{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/rx93776h06/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Spiegel, Helen Wasserman (1993)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1993-10-29 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHelen Wasserman Spiegel was interviewed by Barbara Schneider on October 29, 1993 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eHelen was born in Nuremberg, Germany on July 19, 1923, the daughter of Hans and Selma Wasserman. In 1938, Helen, her younger sister, and their parents immigrated to the United States and settled in Boston, Massachusetts. After finishing high school, Helen went to work in Galveston, Texas for a family friend. There she met another German immigrant, Frank Spiegel. Frank and Helen married in 1946 and moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where they lived with Frank’s parents and raised three children. Helen was active in the Atlanta Jewish community, where her activities ranged from an early supporter of the Hebrew Academy; founding member of a new synagogue, Beth El; chapter and regional president of Hadassah; board member of the Jewish Home; and organizer of a homeless shelter for women. Helen eagerly shared her story with school groups all over Atlanta. In 1996, Helen was honored for her services to the community as a runner for the Olympic torch. Helen died in 2017.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eHelen introduces her family and explains how their lives began to change when Hitler came to power in the 1930s. She recollects how Jews in her hometown of Nuremberg bore the initial brunt of the Nazi party’s antisemitism. Helen recalls the philanthropic family that helped her family immigrate to the United States. She recounts the events of Kristallnacht and the difficulty her entire family faced as they tried to leave Germany.  Helen describes how her family settled into their new lives in America, how she ended up in Galveston, Texas, and met her husband. She details her involvement in various Jewish organizations in Atlanta, Georgia and interactions with other leaders of the Jewish community. Helen describes her family life, social activities, and the neighborhood she raised her children in. She reflects on the racism she encountered in the South. Helen talks about how politics, demographics, and social organizations changed over time. The interview concludes with Helen’s descriptions of Galveston, Texas in the 1940’s.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28035"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Helen Wasserman Spiegel (personal name)","Hans Wasserman (personal name)","Hedwig Wasserman (personal name)","Izodor Wasserman (personal name)","Selma Wasserman (personal name)","Ava Grausman (personal name)","Moritz Grausman (personal name)","Frank Spiegel (personal name)","Marion Spiegel (personal name)","Jeremy Spiegel (personal name)","Mark Spiegel (personal name)","Sharon Spiegel (personal name)","Sherri Goldstein (personal name)","Shira Spiegel (personal name)","Walter Spiegel (personal name)","Bobby Goldstein (personal name)","Abe Goldstein (personal name)","Adam Goldstein (personal name)","Rae Alice Cohen (personal name)","Gerald Cohen (personal name)","Elizabeth Spiegel Goldstein (personal name)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","Julius Streicher (personal name)","Carl Bram (personal name)","Betty Cohen Goldstein (personal name)","Ida Goldstein Levitas (personal name)","Mollie Levy Cohen (personal name)","Rae Frank (personal name)","Rabbi David Marx (personal name)","Alex Gross (personal name)","Anne Frank (personal name)","Benjamin Hirsch (personal name)","Lola Borkowska Lansky (personal name)","Dr. Herbert Taylor (personal name)","Rabbi Mark Wilson (personal name)","Hannah Weistein Antel (personal name)","Leo Frank (personal name)","Lucille Selig Frank (personal name)","Rabbi Henry Cohen (personal name)","Adolf Rosenberg (personal name)","Edward Kahn (personal name)","Herman Talmadge (personal name)","Samuel Massell (personal name)","Sydney Marcus (personal name)","Morris Rich (Mauritius Reich) (personal name)","Martin Luther King, Jr.  (personal name)","Frances Bunzl (personal name)","Marilyn Shubin (personal name)","Rene Briswood (personal name)","Leah Janis (personal name)","Rabbi Louis Feigon (personal name)","Ondrej Steiner (personal name)","United Service Organizations - USO (corporate name)","Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society - HIAS (corporate name)","Immigrant Mutual Aid Society - IMAS (corporate name)","Congregation Beth El (corporate name)","Congregation Beth Jacob (corporate name)","Congregation B'nai Israel (corporate name)","Congregation Shearith Israel (corporate name)","Ahavath Achim Synagogue (corporate name)","Der Strumer (corporate name)","The Southern Israelite (corporate name)","Hadassah, The Women's Zionist Organization of America (corporate name)","American Jewish Committee (corporate name)","B'nai B'rith Women (corporate name)","Brandeis University National Women's Committee (corporate name)","World ORT (corporate name)","Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta (corporate name)","National Council of Jewish Women (corporate name)","Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid transit Authority - MARTA (corporate name)","Young Judaea (corporate name)","Atlanta Jewish Community Center (corporate name)","Women's Federation Council (corporate name)","Piedmont Driving Club (corporate name)","Mayfair Club (corporate name)","Progressive Club (corporate name)","Standard Club (corporate name)","Anti-Defamation League - ADL (corporate name)","Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education (corporate name)","Greenfield Hebrew Academy (corporate name)","Jewish Educational Alliance (corporate name)","National Socialist German Workers Party - NSDAP (Nazi Party) (corporate name)","Nuremberg, Germany (geographic term)","Bamberg, Germany (geographic term)","Fuerth, Germany (geographic term)","Stuttgart, Germany (geographic term)","Berlin, Germany (geographic term)","Hamburg, Germany (geographic term)","Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (geographic term)","Boston, Massachusetts (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Galveston, Texas (geographic term)","Camp Wallace, Texas (geographic term)","Vichy, France (geographic term)","Cherbourg, France (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","France (geographic term)","Australia (geographic term)","New Zealand (geographic term)","United States of America (geographic term)","Austria (geographic term)","Czech Republic (geographic term)","Poland (geographic term)","Hungary (geographic term)","Isle of Rhodes (geographic term)","Russia (geographic term)","Greece (geographic term)","Spain (geographic term)","Israel (geographic term)","Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (geographic term)","Concentration Camps (topical term)","Displaced Persons Camps (topical term)","World War I (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Holocaust (topical term)","Survivors (topical term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","The Marshall Plan (topical term)","Nuremberg Laws (topical term)","Reichsparteitag - Nuremberg Rally (topical term)","Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship (topical term)","Hitler Youth (topical term)","Jewish Cultural Society - Kultusgemeinde (topical term)","Kristallnacht (topical term)","Sturmabteilung - SA (topical term)","Great Depression (topical term)","Jewish Community (topical term)","Holocaust Education (topical term)","Zionism (topical term)","Discrimination (topical term)","Segregation (topical term)","Integration (topical term)","Black Community (topical term)","Refugees (topical term)","Racism (topical term)","The Galveston Movement (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHelen Wasserman Spiegel was interviewed by Barbara Schneider on October 29, 1993 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHelen was born in Nuremberg, Germany on July 19, 1923, the daughter of Hans and Selma Wasserman. In 1938, Helen, her younger sister, and their parents immigrated to the United States and settled in Boston, Massachusetts. After finishing high school, Helen went to work in Galveston, Texas for a family friend. There she met another German immigrant, Frank Spiegel. Frank and Helen married in 1946 and moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where they lived with Frank’s parents and raised three children. Helen was active in the Atlanta Jewish community, where her activities ranged from an early supporter of the Hebrew Academy; founding member of a new synagogue, Beth El; chapter and regional president of Hadassah; board member of the Jewish Home; and organizer of a homeless shelter for women. Helen eagerly shared her story with school groups all over Atlanta. In 1996, Helen was honored for her services to the community as a runner for the Olympic torch. Helen died in 2017.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHelen introduces her family and explains how their lives began to change when Hitler came to power in the 1930s. She recollects how Jews in her hometown of Nuremberg bore the initial brunt of the Nazi party’s antisemitism. Helen recalls the philanthropic family that helped her family immigrate to the United States. She recounts the events of Kristallnacht and the difficulty her entire family faced as they tried to leave Germany.  Helen describes how her family settled into their new lives in America, how she ended up in Galveston, Texas, and met her husband. She details her involvement in various Jewish organizations in Atlanta, Georgia and interactions with other leaders of the Jewish community. Helen describes her family life, social activities, and the neighborhood she raised her children in. She reflects on the racism she encountered in the South. Helen talks about how politics, demographics, and social organizations changed over time. The interview concludes with Helen’s descriptions of Galveston, Texas in the 1940’s.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/101/468/small/Helen_Spiegel.jpg?1619291011","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Spiegel_Helen.mp3"]},"duration":8760.50286,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/101/468/small/Helen_Spiegel.jpg?1619291011","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/101/468/original/Spiegel_Helen.mp3?1612867727","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mp3","duration":8760.50286,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Helen Spiegel [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SCHNEIDER: This is Barbara Schneider interviewing Helen Spiegel on October\n29, 1993 for the Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta cosponsored by the\nAmerican Jewish Committee, the Atlanta Jewish Federation, and the National\nCouncil of Jewish Women. Helen, thank you for allowing us to speak with you.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's begin by talking about your family. Tell us where you were born, where you\nlived, your parents' names, where they were born, and your family's decision to\ncome to the United States.\n\nSPIEGEL: I was born in Nuremberg, Germany in 1923. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the daughters of a\nwell-to-do Jewish manufacturer in the city, growing up very unconcerned about\nanything, being brought up by a governess, and having a very nice time until I\nwas about ten years old. I only had a sister. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went to a public school. I had\ntwo sets of grandparents: one who lived in the same city we did--Nuremberg--and\nmy grandfather was part owner of a shoe factory. My other grandparents lived\nabout two hours away in the city of Bamberg, which is a beautiful old city with\na large cathedral. They were hops ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"merchants, which was quite a Jewish\nprofession. They bought hops all over Europe and then sold it to breweries. For\nsome reason or other, that became quite a Jewish profession.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Could I interrupt you for a moment? Could you give us your parents'\nnames and your grandparents?\n\nSPIEGEL: Okay. My parents were Hans and Selma Wasserman. My grandparents' names\nwere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Izodor and Hedwig Wasserman. My other grandparents were Moritz and Ava Grausmann.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Okay. We'll continue now about their professions.\n\nSPIEGEL: My father had a shoe factory, which my grandfather was partner in. My\nother grandparents had this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hops business in Bamberg. The women at this time, of\ncourse, didn't work. They stayed at home, and kept the house, and supervised the\nhelp, and entertained. Never went without gloves and hats any place. In fact,\nyou never made a visit without a little card, which you put on a plate. I still\nhave the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"case that my mother owned that the cards were in. All these niceties\nwere supposed to last forever. Well, all these niceties didn't last forever\nbecause the First World War caused quite a bit of a depression, and inflation,\nand lots of people were without work. There was a Communist regime ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fighting with\nthe Socialist regime, and then came Hitler, who started the nationalistic\nsociety. One of the biggest platforms in this political party was, \"The Jews are\nour misfortune. The Jews have all the money. The Jews have all the jobs. The\nJews take advantage of us and we must get rid of the Jews. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we are rid of the\nJews, we will be a healthy people. We will be a strong people and we will be\nagain at the top of the world.\" One of the greatest horrors of the German\ngovernment at that time was that they didn't have an army. They also accused the\nJews that they had sold them out at the end of the First World War because they\nwere for signing peace treaties, which of course was a lot of rubbish because\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was no Jew ever in any position to ever tell any government official\nanything and certainly not in the army because the Jews did serve in the First\nWorld War--very enthusiastically. They were 120 percent patriotic Germans but\nthere were very few that got over the rank of 1st lieutenant. Any kind of field\nsoldier ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certainly had no right to sign any kind of peace treaty so this was an\nabsolutely hog wash idea. But it played well. Slowly Hitler won over more and\nmore of the different political positions for these people. By 1933, with the\nfire in the Reichstag ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Berlin, Hindenburg turned over the government to Hitler\nand Hitler was the man in Germany who called all the shots. Slowly, he had\nwritten a book, Mein Kampf, in which he had outlined every step of the way what\nhe planned to do--the destruction of the Jewish people. Of course everybody\nthought he was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crackpot. I doubt that many Jews even opened that book and read\nit. Nobody believed in it until he went methodically ahead step by step to\nfulfill all the prophecies he had written in his book, which he had written\nwhile he was incarcerated as a political troublemaker in Landsburg.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Can I ask you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at this point how was this affecting you and your family?\n\nSPIEGEL: At that time, I was still going to a public school. Everybody in\nGermany goes for six years to a public school. Then, depending on your grades\nand your financial situation---because high schools were . . . you had to pay\nfor them. They were not free. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As a girl, you went to a Lyceum and as a boy, you\nwent either to a Realschule or to a Gymnasium, which has nothing to do with\nexercise. That was the way the world went before Hitler. When I got . . . The\nlast year in grammar school, I already noticed that things had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"changed\ndrastically. I was hardly ever called on by a teacher to recite my homework. If\nI did get called upon, I never heard a word of praise. It was, \"Sit down.\" The\nchildren that I used to play around with more or less drifted apart. Just the\nJewish children . . . we sort of formed a circle. We weren't invited to any more\nbirthday parties and they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't come to ours. Then my parents made an\napplication to the Lyceum that was close by. I was turned down. No more Jewish\nchildren were allowed. I must say that the city I lived in--Nuremberg--was the\nworst city for a Jew to live in. Every law that pertained to Jews was first\ntried out in Nuremberg for the reason that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had Julius Streicher who was the\nmost rabid antisemite and printed a newspaper called Der Sturmer, which came out\nweekly. It was the worst trash. It depicted all the Jewish as all the males were\nseducers of the pure Aryan women, the spoilers of their plot, or else they were\ntaking wild advantage ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in business of you. This newspaper with these caricatures\ncame every week to the people's houses and of course was a miserable thing to\nbehold. It was exhibited all over Nuremberg, too. The newspaper sold all over\nGermany, but in Nuremberg everybody had to take it. Also Nuremberg was the town\nfor the Reichsparteitag. Those were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the yearly convocations that started in\n1935, where there were thousands and thousands and thousand of Nazis came to\ntown to parade and to listen to the Fuhrer. The Fuhrer explained all the new\nlaws as they came along. Amongst the main laws--what we call the Nuremberg\nLaws--was against the Jews. It started out in 1935 with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no Jews were allowed to\nhold a state job. That meant no more professors, no more teachers, no more\njudges, no more lawyers that worked with the courts. Then came the law that you\nwere not allowed any intermarriage. Then came the law of who was a Jew, which\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went back three generations. If one part grandparents was Jewish, you\nautomatically became a Jew. Then came the law that if there was an intermarried\ncouple, they had to be divorced. Otherwise, the other one--the non-Jewish\npartner--would be treated equally with the Jewish partner. Then came later on,\nthe boycott laws that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you couldn't buy from a Jew. There were signs on stores,\n\"Do not patronize Jews.\" Then came . . . like my father had . . . the factory\nwas gone. My father worked then as a representative for two big companies . . .\nas a shoe rep. In 1938, there was an unofficial law ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, as a Jewish salesman,\nyou had a heck of a time to solicit a non-Jewish merchant. It was beneath the\ndignity of the non-Jewish merchant to be solicited by a \"dirty Jew.\" You could\nnot . . . Your livelihood was just slowly going down the drain. By that time,\neverybody was frantic to look for a way out of Germany. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even the most optimistic\npeople . . . and my father was a very optimistic person who had from 1933 on to\n1936 and 1937 said, \"This is going to blow over. Germany is going to wake up.\nBesides, Germany can't exist without the Jewish enterprise, and the Jewish\nideas, and the Jewish culture,\" which really was true. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you looked at in the\nmovie, and in the theater, and in the newspaper, and in the writing world, it\nreally was at that time dominated by Jewish names. One couldn't fathom that all\nthis would go on without us. Maybe we were just very over confident. It is now\nsaid that after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler, except for Gunter Grass, there is no outstanding German\nwriter now that is known to the world. There are very few famous movie stars or\nmovie directors that come from Germany. Commercially, they had done very well\nafterwards--after the total collapse. The Marshall Plan helped Germany get back\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on their feet, but at least they used it well. In 1937, my father finally got\ncold feet and decided he should look around and find some relative, anywhere to\nget out. Luckily, my mother in her family had several uncles who had gone to\nAmerica in the 1890's or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something like that. There were so many kids in the\nfamily and there wasn't enough business to go around and they decided to strike\nout. My father found a cousin who had been sent to America because he was the\nblack sheep in the family. He had gambled and won an enormous amount of money. I\nremember that story. It was always told. Never his told his father. He was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all\nof 16 years old. He packed himself up one day, went to Berlin, and spent\nthousands of Marks until his father heard about his misdeed or his winning and\nall that, packed him up and sent him to America. Luckily, he was a forgiving\nsoul and he did bring some of his cousins and brothers to America. There were\nquite a few black sheep who later on really became the saviors of their\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"families. We didn't get an affidavit from a black sheep. We got an affidavit\nfrom a very, very well to do German Jewish family in Philadelphia who had\nimmigrated also in the 1800's. They were bankers in Philadelphia. They really .