthe United Nations. They had already a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few [Jewish resistance groups that had\norganized into the Israeli Defense Forces]. They had Lehi, Irgun, Palmach and\nHaganah. Then, when I came... I came with a ship. I joined the Irgun in Germany\nbecause when I was in Landsberg, at noontime, they had the radio. The announcer\nwas telling what's going on... how the Jews fight against the Arabs, and what\nthe Arabs ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do with the Jews. I heard who was doing the most things to the English\npeople, so I joined the Irgun. Then in 1948, on June 20, I came to Israel with\nthe ship Altalena.\n\nOn the evening of [June 20, 1948], I see for the first time [Menachem] Begin. He\ncame on the ship. Later [when] loading up, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they started to meddle between\nthemselves... fight... because they was afraid we will overthrow the government.\nBegin told us, \"Boys, go back on the front. We have to fight now against the\nArabs. Between us, we do not like to have a [civil war]. Later, by the\nelection... we will do what is supposed to be done.\" That's what happened.\n\nI was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Army [Israeli Defense Forces] later. . . I think 15 months, 16\nmonths, 17 months... something like this. I was released from the Army and\nlater... a little over a year... I was still in Israel. Because I was... not in\nthe government party... they [considered me to be a] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"second-grade citizen. I\nwent to an office. I said, \"Listen. I am a carpenter. I would like to have this\nhouse. It does not have a roof. It does not have windows... does not have doors.\nI will do this myself. I buy my wood and I fix it and everything and maybe I get\nmarried.\" They looked at my [identification] book and in back of the book is\nwritten down how I came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Israel. It was written down: \"Altalena.\" They said,\n\"Go to [Menachem] Begin.\" I said, \"You say it like this. I say good-bye.\" I left\nand went back... to Germany.\n\nMy father was [in Germany]. He was sick. He was always sick. Six doctors was\ntaking care of him. Every day he was to a different doctor. In 1950, I came back\nto Germany. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1955, I got married. In 1956, I came to the United States. From\nthis time [I have been in] the United States. I have one daughter. She was born\nJanuary 30, 1961... 35 years. She has four children. I have one son-in-law. This\nis my wife. I have two sisters and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother-in laws and nephews. This is my\nfamily. That's what is left over from my family. A few cousins.\n\nBERMAN: You said that you were wounded in Israel?\n\nSILBIGER: Yes. I was stationed in Jerusalem and later was... across from\nBethlehem in foxholes. The Arabs started shooting at us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. I was wounded in\nthe foxhole. Not in like in a [unintelligible: 1:19: sturm: battle?]... this is\na hill [indicates locations with hands]... on this side here are the Arabs...\n[unintelligible: 1:19]... foxhole, second one, third one. They [were] shooting.\nI was on the top, the lookout. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got it. The other guys did not got any. I got\nshrapnel. I still got here [indicates his eye] a tiny piece inside. I got one\nfrom this side still in the back. It was in the back, the shrapnel.\n\nBERMAN: Was it difficult getting into Palestine?\n\nSILBIGER: We came... it was a blockade. We went through the blockade... break\nthrough the blockade. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was English... Navy... we went through the Navy. They\nknew how to do it. They were good... this was an American captain... a Jewish\ncaptain [Monroe Fein].\n\nFrom Germany, they brought us to France... the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Irgun. I was in France... in\nMarseilles, loading the ship. Really, the ship... the Arabs shoot a lot because\nlater they found out... they see munitions and guns and all kinds of stuff...\nthey find out it was going for Jews. I was loading the ship. Their friends came\nwith their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trucks... army trucks... with the guns, with the munitions, with the\nbullets, with everything. We were loading this on the ship.\n\nLater, when we went out from there in the [Mediterranean Sea]... in the daytime,\nnobody was on the top [above deck]. Everyone had to be underneath [below\ndeck]... some girls, some of them were pregnant. They could not... because it\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too hot. We could not go out. There was no air conditioning. We had to sit\nunderneath. In the evening, when the sun goes down, everyone could go up and\ncatch fresh air. Nobody knew what was going on. They thought this is a ship...\nnot an army ship with munitions... war material. When we came to Israel... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what\nI was doing [with] Irgun... I cannot tell you it... nothing!\n\nBERMAN: Could you show us your tattoo, please?\n\nSILBIGER: Yes. [rolls up his sleeve and shows his arm] 178550. I will not forget this.