{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/rr1pg1j931/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Kessler, Andre"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2000-03-20 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAndre Kessler interviewed by Sara Ghitis on March 20, 2000 in Atlanta, Georgia\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eAndre Kessler was born in Bucharest, Romania on March 8, 1940. He was the only child of Olga Kessler and Ladislas Grunfeld. Ladislas owned two factories that manufactured menswear.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLadislas was arrested and taken to a slave labor camp in Transnistria when Andre was still a toddler. Andre and his mother then went into hiding. With the help of their apartment building’s superintendent, Mr. Popscu, Andre and his mother spent the next 16 months hiding in one room. Andre's father survived the camps and returned to Bucharest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the Communists took over Romania at war's end, Andre and his mother were smuggled across the border through Hungary into Vienna, Austria. Andre’s father went to France. Andre’s parents divorced while he and his mother remained in Vienna for the next three years waiting for a visa to immigrate to the United States. They arrived in Queens, New York in 1951 when Andres was 11 years old.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAndre spoke five languages by the time he graduated high school. After high school, he became a Navy Corpsman, graduated from New York University, and played two years of professional basketball. Andre worked for a textile company, which brought him to Atlanta, Georgia in 1965.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Georgia, he met his wife, Marsha Tenenbaum, whom he married in December 1973. Marsha and Andre moved to Marietta, Georgia, where they had a daughter and son. The family was founding members of the Etz Chaim Congregation in Marietta and later joined B’nai Torah. In 1976, Andre began speaking at the Atlanta Jewish Federation, The Breman Museum, and countless schools across the state of Georgia. He served on the Georgia Commission on the Holocaust and as Vice-president of Eternal-Life Hemshech. Andre and Marsha had four grandchildren. Andre died on June 25, 2019.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eAndre introduces his family. He shares his earliest memories of the war and going into hiding. Andre details how he and his mother left Romania for Vienna, Austria after the war. He explains why his father fled Communism in Romania and settled in Paris, France. Andre recounts his years in Vienna before immigrating to the United States. Andre describes settling into his new life in New York City, attending school and continuing his Jewish education. He explains how he joined the Navy after high school and served on the United States Navy Ceremonial Guard. Andre talks about attending college. He contrasts his high school achievements with his college excellence. He shares how he learned to speak English without an accent. Andre recalls his two years playing professional basketball in the National Basketball Association. He discusses beginning the sales career that brought him to Atlanta, Georgia. Andre describes the antisemitism he encountered in the military. He reminisces about his early years in Atlanta, Georgia. Andre recollects how he met his wife. He talks about moving to Marietta, Georgia and raising his children. He reflects on why it is important to him to speak about his experiences.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28436"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAndre Kessler interviewed by Sara Ghitis on March 20, 2000 in Atlanta, Georgia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAndre Kessler was born in Bucharest, Romania on March 8, 1940. He was the only child of Olga Kessler and Ladislas Grunfeld. Ladislas owned two factories that manufactured menswear.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLadislas was arrested and taken to a slave labor camp in Transnistria when Andre was still a toddler. Andre and his mother then went into hiding. With the help of their apartment building’s superintendent, Mr. Popscu, Andre and his mother spent the next 16 months hiding in one room. Andre's father survived the camps and returned to Bucharest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the Communists took over Romania at war's end, Andre and his mother were smuggled across the border through Hungary into Vienna, Austria. Andre’s father went to France. Andre’s parents divorced while he and his mother remained in Vienna for the next three years waiting for a visa to immigrate to the United States. They arrived in Queens, New York in 1951 when Andres was 11 years old.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAndre spoke five languages by the time he graduated high school. After high school, he became a Navy Corpsman, graduated from New York University, and played two years of professional basketball. Andre worked for a textile company, which brought him to Atlanta, Georgia in 1965.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Georgia, he met his wife, Marsha Tenenbaum, whom he married in December 1973. Marsha and Andre moved to Marietta, Georgia, where they had a daughter and son. The family was founding members of the Etz Chaim Congregation in Marietta and later joined B’nai Torah. In 1976, Andre began speaking at the Atlanta Jewish Federation, The Breman Museum, and countless schools across the state of Georgia. He served on the Georgia Commission on the Holocaust and as Vice-president of Eternal-Life Hemshech. Andre and Marsha had four grandchildren. Andre died on June 25, 2019.