\n. . to call them a relative was really farfetched, but through a cousin of my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother's who they had brought over before and settled in Philadelphia, and by\nher very actively begging really, to give an affidavit to us, we did get it. If\nyou think of it, to give an affidavit doesn't sound like much but at that time\nit entailed a lot of responsibility because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were a family of four--two small\nchildren, a man in his 50's who didn't speak any English, and a housewife who\nwas 40 and never worked. By giving an affidavit, you signed a piece of paper\nthat you were responsible for the welfare of these people. If they were sick, if\nthey couldn't find work, if they got into trouble, you were responsible for\nthem. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is quite a responsibility to take upon yourself and you didn't do it\nlightly unless you were very rich.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Do you remember the name of this family?\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes, the name was Loew. They were very well known people in the German\nJewish society of Philadelphia. In fact, I met the old lady when I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"18. I was\ngoing to Texas to stay with some friends. She entertained me. She lived in the\nWarwick Hotel in Philadelphia in the penthouse, up there. She invited me and\nthis cousin who had been instrumental to come to lunch. I know I was very\nimpressed. She had this butler . . . There was this little old lady and she had\na butler and a maid to serve ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us--three people--this enormous lunch in this big\nhotel room with this old antique furniture. She was very gracious. She gave me\nthis beautiful handmade hand-crocheted bag. I remember that her mother had made\nas a souvenir, a memento from her. When I came home, I opened up the bag and\nthere was $20 in it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She died shortly afterward. I must say she saved our lives.\nI am forever grateful to little Mrs. Loew.\n\nSCHNEIDER: What did you have to go through on your end . . . before you could .\n. .\n\nSPIEGEL: In Germany, as I said, I was turned down at the lyceum. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everybody had\nto go to a Jewish school from then on. After 1938 in Nuremberg, you could not go\nto a non-Jewish school. There was only one small, very Orthodox Realschule in\nFuerth. Now, Fuerth is the neighboring city to Nuremberg. It's like Atlanta and\nDecatur. You had to take a streetcar there. The school had never had girls\nbefore, but under the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"circumstances . . . it had to go with the time. It was a\nmatter of necessity. Either we had no education or we had to go there. So the\nKultusgemeinde . . . In Germany, you had a Jewish cultural society--not only\ncultural, it took care of all your needs. It was like the Federation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One thing\nI must say: in Germany the church and state was not separate. The churches were\nsupported by the state, by the taxes that you as a citizen paid. The Jewish\ntaxes went to . . . the Kultusgemeinde and they distributed it to the different\nsynagogues and the teachers and the schools. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They decided this school must\nchange its policies. They decided it must become more or less a public high\nschool for Jewish boys and girls. Whether they were Orthodox or not Orthodox, it\ndidn't matter. They had to come. We took the streetcar for 45 minutes everyday.\nWe went to this small school that kept adding and adding little subdivided\nrooms. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had to have little recesses because not everybody fit in the little\ncourtyard where you had your lunch. Incidentally, that's the same school that\nHenry Kissinger went to. He was a grade above me. But at that point, he was just\nan ordinary kid. Nobody knew he had such a big future before him. The teachers\nreally did their very best. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In spite of the tremendous pressure on the pupils\nwho didn't know when they were leaving or the teachers who also were trying to\nleave. They did teach us. We knew that whatever we could cram into . . . was\nsomething we could take with us. They couldn't take away from us. They probably\nwould take everything else away. We really did apply ourselves. There wasn't\nmuch time for fun anyhow ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you couldn't go to the movies. We couldn't go\nto the theater. We couldn't go to any public bathing place. In Nuremberg, you\ncouldn't go any place. You never knew when somebody was going to beat you up. If\nsomebody was going to beat you up, nobody was going to help you because nobody\nwas going to take it upon himself the onus of being a \"Jew-lover.\" I mean, what\nworse could you do to yourself? Not only that- it wasn't only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you that was\npunished if you did that, but it put a black mark on your family because, \"He\nprobably heard it at home that whatever was done to the Jews wasn't right.\" We\nhad, for example, in our house a family and that shows how bad Hitler was with\n\"good Germans\" . . . this guy had a high position in the police department. He\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very, very Catholic. He was a devout Catholic. They went to mass every day.\nThey had two sons. One was my age and one was my sister's age. The son that was\nas old as I am, Herman, was always a nice kid and he felt very bad that he\ncouldn't talk to us . . . in what position we were put. The other one who was\nfour years younger embraced Nazism with full arms. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He joined the Hitler Youth,\nhe sang, he danced, he spit at us, he kicked us whenever he could. He was all\ninto it. The brother still went to mass and refused to join the Hitler Youth.\nHelmut was going to denounce his own brother for being a traitor. So . . . the\nparents sent off Herman to Austria, where he had an uncle who was a high . . .\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he wasn't a bishop or a cardinal . . . he was some kind of a higher up in the\npriesthood. They sent him to this monastery because they were afraid he was\ngoing to be . . . something was going to happen to him. This was the effect of\nHitler on a non-Jewish family.\n\nSCHNEIDER: When your parents made the decision to come, you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mentioned they\nneeded a visa. Tell us about that.\n\nSPIEGEL: We contacted this Loew family and they sent us the visa after some\ntime. Now, if you just got the papers, that doesn't mean you can pack up and\nleave. You've got to pass an examination at the American Consulate. What nobody\nknew in Germany at that time was that the American Consulates ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were instructed by\nthe government unofficially to be as strict as possible because they didn't want\nan overbalance of Jews coming. They checked you from \"A\" to \"Z.\" I mean,\nphysically and mentally. Now, you have to figure out that you knew your life\ndepended on this visa, to pass this examination. Of course you were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nervous.\nSome people probably forgot their name and their address in this excitement. The\nmen were sweating profusely; their hearts were beating very hard. They were\nturned down because of high blood pressure, or all these kind of things that\nwere really not a chronic condition. It was just a matter of stress. They had\nquestions ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for us. Name for us the 48--at that time we had only 48\nstates--capitals. Or, name for us what is the capital of North Dakota. I didn't\nknow what North Dakota was if you asked. I wouldn't even have known about\nAtlanta probably much except for \"Gone With the Wind.\" They had the weirdest\nquestions. Even though we studied . . . we didn't even know what we studied--we\njust studied things that somebody had written out as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guidebook, so to speak. A\nlot of people who didn't make it to America even though they had affidavits from\nrelatives were due to the nastiness of the Consulate personnel. The one we had\nto go to was in Stuttgart. I think he was a very enthusiastic antisemite. He was\nonly too glad to find ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fault with whoever applied. Many were turned down. We were\nvery fortunate that we passed the examination by good luck. It was really good\nluck. When we came back in 1938 and just before the visa was due--we were\nleaving at the end of 1938--came Kristallnacht. In Nuremberg, was one of the\nworst nights. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"excesses in Nuremberg were unbelievable. Women being beaten\nand kicked and everything being destroyed. The synagogue, our synagogue burned.\nWe had a gorgeous synagogue. It was like Saint Philip's cathedral. I mean, just\nas big and beautiful and made out of stone and it was just amazing. It was just\na really beautiful synagogue. Most of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German synagogues really were built in\nthe cathedral style and it took a lot of dynamite to destroy the synagogue. It\nburned for three days. They had a cordon of firemen around--not to protect the\nsynagogue but to protect the houses next to them, which were business houses. It\nwas on a square in Nuremberg. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were the most fortunate people in Nuremberg\nthis night. It was due to my mother. We had already taken all our belongings . .\n. The packers for this lift were coming the following week. Before you can pack,\nyou had to have everything on the floor and out of the cabinets ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you had\nan inspector coming from the German government who checked everything and then\nwhat you had, he put a tax on it. Every used or unused handkerchief had to have\na penny or two of tax for the privilege of taking it out of the country. We had\neverything on the floor or piled up in packs all over the big apartment. My\nmother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a Rosenfield service as we called it for 36 people. She had silver\nfor 36. Silver you could still take along. Jewelry you couldn't. You couldn't\ntake cameras along. You had to give up weapons. That's another story I might\ntell in a little while. Here come . . . there was screaming on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"street. There\nwas hollering on the street. You knew that things were going on. Here come these\nsix half drunk SR men banging against the door with their boots. They always\nwear boots. In fact, when I came to America, for the longest time, I couldn't\nbuy myself a pair of boots. I had a Freudian slip about boots. Boots and Nazis\nwere one thing in my mind but I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conquered it. Now I have several pair of boots.\nThey came in. My father had been in Munich that week to wind up some business.\nAs he was leaving, it was the day Kristallnacht really started. He always stayed\nin the same small hotel in Munich. They guy was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the known. He was an old\nnative Munich person. He says, \"You know, Mr. Wasserman, something is going on.\nI understand they are going to arrest Jews at the stations. I don't think you\nshould go home tonight. I'll put you up in the attic. I'll bring you breakfast\nand I'll call your wife for you. Stay overnight, just to see what's what.\" That\nsaved my father from being ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrested because when they came in each house that\nnight, they arrested all the men and all the young males over 17. My father was\nsaved from arrest because the man kept him. The next day, he found out all the\nJews were arrested from all over. My father stayed up in this attic for three\ndays until the arrest wave was cancelled. By that time, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had every Jew more\nor less that they wanted. Anyhow, they came in and they see this on the floor.\nOne turns to the other and he says, \"Das Juden Schwien--the Jewish sow--made it\neasy for us. We don't even have to take it out of the cabinets. We can just\nstomp on it.\" There was my mother's pride and joy--her Rosenfield service. How\nshe though of it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have never understood because my mother was such a nervous\nperson. She said, \"Wait a minute! You cannot touch anything. I have to show you\nsomething. Wait just one minute.\" She disappeared and she came with the American\nvisa, which was a very official looking document with all kinds of seals on it.\nShe marched up to this man who was in charge and she put it in front of him. She\nsaid, \"You see? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It says here we are under the protection of the American\ngovernment and all this belongs now to the American government. If you destroy\nit, you destroy American government. You might get into trouble.\" He looked at\nher--she was a little woman--and he looked at this document. They were half\ndrunk. He couldn't thank G-d read English--which didn't say a word about this\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being American government property--and said, \"There are so many other dirty\nJews in town. Why should we bother with this one?\" He turned and walked off. We\nwere the only ones in Nuremberg that I knew who had everything in order. That\nwas because my mother had this brilliant idea. Afterwards, when we asked her,\nshe said she didn't know what made her do it. She said all of a sudden she just\nknew she had to save this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stuff for her children. And she did.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Was this packed and it came over with you?\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes. I can show it to you later on. I hardly ever use it, but whenever\nI do use it, I have to think of my mother. It was really a very noble thing.\n\nSCHNEIDER: An inspiration.\n\nSPIEGEL: It was an inspirational thought. It didn't help us, though, when a year\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before my father . . . whenever they had these Reichspartei parties, every Jew\nin Nuremberg tried to get out of town if at all possible. We always did. That\none year, we couldn't because my father had some kind of appointment or\nsomething that he couldn't change. We didn't go. He was in town. A troop of SR\nmen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started to march by him. The Germans had a custom that when they carried\nthis swastika flag that was called their blood flag--the reason they call it the\nblood flag is because all the members of this troop would stand around when they\nget this flag and cut their wrists and put a few drops of blood on it and that\nwas it. It was a holy flag. Nazism really was a pagan religion and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler was\nG-d. Anyhow, you had to stand still whatever you were doing, and put your hand\non your belt, and lift up your hand, and salute, \"Heil Hitler!\" My father was\nthere. He was in this quandary. As a Jew, if he saluted the holy flag, he would\nbe sacrilegious. If he didn't salute the flag, it would be a sign of no respect.\nWhat to do? He ducked into a doorway and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"figured he'd wait until the troop\npasses and he'll go on his way, which he did. But he didn't realize somebody had\nwatched him and was following him. That night, there came the clattering of\nboots. They were at our door, banging with the boots and looking for the \"Jew\nsow Wasserman.\" It was very easy for them to know who my father was because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we\nwere the only Jewish sounding name in this apartment house. My father came to\nthe door. There was my sister, my mother, and I, and the governess who in the\nmeantime had been helping with the household and everything else because she was\nvery lovely and she stayed with us. Incidentally, you couldn't have any\nhousehold help under 45 because that was to protect the pure blood from the\nseducing Jew. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They said to my father, \"Would you please take your glasses off?\"\nMy father did. They systematically beat him very, very badly. We screamed. We\ncried. Nothing in the house moved. Then my bleeding father pulled himself up\nafter they left and we called the one Jewish doctor. Incidentally, after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1939\nyou couldn't go to a non-Jewish doctor or non-Jewish hospital either. We had one\nlittle Jewish hospital in Fuerth. That was a 45-minute ride. But there was one\nJewish doctor living near us and we went to his apartment and he patched up my\nfather. We were afraid that they . . . They had said, \"We'll be back to teach\nyou another lesson.\" We packed up and we went in the night . . . my father wore\ndark glasses and his head ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bandaged and over his face practically to hide all the\nblack eyes. We went by train to Bamberg to stay with my grandparents. This was\nthe life of fun and entertainment in Nuremberg for a Jew.\n\nSCHNEIDER: When you had your visa and you were packed and you were ready to\nleave, how did you get your tickets? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What form of transportation . . .\n\nSPIEGEL: The tickets you had to buy as soon as you had your visa. Those you\nbought with your own money. You could buy them from whichever boat line you\ntook. We were able to get some from this American ship line . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The boat was\ncalled SS Washington. We went out of Hamburg. We had to go via Berlin. At that\ntime already, you had to have permission as a Jew to travel. You had to go the\npolice, lay out your route, and get their okay. We had to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"via Berlin to\nHamburg. We had to stay in Berlin overnight because that's how the tickets read.\nThen you had to find a hotel in Berlin. There were several that were on the list\nof Kultusgemeinde that were either Jewish owned or for some reason or other were\nallowed to have Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clients or guests. We stayed in one of those.\n\nSCHNEIDER: This was the four of you--your mother, and father, and sister, and you?\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes. My grandparents on my father's side had already died in the\nmeantime. My grandparents on my mother's side--especially my grandfather was in\nhis 80's. Absolutely did not want to hear of leaving Bamberg. He was an honored\ncitizen, he had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many friends, and nothing was going to happen to him. My uncle\ninsisted in 1938 they have to look for papers to leave. They had no children. My\ngrandfather got pneumonia. He had a cold and got pneumonia. My\ngrandfather--which we didn't know but then found out--had never taken the\nmedicine the doctor had given him because he had willed himself to die. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He did\nnot want to leave. My grandmother--who was at that time also in her 80's--went\nwith my uncle and aunt. We had already left at that time. They went . . . my\nuncle was in the hops business and travelled all over Belgium and Holland on\nbusiness all the time. He had friends in Belgium. They went to Belgium. Of\ncourse, Hitler came to Belgium. They went to France--first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the unoccupied\nzone. Then they were rounding up the Jews and they had to go to the occupied\nzone, to the Vichy zone, where they imprisoned them in Camp de Gurs. Luckily, in\nanother month if the war hadn't have ended, they would have been on another\ntransport to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The French very secretly allowed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Germans to\ntransport the Jews out of the French camps to Auschwitz-Birkenau. They were . .\n. It was just sheer luck that their number hadn't come up at that time. We went\nback from Berlin to Hamburg. As an aside, my husband was in Berlin on business a\nfew years ago. We were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"invited by the big shots of AEG--that's like Westinghouse\nof America. Most of the people were young, except there was one elderly\ngentleman there. He had what we call in Germany a . . . That was one of those\ndual marks like the old German Junges had. I saw this and it worked on me like a\nred flag on a bull. He of all people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the one who asked me if I had ever been\nin Berlin before. Usually I have pretty good manners. I looked at him and I\nsaid, \"Yes,\" I was in Berlin before but under very bad circumstance. But on the\nother hand, under very good circumstances because I was able to leave Germany\nstill alive. There was a deathly pall along the table. One of the other men\nsaid, \"That was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very dark chapter in our history which we will never, never repeat.