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SILBIGER: I had in Germany... right after the war... two cousins -- two girls\nand a brother. They were from one family. The other family was two brothers.\nThose two girls with their brother, whey went with the Exodus. This was 1947.\nThey tried to go through the blockade by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Haifa [Israel/then Palestine]. They had\nbeen fighting with the English... the English soldiers was coming on the ship.\nThey tried to go in the ship and they tried to arrest them. He got wounded over\nthere. Later, they let the Jews... this time it was Palestine, was not Israel...\nthey took the whole ship back... from both side of the ships [they] were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"watching so they cannot run away. They can go nowhere. [unintelligible: 1:24]...\nthey brought them back to [France]. [One cousin] died in Germany. He was wounded\non the ship and they brought him back to Germany. He died in Germany. His name\nwas like mine -- Aron Samuel Silbiger. The older children... the first born in\ntheir family was [named] after my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandfather. My grandfather was Aron Samuel.\nHis name was Aron Samuel Rosenberg. I have somewhere... the picture I will show\nyou... the matzevah [Hebrew: headstone], the gravestone. This is one thing.\n\nMy sister [Lorka/Lola Bodner]... right after the war... my sister came back to\n[Oswiecim]... my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother-in-law was over there... the brother-in-law from my\nsecond sister... When they got married... they [found] out [that] a Polack went\nlooking right after... when the Germans ran away... they left people... the\nconcentration [camp] people... the sick people. He went looking over there for\nsomething what they can use. He [saw] a little child in a doghouse. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The child\nwas frozen... half frozen... even you could be from stone... [and] still have a\nlittle bit of heart so he brought him home. He started to raise him. My\nbrother-in-law and my sister, they found it out, so they give him money. They\nbought [the child] from the [Pole]... he was always coming for money for\nsomething. They bought him. His name is now Menachem Bodner. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was [a] twin.\n[unintelligible: 1:26] [Doctor Josef] Mengele... he took twins or some other\nchildren... some fat one or some different. He had been taking them for\nexperiments. He was probably with the experiments. When the war in 1967 against\nEgypt, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Menachem Bodner, he was 45 kilometers (28 miles) away... he was in the\nfront [line]... to find out what's going on. He was 45 kilometers from Cairo\n[Egypt]. He has now a daughter. The daughter has two children. This is our story.\n\nMy sister, she also has a daughter. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They adopted this boy. My sister has also a\ndaughter. Her husband died 15 years ago. The daughter graduated... her husband\nis Canadian born and he's a physician. Nobody knows what he's doing. When I was\nover there 14 years ago to visit him... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at night he went back to the laboratory\nto look at what's going on. His wife did not know what's happening... what's\ngoing on. This was in Israel. Their oldest boy, he finished already the army. He\nis finished [at] Haifa Technical and he is an engineer in the army. Their\ndaughter... they have an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"older daughter... she's now in the army. I asked her,\n\"What you're doing?\" She said, \"I am not far...\"... They are living in\nBeersheba... She is over there by [unintelligible, sounds like \"Adom\"]... I\nsaid, \"What are you doing?\" She said, \"I have a good job. I am satisfied.\" They\nnever will not tell you nothing what they are doing. This is Israel.\n\nWhen I was in Israel, I was in the hospital. I was with one guy and he got his\nwhole face with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shrapnel [unintelligible: 1:29]. He said, \"I don't know what's\nhappening. I cannot say.\" He was working with and nobody would tell what they're\ndoing. The same thing. I would not tell what I was or what I was doing. I cannot\nsay. I was in the Army. I was in the Israeli army about 15 months or 16 months.\nIn Irgun I was probably maybe a year. That's all. I just learned how to shoot.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of my friends... lots of them came over there. They had a very hard time in\nIsrael. Some of them did not belong to the government party... had harder...\nthose that belonged to the party... the party was helping them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some came to\ngood stuff. They have houses, they have cars, [unintelligible: 1:31]... Do you\nunderstand Yiddish? Do you understand Hebrew?\n\nBERMAN: No.\n\nSILBIGER: They have everything what they want. They would not move out. They've\nbeen working hard and they sacrificed. They would like to have peace. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/transcript/31524/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes\nit's time for war and sometimes for peace. This is it. Peace.\n\nI was on the ship when Yitzhak Rabin gave orders to shoot on it. Twenty-seven\nJews got killed from the cannon ball where they shoot...