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAndre introduces his family. He shares his earliest memories of the war and going into hiding. Andre details how he and his mother left Romania for Vienna, Austria after the war. He explains why his father fled Communism in Romania and settled in Paris, France. Andre recounts his years in Vienna before immigrating to the United States. Andre describes settling into his new life in New York City, attending school and continuing his Jewish education. He explains how he joined the Navy after high school and served on the United States Navy Ceremonial Guard. Andre talks about attending college. He contrasts his high school achievements with his college excellence. He shares how he learned to speak English without an accent. Andre recalls his two years playing professional basketball in the National Basketball Association. He discusses beginning the sales career that brought him to Atlanta, Georgia. Andre describes the antisemitism he encountered in the military. He reminisces about his early years in Atlanta, Georgia. Andre recollects how he met his wife. He talks about moving to Marietta, Georgia and raising his children. He reflects on why it is important to him to speak about his experiences.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/110/827/small/Andre_Kessler.png?1619300150","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Kessler_Andre.mp4"]},"duration":5225.92,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/110/827/small/Andre_Kessler.png?1619300150","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/110/827/original/Kessler_Andre.mp4?1616439594","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5225.92,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Kessler, Andre [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GHITIS: Today is March 20. We are in Atlanta, Georgia, interviewing Mister\nAndre Kessler. My name is Sara Ghitis. Mr. Kessler, could you please tell me\nwhen and where you were born?\n\nKESSLER: I was born March 8, 1940 [in Bucharest, Romania].\n\nGHITIS: What is your earliest ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"memory?\n\nKESSLER: Earliest memory is my mother telling me to be quiet, not to make noise,\njust not to draw attention to myself. Basically those are the earliest memories\nI have. [It] is of my mother constantly telling me, \"Be quiet.\"\n\nGHITIS: Do you know what the circumstances were?\n\nKESSLER: We were in our apartment in Bucharest. My father had been arrested in\nDecember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1942 and was taken to a labor camp. Romania did not have concentration\ncamps, but she had labor camps. He was taken to Targovitse first and then to\nTransnistria. Transnistria was a severe labor camp. A lot of people died from\nmalnutrition and overwork. When my father was arrested, my mother and I went\ninto hiding. But it was in our apartment building, in our own apartment. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The\nrooms were sealed off and we went into one room. The room happened to be the\nroom my parents used as a library. The windows were darkened. Blankets were\nunder the door so no sound would come out. We were protected. We owe our life to\na Righteous Gentile. He was the superintendent of the apartment building where\nwe lived. He saved my family and two other Jewish families who lived in that\napartment building. The key word from my mother always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was \"quiet.\"\n\nGHITIS: In what language was that?\n\nKESSLER: Romanian. The first language I ever learned was Romanian.\n\nGHITIS: What are your memories of the war ending?\n\nKESSLER: My memories . . . Romania was a part of the German war machinery.\nRomania had oil fields. When the air raid sirens went off--because the Americans\nwanted to bomb the Ploiesti oil ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fields--you had to go to the air raid shelter.\nThe only way I got out of the apartment was when we went to the air raid\nshelters. It was always, \"Be quiet. Don't talk to a lot of people. Don't draw\nattention to yourself.\" Fortunately my mother did not look like the stereotype\nof what most Jews looked like. My mother was blonde haired and blue eyed, so she\npassed as non-Jewish. We spent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time in the air raid shelters, but my\nrecollection when the war was over was jubilation, of freedom. I could go out of\nthat apartment. I could go play again in the front yard. I could make friends. I\ngrew up really from almost three until four and a half or five years old not\ninteracting with other children. My world was my mother. That's where we stayed.\nThat was my world--my mother and that apartment.\n\nGHITIS: What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were the names of your parents?\n\nKESSLER: My mother was Olga and her maiden name was Kessler. It stayed Kessler.\nMy father was Ladislas Grunfeld. When my parents got divorced, my mother took\nher maiden name back. When we got to Austria and applied to get papers to come\nto the United States, she changed my name to hers so the authorities wouldn't\nquestion why my name was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grunfeld and her name was Kessler. Technically, there\nis really no such person as Andre Kessler. I was born Andre Ionel Grunfeld. My\nfather, to the day he died--you know how European men are with sons--he could\nnever understand why his son's name was Kessler.\n\nGHITIS: After the war ended, what happened?