\"\n\nSCHNEIDER: You boarded the boat in Hamburg . . . the four of you. What kind of boat?\n\nSPIEGEL: It was a luxury liner. At that time already, food was getting scarce\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all over Germany--I mean, the finer foods. The Jews of course had even less food\nbecause we could only buy in certain stores and what they got of course was very\ninferior stuff in very small quantities. My father said, \"We are going to eat\nthe menu up and down.\" This was the kind of food that we hadn't had for many\nyears. My father was quite a gourmet and he loved to eat. But it was such a\nstormy trip that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unfortunately three-quarters of the people on this gorgeous\nluxury liner with all this gorgeous food couldn't eat a darn thing! The other\nthing that was very sad on this ship, there were many, many men on this boat who\nhad gotten out of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camps. In 1938 and 1939, if you had a visa,\nsome of the men were still discharged out of the concentration camps. You could\ntell them from miles way because their heads were all shorn and they never were\nany place without either a cap or a hat. Even in this grand dining room--if you\ndid go the few times that the boat stopped rocking a little--there they were\nsitting with their caps or hats--a reminder of what you got away from.\n\nSCHNEIDER: The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boat docked in what city?\n\nSPIEGEL: It only docked once in Cherbourg, which is France. We got out to get\nrid of our seasickness for a little while. Then it came straight into America.\nIt took us almost two weeks because it was in December. . . It was so stormy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\nso foggy. That was the time before radar and all this other stuff, so you stood\nin the middle of the ocean and you rocked up and down and up and down. I was\nreally horribly seasick. We had a very cute steward and he asked me what I\nwanted. I said, \"A revolver!\" Really I didn't care if I ever got to America. All\nI wanted to do was stop it!\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SCHNEIDER: What city did the boat dock?\n\nSPIEGEL: In New York.\n\nSCHNEIDER: You went through which immigration . . .\n\nSPIEGEL: They had . . . It was just . . . nothing very traumatic. They check you\nout. Everybody looked like heck because everybody had been seasick.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Was this on Ellis Island?\n\nSPIEGEL: No it was on the regular boat docks. We had some relatives that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were\nwaiting for us. My father was one of the very fortunate. He knew exactly he was\ngoing to Boston because he had this friend in the same business had opened up\nlittle leather factory. My father had been a fantastic salesman in Germany and\nhe had great hopes . . . was going to go as a salesman for his friend who was\nmanufacturing small leather articles. That really was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an act of confidence of\nMr. Neumanska, his friend, because here was my father with hardly any English\nand he was supposed to go out and sell to American customers and be a super\nsalesman. My father really surprised us all. He managed very well with the help\nof a dictionary. His customers began . . . after a while . . . really loved him\nand he did very nicely. The funny thing was, when he first started out on the\nroad, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my father looked like a typical German brewer. He was not too large, very\ncorpulent, with a round face, little nose, big blue eyes. All the people in New\nEngland, which was his territory--he was traveling out of Boston . . . all the\ncustomers were Jewish. They were either the drugstore's or the men's stores or\nthe department store buyers. Here comes this German wanting to sell to them, and\nthey are full of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler doing this and that, and they are supposed to buy from\nthis German? They were very rude. They were practically throwing him out. My\nfather couldn't understand it at first. They told him they wouldn't have\nanything to do with Germans. My father said, \"But I'm Jewish!\" \"Ach! We don't\nbelieve it at all!\" My father got to the point where he was reciting for them\nthe Shema to prove to them he was Jewish. After that, they thought it was very\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"funny. They created a very nice atmosphere and he did very well. Those were the\nproblems as a refugee. For example, in England, they put all the Jewish male\nrefugees during the war into a quasi-concentration camp because they were afraid\nthere were German spies among them. Or they gave them this choice either to go\nto this island or Australia or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New Zealand. I have at least three cousins who\nwound up in Australia or New Zealand because they were young fellas and they\ndidn't want to stay in the Isle of Man and do forced labor.\n\nSCHNEIDER: On entry then, you went directly to Boston?\n\nSPIEGEL: To Boston, yes. I went to school a year and a half. I worked as a\nbabysitter to make . . . We all worked--my sister, my mother and I--as\nbabysitters to make money. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now when I see what babysitters get, I could die. I\ngot 50 cents a whole night and occasionally the permission to have a glass of\nmilk or cookie. Now I think it's $4 an hour or something.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Tell me the kind of place that you lived in.\n\nSPIEGEL: We lived in . . . We had this German furniture still and all the good\nstuff, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we found an apartment on Commonwealth Avenue in Boston. Incidentally,\nthat was one of the most horrible experiences we had in America. We were looking\nfor an apartment--my mother and I. My mother spoke the best English. In Boston,\nyou went to the superintendent to ask about apartments. We saw this one, which\nwould have been on the second floor, which would have been much better. We wound\nup on the third floor, with very steep ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stairs. He asked my mother where she came\nfrom. My mother said we came from Germany. He said to her, \"Oh, I love to have\nGerman tenants. They're so neat, and orderly, and clean.\" My mother said, \"Oh,\nbut we are not Germans. We are Jews. That's why we left Germany.\" He said, \"Wait\na minute. I think this apartment is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rented. You cannot have it.\" We went home.\nWe were so crushed. We didn't go that whole day to look for apartments. To come\nto Boston and be told, \"You can't have the apartment more or less because you're\nJewish,\" was really more than we could take that day. Then we were told that\nsome of the superintendents were very anti-Semitic. Some were Irish that didn't\nlike Jews. Nobody lost much sleep over it. But of course ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming from Germany, we\nlost a lot of sleep over it that night. We did find an apartment up on the third\nfloor. I remember when the guys came with the delivery to bring that heavy\nfurniture up. I think they became rather anti-Semitic too at that point. We\ndidn't have too much fun or tip them either. We settled. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a two-bedroom\napartment with a small living room and dining room. We had this big hand carved\nfurniture. My mother decided that in order to save money--which we needed not\nfor ourselves but to give her mother and family out of Europe--she was going to\nrent the extra bedroom. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We rented the extra bedroom--it had one bath--to a\nbachelor. My sister slept on a couch in the living room and I slept on a couch\nin the dining room. It was quite a bit of togetherness. My father went on the\nroad with the train and the bus because he never learned how to drive. In\nGermany, he had a chauffer. He never liked to drive. Life was not too easy for\nhim either because he had to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"schlep all his samples along. But he managed. I\nremember at first, their little factory--which built into a big factory at the\nend. Mr. Neumanska became a very wealthy man. He did very well. Was near the\nwholesale meat market in Boston. My father would go on Friday or on Thursday\nsometimes and buy whatever was cheap. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The cheapest thing was they had calves\ntongue--little calves tongue. They were ten cents a pound. We would eat calf\ntongue. Every week, we would have calf tongue. It was cheap. But my mother made\nit very good. She made it with a pecan sauce. She bought capers. We had very\ngood . . . over noodles, over rice, over mashed potatoes . . . calf tongue. I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember that. Nowadays I don't mind eating them again but for a long time, I\nwouldn't go near them.\n\nSCHNEIDER: How long did you live in Boston? Were there any Jewish agencies that\nhelped you? Did you go to religious school?\n\nSPIEGEL: I went to high school a year and a half. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We didn't really use much of\nthe help per se because due to the fact that my father had a job, he didn't need\nany help financially, but we did use the agencies for advice on how to expedite\n. . . how to help my uncle, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my aunt and my grandmother in France and get papers\nfor them. Since we weren't citizens, we couldn't give them papers. It was very\ndifficult. They did later on make provisions that people could bring their\nrelatives over even if they weren't citizens. They came under HIAS' auspices. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\ndidn't go to any religious school, no. We belonged to the Temple in Boston,\nwhich was a big Reform synagogue, which most of the German Jews joined. Then, in\n1940, there were so many German and Austrian Jews in Boston that they formed\nwhat they called \"The IMAS,\" the Immigrant Mutual Aid Society. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They even hired\nfor the High Holy Days, some German cantor and some German rabbis who were only\ntoo glad to make some extra money because they weren't hired by American\ncongregations. We had our own services. Mr. Neumanska happened to be the\npresident. He was really very socially minded and active. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He founded that. He\nsaw to it that they even had a cemetery. He even bought cemetery lots for\nthem--not for them, but that you could buy. They had a very active . . . they\nmet socially and they helped each other. I'm still friendly with the children of\nsome of these people. They had a very active social life there. I remember being\nvery ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"culturally inclined. The Germans found out that if you go on certain nights\nto the Boston symphony, you could get standing seats. That was a big deal then.\nI moved to Galveston, Texas just before the war--I alone. We had non-Jewish\nfriends. My uncle had non-Jewish friends who had moved to America from Germany.\nHe was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brew master. He was an anti-Nazi. He refused to fly the Nazi flag. They\nwere going to beat him up and really get after him. He got himself a job in\nAmerica. They were always looking for German brew masters. They had no children.\nThey came to visit in Boston. They had a big house and they were doing well in\nGalveston, Texas. They prevailed upon me to come and visit for a little while,\nmaybe I'll like Texas and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stay a little while. I had graduated high school. I\nhad not too good a job. I worked in an office as a file girl. Assistant\nsecretary. I figured I had nothing to lose--why not see the world? They were\ngoing to give me the ticket, so I decided to go to Texas. I did and stayed.\n\nSCHNEIDER: What was the name of those people?\n\nSPIEGEL: The friends of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my uncle were Mr. and Mrs. Carl Bram. He was brew master\nof the brewery there and she had a big hotel there. I worked partly for her\nthere in the hotel, keeping the books. Then I worked partly for a lawyer, a Mr.\nZinn. I worked for him for the four years I lived in Texas. I was going for four\nweeks and stayed for four years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the war broke out. In a small town, it\nwas much easier. Besides, it was paradise for a young woman. You had the army,\nthe navy, and the coast guard, and the air force all around Galveston. I became\nsecretary at the Temple. I took that as a sideline for Mr. Isakson. I had a\nwonderful time in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Galveston, Texas I had lots of friends. My husband was\nstationed . . . At that time, I didn't know him. He was . . . I kept in touch\nwith a girlfriend of mine, whose name was Marion Spiegel, who had emigrated at\nthe end . . . really the last boat to America. We found each other and we wrote.\nShe wrote me after the war broke out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that her oldest brother had enlisted in the\nArmy and he was stationed in Texas. \"Texas is a big state, but would Camp\nWallace be near Galveston?\" I wrote her back Camp Wallace is a half an hour from\nGalveston. She gave him my address and he came. We had very good food and we\nwere very friendly. That's how he got stuck with me . . . while he was stationed\nin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Camp Wallace, Texas. After the war, we got married. Frank, my husband . . .\nhe also came in 1939 but he came by himself as an eighteen-year-old boy. That\nwas during the Depression in America. He had a job filling fountain pens,\nironing handkerchiefs, and all kinds of jobs, which he didn't really like and\ndidn't think he had much of a future. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He went to HIAS and said, \"Isn't there\nsomething else I can go do?\" They said, \"Well, they're planning to send 18 young\nmen to Georgia to an agricultural school. If you would want to be part of them,\nthat would be nice . . .\" He could go.\n\nSCHNEIDER: You were living where?\n\nSPIEGEL: I was at that time living in Boston.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SCHNEIDER: You married in Boston?\n\nSPIEGEL: We met during the war in Galveston, Texas. I got married in Boston,\nthen moved to Atlanta, where he was living and had brought his parents. I came\nto Atlanta in 1945. I went to work as a secretary to the president of the Big\nApple Supermarket, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Simon Maltek. I worked for them for over five and a half\nyears until I got pregnant. At that time, when you had children, you quit. You\nstayed home and raised your children. My husband was a traveling salesman. Most\nof my friends' husbands were all traveling salesmen. Atlanta really was built up\n. . . the Jewish community really was built up by travelling salesman who\ntravelled out of Atlanta. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was the most centrally located place. Nobody ever\nthought anything of it, that you were home with your kids and your husband was\ntraveling all over the world and was gone two or three weeks at a time because\nthat was before expressways and people used trains. You had to stay at home.\n\nSCHNEIDER: What were the companies that he worked for?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIEGEL: He doesn't like to change jobs. He's worked for 45 years for the same\ncompany and he's still a consultant for them. It's an electrical motors and\nsupply distributing company. Their name was Brownell and they were bought out\nabout 5 years a go by a conglomerate called Avnit. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My in-laws lived with us. In\nsome ways, I really had time to myself that I could get away. I always liked\norganizing, or as somebody says, \"bossing people around.\" I decided I ought to\ndo something a little more than just be around babies. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First I got involved in\nour synagogue, Beth El, which didn't last long. We were sort of avant garde--we\nwere young people with no money. We thought we could run a synagogue on idealism\nand no money. It didn't work because the rabbi we hired wanted to eat and we\ncouldn't pay his salary after a while. I think we were one of the first\nsynagogues that went bankrupt. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now when I read the Jewish Times, I see there are\n23 synagogues. I could cry. If we had had a little more patience and the rabbi\nhadn't been so hungry, we might have made it.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Tell me where Beth El was located and where you lived.\n\nSPIEGEL: By that time, we lived already in the house we are still living in now.\nNo, we lived on Seal Place, off of Boulevard, which is now ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Monroe Avenue or . .\n. Beth El was in a little dip on University Drive. The grounds were donated to\nus by Dr. Taylor--Judy and Mark's father-in-law. They donated the grounds. We\nbuilt a pre-fab building. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We just couldn't make it. We didn't have enough money\nto make a go of it. We dissolved. It was very heartbreaking. At that time, we\nhad started a new tradition. We had a break the fast dance, which was open to\nthe whole community. Somehow or another, I was in charge very often. I always\ndid the speech making. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Colleen Weston, who was at that time one of the machers\nof Hadassah, said to Eleanor Levin, \"This girl we're going to hire, we're going\nto get for Hadassah.\" We got through with Beth El. She approached me to get\nactive with Hadassah. Lo and behold, I worked myself up to group president and\nchapter president.\n\nSCHNEIDER: That was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which chapter?\n\nSPIEGEL: The group president was Hadeema. The chapter was . . . At that point we\nhad seven chapters that made up all of Hadassah and at that point Hadassah had\n2,700 members in the city of Atlanta. It was the biggest women's organization in\nAtlanta and at that time, the women's organization in Atlanta. I remember I was\nvery frightened when I did become ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"president. I had heard about the prejudice\ntoward--which my boss had told me about against the \"Deutsche . . . \" the German\nJews. The dowagers of Hadassah were: Ida Levitas; Betty Goldstein--who\nironically later became the mother-in-law of my daughter; ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Irene Schwartz;\nand Mrs. Epstein, Rabbi Epstein's wife; and Rae Frank was another one; Sonya\nRabinowitz; Charney Abelson. They were the governing body, so to speak, of it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nknew they were . . . I was very worried. But they became--for one reason or\nanother--one of my staunchest supporters. I got along very nicely with them. I\nhad no problems whatsoever being president of Hadassah. At that time, it was a\nvery rewarding job because the vice-presidents and all the committee chairmen,\neverybody really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took their job seriously. It was a responsibility and you did\nit. People really had an easier lifestyle. I mean, they had help. I had help,\ntoo, part-time. Nobody was working. This was part of your life and your\nresponsibility. You took it seriously.\n\nSCHNEIDER: This was what years?\n\nSPIEGEL: This was 1968 to 1970 and then I was president from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1972 to 1974 or\nsomething like that. I have a plaque there. I should have looked at it. I\nenjoyed it. I found that it was some way of repaying for what I had gotten when\nI came to America to the Jewish people as a whole. It was always I think my\nraison d'être for taking Federation jobs or anything else. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I felt I should do\nit; or rather I must do it. I did it.\n\nSCHNEIDER: What were some of the things you accomplished during your term as\npresident? What were some of the things also that Hadassah accomplished in Atlanta?\n\nSPIEGEL: I think Hadassah was very active in making their quotas. For the size\nof the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city of Atlanta, we sent a lot of money to Israel. We always made our\nquotas. We had fantastic study groups, really good study groups at that time. We\nalso had some really enjoyable cooking groups I remember. The other thing was\nthat Hadassah at that time was also more social. It helped new people to make\nfriends. At that time, we had all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these social clubs. It was no great problem\nwhere to meet. You had the Progressive club. You had the Mayfair Club. You\ndidn't go so much to the Standard Club, but the two other clubs you had meetings\nthere. You had socials. It was the \"in\" thing to go, and to be seen, and to do.\nIsrael became a state and you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"felt a responsibility to help. You were part of, a\nwitness to a great thing and you felt you had to help make it an established\ngrowing concern.\n\nSCHNEIDER: What was the attitude of the Jewish community, and the non-Jewish\ncommunity as well, toward the formation of Israel?