\n\nBERMAN: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=2130.0,2160.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Silbiger, Sam [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOswiecim [German: Auschwitz; Yiddish: Oshptzin] is a town in southern Poland located 31 miles (50 kilometers) west of Krakow and 178 miles (286 kilometers) from Warsaw. Located at the confluence of Poland’s main river Vistula and its tributary Sola, Oswiecim had been a market town since the 1200s, known for its arable land and a medieval castle that still stands today. Before WWI, it was part of the Austrian Empire in an area known as Galicia. The city had been home to a thriving Jewish community since the mid-sixteenth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. The Main Camp is where the museum is today and has the famous ‘Arbeit Macht Frei’ gate. The Main Camp was established on the site of existing Polish army barracks just outside the town of Oswiecim (renamed Auschwitz by the Germans) and could hold about 10,000 prisoners. The Main Camp contained one building that was used for a short time as a small gas chamber, until that function was moved to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where four large gas chambers had been built. Thereafter, the Main Camp served as an administration center and a source of slave labor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBautrupp is German for “construction crew.” It is not clear where the work camp Sam was sent to was located, but other survivors mention being part of labor brigades sent there as well. It was likely part of a German ethnic cleansing operation called Aktion Saybusch or Operation Saybusch. This was the mass expulsion of 18,000 to 20,000 ethnic Poles from the territory of Zywiec County in Polish Silesia, which was conducted by the Wehrmacht and German police during the German occupation of Poland. The purpose was to create space for German colonists from across Eastern Europe. Aktion Saybusch lasted from September to December 1940. Some 3,200 ethnic Germans were brought in to replace the forcibly expelled Poles. The German police surrounded Polish towns and individual farms and ordered the Poles out. They had 20 minutes to collect their things and could only take clothing and food. They had to leave anything of value behind. They were marched or trucked to distribution centers to be resettled. The abandoned houses were cleaned and washed by forced laborers, mostly Jews, and some remaining Poles, who had been deemed racially acceptable. Then new Germans farms used slave labor, most of them Jews. Many of the German settlers were unhappy with their new humble housing so it seems reasonable that new homes would need to be built to accommodate them. This type of resettlement continued throughout the war and some 50,000 Poles were driven from their homes and land so that ethnic Germans could take their place.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the German invasion of Poland, the Annaberg area was annexed to Germany and the town was given the German name Annaberg (St. Anne’s Mountain). Today it is back in Poland again and is called Gora Swietej Anny. Annaberg was part of a string of camps in Upper Silesia built after 1940 that were placed along the length of the proposed German autobahn (highway) into Poland. The Jews sent to Annaberg and the other camps in the system originally helped to build the new highway. The SS Organisation Schmelt ran the camps. Later the camps used slave labor to in armament production. They manufactured barracks, clothing, and other war material.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBlechhammer was a sub-camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau. It was the second largest sub-camp after Monowitz and was established in April 1, 1944. Initially there were about 3,000 men and 200 women in the camp. The prisoners were put to work constructing chemical factories. In the following months over 1,000 Jewish prisoners were also sent there to work. The barracks were severely overcrowded and the prisoners were treated brutally. Clothing and food was inadequate. Selections for the weakened and sick were conducted and they were sent back to Auschwitz-Birkenau to be murdered. Some of the prisoners were put to work building a synthetic gasoline factory while others in units of 100 to 200 did heavy construction work: excavating foundations, building roads and structures and transporting building materials. The prisoners work from dawn to dusk. After the factory was bombed they were put to work hauling out the dud bombs, during which many were killed. On January 21, 1945 the prisoners were marched out of the camp as the Russians drew near and were driven on foot to Gross-Rosen concentration camp. The journey took ten days. Those who could not keep up were shot. An estimated 800 prisoners were executed in this way on the march.