\n\nKESSLER: My father came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home. He had owned two businesses. My father\nmanufactured men's shirts. He had two factories. During [or] before the war,\nwhen it became illegal for Jews to own businesses, he had sold it to a Gentile\n[non-Jewish] partner of his. After the war, he took them back over. In 1947,\nRomania went Communist and his businesses were nationalized. The government told\nhim he would still run ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them, but he no longer owned them. My father was a very\nstubborn individual. He arranged for Mother and I to escape across two borders.\nWe went from Romania into Hungary and from Hungary into Austria. Austria in the\nlate 1940s [and] early 1950s was under four-power occupation. When the borders\nwere sealed, there were people who made a living out of smuggling people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"across\nthe borders. My father paid these smugglers. At the last minute, when they found\nout I was an eight-year-old boy, they almost changed their minds. They had to\npay extra. [Lifts right hand to show ring he is wearing] This was my father's\nsignet ring. My mother had the matching one. She took off hers and had to give\nit to them for extra money. We went across the borders. We went from Romania\ninto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungary. When we got to Hungary, it was late autumn. When we were going\nacross the border, my mother had stepped into a large pothole and had twisted\nher ankle. She almost broke it, so we went to a safe house. When we went to the\nsafe house, it was right back to like it was in the apartment. It was, \"Be\nquiet. Don't draw attention.\" I didn't speak Hungarian at the time, so I spoke\nin Romanian. They were afraid that somebody would hear the Romanian and they\nwould turn us into the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"authorities.\n\nWhen her ankle healed, we went across from Hungary into Austria. The minute we\nset foot on Austrian soil, we were arrested--fortunately--by the Austrian\npolice. If it had been the Russian police, they would have sent us right back to\nRomania. But it was the Austrian police and they put us on a bus and sent us to\nVienna [Austria]. We spent the next three years in Vienna.\n\nGHITIS: Before we move on, could you explain what a safe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house was?\n\nKESSLER: A safe house was . . . The people who made a living out of [smuggling\npeople across the borders] had houses that they would take you to that were just\nlike a place where . . . It was a house of refuge. You were safe in there . . .\nMost of the time, they bribed the police so they didn't come and bother you.\nThey didn't search these houses. That's what a safe house was.\n\nGHITIS: You were talking about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vienna and arriving in Vienna.\n\nKESSLER: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: What happened in Vienna?\n\nKESSLER: When we got to Vienna, it was Mother and I. Like in a very bad spy\nmovie, my mother made a phone call to my father. They had a certain word they\nhad set up so that when my mother said that certain word to him in the phone\nconversation, he knew that we were safe in Austria.\n\nHe had gotten ahold of same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"explosives. He planted them on a timer. He went\nacross the border and in the morning when the Romanians came to look for the\nfactories, they found rubble. He had blown them up. Both my parents were very\nstubborn people. Let me just regress a minute. When the decree came out for the\nJews of Romania to wear the yellow Star of David, my mother refused. She didn't\nsew it onto her clothing or mine. It was her way of protecting us. Again,\nbecause she looked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Aryan\"--because she was blonde haired and blue eyed--we were\nnot questioned or stopped. It was her way of resisting. My father was just as\nstubborn. Rather than give up his factories, he blew them up. Then he joined us\nin Vienna. We applied for papers to come to the United States. My mother had two\nbrothers who came to the United States prior to the Second World War. My father\nhad two brothers who had gone to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France. As liberal as Romania was, when my\nUncle Yanosh wanted to go to medical school, there was a quota. They would only\nallow so many Jews. He was refused, so he went to France and got his medical\ndegree from the University of Paris. He had sent for one of his younger\nbrothers. By the way, my father was one of thirteen children. My mother was one\nof six. I should have lots of first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cousins, but I don't. Anyway, both my uncles\nduring the Second World War were with the French Resistance. They had sent their\nfamilies to England. During the war, both my uncles were with the maquis, la\nrésistance Francaise. It was a lot easier to go to France than it was to come\nto the United States. So my parents agreed my father would go to France to be\nwith ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his brothers. Whoever was able to support the other one or whoever got the\npapers would rejoin them. Even though my mother's brothers--my\nuncles--guaranteed that we would not be a burden, we would not go on welfare,\nthe state would not have to support us, it still took three years for us to get\npapers to come to the United States. There was an immigration quota, so it took\nthree years.\n\nMy father went to Paris. He met someone ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my parents were divorced long\ndistance. My father stayed in France and that's where he is buried. He is buried\noutside of Paris. I didn't see my father for fourteen years after we came to the\nUnited States because nobody had any money. When I was 21, I went to Paris and\nhad a reunion with my father.