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIEGEL: I think there was no problem at all in the non-Jewish community,\nespecially since this is the 'Bible Belt.' They felt like it was part of a\nprophecy coming up. I remember when Israel was declared a state, at the AA\nsynagogue, which was that time on Washington Street, we had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"citywide\ncelebration where they had invited every preacher, all the city government, the\nstate government, and all the Jewish community. It was a tremendous thing. The\nonly thing I remember at that time was they handed out yarmulkes at the door.\nThe only one who refused to take a yarmulke was Rabbi Marx of the Temple at that\ntime. I so happened to be standing on the sidelines when this happened. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nthought it was very paradoxal. It was a tremendous thing. I remember that. Many\nof us of the German Jewish decent were saying, \"If only this would have happened\nyears ago.\" It would have saved a lot of lives. Then about ten years ago, the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Defamation League came up with a new project. They felt that the public\nshould be educated on the Holocaust. They started to approach non-Jewish public\nschools to incorporate the lesson of the Holocaust within the time when they\nteach the Second World War or when they read Anne Frank's diary. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They thought it\nmay be a good idea to have somebody who lived through this time--either in a\nconcentration camp or in Germany--so they decided to recruit a quorum of people\nwho would go to these schools and do this. Alex Gross, and Lola Lansky, and I,\nand Ben Hirsch I think were one of the first ones who did that. I approached ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my\nlectures always from the point of view that I was a teenager like they are\nduring this Hitler time and the terrible consequences intolerance has on the\nworld and on the people who live within this tyranny and dictatorship. I must\nsay it has been a very worthwhile project for me. Many of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teachers make\ntheir pupils either write an essay or a letter. I have received some very\nmoving, beautiful letters. Also the questions are very fascinating that some of\nthe kids come up with. I've done this for the ADL as well as for the Bureau of\nJewish Education for many years and still do it.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Can we go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back a little to the time when you moved to Atlanta? Tell\nme about your neighborhood, where it was, how people lived, how you raised your\nchildren . . . kind of day-to-day life.\n\nSPIEGEL: When I first got married, we moved into my in-law's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apartment, which\nwas on Washington Street, which is now the baseball field. In fact, I think my\nhoneymoon bed must have probably stood somewhere near the second base. That was\nreally the heart of the Jew community--that area. You had two kosher stores\nthere, you had the AA, you had Shearith Israel there. Everything was on\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Washington Street--whatever Jewish thing you needed. Even the Alliance was on\nCapital Avenue, which was on the next block. That was right after the war for\nthe next five or six years. Then came . . . in German you say, \"der Drang nach\nden Osten,\" the urge to the east. In this case, it was the northeast. The Jewish\npopulation started to move northeast to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Johnson Road and Lenox Road. Wildwood\nwas then the new section. In the meantime, we had bought what was a smaller\nhouse of Boulevard. Boulevard also was a Jewish section at that time. After I\nwas married about five years, when I was pregnant, we decided . . . My in-laws\nlived with us at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that time, too. My in-laws lived with us for 27 years until my\nfather-in-law was not able to and had to go to the Jewish Home. We bought a\nhouse then off of . . . After we bought the house on Seal Place, we lived there\nfor four years. That was off of Boulevard. Then when I was pregnant with\nElizabeth, we moved. We bought this house off of Briarcliff Road, near Emory.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Incidentally, that was the street that Mr. Candor had a whole big lot. Mr.\nCandor had bought to build the AA synagogue--this street where I now live. Then\nthe board decided they wanted to buy a lot further out, so he subdivided this\nlot where we now live and sold it for houses. I remember when we bought it and\nmoved here, everybody says, \"My G-d, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're moving so far out! You won't be able\nto be visited by . . . \" and all this. Now, where I live is practically downtown\ncompared to my daughter. When my daughter bought a house in Cobb County and\nsomebody asked my husband, \"Where does Elizabeth and Bobby live?\" he said, \"In\nsouth Chattanooga.\" Now I read just recently in the paper that Atlanta's coming\ncloser and closer to south Chattanooga, so he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right. Anyhow, we lived, and I\nstill live in the same house. We've been living in this house now 39 years. It\nis a dead-end street with 18 houses. When we moved here, there were 17 Jewish\nfamilies on this street and one non-Jewish woman with her son. She called\nherself the \"DG,\" the \"displaced goyim.\" But she fit in beautifully. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We loved\nher dearly. The interesting thing is everyone had children and was a family\nunit. We had 27 kids on the street. Due to the fact it was a dead-end street,\neverybody played on the street. Everybody had a friend their age and they are\nstill friendly with them. It was a wonderful way of bringing up children.\nOne-third of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children went to the Hebrew Academy. The others went to public\nschools. Now, on our street there are about seven of the original owners still\nthere--with no children of course, only grandchildren. There's one single\nsolitary child on this whole street. There are two gay couples, and several\ndivorcees, and widows. I think it's a microcosm of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how Atlanta has changed.\nHalloween is coming up and nobody will knock on the door except for little\nNicholas. We couldn't have enough candy before!\n\nSCHNEIDER: Can you remember the names of those 17 families?\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes. I think so. There were: the Linklers that are still there; the\nSanders who are still there; the Spiegels who are still there; ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Joels who are\nstill there . . . Then there are new people . . . Then there were the\nSopersteins, and the Sankers, and the Frankels, and Hoffman, and Wallenstein,\nand Steiner--who incidentally built the AA, he was an architect; and Fred and\nSylvia Hirsh--he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comes from the same town as my husband did; and the\nAlperins--they are still living there; and the Kraars. Mr. Weiss, who lived on\nour street came from Austria. The Hoffmans and the Steiners came from\nCzechoslovakia. The Sanders came from Austria. We had a very international street.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SCHNEIDER: Are most of those people still in the Atlanta area, whether they are\non this street or not?\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes. Some of them have died in the meantime.\n\nSCHNEIDER: After Beth El disintegrated, what congregation . . .\n\nSPIEGEL: We joined Shearith Israel because we had a Hebrew school together with\nthem. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I swore to myself at that time . . . I was so disappointed that we\ncouldn't make a go of the synagogue. There was so much love and idealism that\nwent into this that I swore to myself that, \"I am going to join the synagogue.\nI'm just going to become a member and nobody's going to say, 'Boo.' Nobody's\ngoing to see me and I'm going to melt into the woodwork.\" I really tried this\nfor a whole year and I didn't succeed too well. They pulled me out of the\nwoodwork and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got sort of active in the sisterhood again. Then about eleven\nyears ago, we had a very fantastic rabbi--very social-minded rabbi--by the name\nof Mark Wilson--a very dear man. He sat on the board of all the clergyman. He\nheard always what the churches did for the homeless and for the poor. He said he\nalways had a rather funny feeling ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about that he had nothing to offer from the\nJewish side. Then eleven years ago we had a horrible winter. They had three\nhomeless people who froze to death. He decided that it was really time that the\nJewish community does take part in this responsibility, to fight this inhumane\ncondition that people had to freeze on the street. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He came to the congregation\nand proposed that we should use Ignite, our education building, in the winter\nfor a shelter for homeless women. We weren't equipped to house couples. We were\nonly going to have one bedroom. The synagogue was at least at first a little\naghast because it had never been done anywhere, in any synagogue anywhere in the\nUnited States. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we decided to go along. We thought it was the right thing to\ndo. Rabbi Wilson was always kidding me about being a yekke. Yekkes are\norganizers. Yekkes like to boss, he used to say. Knowing how bad it can be not\nto have a home, he thought I would be the right person to head it along with\nanother woman by the name of Sarah Blum. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we did. Thinking we were going to do\nthat for a year or two. It is now our eleventh year. I am still co-director of\nthis shelter. It has been a very rewarding and a very much-needed undertaking.\nWe've enjoyed the support of a great deal of the Jewish community and the\nnon-Jewish one. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've worked with several churches. The one thing that I find,\nwhich makes it very interesting to me is that, I have of all of a sudden, in\nworking with a lot of non-Jews in a very direct face-to-face way, I really think\nthis shelter and the Temple church, who does the same thing--they also work with\nchurches, it does more for brotherhood than the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"combined brotherhood affairs\nthat they have all over the city where only the clergymen talk to the other\nclergymen. But the really down to earth people--the membership--doesn't get\nexposed to the Jews and the Jews don't get exposed to the Christians. This way,\nthey work in the shelter, they plan with us, and they find out that we all are\nthe same people and we all have the same concern. I think it's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done a lot of\ngood things for the city of Atlanta.\n\nSCHNEIDER: In your neighborhood . . . if I can go back just a little bit because\nI know they want to make you identify by name . . . We have the last names ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of\nthe people who lived on your street. Is it possible to remember . . .\n\nSPIEGEL: Okay. Alright, I'll go by the houses so that I can remember that. Bill\nand Lena Linkwald. Arthur and Herta Sanders. Frank and Helen Spiegel. Rita and\nBob Joel. Rose and Lewis Soperstein. Louie and Becky Sanka. The Frank's first\nnames I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember. Lou and Joan Hoffman. I don't remember the\nWallenstein's--I think her name was Betty. Sylvia and Fred Hirsch. Andre and\nGladys Steiner. Joe and Helen Alperin. Abe and Sarah Kraar. Becky and . . . I\ndon't know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Weiss' first name, but they're both dead. The Friedman's lived\nthere, too. They're from Lithonia. They got divorced. I've forgotten now what\ntheir first names were.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Now you have children. Can you tell us about them?\n\nSPIEGEL: I would be delighted. Which mother isn't? I have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daughter who married\nan old, old Atlanta family. She married Bobby Goldstein, who is Abe Goldstein's\ngrandson. Mr. Abe I think was known as \"Mr. Jewish Atlanta.\" He's the one who\nreally was instrumental in the Jewish Home, the Jewish Federation, the ADL--in\nfact, they still hold this Abe Goldstein dinner in his honor. He really was\nenormously ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in the Jewish community. She is . . .\n\nSCHNEIDER: Her name is?\n\nSPIEGEL: Her name is Elizabeth Spiegel Goldstein. On her mother-in-law's side is\nthe Cohen family: Gerald Cohen, whose been very active, Rae Alice Cohen . . .\nConsidering that we came without any family . . . when she married into this\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family, I was told that by now I'm related to one-fourth of Atlanta. Now I got\nin this habit where I walk to the grocery store and I smile at everybody. G-d\nforbid I forget a relative! It was very overwhelming for her for a while, but\nshe got into the swing very nicely . . . Elizabeth has two children: a boy and a\ngirl. She teaches full time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Marietta. This year, this summer we had a bat\nmitzvah. We went with eight families to Israel. Sherri had her bat mitzvah with\nthree of her cousins and nine other kids. It was really a wonderful occasion\nbecause all of a sudden I had a bus full of relatives.\n\nSCHNEIDER: What is your grandson's name?\n\nSPIEGEL: Adam. Adam and Sherri ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"belong to Elizabeth and Bobby. I have a middle\nson. He's 39 years old. He's not married. He's a stockbroker. He's dating right\nnow a lovely girl. I'm keeping fingers and toes crossed.\n\nSCHNEIDER: What is his name?\n\nSPIEGEL: His name is Mark Spiegel. He's right now very much into . . . He's got\na lot of publicity and business too incidentally . . . His specialty is Israeli\nstocks and bonds. He's gotten into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this . . . Israeli technology is very much\nadvanced. They are now selling their stocks and bonds all over. He's a portfolio\nmanager for them. He travels all over. Right now he's in Texas speaking on this.\nPeople are very much interested in wanting to invest, doing something tangible\nfor Israel. My youngest son is married. He's a lawyer. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He lives in Washington,\nD.C. He works for an Atlanta firm. He works for Kilpatrick and Cody. He has two children.\n\nSCHNEIDER: What is name?\n\nSPIEGEL: His name is Walter and his wife's name is Sharon. She comes from Ohio.\nThey have two children: Jeremy and a little baby girl, Shira. So that makes the family.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SCHNEIDER: If we could go back. I know you've spoken about Hadassah, which is\nvery dear to your heart. Some of the other organizations in Atlanta around the\ntime that you moved here: what do you remember about them?\n\nSPIEGEL: Sure. I joined many of them. I was very much attracted to--I never\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked for them but I joined them almost immediately--the National Council of\nJewish Women due to the fact that they had this program of resettling refugees.\nI did help Hannah Wiestein--now her name is Antel--who started that program to\nresettle refugees. That was right after the war when they came out of DP camps\nand out of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe. I helped with that. I used to take people to the doctor. They\ncouldn't speak English. Most of them spoke some German because they were in\nconcentration camps or they were in DP camps in Germany, or else they spoke\nYiddish. If I turned around my German, it came out sort of like Yiddish so we\ncould understand each other. I did that. I also belonged to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"B'nai B'rith Women.\nI joined ORT. I never did anything for ORT except pay my dues. I feel whatever\neach organization does with the dues is also a worthwhile program. I also used\nto belong to Brandeis. I belonged to the American Jewish Committee. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm actively\ninvolved with ADL. Then I've always done jobs for the Federation. I had\nchairmanships and things like that.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Which committees?\n\nSPIEGEL: Usually it was some of the education and the fundraising committees. In\nfact, one year, I was involved with writing . . . We were writing . . . The last\nbig thing I did is we wrote this prospectus for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Federation. We had Monica\nKaufman and another guy narrate it with music and everything else. It was the\nfirst time I've ever seen anything I wrote on television. It was very\ninteresting. They used it for several years until they have added so many new\nprojects and new buildings that it is now obsolete. But it was very thrilling to\nsee it on television and see my name underneath. I was proud of this.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SCHNEIDER: This prospectus was about?\n\nSPIEGEL: Federation work and projects.\n\nSCHNEIDER: That was about what year?\n\nSPIEGEL: About eight or ten years ago.\n\nSCHNEIDER: 1983?\n\nSPIEGEL: The early 1980's, yes. They used it for several years.\n\nSCHNEIDER: In the Federation, what other things have you done?\n\nSPIEGEL: I helped with workshops when we used to have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these mini conferences in\nUnicoi. I was active with that. I used to go for many years. Now when I look\naround most of the people are under 45. I really feel like I've done my duty and\nI'm out of place. I'm glad to see others carrying on the work. That's really the\nmain thing that you want--that whatever you started continues, and it grows, and\nit prospers. I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the Federation does now. They have marvelous paid help\nnow. I know when I sometimes now go to meetings--I sit on a committee called\nPeople Power--one of the women came in who is helping, she's a market manager.\nShe said, \"You have to market you product and you have to this and this.\" It's\nlike a new, different language ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a different thing. We used to say, \"We'll go,\nand we'll call, and we'll do this, and we'll write letters . . .\" To see\nprojects now being marketed and validated and all this is something very\nstrange. I think it's for the young ones to do.\n\nSCHNEIDER: When you began working in Hadassah, by contrast, how did you contact members?\n\nSPIEGEL: Everything was done personal, by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"phone, and you visited. Everybody\nlived within the most a half an hour apart--not even. I remember when I was\nchapter president, when the people moved northwest . . . past North Fulton Park.\nThat was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"far away then. One of the presidents then moved there. The furthest I\nremember was when one of our presidents moved to Crest Valley Road, which was\nnorthwest, past Chastain Park. That was a long trip for us. We thought, \"What's\ngonna happen?\" Pretty soon, people moved further and further out. Hadassah had\nto be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"geographically subdivided. People just didn't want to come from Marietta\nto a meeting in the Northeast and the people in the Northeast didn't want to go\nto Dunwoody and Sandy Springs for meetings. Then ORT got into the same position\nand I think B'nai Brith for a while had to subdivide. In a way it was good and\nin a way it was bad because you lost contact with people that you knew and you\nliked to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see at meetings. You didn't see them anymore because they wouldn't come\nto your meeting and you wouldn't go out to where they were living. It sort of\nghettoized in some ways the organizations. I noticed that Hadassah and B'nai\nBrith and some of the others are trying now again to have a few overall meetings\nwhere everybody gets together and sees each other. It's very nice.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Hadassah ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"divided into how many groups?\n\nSPIEGEL: At one point, we were eleven chapters. Then we went down to seven\nchapters. Now we are four chapters. The other thing is that now all the\norganizations have night groups because people are working in the daytime. You\nhave to have one group for the people who don't like to travel at night and\ndon't work and you have to have some for the night groups. That's what now all\nthe organizations are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing. Otherwise you don't ever see your members.\n\nSCHNEIDER: This has been a way that at least the Jewish women's organizations\nhave changed?\n\nSPIEGEL: Right. I am sure it's not only the Jewish women. I'm sure it's the\nnon-Jewish women too. I noticed that many of the churches also have meetings at\nnight because also their members are working too. The age group of my daughter\nwho is in their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"late 30's or early 40's--I would say that three-quarters of her\nfriends are working. They live in very nice fancy houses, they have hardly any\nhelp, but they are working.\n\nSCHNEIDER: At the time when you were raising your children . . .