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLater, when Hitler and Himmler wanted to expand the size of Auschwitz they built Auschwitz-Birkenau about 2-1/2 miles away from the Main Camp. This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp and where the four gas chambers and crematoria came to be located. Originally, Auschwitz-Birkenau was supposed to be a huge pool of political prisoners and Russian prisoners-of-war to be used for slave labor but sometime in 1942 it was decided that it was the perfect place for the ‘Final Solution’—the extermination of the Jews. The morgues attached to the crematoria, which had been built to handle the expected high mortality in the camp, were adapted into gas chambers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGross-Rosen was opened in May 1940. It was situated in a quarry near the village of Gross-Rosen. It eventually grew to control a whole network of sub-camps that included Markstadt and Funfteichen. By 1944 there were about 110,000 prisoners in the system. About half the prisoners were political prisoners but there were also Polish and Russian prisoners-of-war. The living and working conditions were brutal. The rations were a slice of bread and watery soup each day. The prisoners slept on straw sacks that teemed with lice. It was classified as a Category III camp, or the most severe treatment classification. As the war neared its end, conditions grew even worse as evacuation transports arrived from the east swelling the camp to near bursting. The death rate skyrocketed and bodies were piled up outside the barracks. In January 1945 the camp population was evacuated ahead of the Russians. Some of the prisoners were packed tightly into open freight cars. Others were marched out on foot. Over half of the prisoners died on the death marches in the final days of the war. The Russians liberated gross-Rosen on February 13, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuchenwald was established at the beginning July 1937. Originally it held political prisoners, criminals, Communists, “asocials” etc. from the area. The camp also came to house Soviet prisoners-of-war. The first prisoners were forced to build it from scratch without proper machinery or tools or adequate food. The initial death rate was high. Over time the camp also became a production site in its own right, a military base, and civilian SS settlement. The prisoners were used to clear forests, work in a quarry, at a brick mill, laying water pipes, building gas lines, and in various workshops including armaments factory. In addition to “extermination through work” the camp was also known for its cruel punishment system and medical experiments. In 1942-43 the camp also assumed the role of a transit camp as it absorbed prisoners were other places and assigned them to work camps and factories in the area. A “Small Camp” was established to process these prisoners, who were held in quarantine until they were assigned to other work camps. The conditions in the Small Camp were even worse than in the Main Camp. The prisoners were housed in ex-stables and later tents. By early 1945 the Small Camp had essentially become a camp of death and disease where prisoners were just dumped to die. Buchenwald was evacuated in April 1945 ahead of the American army. Due to time, the 48,000 prisoners in the camp only about 28,000 were evacuated—mostly Jews and Soviet prisoners-of-war. It is estimated that only about 1/3 of the prisoners survived the aimless death marches. Buchenwald was liberated on April 11, 1945. Of the 3,000 SS guards most fled; only 80 were captured. In all, approximately 56,000 of the 238,980 prisoners who went through Buchenwald died.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBerga-Elster, also known by the code name “Schwalbe V” (Swallow V), was a sub-camp of Buchenwald. It was the site of a synthetic fuel factory, which grew in importance as Germany’s fuel reserves sank as a result of Allied air attacks. The largest group of prisoners there were Jews from all over Europe, although some were American POWs. Most of them worked in the tunnels where they cleared and removed the debris from air raids. The work was very hard and dangerous. The prisoners preferred being sent to work in the quarry or laying rails over the tunnel work. Death resulted from shootings, disease, starvation, physical abuse and work accidents. The camp was liquidated on April 11, 1945 when the remaining prisoners were marched toward Theresienstadt. Over 1,000 prisoners died during the 160-mile kilometer march through snowstorms and over high mountain passes.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ‘V weapons’ were the V1 and V2 rockets that were used by Germany at the end of World War II. They were the world’s first cruise missiles. They were first developed and built at Peenemunde, a remote island in the Baltic Sea, but when the Allies bombed that site the production was moved underground inside Germany out of reach of Allied bombers. Although Nazi scientists did the research and development, the actual work assembling the rockets was done by slave labor under murderous conditions at the Dora-Mittelbau-Nordhausen complex, where tunnels had been drilled into the mountains. Although tunnels had also been drilled into the mountains at Berga-Elster, no V rockets were built there. London and southern England was the premier target of the V-1, with nearly 8,000 falling there from June to October 1944. The Germans launched 9,521 V-1s in total at England killing nearly 23,000 people. The first V-2 attacks were launched against Paris and London on September 8, 1944. Nearly 1,000 V-2s fell on London and the surrounding area (as well as in Belgium) after September 1944.  