\n\nGHITIS: Your father went to France. Tell me about your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother and you.\n\nKESSLER: We stayed in Vienna. Money was something that wasn't a very large commodity.\n\nGHITIS: How did you survive?\n\nKESSLER: I don't know where my mother got money. I never . . . This is one story\nI still don't know. Somewhere she had money. It wasn't a lot. As a child, we\nlived above a movie theatre. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before they had restrictive systems like in the\nUnited States, before they had these ratings of \"G,\" and \"PG,\" and so on, in\nEurope you either had adult movies or children's movies. As an eight, nine, ten\nyear old, I worked at this movie theatre. They sent me running errands. The\nmovies in Europe are a little different. You could bring beer in, so they sent\nme to the nearest tavern to bring buckets of beer. Patrons would watch the\nmovies, and drink their beer, and eat their pretzels. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For that, I would get\ntips--half a pfennig or whatever the Austrian currency was. Whatever money I\ncould bring, I always gave to my mother. That's how we survived. We weren't\nrich, but we were getting along.\n\nGHITIS: Was their any organization sponsoring Jewish refugees?\n\nKESSLER: Yes, there were, but we never applied for it. There was HIAS, and the\nJoint, and those. We never applied because my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother, through my uncles, they\nguaranteed that we would come here, so she never went through HIAS and the Joint.\n\nGHITIS: Tell me about your schooling.\n\nKESSLER: I went through the school of the French Forces because both of my\nuncles were with the Resistance. My Uncle Emory was a Colonel with the French\nForeign Legion. Again, just the very subtle differences: because he was not a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"French born citizen, he could not be in the French Army. He was in the Foreign\nLegion. He had arranged for me to go to the school of the children of the French\noccupation forces. Romanian was the language I spoke originally. When we went to\nAustria, I went to a French school so I learned French, but, of course, the\nlanguage of Vienna is German, so during the day I spoke German. I spoke three\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"languages. My parents spoke Hungarian around the house, so I picked up the\nHungarian. Here I was--eleven years old--speaking four languages. I went to the\nLycée Français de Vienne [French: French High School of Vienna], which was the\nschool for the children of the French occupation forces. That was my education.\nOf course, after the war, I started school in Romania. I started the first grade\nin Romanian schools. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then from the age of eight, I went to the French school.\n\nGHITIS: Did you have any Jewish education?\n\nKESSLER: Yes. Both my parents . . . My mother was extremely Orthodox, so, yes, I\ndid. They hired me a tutor. I was trained by a Yeshiva Bokher [Yiddish: Jewish\nscholar]. He was a scholar at a Jewish school. He taught me my Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lessons.\nYes, I could also read in Hebrew. My mother started training me really for my\nbar mitzvah. She wanted me to know my Jewish heritage.\n\nGHITIS: You mentioned that you should have a number of cousins, but you don't.\nWhy is that?\n\nKESSLER: My parents were originally from the section of Romania that was\nHungary. In 1940, that section was given back to the Hungarians. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1944, when\nAdolph Eichmann came up with the Final Solution for the Hungarian Jews, my\ngrandparents, my cousins, and aunts, and uncles were rounded up and taken to\nAuschwitz-Birkenau. We lost over a hundred members of our family in\nAuschwitz-Birkenau. One of my uncles died at Bergen-Belsen, but predominantly\nmost of my family died with the Hungarian Jews in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau.\n\nGHITIS: Let us go back to your time in Vienna. You said you stayed there for\nthree years?\n\nKESSLER: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: How were you able to leave?\n\nKESSLER: We got papers to come to immigrate to the United States. We left Vienna\nin April 1951. We went to Germany ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until . . . They had ships that were sailing .\n. . We didn't come as refugees. We didn't come through Ellis Island. Our papers\nsaid we could come to the United States. We wound up in Germany . . . in a\ndisplaced persons camp. From there, we went on board a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ship--a very small former\ntroop ship. For the first time, I was separated from my mother. We wound up in\nBremerhaven, Germany. The ship had two sections. It had a women's section and it\nhad a men's section. At eleven, I was a pretty big kid so they didn't think I\nbelonged in with the women. They put me in with the men. At first, it was very\ntraumatic. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had never really been away from my mother. Then I learned aboard\nship for the first time that food was plentiful. I could eat as much as I wanted\nto and I had my first taste of freedom. My mother unfortunately spent the ten\ndays that it took to cross [the Atlantic Ocean] in her bunk. She was seasick. It\nwas August and we were crossing the North Atlantic [Ocean]. It was really a\nsmall ship, so she was seasick. I spent most of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crossing hanging over the\nrailings. They were afraid I was going to fall overboard, but it was my first\ntaste of freedom.