\n\nSPIEGEL: None of my friends were working. No, very . . . I had one or two work\nin their husband's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"businesses but the average woman wasn't working. Not that it\nwas a disgrace or anything. It just wasn't done. Neither would there be openings\nfor the women like there are now. I mean, if you worked as a woman, you worked\nas a teacher, a nurse, or in the office.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Not in the professions?\n\nSPIEGEL: Not in the professions, no. I mean, there were a few, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think the\nonly professional lawyer I knew was this Mrs. Kingloff, who just got married at\nthe age of 80. She was a lawyer. She said she was the first woman lawyer in Atlanta.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Were you here at the time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Anti-Defamation League forming?\n\nSPIEGEL: No, the ADL was already formed. That was during the time of the Frank\ncase. No, that was before my time. But I did know Mrs. Frank, the widow of this\nman. In fact, she was a friend of my mother's best friend. In fact, I picked up\nmy mother one time at a party of Mrs. Shwartzman. I met this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mrs. Frank and I\ntalked to her. She was very nice. I said afterwards to someone, \"She's such a\nsad looking woman.\" Somebody said to me, \"If you would have gone through what\nshe went through, you would be sad looking too.\" That's the first time I really\nhad contact with this tragedy.\n\nSCHNEIDER: That was about what time?\n\nSPIEGEL: That was about 30 years ago that I met her.\n\nSCHNEIDER: That was considerably after . . .\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes. She was an old lady at that time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember she had an aura of\nsadness around her.\n\nSCHNEIDER: That was the first time you had heard about that?\n\nSPIEGEL: I had heard about it because, when I was living in Galveston, this\nRabbi Cohen, who was a revered person--he had been very instrumental in this\nFrank case . . .\n\nSCHNEIDER: That was Henry Cohen.\n\nSPIEGEL: That was Rabbi Henry Cohen. There was a book out about him. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was\nthis whole chapter about him and how upset he was that this should happen in\nAmerica to a Jewish person. That's how I knew about it. At that time, I had no\nidea I would ever wind up in Atlanta or meet the widow of this man who was hanged.\n\nSCHNEIDER: You spoke about your street as being a microcosm of different\norigins. In the city of Atlanta ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a whole, what were some of the origins of the\ncommunity in the Jewish community?\n\nSPIEGEL: I think the main components of the Jewish community were the Russian\nand the Polish Jews--from that background. Then you had the Temple, which was\nthe German Jewish community. Then you all of a sudden had the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"new German Jewish\ncommunity coming in during Hitler's time, which was made out of Germans,\nAustrians, and then later on Czechs and Hungarians. Then you had again, now the\nlast few years, the Russians. It's sort of an evolution and repetition from past\nto present.\n\nSCHNEIDER: How did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those early groups mingle and get along, or did they?\n\nSPIEGEL: From what I understand, until Hitler, the Polish and Russian community\nand the Spanish and the Germans didn't intermingle at all. From what I hear,\nthey had a very bad . . . practically a caste system. The Germans were on top,\nthe Russians in the middle, and the Spanish at that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time on the bottom--which is\na very ironic thing because in Europe for a long time, the Spanish Jews were the\nelite. Then when Hitler came and all the trouble with the Jews came--they had to\nbe helped, the German Jewish populations realized that they couldn't swing this\nby themselves. This was really a matter for all Jewish communities. That started\nto band all the communities together. Of course, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler's march all over\nEurope--in Spain and Greece and the Isle of Rhodes--brought in the Spanish Jews,\ntoo. Then it became a Jewish matter, a Jewish affair to help and to do. The\nbarriers of where you came from fell and they had a lot of \"intermarriages\" at\nthat point and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was before the other intermarriages appeared. This was the\npicture at that time.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Through what means did these groups work together?\n\nSPIEGEL: They got together for bombarding the government, and collecting money,\nand lobbying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for bills, and all this. It became a community concern. Israel\nbecame a concern, too.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Do you remember any particular people who prominent in that movement?\nWere there any Jewish women who were prominent?\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes. For example, in the early settlement for the German-Jewish\nrefugees was Mrs. Josephine Heiman, who just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recently died, and a Mrs. Josephine\nShulherfer . . . was very instrumental in that. In the Federation, there was a\nMr. Kahn--that was before Mr. Geringer came--who was very instrumental in\nhelping people like my husband--young people--settle in Atlanta and help them.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For the Zionist causes, Ida Levitas was a big spear-carrier, so to speak,\nlocally. Decisive, loud, but she got things done. I think each organization had\nusually one spokeswoman or spokesman who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brought their concerns to the public.\nThen the Jewish paper was a great help, too. It wasn't a very good paper, but at\nleast you could read what was going on in the Jewish community and also where\nyou could maybe put your talents to work.\n\nSCHNEIDER: At that time, the Jewish paper was called what?\n\nSPIEGEL: The Southern Israelite.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Do you remember who the editor was?\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Adolf Rosenberg. Then, Meyer Goldberg took over for him. In\nbetween there were others. It was always a very good instrument in the Jewish\ncommunity that helped you find your way around--if you wanted to find you way\naround. I think that we probably have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"30,000 or more Jews that you would never\neven hear of or see. Mr. Geringer at one point had a wonderful word for\nthem--submarines--because they were submerged and didn't want to be found. I\nremember making calls for the Federation and for Hadassah. For a while, we\nwanted to get new members. We looked for Jewish names. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were enormous\namounts of Jewish names that were not affiliated or in any indexes of any organizations.\n\nSCHNEIDER: This was in the phone book?\n\nSPIEGEL: We took them out of the phone book at that time. We cross-indexed them.\nIt was an enormous amount of work. This was before computers. We would call them\nup and they would say, \"Oh, we have a Jewish name,\" or, \"My husband is Jewish,\"\nor, \"We're not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish anymore,\" or, \"We're not affiliated with anything,\" or,\n\"We don't go to any churches.\" They were lost by the wayside and there was\nnothing you could do with them. There are lots and lots of them here.\n\nSCHNEIDER: I know that you came from Boston to the South. Do you remember a\npoint at which there was perhaps a greater movement into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta from others\nplaces--maybe north or west?\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes, I think I noticed a lot more people about 8 or 10 years ago. You\nstarted to have a larger influx of Jewish people and a lot of elderly people\ntoo, who came to be with their kids and wanted to get away from . . . a, the\nclimate and b, we were at that time more or less crime free. They came here\nbecause the thought it was an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"easier and a safer way of life. The climate is\nstill the same. The crime is debatable.\n\nSCHNEIDER: At the time that you moved to Atlanta, you said that your husband\ntravelled. What was the transportation situation? How did people get around the city?\n\nSPIEGEL: Without a car, you were always lost in Atlanta. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even with MARTA, you\nstill are lost. That's another reason why a lot of the older people are getting\nlost in the shuffle in Atlanta because they don't like to drive, they don't\ndrive, or they don't have cars. To get to anything in this town, you've got to\nhave a car or you've got to have a good transportation system, which we don't\nhave. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even if you want to go with MARTA, in many places, you've got to get with\na car to MARTA. It doesn't really help you if you don't have a car. If you don't\nhave a car, MARTA doesn't help you that much either. It helps you from having to\ngo a long distance to town or something like this, but to get to it you still\nneed a taxi or car. These people are lost to us because most of the meeting\nplaces are off the beaten track. They're not exactly on the MARTA line anyhow.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Without a car, you can't . . . The city has spread in every direction. There is\nno such thing as a Jewish center anymore. I mean, like a Washington Street and\nPulliam and Capital used to be or Johnson Road and the Lennox corridor used to\nbe. Jews are everywhere from Snellville to Jonesboro.\n\nSCHNEIDER: By contrast, when you moved here . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIEGEL: Everybody lived more or less within a radius of half an hour at the\nmost. Neither was traffic that bad, nor did you have an expressway, so\neverything was on the service roads. It was just easier to get together.\n\nSCHNEIDER: In the area that you lived--you were talking about Washington Street\n. . .\n\nSPIEGEL: That was only the first few years.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Yes. Can you describe that area ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little?\n\nSPIEGEL: Now that I look back on it, I guess you could describe it as a shtetl.\nEven so, you didn't have the very Orthodox Jews. Now, when you walk on Lavista\non a Shabbas morning, it really makes you think of New York because you have\npeople . . . You see very few with a shtreimel and a black kaften but you see\nthem walking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in masses along Lavista--no cars. That now I would think is the\ncenter of the Orthodox--this Lavista section. Of course, you also have the two\nkosher butcher stores there, which are an anchor to the Jewish community. But\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"young ones that are not Orthodox are in all directions of the city.\n\nSCHNEIDER: By contrast, where you first lived, how was that?\n\nSPIEGEL: You lived there but you knew it wasn't . . . when I came already, it\nwas something that you were going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get away from because it was depreciating .\n. . the houses were getting very old and decrepit. It wasn't a nice neighborhood\nanymore, as it had been 20 years before. The younger people all wanted to get\naway from there. Even the synagogues were getting away from there. The minute\nyou move your synagogues, you move your population, you move your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congregant.\nShearith Israel at that time was Orthodox. That was before Beth Jacob. You knew\nthat those people wanted to live where they could walk. If the synagogue moved\nnortheast, you knew darn well that the congregants were going to move northeast\ntoo. That's what happened.\n\nSCHNEIDER: This was an area around Grant Park?\n\nSPIEGEL: No. It was, as I said, where now the stadium is.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SCHNEIDER: The Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium.\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes. It's near the Capitol area.\n\nSCHNEIDER: How about politics? We haven't talked about politics.\n\nSPIEGEL: Politics? I don't think that the Jewish people were at that time all\nthat involved in politics. Also, it was a strictly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"white politics. It was the\n\"good ole boy\" politics. It was Talmadge and his crowd. The Jews didn't really\nmingle in it. I think the first Jewish politicians per se in Atlanta was Massell\nand Sydney Marcus. I think those were really the first two to get active. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\nJews weren't that involved. They were involved with campaign money behind the\nscenes, so to speak. I remember that my son-in-law's grandfather, Abe Goldstein\nwas very . . . He did a lot of business with the city. He knew the city\npoliticians. They helped their campaigns with money. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Herman Talmadge had a very\ninstrumental position in Washington by being in the agricultural committee as\nfar as Israel was concerned so the Jewish machers supported Talmadge very\ngreatly because they knew that way they could influence his vote as far as ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help\nfor Israel, which was very badly needed. That's about the extent of the great\npolitics. Outstanding politicians you didn't have at that time.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Was Herman Talmadge very responsive at this time?\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes, he was very . . . I mean, he was treated nicely, to put it nicely,\nso he reciprocated. He was always there for the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community to see and to\nlisten to. Of course, he was a very erratic character and you never knew what\nwas coming, but as a whole I think he voted very pro-Israel always. With the\npower structure at that time--Hartsfield and Ivan Allen--the Jewish merchants\nhad a very good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relationship. It was not . . . they weren't very cordial.\nSocially they ran together. They were involved in the planning of city business.\nLook at Mr. Rich . . . The Rich's Foundation was one of the most charitable and\ncitywide foundations that did a lot of good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and was very much respected. Then I\nthink the Commerce Club, where all the big industrials belonged to . . . They\nright away did take Jews in, in contrast to the people in the Piedmont Driving Club.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Speaking of that, socially how was the mixing, or did . . .\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIEGEL: No, there was very little mixing at that time between the Jewish and\nthe non-Jewish. They went to their church and we went to our synagogue. They met\nat formal occasions and said, \"How do you do?\" But . . .\n\nSCHNEIDER: Was that kind of a mutual unspoken agreement?\n\nSPIEGEL: I don't know whether it was mutual. I think the Jews didn't want to\npush and the others didn't open the door too far, so it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of a moot point.\n\nSCHNEIDER: What was the social life like in the Jewish community?\n\nSPIEGEL: The social life played a lot more around the clubs than it does now.\nPeople didn't have the big houses and swimming pools that they have now. Neither\ndid you have the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"restaurants like you have now. Really when you had company or\nyou wanted fancy entertainment, you went to your private club and so did the\nnon-Jews because there just wasn't that much to go to here. I remember 40 years\nago when my mother would come to visit in the summertime, she only drank hot\ntea. If you went to a restaurant and asked for hot tea and they looked at you\nlike ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you were insane. She went around travelling with her tea bag and asked for\nhot water. Otherwise, if she asked for tea, she would get iced. Couture was not\nknown too much in Atlanta at that time. It was not an international city by far.\nIt was an overgrown Southern city. Even entertainment wise, you had the movies,\nyou had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"symphony that was composed out of laymen, you had no ballet group or\nanything else. You had wonderful performances of visiting artists. You bought a\nseries ticket at what was then the old Municipal Auditorium, which now belongs\nto Georgia State. That's where you went for your concerts. It was a . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or\nelse, you had the Fox, where you had the Metropolitan. That was the big event of\nthe season.\n\nSCHNEIDER: How about the Jewish cultural life?\n\nSPIEGEL: The Jewish cultural life . . .\n\nSCHNEIDER: Was there a separate . . .\n\nSPIEGEL: No, there wasn't that much Jewish cultural life. Each synagogue had\ntheir own study groups or brought in their own speakers. The city ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really pulled\ntogether more when the Federation took over and handled some of the big\npolitical and cultural things. The Community Center also became more active for\na while and then it sort of slumbered in again. Now I think it's coming back.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Was the Jewish Community Center, the JCC, already in existence when\nyou moved here?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIEGEL: When I moved here, they still had the Alliance that was on Capital\nAvenue. That was also in that area where now the stadium is. Then they had a\nlittle center on 10th Street that belonged first to AA and then they turned it\npartly over to the Jewish community until they built their synagogue but it\nwasn't much. Then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they bought this property on Peachtree Street, which became\nfor the whole city. That really invigorated the community.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Were you active in that? Did a lot of people go to the Center? Was\nthat a big place . . .\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes. We all belonged to it because we wanted our kids to participate in\nsports. In order to participate in these baseball leagues and whatever, you had\nto be a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"member of the Center. Plus, you yourself would need membership for\nexercise class, swimming, or if you went to some program that they had.\nEverybody I knew belonged to the Center at that time.\n\nSCHNEIDER: This was about what period?\n\nSPIEGEL: That was about 30 years ago, when our children were young.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SCHNEIDER: What other organizations were the children active in and what kind of\nactivities did they do?\n\nSPIEGEL: All the children belonged to ACA or BBYO. Some of the Hadassah members\ngot their kids to join Young Judaea. That was about it. I don't even think that\nthe Orthodox had a youth group. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everything played in the Center. The Community\nCenter was the center of all this.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Since you mentioned meeting Mrs. Frank, was there any overt or\nnon-overt discrimination?\n\nSPIEGEL: I must be honest: I can't say ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I ever encountered it in the city of\nAtlanta per se. Maybe it was because I tried to avoid problems. It could be that\nwithout knowing it . . . Since I didn't push my way into the Piedmont Driving\nClub and neither have I made an application at the Cherokee Country Club, I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't say whether I would have been turned down. I probably would have been\nturned down, but I stayed more or less within my circle of acceptance. I did\nencounter occasionally people who were very fervent Christians and tried to show\nme the futility of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my ways, that I'll never wind up in Heaven, and I would burn\nforever in Hell-fire. I told them it didn't worry me too much since I'm more\nconcerned with what happens here than what happens afterward. They gave up. I\nwasn't exactly a good project for conversion. Otherwise, I really can't say that\nI've ever encountered problems. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know the kids occasionally said that they had\none or two kids that rumbled about Jews having too many holidays, the Jews had\ntoo many privileges . . . but they always straightened out there stuff so it was\nnever critical. My husband--half the people he worked with didn't know he was\nJewish. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If they did, they thought he was a nice guy. One or two said, \"You're a\nreal nice Jew.\" He said, \"Well, I'm a real nice person. That I am a Jew is\nincidental. Jews are just as nice as Christians,\" or some such thing and, \"If\nyou give us a chance, you'll see,\" or some little joke or lesson. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Otherwise\nreally, I have not had too many problems that way. I find an enormous amount of\nnon-Jews are lacking knowledge of the Holocaust. When people find out I have a\nGerman accent, why did I come. It's like with each one, you practically have to\ndo an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"educational job. Then there's this question of why should the Chosen\npeople have this problem. I say, \"Well, it's because we're chosen sometimes for\nthe wrong purposes.