In total the rocket weapon killed or wounded over 6,000 people and seriously injured and maimed another 18,000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “Final Solution of the Jewish Question,” or simply the “Final Solution,” was a euphemism used by Nazi Germany’s leaders to refer to the mass murder of Europe’s Jews. Policies that had once encouraged or forced Jews to leave Germany and other parts of Europe were replaced with policies of systematic annihilation. It remains uncertain when Nazi leadership decided to implement the Final Solution. A secret meeting held in January of 1942 in Wannsee, Germany is often cited as one of the pivotal points in the Final Solution as leading police and civilian officials discussed its implementation. However, the genocide or mass destruction of the Jews was the culmination of a decade of increasingly severe discrimination and violence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA concentration camps in Germany established on March 22, 1933. Dachau was originally a camp for political and criminal prisoners in need of punishment and rehabilitation to the proper German mindset. After Kristallnacht several thousand Jews were imprisoned there to make the point that they had no future in Germany. Some died but most were released in due time finally properly terrorized into leaving Germany no matter what. It was used as a training base of the SS guards who were then transferred to other camps in the Reich. The conditions were harsh but got more so during the war when medical care was inadequate, prisoners were murdered by lethal injection and used as guinea pigs in medical experiments, or worked or starved to death. In the last year of the war, 78,635 prisoners were registered there, doubling and tripling the size of a camp, which was already a nightmare of sickness, starvation and death. And that was just the prisoners who were registered—in the final months of the war most were not. The death rate climbed. It seems like it would have been hard to get worse, but it did. Toward the end of the war it was the dumping place for thousands of prisoners, mostly Jews and prisoners-of-war, who were there marched from the east where they were left to die without food, water or housing. Disease and starvation from the overcrowding killed thousands of prisoners. The Americans liberated Dachau on April 29, 1945. They found thousands of corpses strewn around the grounds and thousands more dying.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the war, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) was not allowed into concentration camps like Dachau. However, the German Red Cross was. While the ICRC tried to work with the German Red Cross to help camp prisoners, the German Red Cross itself was under Nazi control and obstructed many attempts of the ICRC to help concentration camp inmates. In the last days of the war, ICRC delegates were able to take advantage of the chaos within the Nazi regime and were able to go inside the camps at Turckheim, Dachau and Mauthausen for the first time, but by then could only offer limited help to the survivors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis was a labor camp near the town of Mittenwald, Germany. It seems to have been part of the Dachau concentration camps system. It became a Displaced Persons (DP) camp after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGarmisch-Partenkirchen is a mountain resort town in Bavaria in southern Germany. It is the administrative center of the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInnsbruck is a city in the Alps of western Austria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOthers have reported this incident on the march, although the request to the commandant is attributed to various women. The body of the story appears to be true: one woman appealed to the commandant not to carry out his orders to execute the prisoners on the riverbank, but to wait. The commandant heeded her advice. By morning, the SS, including the commandant, had abandoned the prisoners and fled without executing the prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Well-meaning soldiers and civilians without proper medical training often gave survivors foods that made their conditions worse. Eating foods that were too rich or complex for survivors’ bodies to handle could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSam is likely referring to either typhus or typhoid fever—both of which were common in the camps due to hygienic conditions and the constant infestation by lice. They are different diseases that are caused by different bacteria, although the symptoms are similar. Typhus is contracted from the bite of a louse, and results in chills, delirium, high fever, headaches, muscle pain and diarrhea. If untreated, it often results in death. Typhoid fever means “typhus-like” and is a common bacterial disease caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated by the feces of an infected person or from lice that fed on the feces. Typhoid results in a high temperature, delirium, and intestinal hemorrhage and is often fatal if untreated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe camp at Garmisch-Partenkirchen is southwest of Munich and was part of the Dachau concentration camp. It was established on December 9, 1944 in the former Sonnenbichel hotel, which had been evacuated for the SS and was used as a hospital for SS members. Prisoners sent to Garmisch-Partenkirchen looked after the SS men. So it makes sense that after liberation the site should be used to nurse half-dead prisoners back to life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLandsberg am Lech is a town in southwest Bavaria, Germany, about 65 kilometers west of Munich. It housed the second largest displaced persons camp in the American Zone. It was founded in April 1945 in former military barracks. From October 1945 Landsberg functioned as an exclusively Jewish Camp. The population of 5,000 Jewish DPs was chiefly comprised of Russian, Latvian, and Lithuanian survivors. The town is also noted for the prison where Adolf Hitler was imprisoned in 1924. During his imprisonment he wrote his book Mein Kampf. His cell, number 7, was a place of pilgrimage for fervent Nazis during the Nazi era.