\n\nGHITIS: Explain that: the first taste of freedom. What did it mean?\n\nKESSLER: That I could do whatever I wanted to without my mother telling me,\n\"Don't do this. Behave yourself. Stop.\" It was just . . . If I wanted to make a\npig of myself, I could go through the food line four ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"times. It was just that\nluxury of food. It was also being away from constantly [being with] my mother. I\nwas constantly running around the ship. I was an eleven-year-old boy full of\nenergy. I was running around that ship all the time.\n\nGHITIS: Who helped fund that trip?\n\nKESSLER: My uncles did. My mother's two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brothers guaranteed . . . This is also\nwhere HIAS came in and the Joint came in. It was all part of that same thing,\nbut my uncles guaranteed that we would not be a burden to the government. The\nship was sponsored partially . . . I still remember the name of the ship. It was\nthe USNS General S. D. Sturgis. It was a troop ship. During the war, it had\ntransported American troops ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back and forth between the United States and Europe.\nThe bunks were six deep. My uncles guaranteed it but also HIAS and the Joint had\ncome into this by that time.\n\nGHITIS: Were there other children on board?\n\nKESSLER: A few. I don't remember a lot of them. I still didn't know how to\ninteract with other children. That was one of the social graces I didn't have. I\ndidn't know how to play with other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children. It was either you hit them or you\nhid from them. It was a defense mechanism that I didn't know how to interact\nwith other children. It was something I didn't learn until I was in school in\nthe United States.\n\nGHITIS: How long did you sail?\n\nKESSLER: Ten long days.\n\nGHITIS: Tell me about your arrival in the Untied States.\n\nKESSLER: We landed in New York [City, New York] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"August 17, 1951. It's funny\nbecause in Europe [and] in Vienna, as a young boy, I constantly wore short\npants. I wore lederhosen--leather pants. Just before we landed, my mother\nsomehow, somewhere from her suitcase, she reached [and] got me my first pair of\nlong pants. I had a [button up] shirt [and] long pants.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We got off the dock. My mother's brother was waiting for us with two of his\nsons. He had a big Buick convertible. They took us. When the ships landed in New\nYork, the docks were over on the west side. We went from there and he took us\ndown Broadway, with all the lights. I remember there was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old Camel cigarette\nsign with the guy blowing smoke rings out of his mouth. We went down Broadway\nand my uncle said, \"You're free. You're in America. You can breathe easy now.\"\nHe took us to my other uncle's house. This uncle lived up in Riverdale. My other\nuncle lived in Queens. Until we found an apartment, we stayed with him. My\nmother hadn't seen her brothers . . . Uncle Alex left Romania ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the late 1920s,\nso she hadn't seen him in about 25 years. She hadn't seen her brother Emory\n[Emerich Kessler] . . . Emory got out of Romania in 1939. He went to Palestine.\nHe stayed in Palestine until 1941 and came to the United States. Then he was in\nthe United States Army. He was in on the D-Day landings. Most Europeans spoke\nseveral languages by necessity. Because he spoke fluent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German, and Hungarian,\nand Romanian, he was used as an interpreter. When they captured prisoners, he\nwould question them. We stayed with my Uncle Alex. I remember my mother\nliterally . . . her and her brothers . . . We got there on a Friday and through\nSunday, when my Uncle Alex had to go to work, they literally sat in the kitchen\nand they talked about what happened to this one, and [asked one another], \"Do\nyou remember so and so,\" and \"What happened to such and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such?\"\n\nMonday morning, we started looking. My uncles had gotten my mother a job. They\ntold her, \"Olga, this is America. You have to work.\" My mother never worked in\nher life. We were comfortable. She went to work. They got her a job in a doll\nfactory. Her job was stapling clothes onto a doll. She worked from three in the\nafternoon until ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eleven or 11:30 at night. The first week that she was there,\nfrom doing [the staples], her hand got swollen. It was about the size of a\ncatcher's mitt. That job she couldn't do. Through the Joint, she got a job in a\nladies scarf company. They manufactured ladies scarves and gloves. She was with\nthem for thirty years before she ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"retired. We stayed with my uncle until we got\nour own apartment. We had a one-bedroom apartment, furnished. That's where we lived.\n\nGHITIS: Let us go back to you. You were eleven years old when you got here?\n\nKESSLER: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: What went through your mind and your heart when you first arrived and\nyou faced all these new people and a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"new life?\n\nKESSLER: I couldn't communicate with my cousin because they spoke English. My\nuncle still spoke Hungarian, but my cousins didn't. I couldn't communicate with them.\n\nGHITIS: How did they react to you?\n\nKESSLER: At first, I was a curiosity to them, but it was not much of an\ninteraction. Three of [my cousins] lived up in the Bronx [a borough of New York\nCity]. We lived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Queens [a borough of New York City]. In order to get up to\nthem, you had to take a train, a bus, and it took forever to get to their house.