\" I presume it has a lot to do with the circles you are\nexposed to, to encounter antisemitism. Or people are too polite to express it.\nWhat goes on behind ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their bedroom door or their living room door, we never know,\nbut as a whole, no.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Was there any relationship or any communication with the black community?\n\nSPIEGEL: None. None whatsoever for a long time. It just wasn't socially done\nthat you intermingled. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember a lot of head shaking when Rabbi Rothschild\ncame up with the idea of entertaining, having a dinner for Martin Luther King,\nJr. after the Nobel Prize. \"Why does a Jew do that? Why does a Jew have to stick\nhis neck out?\" There is a certain ghetto mentality in all of us, I think.\nWhether we were born in Europe or here, \"don't make any waves\" is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of in all\nof us. I must admit I greatly debated with this. I hate to make noises. That\ncomes from my childhood when I rode the streetcar to Fuerth, I was told, \"Don't\ntalk loud. Don't talk at all if you don't have to. Make yourself invisible.\" I\nthink it carries over in your adult life. I get very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uncomfortable at times when\nI read certain things in the newspaper what Jews have done bad, or what Jews\nhave said, or Jews with a very risqué undertaking. I say, \"Why does it have to\nbe a Jew doing that?\" Even so, I always felt that the black and the white\nsituation was a horror. I don't think I ever would have had the courage that\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Rothschild did and say, \"This is wrong and we must do such and such.\" I\nhave great respect for him for doing that. Of course, the bombing of the Temple\nfollowed for this respect. I know something had to be done. I remember when I\nfirst came in the South, I was horrified about the water fountains. The water\nfountain I though was an absolute horror--separate black and white. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know it\ntook me a long time bot to look on the streets in Atlanta when I saw a black and\na white couple walking with their arm around each other. I had been so ingrained\nthis isn't done that it . . . only since about two or three years that I don't\ntake a second look, that it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shocks me. This was just the way it was done.\n\nSCHNEIDER: How do you think that the Jewish Community reacted toward integration?\n\nSPIEGEL: I think they were very courageous here. After Rothschild gave the\noriginal push, I think they slowly but surely fell in line with the right thing\nto do. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They weren't quite as courageous a some of the northern rabbis who came\nhere to march and all this, but I think they after a short time, they did speak\nup for the right thing. They weren't in the foreground, but they did follow.\nLike somebody said . . . a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friend of mine one time said, \"If they didn't have\nthe blacks, they would have the Jews as scapegoats.\" There was a German word for\nit: prügelnjuden. That meant somebody--a Jew--to beat up. They figured it was\nsafe to have somebody between the others so they didn't push that quickly to get\nthem in line with everybody else. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everybody looks out for his own. It's human nature.\n\nSCHNEIDER: But it seems that you have reached out to a lot of people.\n\nSPIEGEL: I tried, but self-protection is a great instinct.\n\nSCHNEIDER: You have a few more additional little memories?\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes, just little memories talking about when we had meetings. You\nalways had to be very careful. You couldn't say anything about anybody. There\nwas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always a cousin or a distant relative of this particular person in the room\nbecause in Atlanta forty years ago, everybody knew everybody and everybody was\nmore or less interrelated. Now, you can talk almost about everybody and they\nwouldn't even know them. To show you: we used to know everybody. The women who\nwere presidents or active in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organizations really knew more or less\neverybody in the other organizations because we would meet at combined meetings\nor else we had this meeting we used to call the \"hyena meeting.\" That was when\nwe made the community calendar. Everybody was fighting for dates and wouldn't\nrelinquish dates and it was a horror for a long time. But you got to know the\nother sides. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You had a working relationship and it worked out in the long run.\nIt also depended sometimes on the skill of the chairperson who ran it. But you\nknew most everybody who was anybody in the organizations, running it.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Can you remember the names of any of them?\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes. There was Marilyn Shubin, and Frances Bunzl, and there were the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Strausses that were in the council, Mrs. Janis, then Rene Briswood. Ida Levitas\nwas very active then, too. You just knew them. About three years ago, I went to\na big meeting at the Federation Women's Committee. I was sitting next to Frances\nBunzl, who had been a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"president two years before I was a Hadassah president. We\nknew more or less the same people. We looked around in the room. Between the two\nof us, we knew everybody who was over 55, but we didn't hardly know anybody who\nwas under 55. We decided we really were very passé, but it was fun to see all\nthese new young ones ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who are going to be active in the Jewish community. It\nleaves you a good feeling that the hard work everybody has done to lay the\ngroundwork will continue hopefully in community efforts, whether it will be\nunder the Federation or whether it will be still that all these women's\norganizations or men's organizations will continue to be functioning that\nremains to be seen in the future. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was interesting the changes.\n\nSCHNEIDER: I'm curious did some of the women's organizations particularly. Even\nthough they had their own agendas, did they ever come together?\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes. We tried to already after about 20 years ago that we decided that\neven though we had our own agendas, we all were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working for the Jewish people\nand we ought to get together once in a while without competition, to talk to\neach other. Also to compare notes. That's why this community Women's Federation\nCouncil was formed: to be an outlet for the presidents of the different\norganizations to get together. It was a very good idea.\n\nSCHNEIDER: Was there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything jointly they sponsored?\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes, they had several . . . then the last few years they had several\nprograms: outstanding women speakers or forums, which was open then to the\npublic as well. Then they started this Women of Achievement program where they\nhonored the different women of the different organizations, regardless of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what\nthe organization was, as long as it was a recognized Jewish community\norganization, which is very nice. That way, if you came to honor the Hadassah\nperson, they were there to honor the ORT person, or the other one. It makes it a\ncommunity affair. I think it's a very good idea.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SCHNEIDER: What do you see for the future for the Jewish community or\norganization work?\n\nSPIEGEL: I am in some ways not too optimistic because I feel that life for the\nJewish young woman is much harder than it was for us because 80 percent of them\narea ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8370.0,8400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working, they have children, the children have enormous amounts of\nactivities that keep the mothers busy after they come from work, people live\nvery far from each other, and the women are tired. They may not be able to\nshoulder the responsibilities of running organizations unless they are going to\nhave paid employees running these organizations ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8400.0,8430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they just come to partake in\nthe programs, which wouldn't be so bad either and support it financially.\nOtherwise, you're going to find out that maybe you have one overall project,\nfederation or organization that divides the money that comes into your\norganization and does all the arranging of all programs, and all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8430.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dinners, and\neverything else that you really can only be a partaker of entertainment so to\nspeak and not a participant of work.\n\nSCHNEIDER: I'd like to go back to the four years you spent in Galveston. Can you\nremember any of the people you came in contact with? Where you a member of Dr.\nCohen's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8460.0,8490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congregation at B'Nai Israel?\n\nSPIEGEL: Yes, I was a member of that congregation. I worked as a secretary, I\ntaught in the Sunday school. I worked for Mr. Isakson. I kept the books for the\ncongregant and sent out the bills. I had girlfriends from the other synagogue.\nThey had an Orthodox synagogue, Beth Jacob. Feigon was the rabbi there. My best\ngirlfriend was named ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Elaine Farb. She belonged to that synagogue. Sometimes,\nsince I didn't have any parents and the people I lived with were not Jewish, I\nwould go sometimes, on certain holidays with her to her synagogue, the Orthodox\nsynagogue. Talking about discrimination: I remember during the war, Rabbi Cohen\nwas the first man who dared ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8520.0,8550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to sleep a black Jewish soldier in his house. The\ncongregation was worried to death that somebody was going to bomb his house or\nhurt him. He had such enormous respect in the city that he was the only man who\nreally got away, so to speak, with murder. I mean, it was a criminal activity to\nhave a black man sleeping in your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8550.0,8580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house as a guest, but he did it. It was\naccepted at that time. Galveston was a very lively town. It had a very nice\nJewish community with lots of young people at that time. It was a center of lots\nof Armed Services because it was on the Gulf. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8580.0,8610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"invited Jewish soldiers for\nholiday meals and to synagogue. They were very busy. It had so many military\ninstillations then. They had a USO. The girls would go to the USO dances and\nlook for the Jewish boys. Usually the Jewish boys ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8610.0,8640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"found the Jewish girls. It was\nsame kind of a magnet. I had a very nice time.\n\nSCHNEIDER: That was also a port of entry for immigrants.\n\nSPIEGEL: But not during the war. That was before that. That port had closed\ncompletely This Rabbi Cohen had been very instrumental in bringing the Jewish\npeople in after the pogroms in Russia in 1918. He brought several ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boatloads of\nrefugees and settled them all over Texas. He went to Washington. He was a little\nbitsy man. He wasn't more than five feet ten, if he was that. He was very bent\nover, and stooped, and really had this very typical Jewish nose. He was a very\nunassuming, very ugly man. He looked always terribly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8670.0,8700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disreputable crumpled\nclothes. He wrote notes on his cuffs. The cuffs were always full of scribbled\nnotes, which he would look at. But he was a brilliant man and a very good man.\nVery much loved. His wife, Miss Mollie, would always go after him, straightening\nout. He would go like a whirlwind through the synagogue, everything flew all\naway. He was quite a man. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had several Jewish males in Galveston. Last year\nwhen I was in Galveston, they had another Jewish woman mayor again. She was\nreelected I think for the third time. He had really . . . when he started out\nwith trying to do away with discrimination and forced equality, he really had\nlaid the groundwork in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8730.0,8760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/transcript/22365/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8760.0,8790.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Helen Spiegel [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Committee (AJC) was founded in 1906 to safeguard the welfare and security of Jews worldwide.  It is one of the oldest Jewish advocacy organizations in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community.  Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities.  It is part of the Jewish Federation of North America (JFNA).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Council of Jewish Women is an organization of volunteers and advocates, founded in the 1890’s, who turn progressive ideals in advocacy and philanthropy inspired by Jewish values.  They strive to improve the quality of life for women, children and families.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNuremberg [German: Nürnberg] is a city in Bavaria, Germany on the Pegnitz River and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal. It is distinguished by its medieval architecture. The Nazi Party held its massive annual rally in Nuremberg from 1927 to 1938.  The event was held at the Nazi party rally ground and each were propaganda events to showcase the power of National Socialism to the rest of Germany and the world. The city was severely damaged by Allied bombing from 1943-1945 and further devastated by intense German resistance as United States troops advanced into the city at the end of the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBamberg is a historic city in central Germany, located on the Main River, approximately 55 kilometers (34 miles) north of Nuremberg. After World War II, Bamberg was one of the largest cities in the northernmost part of the American zone of Germany, close to the Soviet zone. The city is home to the Bamberg Cathedral, one of the most famous cathedrals of Germany, which was completed in the 13th century. It can be seen from a long distance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the ‘Nazi Party,’ was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. The party’s leader was Adolf Hitler. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois and anti-capitalist rhetoric. In the 1930’s, the party's focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Reichstag fire was an arson attack on the German parliament building (Reichstag) in Berlin on February 27, 1933, just one month after Adolf Hitler had been sworn in as Chancellor of Germany. The coalition government (Nazis and the German Nationalist People's Party) falsely portrayed the fire as part of a Communist effort to overthrow the state. Using emergency constitutional powers, Adolf Hitler’s cabinet issued a Decree for the Protection of the German People on February 4, 1933. This decree authorized the police to ban political meetings and marches, effectively hindering electoral campaigning, allowed the regime to arrest and incarcerate political opponents without specific charge, dissolve political organizations, and to suppress publications. It also gave the central government the authority to overrule state and local laws and overthrow state and local governments.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1932, the Nazi party was elected to fill more seats in the Reichstag (parliament) than any other party. In 1933, democratically elected President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany, a position responsible for leading the Reichstag. As Chancellor, he began transforming his position into a dictatorial one. When the President died in 1934, Hitler declared himself head of state and effectively became absolute dictator of Germany under the title of Fuhrer (German: Führer).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMein Kampf [German: My Struggle] is an autobiographical manifesto written by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler while imprisoned following the failed Beer Hall Putsch of November 1923. In the manifesto, Hitler outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLandsberg am Lech is a town in southwest Bavaria, Germany, noted for the prison where Adolf Hitler was imprisoned in 1924. During his imprisonment he wrote his book Mein Kampf.  His cell, number 7, was a place of pilgrimage for fervent Nazis during the Nazi era.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Germany, primary level education is known as “Grundschule” and is similar to grammar school or elementary school in the United States (grades 1 to 5).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn Germany, the secondary school system was originally what's called a \"dreigliedriges Schulsystem\" or \" three-parted school system. After completing the Grundschule (primary education similar to Elementary school in the United States), students go in one of three directions dependent upon their intended path and, typically, their socio-economic status. Hauptschule is the lowest level of secondary education, which encompasses grades 5 to 9 and was meant to give the bulk of the population a basic education. The next level, the Realschule, encompasses grades 5 to 10 and is a kind of middle ground for those who will go on to start some kind of vocational training. Finally, the Gymansium encompasses grades 5-12 and is for students who will go on to University. The lyceum in Germany was known as an old term for Gymnasium for girls.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJulius Streicher (1885-1946) was born in Nuremberg, Germany and was an early member of the Nazi party. He was the founder and publisher of the newspaper, Der Sturmer, and other antisemitic books. Der Sturmer, [German: Der Stürmer] was a \"tabloid style\" newspaper published by Julius Streicher from 1923 almost continuously through to the end of World War II. It was a central element of the Nazi propaganda machine. It was highly anti-Semitic, featuring articles with stereotypical hook-nosed Jews and elaborating on all their nefariousness.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nuremberg Laws were passed on November 15, 1935. They formed the cornerstone of the German Nazi Party’s racial policy and heralded in a new wave of antisemitic legislation that brought about immediate and concrete segregation. They were based on the Nazi’s racial laws, which asserted the superiority of the “Aryan race,” and based on a specific racist doctrine, which claimed scientific legitimacy. These policies targeted Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, handicapped people, and others who were labeled as inferior in a racial hierarchy to the “master race” of Germans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Marshall Plan was an American program that was designed to rehabilitate the economies of 17 countries in Western Europe. The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, channeled over $13 billion to finance the economic recovery of Europe between 1948 and 1951. Its name comes from one of the plan’s architects, George Marshall, who became Secretary of State after World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGünter Wilhelm Grass (1927—2015) was a German novelist, poet, playwright, illustrator, graphic artist, sculptor, and recipient of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Literature. Grass is best known for his first novel, The Tin Drum (1959).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Warwick Hotel is an iconic landmark located in the Rittenhouse Square neighborhood of downtown Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The limestone building was designed in the 1920’s by Frank Hahn and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today, the building has been divided into condominiums and a hotel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDecatur is a city in Georgia, approximately 6 miles (10 kilometers) northeast of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFuerth [German: Fürth] is a city located in northern Bavaria, Germany, just outside the city of Nuremberg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Alfred Kissinger is an American political scientist, diplomat, and political advisor. He was born Heinz Alfred Kissinger in 1923 in Fuerth, Germany. In 1938, his family fled to England from Nazi persecution and then immigrated to the United States. They settled in New York. He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as United States Secretary of State in the administrations of presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He played a prominent role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977, especially in regard to the Vietnam War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called ‘Kristallnacht,’ which means ‘Night of Broken Glass,’ because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunich is the capital of the German state of Bavaria. It is located on the River Isar, north of the Alps, about 170 kilometers (105 miles) south of Nuremberg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHelen, her father Hans, mother Selma, and younger sister Edith arrived in New York City aboard the SS Washington on December 9, 1938 before settling in Brighton, Massachusetts, a suburb approximately 6 miles (10 kilometers) west of Boston.