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMein Kampf [German: My Struggle] is an autobiographical manifesto written by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler while imprisoned following the failed Beer Hall Putsch of November 1923. In the manifesto, Hitler outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP Camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis was a concentration camp established in 1935 near Hanover in northwest Germany, located between the villages of Bergen and Belsen. Toward the end of the war, Bergen-Belsen became a dumping place for Jews marched out of camps in the east. There was no housing for them, no medical care, no food, and no water. Ultimately there were about 41,000 prisoners in the camps and the mortality rate was extreme. After liberation, the British burned the barracks of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp as a health precaution. A former German army camp southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle became a displaced persons (DP) camp for refugees. While the British tried to name it ‘Hohne,’ survivors insisted on referring to it as ‘Bergen-Belsen.’ It was in operation from the summer of 1945 until September 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn March and April 1941, all the remaining Jews in Osweicim were expelled to ghettos in other cities. In just seven days, around 5,000 Oscwiecim Jews were sent to Bedzin, Chrzanow, and Sosnoweic. During the deportation, the Jews were allowed to bring some of their belongings. Some rented wagons upon which they loaded their possessions. After the deportations, the Jewish community of Oswiecim ceased to exist.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore the war, about 31,000 Jews lived in Sosnowiec (about 1/3 of the general population). The Germans occupied Sosnowiec on September 4, 1949 and immediately began the persecution, murder and forced labor of the Jews. The Germans made Sosnowiec the administrative center of a series of local Jewish communities, numbering in total about 100,000 people. They installed a kind of ‘super Judenrat’ under their control to manage the communities. In March 1941, the Jews of Oswiecim/Auschwitz were expelled to Sosnowiec and Bedzin. Sosnowiec became a slave labor pool for the Germans. They built workshops run by Germans or Volksdeutsche and put the able-bodied Jews to work. An SS business enterprise run by Albrecht Schmelt, an SS officer, managed the workshops in Sosnowiec and other ghettos. It was named Organisation Schmelt. Being able to work meant exemption from the transports to the camps that began in April 1942. Most of the first deportees were “useless eaters” (children, the elderly, the sick, the unemployed) who were sent to Auschwitz starting on May 10, 1942. Even as the Germans shipped some Jews to Auschwitz to be murdered, they brought in others to be new workers. In the fall of 1942 the Jews of Sosnowiec began to be pushed into the remote and neglected Srodula quarter or into an area in the Old City. By March 15, 1943 the two ghettos were fenced off. Those who worked outside the ghettos could smuggle food back in. But even laboring for the Germans did not save the Jews of Sosnowiec. Starting on June 23-24, 1943 the Jews began to be deported to Auschwitz. Finally on August 1, 1943, the Germans liquidated the ghetto. Those Jews who tried to hide or resist were found and wiped out. The number of Jews sent from Sosnowiec and its neighboring ghetto in Bedzin were about 30,000 in total.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoca Raton is a city on Florida’s southeastern coast, known for its golf courses, parks and beaches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsrael became independent on May 14, 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe full name is Lohamei Herut Israel – Lehi [Hebrew: Fighters for the Freedom of Israel – Lehi]. The English, who administered Palestine as part of the British Mandate, referred to them as the Stern Group of Stern Gang. Abraham Stern founded Lehi. Its aim was to forcibly evict the British authorities from Palestine, allow unrestricted immigration of Jews and the formation of a Jewish state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIrgun was a Zionist paramilitary group that operated in Mandate Palestine between 1931 and 1948. It was an offshoot of an earlier and larger paramilitary organization called Haganah. Both organizations were founded on Revisionist Zionism founded by Ze’ev Jabotinsky and believed that every Jew had the right to enter Palestine, only active retaliation would deter the