\nMy Uncle Alex, who lived in Queens and we stayed close to . . . Thanksgiving was\nthe holiday we spent with him. Of course, it was a new holiday to me. As I said,\nwe landed in August. In New York, the day after Labor Day, you have to start\nschool. They put me into the sixth grade. That's where I belonged. I was eleven\nyears ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old, so I belonged in the sixth grade. But we had a problem. I didn't\nspeak English. I spoke four other languages but English was not one of them. In\nthose days, they had no help for foreign students. If you kept up, fine. If you\ndidn't, the teacher really didn't have time to give you attention. I went to New\nYork Public School systems and there were 50 kids in my homeroom class alone.\nFortunately I have a good ear for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"languages, so within six or eight months, I\nhad a working knowledge of English. Now, I had an accent that you could cut with\na knife. I had a very thick Eastern European accent. The neighborhood I grew up\nin in New York was multicultural and multilingual. I had friends who were\nItalian, who were Irish . . . My closest friend was Puerto Rican. Henry Robliss\nwas from San Juan, Puerto Rico. We used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"joke that in our neighborhood that if\nyou were the one without the accent, you were the one that was different. Within\neight months, I got along. I wasn't fluent in English, but I could get along.\n\nGHITIS: What about your social skills?\n\nKESSLER: I started more and more to interact with children. I had made friends.\nI had very close friends. The neighborhood that I grew up in in New York was not\na good one. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started to run with a gang. I joined a gang. I learned how to use\nmy fists very early and very well. When I felt like going to school, I did. When\nI didn't feet like going to school, I didn't. When the letters started to come\nfrom school that I was truant, at first I explained to my mother they were\nletters of commendation about how well I was learning English. I got away with\nthat for about a year until she started to learn English. Then that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stopped. I\nwas also very fortunate that I was a very good athlete. I played on five\ndifferent teams in school. I played baseball, basketball, soccer, I was on a\ntrack team, and I was on something that they would not even dare to have\ntoday--I was on a rifle team. They would give us live ammunition and we would go\non target skills and so on. I learned what social promotions were. I was passed\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"along. If a teacher didn't pass me, she would have five coaches in there,\nscreaming because I had to stay on the teams. I was an excellent athlete. When I\nwasn't in trouble, I was in school. The subjects that I liked, I did well in\nschool. The ones I didn't like, I didn't bother because I knew I would be passed\nanyway. I had good friends. I was part of the Boy Scouts. I had like a mixed\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life. I was like a hoodlum on one instance and part of the Boy Scouts on the\nother. When I was thirteen, I became bar mitzvahed. My Jewish education\ncontinued so I had my bar mitzvah.\n\nGHITIS: You said, \"continued.\" Where did it start?\n\nKESSLER: It started in Romania after the war, and then it continued in Vienna,\nand then when we got to the United States. We lived on 46th Street [in New York\nCity]. When you walked out the back door, across the yard, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue was on\n45th Street. I had lessons from the rabbi. When I was thirteen, I didn't have .\n. . The big bar mitzvahs that they have here now, they didn't have. I was called\nto the Torah on a Thursday morning. I said my haftorah. In the back of the\nsynagogue, my mother had sponge cake and a bottle of wine. That was my bar\nmitzvah. I didn't have a big fancy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"party. That was my bar mitzvah.\n\nGHITIS: Do you remember your portion of the Torah?\n\nKESSLER: Yes, I do.\n\nGHITIS: What was it?\n\nKESSLER: I don't . . .\n\nGHITIS: You were telling me that there were different ethnicities in your neighborhood.\n\nKESSLER: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: Did you ever sense any rejection because you were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish?\n\nKESSLER: No. It was really one of those things that really we were all in the\nsame leaky boat. I mean, who were we going to hate? We were all poor. Most of\nour parents were immigrants. Most of the fights that we had were because the\nIrish didn't get along with the Italians or the fights we had was over\nterritory; not because we didn't like each other because of our religion or . . .\n\nI really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't experience antisemitism again until I went into the military. In\nthe military I saw it, but in the neighborhood I grew up in . . . The high\nschool I went to was multiethnic, multicultural. I went to school for the first\ntime with blacks, or as they were called in the 1950s, Negros. On the basketball\nteam, my closest friend was Lenny Brewer, who later went on to play for Ohio\nUniversity and then played for the NBA, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so, no, the fights we had were not over\nrace. They were because it was territorial. This was our corner, not your\ncorner. This was our candy store, not your candy store.