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Gurs transit camp was located in the Basque region of southwestern France, near the village of Gurs. It was one of the earliest and biggest transit camps for Jews established in prewar France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAllgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft AG (AEG) [German: \"General electricity company] was a German producer of electrical equipment founded as the Deutsche Edison-Gesellschaft für angewandte Elektricität in 1883 in Berlin. AEG was defunct by 1996, but Electrolux acquired brand rights. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Westinghouse Electric Corporation was an American manufacturing company. It was founded in 1886, as Westinghouse Electric Company and later renamed Westinghouse Electric Corporation. The company was dissolved in 1999 after a series of acquisitions and sales, although in 1998 the Westinghouse Electric Company was formed from the nuclear power division and continues to operate.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the outbreak of World War II, thousands of male Germans, Austrians and Italians living in Great Britain—some of whom were British citizens—were rounded up and sent to internment camps for fear they might be spies. The majority were interned on the Isle of Man, where internment camps had also been set up in World War One. More than 7,000 internees were deported, the majority to Canada, some to Australia. By 1941, all but about 5,000 had been released due to an outcry in Parliament.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHIAS was founded in 1881.  Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating.  During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East.  They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas.  After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Immigrants Mutual Aid Society (IMAS) was founded in Boston Massachusetts in 1938 by a group of Central European refugees. Its purpose was to ease immigrants' adjustment to the economic, spiritual, cultural, and social life of the American community and to provide mutual assistance to its members and aid to other immigrants. In its early years, IMAS was primarily concerned with securing affidavits for émigrés, and providing them with English lessons, as well as assisting them in finding jobs and homes. IMAS was also concerned with providing social and cultural activities for its members, such as lectures and dances, in addition to offering religious services for the High Holy Days. IMAS provided financial assistance to its members and, in 1960, established the IMAS Mutual Aid Fund, with a grant from United Help, Inc. IMAS also on occasion granted scholarships to its members. The organization functioned without paid staff, and without a permanent office or formal ties to other Jewish organizations. IMAS ceased operations around 1980.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe chazzan (cantor) is the official in charge of music or chants and leads liturgical prayer and chanting in the synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCamp Wallace was designed as a training center for antiaircraft units in World War II. It was formally opened just outside of Galveston, Texas on February 1, 1941, and named for Col. Elmer J. Wallace. For two years, Camp Wallace served as an antiaircraft replacement-training center. On April 15, 1944, the camp was officially transferred to the United States Navy as a naval training and distribution center and was used as a boot camp. After the war, it became the Naval Personnel Separation Center. It closed in 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930’s or early 1940’s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century.              \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBig Apple, later Food Giant, was a chain of over 100 grocery stores that were headquartered and operated out of Atlanta, Georgia. Russian immigrant Louis Alterman started it as a wholesale food operation called L. Alterman \u0026amp; Son in the 1920’s. The company opened its first retail store, called Big Apple, in 1949. The company existed until the 1980’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerbert Taylor (1895—1997) was a native Atlantan. His father was a founding member and the first secretary of Ahavath Achim synagogue in 1887. Herbert began his career as a pharmacist before venturing into a successful construction and real estate business. Herbert married Esther Kahn (1905—1992), the daughter of Marcus Kahn, one of the founders of the Shearith Israel. Herbert and Esther often donated materials and time to philanthropic projects in Atlanta. They had one son, Mark Taylor (1928—). Mark and his wife, Judith Grossman Taylor (1936—), are also active members of Atlanta’s Jewish community and involved in many philanthropic activities. The Esther and Herbert Taylor Family Foundation supports The Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection at the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History at the Breman Museum in Atlanta, which consists of a thousand oral histories that document Jewish life in Georgia and Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColleen Weston served as Hadassah chapter president from 1966 to 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer organization founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold, with more than 300,000 members and supporters worldwide. It supports health care and medical research, education and youth programs in Israel, and advocacy, education, and leadership development in the United States. Hadassah Greater Atlanta (HGA), the metro Atlanta chapter of Hadassah, was founded in 1916.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis may be a reference to Sarah Levin, who was Hadassah chapter president from 1954 to 1956.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIda Goldstein Levitas was born in Bialystok, Poland and grew up in Atlanta. Ida was active in the Jewish Educational Alliance and served as an Atlanta Hadassah chapter president from 1929 to 1931. Her son Elliott Levitas was a Congressman from the 4th Congressional District in the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1985.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetty Cohen Goldstein (1929—2015) was very active in Atlanta’s Jewish community, including serving as a Hadassah chapter president. She and her husband Leon had four children, including Bobby, whom Helen’s daughter married.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCharnye Bressler Abelson (1899-1990) was a Hadassah chapter president from 1938 until 1940. She and her husband, Jake, ran the Jefferson Hotel in Atlanta and were active in the Atlanta Jewish community.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSonya Abelson Rabinowitz (d. 2004) was a Hadassah chapter president from 1970-1972. Sonya and her husband Ben were active members of the Atlanta Jewish community until they moved to Jerusalem in 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRae Frank was an influential member of the Jewish community of Atlanta and a president of Hadassah. The theater at the Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta is named for Rae and her husband Morris.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReva (Rebecca) Chashesman Epstein (1905—2001) was the well-educated daughter of an Orthodox rabbi. Her family immigrated to Chicago, Illinois from Poland after World War I. In 1929, she married Rabbi Harry Epstein (who served the Ahavath Achim Congregation in Atlanta, Georgia for 50 years) and had two daughters. Reva served as a Hadassah chapter president.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIrene Schwartz was a Hadassah chapter president from 1952 to 1954.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Progressive Club was a Jewish social organization that was established in 1913 by Russian Jews who felt unwelcome at the Standard Club, where German Jews were predominant. At first the club was located in a rented house until a new club was built on Pryor Street including a swimming pool and a gym. In 1940 the club opened a larger facility at 1050 Techwood Drive in Midtown with three swimming pools, tennis and softball. In 1976 the club moved north to 1160 Moore’s Mill Road near Interstate 75. The property was eventually sold as the club faced financial challenges and the Carl E. Sanders Family YMCA at Buckhead opened in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mayfair Club opened in 1938 at 1456 Spring Street in Midtown Atlanta. The two-story club was a focal point of Jewish life in the city for more than 25 years. The club was founded in 1930 and first met at the Biltmore Hotel. Eleanor Roosevelt, Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir, mayors Ivan Allen and William Berry Hartsfield, senators Herman Talmadge and Richard Russell, and Governor Carl Sanders visited the club. Fire destroyed the Mayfair Club on December 4, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Standard Club is a Jewish social club that started as the Concordia Association in 1867 in Downtown Atlanta. In 1905, it was reorganized as the ‘Standard Club’ and moved into the former mansion of William C. Sanders near the site of Georgia State Stadium (formerly Turner Field). In the late 1920’s the club moved to Ponce de Leon Avenue in Midtown Atlanta. Later, the club moved to what is now the Lenox Park business park and was located there until 1983. In the 1980’s, the club moved to its present location in Johns Creek in Atlanta’s northern suburbs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Bible Belt’ is an informal term for a region in the southeastern and south-central United States in which socially conservative evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation’s average. The Bible Belt consists of much of the southern United States extending west into Texas and Oklahoma.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi David Marx was a long-time rabbi at the Temple in Atlanta, Georgia. He led the move toward Reform Judaism practices. He served as rabbi from 1895 to 1946. When he retired, Rabbi Jacob Rothschild took the pulpit that Rabbi Marx had held for more than half a century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Independent Order of B’nai B’rith, a Jewish service organization in the United States, founded the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) in October 1913. It is an international Jewish non-governmental organization based in the United States. Describing itself as \"the nation's premier civil rights/human relations agency,\" the ADL states that it \"fights antisemitism and all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals and protects civil rights for all,\" doing so through \"information, education, legislation, and advocacy.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnne Frank was a German-Jewish girl whose family fled to Amsterdam and eventually went into hiding with four others. After almost two years, they were discovered and deported to concentration camps. Anne died in Bergen-Belsen in April 1945, at the age of 15. Anne’s father, Otto Frank, is the only one of the eight people in hiding to survive. After the war, Anne became world famous because of the diary she wrote while in hiding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlex (Yankele) Gross was born in Palanok, Czechoslovakia in 1928. He, his five brothers, and one sister survived the Holocaust. Alex immigrated to the United States after World War II and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. His oral history is available from The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLola Borkowska Lansky (1926-1999) was a Polish Jew who survived the concentration camps of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Ravensbruck, Buchenwald, and Bergen-Belsen. In 1964, she co-founded Eternal Life-Hemshech, a membership organization for survivors living in Atlanta, and in 1965 led the campaign to have a Holocaust monument erected in Atlanta. Her efforts resulted in the Memorial to the Six Million at Greenwood Cemetery. Lola was married to Rubin Lansky, another Holocaust survivor. Lola and Rubin’s papers and oral histories are available from The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History at The William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenjamin (Ben) Hirsch is a Holocaust survivor from Frankfurt, Germany. He and four of his siblings were sent on a Kindertransport to France and then the United States and Atlanta. Ben is an architect who designed the Holocaust Gallery at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum as well as the Memorial to the Six Million in Atlanta’s Greenwood Cemetery. For a more detailed version of the construction of the Memorial, please see Ben’s oral history for the Herbert and Esther Taylor Oral History Project available from The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History at The William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1945, the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education was created to coordinate Jewish education efforts in the local community. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium served as the home ballpark to the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1966 to 1996. The stadium was built in Downtown Atlanta in what had previously been a residential area and the center of much of Atlanta’s Jewish community from the late nineteenth century through the first half of the twentieth century. The neighborhood was razed in the early 1960's to make way for Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium and its parking lots.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim (often also called ‘AA’) was founded in 1887 as an Orthodox congregation. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. In 1928, the congregation began to shift to Conservatism, which they joined in 1952. The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960’s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) operated from 1910 to 1948 on the site where the Atlanta- Fulton County Stadium was located. The JEA was once the hub of Jewish life in Atlanta. Families congregated there for social, educational, sports and cultural programs. The JEA ran camps and held classes to help some new residents learn to read and write English. For newcomers, it became a refuge, with programs to help them acclimate to a new home. The JEA stayed at that site until the late 1940’s, when it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the ‘Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Home is a nursing home in Atlanta providing short and long-term dementia, Alzheimer’s, and nursing care. Formerly the Jewish Home, it first opened in 1951. In 1991, it was renamed the William Breman Jewish Home to honor and recognize its third president, Bill Breman, as the prime motivator of the modern day facility.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHelen and her husband lived about 5 miles northeast of downtown Atlanta, in the Morningside—Lenox Park neighborhood of Atlanta, on a street of homes built in 1953. The street is close to Herbert Taylor Park, named for Mr. Taylor, who donated 28 acres of land to the city in the 1970’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGoy [plural: Goyim] is a Yiddish term meaning “people” or “nation.”  In common usage, it designates a non-Jewish or Gentile person.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Katherine and Jacob Greenfield Hebrew Academy was the first Jewish day school in Atlanta, and was founded in 1953.  As of mid-2014 the Greenfield Hebrew Academy (grades pre-K through 8) and Yeshiva High School (grades 9-12) merged into one college preparatory day school now called the Atlanta Jewish Academy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOndrej (also known as Endre, Andre, or Andrew) Steiner (1908–2009) was a Czechoslovak-American architect. He was a Holocaust survivor who later immigrated to the United States and settled in Atlanta, Georgia. In Atlanta, Steiner established himself as a well-known architect, designing everything from houses to the Ahavath Achim Synagogue. His testimony is available from the Breman archive.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Marc Wilson is a retired rabbi, community activist, and syndicated writer living in Greenville, South Carolina. He became rabbi for Shearith Israel in 1975.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA yekke [Yiddish; also Jecke] is a Jew of German-speaking origin. The term carries the connotation that German Jews are notable for attention to detail and punctuality, but is vernacularly used to imply a bossy woman.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRebecca's Tent is a homeless shelter housed in Congregation Shearith Israel in Atlanta, Georgia that provides hot meals and beds to women during winter months.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAbe Goldstein (1989-1982) was a business and Jewish community leader.  He was active in Ahavath Achim and Israel Bonds, the Anti-Defamation League, the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Federation and many other community causes.  He founded Prior Tire Company in 1920 and remained active in the business throughout his life. He also served as a member of the Georgia Governors staff under three different administrations. In 1966, the Anti-Defamation League Southeast Region began awarding the Abe Goldstein Human Relations Award to honor community involvement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMilton W. Candler and William S. Thomson founded the law firm in Atlanta, Georgia that would become Kilpatrick \u0026amp; Cody in 1874. The firm became in-house counsel for the Coca-Cola Company, and as early as 1893 secured federal registration of the Coca-Cola trademark. After two mergers in the 1997 and again in 2011, the firm is now part of Kilpatrick Townsend \u0026amp; Stockton, an international law firm headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB’nai B’rith Women was founded in San Francisco, California in 1909. It was originally a social organization designed to attract young, single adult members with parties, picnics and dances. As women emerged into the public sphere it expanded into cultural activities, philanthropy and community service. Their announced aims are to perpetuate Jewish culture, enrich their communities and ensure the religious survival of their sons and daughters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld ORT is a worldwide charity whose aim is to work for the advancement of Jewish and non-Jewish people through training and education. Active in over 100 countries, World ORT is the world’s largest Jewish education and vocational training NGO (Non-Governmental Organization). The Atlanta ORT chapter was founded in 1970 by Rabbi Harry H. Epstein.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrandeis University National Women's Committee, Atlanta Chapter was founded in 1949 with Leah Janis elected as its first president. Brandeis University National Women's Committee chapters raises funds in support of the University Library and promotes interest in Brandeis University—a private, nonsectarian research university founded by the Jewish community in 1948 in Waltham, Massachusetts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMonica Kaufman Pearson (b. 1948) was a television journalist and broadcaster who made history as the first African American to anchor one of the local newscasts in Atlanta, Georgia. She is well known for her occasional TV specials, which often feature in-depth interviews with nationally known celebrities and world leaders. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLucille Selig Frank (1888-1957) was the wife of Leo Frank, the only Jewish man ever to be hanged for criminal punishment in the United States. During the infamous Leo Frank case, his wife Lucille became a national figure when he went on trial for the murder of Mary Phagan in Atlanta in 1913. After his conviction, his wife lead a campaign to save him from execution. Historians believe that much of her work lead to Governor Slaton commuting Leo's sentence from death to life in prison. (However, a mob broke him out of prison and lynched him.) Even at the time of her death in 1957, the Frank case was still an emotional issue in Georgia, and a proper funeral could not be held for her. Forty-five years after her death, it was revealed that in the early 1960s, family members quietly took her ashes to Oakland cemetery and buried them at her parents' gravesite. The Broadway play \"Parade\" is based on the relationship between Leo and Lucille. She never remarried after his death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Henry Cohen (1863—1952) was a British-American rabbi, scholar, community activist and writer who served most of his career at Congregation B'nai Israel in Galveston, Texas, from 1888 to 1949. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs a neutral country during World War II, Spain was a refuge to thousands of Jews fleeing Europe in the 1930’s. By 1940, however, Spain began tightening its restrictions on immigration, issuing far fewer visas and detaining refugees caught crossing the border illegally before returning them to German-Occupied France until the Allies began pressuring Spain to allow more refugees to enter the country as long as someone else would provide for their care and help the refugees leave the country as soon as possible. The Joint Distribution Committee mainly provided for the refugees. Between the summer of 1942 and the fall of 1944, some 7,500 Jews fled to Spain and were given temporary refuge. Nonetheless, in January 1943, when the German embassy in Spain told the Spanish government that it had two months to remove all of its Jewish citizens from Western Europe, Spain failed to act in time to save some 4,000 Spanish Jews living in German-occupied areas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans defeated the Greek army in the spring of 1941 and occupied Greece until October 1944. Even though deportations did not start until March 1943, Greece lost at least 81 percent of its Jewish population during the Holocaust. Between 60,000 and 70,000 Greek Jews perished, most of them at Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRhodes is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea, off the southwest coast of Turkey. It is the largest island of the Dodecanese archipelago and serves as the capital of the Greek Islands. Although Rhodes was part of Italy during World War II, the 2,000 Jews on the Island were relatively safe until Germans occupied the island in September 1943. On July 20, 1944, the Jews of Rhodes and the neighboring island of Kos were sent by boat to the Greek mainland and eventually deported by train to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Only 151 Jews from Rhodes survived the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdward M. Kahn (1895-1984) was an immigrant from Bialystok, Poland.  He became a leader in Atlanta’s Jewish community and served as executive director of several organizations including the Jewish Educational Alliance (presently: Atlanta Jewish Community Center), the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund, and the Atlanta Federation of Jewish Social Service (presently: Atlanta Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta), an earlier incarnation of the current Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and the Morris Hirsch Clinic (presently: Ben Massell Dental Clinic). Mr. Kahn also became Executive Secretary of the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund and of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council.  He held these various positions until his retirement in 1964. Kahn was prominent in both local and national social work organizations as well as in Jewish organizations such as B’nai B’rith, the Jewish Children’s Bureau, the Jewish Home and the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education. He also worked with Southern Israelite as a writer and adviser.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Southern Israelite was a publication that covered news of southern Jewry and issues that involved Jewish populations throughout the nation and world. Rabbi H. Cerf Straus originally established the Southern Israelite as a temple bulletin in Augusta in 1925. It became so popular he expanded it into a monthly newspaper. Straus eventually sold the paper to Herman Dessauer and Sara B. Simmons, who moved it to Atlanta, where it began circulating statewide and eventually throughout the South. Even in these earliest years, the paper not only covered the news of the southern Jewry, but also the issues that involved Jewish populations throughout the nation and world, including the Holocaust and later the creation of the Jewish state of Israel. In 1987, its name changed from Southern Israelite to the Atlanta Jewish Times. Today the paper is owned by Michael Morris and continues as a weekly publication with a distribution of 15,000 copies per week.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorgia native Adolph Rosenberg (1912—1977) was a journalist, most recognized for his work as editor of the Southern Israelite, to whom ownership of the paper was transferred in 1951. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMARTA is the common term for the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, which was created in 1965. During the 1970’s, MARTA began acquiring land in and around the city of Atlanta, Georgia for construction of a rapid rail system. Today, MARTA operates a rail system with feeder bus operation and park-and-ride facilities throughout the metropolitan Atlanta area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Yiddish term for town, ‘shtetl’ commonly refers to small towns or villages in pre–World War II Eastern and Central Europe with a significant Jewish presence that were primarily Yiddish speaking.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA shtreimel is a fur hat worn by many married Orthodox Jewish men, particularly (although not exclusively) members of Hasidic groups, on Shabbat and Jewish holidays and other festive occasions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Kaften [Yiddish] is a long overcoat, usually made of a shiny, silky cloth that is worn by Orthodox Jewish men—particularly (although not exclusively) members of Hasidic groups. It is worn on Jewish holidays—mainly on Shabbat—and other festive occasions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation. Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation. The congregation first met in a rented grocery store on Parkway Drive. It moved to a permanent location on Boulevard when it purchased and renovated a two-story apartment building. In 1956, it converted the Tabernacle Baptist Church on Boulevard to a synagogue. It built its current synagogue building on a five-acre lot on LaVista Road in 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerman Eugene Talmadge (1913-2002) was Governor of Georgia twice; once in 1947 and then from 1951 to 1955. He spent most of his public service in the United States Senate, serving from 1957 to 1981. He was a Democrat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel A. Massell, Jr. is a native Atlantan and former commercial real estate broker who served from 1970 to 1974 as the 53rd mayor of Atlanta, Georgia. He is the first Jewish mayor in the city's history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSidney J. Marcus (1928—1983) was a native Atlantan and a prominent politician. Marcus was a Georgia legislator from Atlanta's 26th district, now the 106th district, who served in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1968 until his death in 1983.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMorris Rich (1847-1928), was the Anglicized name of Mauritius Reich, a native of Hungary. He was the original founder of Rich's, a department store retail chain headquartered in Atlanta that operated in the southern United States from 1867 until 2005. In 1943, the Rich Foundation was created to distribute a share of the profits of the department store. Through the years, the Foundation has been a major supporter of Atlanta’s charitable and educational life. The Foundation’s purpose is to benefit non-profit organizations in the field of arts, civic, education, health, environment and social welfare in the metropolitan Atlanta area. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta Municipal Auditorium, originally known as the Auditorium and Armory, was an auditorium in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. It was constructed in 1909 with funds raised by a committee of Atlanta citizens and then sold to the city of Atlanta. The building was sold in 1979 to Georgia State University, which now uses the structure as their Alumni Hall.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Fox Theatre is located on Peachtree Street in Midtown Atlanta. The theater was originally planned as part of a large Shrine Temple as evidenced by its Moorish design. The theater was ultimately developed as a lavish movie palace, opening in 1929. The auditorium replicates an Arabian courtyard under a night sky of flickering stars and drifting clouds. The Fox Theatre now hosts cultural and artistic events, and concerts by popular artists.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeginning in the early 1900’s, The Metropolitan Opera, an opera company based in New York City, made weeklong tours to Atlanta. Originally, the performances were held at the Atlanta Municipal Auditorium and then the Fox Theatre. The annual tour was a major social event that eventually outgrew the Fox and, when the Boisfeuillet Jones Altanta Civic Center was built, moved there until the Met disbanded its touring program in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYoung Judaea is a peer-led Zionist youth movement founded in 1909 for Jewish youth in grades 2–12. Its programs include youth clubs, conventions, summer camps and Israel programs that provide experiential programming through which Jewish youth and young adults build meaningful relationships with their peers, emphasize social action, and develop a lifelong commitment to Jewish life, the Jewish people, and Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB’nai B’rith Youth Organization (BBYO), a Jewish youth movement for students in grades from 8 through 12.  The organization emphasizes its youth leadership model in which teen leaders are elected by their peers on a local, regional and international level and are given the opportunity to make their own programmatic decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Piedmont Driving Club is a private social club near Piedmont Park in Atlanta, Georgia. It has enjoyed a reputation as one of the most prestigious private clubs in the South. The club unofficially did not allow minorities to have memberships.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChartered in 1956, Cherokee Town and Country Club is one of Atlanta's private clubs. The club has two locations: the Town Club, which occupies the famed Grant Estate on West Paces Ferry Road in Buckhead and the Country Club, which is located near the Chattahoochee River in Sandy Springs. Traditionally, the club did not have any minority members.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Rothschild was rabbi of the city’s oldest Reform congregation, the Temple, in Atlanta, Georgia from 1946 until his death in 1973 from a heart attack. He forged close relationships with the city’s Christian clergy and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights. Rabbi Jacob Rothschild was an outspoken advocate of civil rights and integration and friend of Martin Luther King Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) is best known for his role as a leader in the Civil Rights Movement and the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs. On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarilyn Shubin is originally from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She lived in Cleveland, Ohio for 10 years prior to settling in Atlanta. She was active in the National Council of Jewish Women in both Cleveland and later Atlanta. She was also active in the Atlanta Jewish Federation and chaired the 1978 welfare campaign. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrances Bertha Hamburger Bunzl (1920--) was originally from Wiesbaden, Germany, but immigrated with her family to the United States at the beginning of World War II and eventually settled in Georgia. Frances was active in Atlanta’s Jewish community, serving on the National Council of Jewish Women and the Temple Sisterhood. Her testimony is available from the Breman archive.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeah Janis was active in Atlanta’s Jewish community and was the first president of the Atlanta chapter of Brandeis University National Women's Committee, founded in 1949.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation B’nai Israel is a Jewish synagogue located in Galveston in the American state of Texas. Founded by German Jewish immigrants in 1868, it is the oldest Jewish Reform congregation in the state. Beginning in 1888, Rabbi Henry Cohen led the congregation for more than five decades, through periods of rapid immigration of Jews from Eastern Europe and two world wars.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Beth Jacob was chartered in 1931. Congregation Beth Jacob is a Conservative Jewish synagogue located in Galveston, Texas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Louis Feigon, (1904-1987) was the rabbi at Beth Jacob from 1930 until 1960.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8490.0,8520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Galveston Movement, also known as the Galveston Plan, was a U.S. immigration assistance program operated by several Jewish organizations between 1907 and 1914. An American banker named Jacob H. Schiff and Rabbi Henry Cohen were major leaders in the movement. The program worked to divert Jewish immigrants, fleeing Russia and Eastern Europe, away from East Coast cities, particularly New York, where the large influx of immigrants was met with little opportunity and growing anti-Semitic sentiments. The goal was to distribute immigrants over other parts of the United States, where they would have more opportunities. Galveston was chosen as the most available port of entrance and a Jewish Immigrants’ Information Bureau was established there.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8640.0,8670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMollie Levy (1862—1951) was from Galveston, Texas. She married Henry Cohen in 1889 and they had two children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8700.0,8730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/annotation_set/430/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJan Coggeshall was the first female mayor of Galveston, Texas, serving from 1984 until 1989, when Barbara Crews became mayor. Lyda Ann Thomas was the city’s third female mayor, serving from 2004 to 2010.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=8730.0,8760.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Spiegel, Helen [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History and Early Life in Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=32.0,223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's begin by talking about your family. Tell us where you were born, where you lived, your parents' names, where they were born, and your family's decision to come to the United States.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=32.0,223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ava Grausmann","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bamberg, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hans Wasserman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hedwig Wasserman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helen Wasserman Spiegel","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hops Merchants","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Izodor Wasserman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moritz Grausmann","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Selma Wasserman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=32.0,223.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I and the Rise of Hitler in Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=223.0,423.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, all these niceties didn't last forever because the First World War caused quite a bit of a depression, and inflation, and lots of people were without work. There was a Communist regime fighting with the Socialist regime, and then came Hitler, who started the nationalistic society.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=223.0,423.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communist Regime","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Soldiers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Landsburg, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mein Kampf","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nationalistic Society","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"President Paul von Hindenburg","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reichstag Fire","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Socialist Regime","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=223.0,423.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life as a Jew in Nuremberg, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=423.0,848.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can I ask you at this point how was this affecting you and your family?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=423.0,848.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf Hitler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Der Sturmer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gymnasium","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Streicher","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lyceum","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marshall Plan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg Laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Public School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Realschule","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reichsparteitag","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=423.0,848.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Trying to Leave Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=848.0,1132.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1937, my father finally got cold feet and decided he should look around and find some relative, anywhere to get out. Luckily, my mother in her family had several uncles who had gone to America in the 1890's or something like that.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=848.0,1132.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Escaping Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Loew Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States of America","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=848.0,1132.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in Nuremberg and Going to School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1132.0,1475.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Germany, as I said, I was turned down at the lyceum. Everybody had to go to a Jewish school from then on. After 1938 in Nuremberg, you could not go to a non-Jewish school.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1132.0,1475.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Catholic Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fuerth, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Henry Kissinger","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler Youth","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish Cultural Society","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kultusgemeinde","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg Laws","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Realschule","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1132.0,1475.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Obtaining a Visa to the United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1475.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When your parents made the decision to come, you mentioned they needed a visa. Tell us about that.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1475.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Consulate","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-Semitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Examinations","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Loew Family","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stuttgart, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Visa","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1475.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht and Saving Their Belongings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1650.0,2056.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we came back in 1938 and just before the visa was due--we were leaving at the end of 1938--came Kristallnacht. In Nuremberg, was one of the worst nights. The excesses in Nuremberg were unbelievable. Women being beaten and kicked and everything being destroyed. The synagogue, our synagogue burned.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1650.0,2056.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Visa","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beatings","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Burning Synagogues","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rosenfield Service Set","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sturmabteilung - SA","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Taxes","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Violence","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=1650.0,2056.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reichspartei Parties and Leaving Nuremberg","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468#t=2056.0,2327.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/32642/file/101468/index/47469/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It didn't help us, though, when a year before my father . . . whenever they had these Reichspartei parties, every Jew in Nuremberg tried to get out of town if at all possible. 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