Arabs, and only Jewish armed forces would ensure the Jewish state. Most of the Irgun members were absorbed into the Israel Defense Forces upon the establishment of the State of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Palmach [Hebrew: strike force] was the elite fighting force of the Haganah, the underground army of the Yishuv (Jewish community) during the period of the British Mandate of Palestine. It was established in 1941 and by the time it was forcibly disbanded it consisted of over 2,000 men and women. Its members went on to form the backbone of the Israel Defense Forces and were prominent in Israeli politics, literature and culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHaganah [Hebrew: defense] was a Jewish paramilitary organization that operated in the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948. Later, most of its members became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). After the 1920 and 1921 Arab riots, the Jewish leadership in Palestine believed that the British had no desire to confront the Arabs who were attacking Jews. Haganah was originally created to protect Jewish farms and kibbutzim and to actively confront the Arabs. In the wake of the 1929 Arab riots the group grew and got more organized, acquiring military equipment and skills that turned them into a capable underground army. After the war, the Haganah carried out anti-British operations in Palestine such as the liberation of interned immigrants from the Atlit detainee camp, and attacking British installations. They also organized underground immigration into Palestine. Two weeks after Israel became a state, the Israel Defense Forces were created to succeed Haganah. All other paramilitary organizations were outlawed. This led to conflicts between David Ben-Gurion, the prime minister, and the Haganah leadership. Famous members of the group included Yitzhak Rabin, Ariel Sharon, and Moshe Dayan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the years preceding Israel’s statehood—particularly from 1944 onward—a series of violent clashes occurred between the different Jewish underground groups and the British. The clashes—known as the Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine—involved paramilitary actions carried out by Jewish underground groups against the British forces and officials in Mandatory Palestine. Tensions between Jewish militant underground organizations and the British mandatory authorities had intensified when the British government published its White Paper of 1939, which outlined new government policies to place further restrictions on Jewish immigration and land purchases and declared the intention of giving independence to Palestine, with an Arab majority, within ten years. World War II brought relative calm as Jewish groups focused on immigration and rescue efforts and supported the British in their efforts to defeat Germany. Yet the tensions again escalated into an armed struggle towards the end of the war, when it became clear that the Axis Powers were close to defeat. The armed conflict escalated during the final phase of the World War II, when the Irgun declared a revolt in February 1944. Although the Haganah opposed the Irgun and Lehi’s methods and actions, a period of cooperation between the three underground organizations began in the autumn of 1945. The Haganah concentrated its efforts on attacking British immigration control and carried out anti-British operations in Palestine such as the liberation of interned immigrants from the Atlit detainee camp but refrained from direct confrontation with British forces. Meanwhile, the Irgun and Lehi attacked military and police targets. The conflict with the British lasted until the eruption of the civil war, the termination of the British Mandate for Palestine and the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe “Altalena Affair” was a violent confrontation that took place in June 1948 between the newly formed Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and the Irgun, a Jewish paramilitary group. Israel was established on May 14, 1948 and on June 1, 1948 an agreement was negotiated between the new government and the Irgun to fold the Irgun into the IDF. Part of the deal was that the Irgun was to cease acquiring arms. The first truce in the 1948 Arab-Israeli war began on June 1, 1948. The Altalena was a cargo ship captained by Monroe Fein, a Jewish American, and was carrying weapons and 940 Irgun fighters. The Israeli government feared that the arrival of a ship full of weapons and fighters would constitute a treaty violation. The sailing was called off by cable but the ship had already left France the day before. The Altalena arrived at Kfar Vitkin on June 20 and waited offshore. Menachem Begin, the head of the Irgun, met the ship and boarded it to greet them. Some of the weapons were offloaded and Begin and the Altalena slipped away to Tel Aviv. Israel wanted the arms turned over to the government and gave Begin a 10-minute ultimatum to do so. Begin failed to respond and a clash ensued. The IDF tried to take the ship by force and the Altalena was shelled. The ship started to burn just off the beach. There were still explosives still aboard, Captain Fein surrendered and told everyone to abandon ship. Some of the men in the water were shot at and killed. Sixteen Irgun fighters and three IDF soldiers were killed. More than 200 Irgun fighters were arrested although they were released a few weeks later. Thereafter, Begin relented and told his men not to escalate the crisis for the good of the new state. The Altalena affair was a turning point in Israeli history although many felt that the government’s actions against the ship were a great injustice. A picture of the burning Altalena may be seen at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altalena_off_Tel-Aviv_beach.jpg. A year later, the Altalena was refloated, towed out to sea and sunk.