\n\nGHITIS: Did you have Jewish friends?\n\nKESSLER: Yes, I did. The Boy Scout troop I belonged to was sponsored by the\nConservative synagogue in the area. The synagogue we belonged to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was Orthodox.\nWe belonged to Young Israel. This one was the Conservative synagogue and they\nhad the Boy Scout troop. Even when we went on [camping trips], the food we\ncarried was kosher food. I really was raised [kosher]. My mother's house was\nkosher. The school lunches that I carried with me was kosher. I didn't know what\nnon-kosher food was until the third day I was in basic training ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then I was\nserved beans, bacon and cornbread. I looked at it and said, \"What is this\nstuff?\" I did not know what non-kosher food was until I was in the military.\nBut, yes, I had Jewish friends. As I said, the Boy Scout troop was a\npredominately Jewish group.\n\nGHITIS: What high school did you go to?\n\nKESSLER: William Cullen Bryant High School in [the Astoria neighborhood of] Long\nIsland [City], New York.\n\nGHITIS: How did you do in high school?\n\nKESSLER: Again, I didn't have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to exert myself because I knew I was going to get\npromoted. I graduated high school with a \"B\" average. I say I graduated, [but]\nabout two weeks before I was ready to graduate high school, I got into some very\nserious trouble. I stole a car, or, as I always say, \"I borrowed a car.\" I was\ntaken in front of a judge and the two choices I was given were either go to\nreform ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school or join the military. I didn't know what the military was all\nabout but I knew what reform school was, so I enlisted in the United States\nNavy. I got my diploma. Yes, I graduated, but I never walked down the aisle with\nthe class. I got my diploma in the mail. I spent two and a half years in the\nNavy. I was a hospital corpsman. I spent a lot of time with the Untied States\nMarines. I even ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ended up with the part of the Marine Corps where you have to\njump out of airplanes. I was crazy even then. I walked up and . . . it doesn't\ntake a lot of brains to jump out of a perfectly good airplane. That's what I\nwound up doing.\n\nGHITIS: Did you serve overseas?\n\nKESSLER: No. Basically, I went from New York to Great Lakes, Illinois. From\nGreat Lakes, I went to the Navy [Ceremonial] Guard in Washington, D.C. Now, this\nis a funny story. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I enlisted in the Navy, I really didn't know where I\nwanted to go. Somewhere in the back of my mind, I always wanted to be a doctor.\nWhen I wanted to go to Hospital Corps School, they told me I couldn't because I\nwasn't yet a citizen. My mother had become a citizen after five years, but\nbecause I was a certain age, I could not join with her. I had to apply and\nbecause I had never filed the papers, I still had not become a citizen. The guy\nwho was doing this said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"No, you can't go to Hospital Corps School. You may\nlearn secrets while somebody's under anesthesia. One of your patients . . .\" I\nwound up . . . I was going to go out to sea, aboard ship, to chip paint\nsomewhere. One of the Navy chiefs came through and said, \"We're looking for\npeople over six feet tall with good military bearing. We want to send them to\nWashington, D.C. to be in the Navy Ceremonial Honor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Guard.\" I didn't know what\nthat meant, but I figured if it kept me from going out to sea to chip paint, I\nsaid, \"Fine.\" I was six [foot] three [or] four [inches tall]. I was rail thin. I\nwasn't like I am today. I weighed 185 [or] 190 pounds. They sent me down with\none of the friends I had made in basic training, Carl Rogers, who was from a\nvery small town in North Carolina, who had never seen a Jew before. He didn't\nknow what a Jew was. When I went up in basic training, out of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"82 men in my\ncompany, there were two Jews. Everybody else was either from the South or . . .\nCarl and I went up to Washington, D.C. and I went up in the Navy Honor Guard.\nIronically, one of the things I was chosen for was to be at the White House. I\nwas around President [Dwight D.] Eisenhower. I stood when visiting dignitaries\ncame. I held the flag. The [Federal Bureau of Investigations] did a background\nsearch on me and they found out I wasn't a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"citizen. Here I was around President\nEisenhower, Vice-President [Richard] Nixon, Supreme Court Justices, and so on.\nThey rushed me down to the courthouse and I was sworn in as a citizen because I\nwas around the President all the time. I wasn't good enough to go to a hospital\nand empty bedpans, but yet I was good enough to be around the President of the\nUnited States. That's how I became a United States citizen. It's because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wound\nup in the Navy Honor Guard. That's how I got my citizenship.\n\nGHITIS: What happened after serving in the military?\n\nKESSLER: When I came out, I went to college. I was accepted at New York\nUniversity. They took me on probation. Graduating high school, I barely had a\n\"B\" average, but one of the Deans saw something. They found out that I had\nbrains. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They took me on the condition that I had to maintain a \"B plus\" average.\nI fooled them when I graduated. They gave me credit for all the courses I had\ntaken in the military, so I didn't go in as a freshman. I went in almost as a\nsophomore, so I graduated college in three years. I played basketball for New\nYork University also, so that's how we were able to afford my going to college.