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMenachem Begin was an Israeli politician, founder of Likud [the Labor party] and the sixth Prime Minister of the State of Israel. Before independence, Begin was the leader of the Zionist militant group Irgun, the Revisionist breakaway from the larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah. Begin criticized the Zionist leadership of the Yishuv for being too cooperative with the British and under his leadership the Irgun turned to trying to force the British government to remove their troops from Palestine by armed resistance. David Ben-Gurion openly opposed the Irgun’s independence agenda, which it saw as a challenge to its authority as the representative body of the Jewish community in Palestine. When the 1948 Arab-Israeli war broke out, Irgun fighters joined with Haganah and Lehi to fight the Arab forces. After Israeli independence, Irgun was absorbed into the newly formed Israel Defense Forces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 17, 1948, the United Nations Security Council issued Resolution 46, which put the responsibility for maintaining “peace and order” on the United Kingdom. It also called upon all persons and organizations in Palestine” to stop the entry “of armed bands and fighting personnel, groups and individuals, and weapons and war materials” into Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1946, Britain’s Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, also known as MI6) engaged in covert attempts to slow the surge of Holocaust survivors illegally immigrating to Palestine. In an effort to deter ships from heading to Palestine, SIS began “Operation Embarrass,” a plan to try to prevent Jews getting into Palestine in 1946-1948 using disinformation and propaganda as well as explosive devices placed on ships. In the summer of 1947 and early 1948, the plot led to attacks on five ships in Italian ports. Two were damaged and one was rendered a total loss. Two other explosive devices were found. Although the devices were British, it was assumed Arab groups had used British explosives for the campaign.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Exodus 1947 was a ship that carried Jews intent on entering Palestine illegally. At the time the British, who had restricted entry, controlled Palestine. Most of the passengers were Holocaust survivors who had no legal immigration certificates to Palestine. The ship left France on July 11, 1947. Following wide media coverage, the British Royal Navy seized the ship and escorted it to the port of Haifa. The passengers were put on three different ships and returned to France. When they got there they refused to get off and went on a hunger strike. The British government refused to back down. Further negotiations resulted in them being sent them to DP camps in Germany. The women and children got off voluntarily but the men had to be removed forcibly. Eventually most of the refugees made it to Palestine via Cyprus, illegal smuggling, or legal immigration after Israel became a nation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Mengele (1911-1979_ was a doctor and member of the SS. He was notorious for being one of the physicians who sorted newly arrived prisoners on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, picking out those he wanted for his medical experiments—especially twins—thus earning him the nickname the ‘Angel of Death.’ He fled to Argentina in 1949, moving around South America to avoid being captured and brought to justice. He died in Brazil in 1979.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Six-Day War was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known at the time as the United Arab Republic), Jordan, and Syria. Relations between Israel and its neighbors had never fully normalized following the 1948 War of Independence and in the period leading up to June 1967 tensions became heightened. As a result, Israel launched a series of preemptive airstrikes against Egyptian airfields on June 5 following the mobilization of Egyptian forces along the Israeli border in the Sinai Peninsula. The outcome was swift and decisive. Israel took control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. The Sinai was returned but the other territories were incorporated into Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Technion—Israel Institute of Technology is a public research university in Haifa, Israel offering degrees in science and engineering.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeersheba, also Be'er Sheva is the largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/46928/file/120321/annotation_set/549/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYitzhak Rabin (1922-1995) was an Israeli politician, statesman and general. He served two terms as Prime Minister. 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