\nNew York University was a private college. In those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"days--this was 1961,\n1962--it cost $40 a credit. My mother was making like $60 [or] $70 a week, which\nwas good money in those days, but it wasn't enough to pay $40 a credit at New\nYork University. Because of my basketball abilities and my sport abilities, I\nwas given a scholarship. I graduated in the top ten percent of my class. I\ngraduated with Honors from New York ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University in 1963.\n\nGHITIS: You graduated with Honors?\n\nKESSLER: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: How can you explain your earlier years and the way you were behaving?\nWhat was going on?\n\nKESSLER: I was rebelling. It was pure rebellion. I wanted to prove what a big\nshot I was, first of all. It was just my way of rebelling. I was a kid that was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different. I was the kid with the accent. Now, in high school, I had joined the\ndrama club. I got involved with acting. I was sixteen or seventeen years old. I\nstill the accent. All the parts I got to play were always the ones that called\nfor accents. I had a teacher--I still remember her name--Mrs. Hauptschmidt. Mrs.\nHauptschmidt got Polio late in life. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She had two leg braces and she walked with\ncrutches. She had a very distinct way of speaking. One day she got ahold of me\nand she says, \"Andre, [impersonates Mrs. Hauptschmidt's voice] with your accent,\nyou're as much a cripple as I am.\" Now, this was a terrible thing to say to a\nsixteen-year-old boy. She says, \"Work with me an hour a day.\" She said, \"Instead\nof going to lunch, come to my class. We'll have lunch ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there.\" She literally was\nmy Professor [Henry] Higgins. It was, \"How now, brown cow,\" and \"The rain in\nSpain,\" and rocks in the mouth, and marbles. She got rid of my accent. The only\naccent I think I have to this day [is] I have a New York accent. Even after I've\nbeen living in the South since 1965, I still have a New York accent. But she got\nrid of my [European] accent for me. I'm very grateful. Wherever you are, Mrs.\nHauptschmidt--I'm sure you're long gone, may you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rest in peace--you have one\nperson her who is very grateful to you. She cared enough to get rid of my accent\nfor me. Going back to your original question, I think it was a form of\nrebellion. I wanted to fit in. I also knew that if I really didn't want to study\nbecause I didn't like one of the subjects, I didn't have to worry about it.\nBecause of my athletic abilities, I was passed along. Funny story, again: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In New\nYork, when you get to high school, you have to take a foreign language. Here I\nwas with an accent, foreign kid. They said to me, \"What foreign language do you\nwant to study?\" I looked at them dead honestly and I said, \"English!\" That\nwasn't good enough for them. They made me study French. I took French. I spoke\nbetter French than the teacher did. In New York, when you finish a course, you\nhave to take a Regents exam, which is given by the state. I took the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"French\nRegents exam and got a hundred on it. They thought I cheated because nobody had\never gotten a hundred on a foreign language exam before. They made me take it\nover and I got another hundred. They would only give me a 98 because they didn't\nwant to set any precedents. The foreign language I took in high school was\nFrench, but it should have been English.\n\nGHITIS: Going back to college, you graduated with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Honors.\n\nKESSLER: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: What was your major?\n\nKESSLER: Business Administration with sales management major. I started out\nPre-Med and then we found out that it would be a really long haul. We really\ncouldn't afford it, so I switched from Pre-Med to Business Administration. I\nhave a Bachelors of Science [degree] in Business Administration from New York University.\n\nGHITIS: What happened then? Did you start working?\n\nKESSLER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No. When I graduated college, I was drafted by the Philadelphia\nWarriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). They are now Golden\nState, but in those days, they played in Philadelphia. I was a third-round draft\npick of the Philadelphia Warriors. I played two years of professional\nbasketball. My teammate and my roommate--may he rest in peace, he just passed\naway last year--was Wilt Chamberlain. The coach thought it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"real clever to\nput the Jewish kid and the black kid together, thinking there was a real insult\nto both of us. The NBA I played in was not the NBA of today. In those days, it\nwas a predominantly white league and blacks were very few and far between. There\nwere Jews but . . . A lot of people don't know the history of the NBA, but\nironically, the NBA was started by Jews. Red Auerbach and Joe Lapchick, and a\nlot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those people were Jews who started the National Basketball Association.\nThe travelling secretary--I said the coach but it was the travelling\nsecretary--put me in with Chamberlain because it was his way of showing his\ndisdain for both of us. We were very close friends even after I retired. I\nplayed two years of professional ball and my knees gave out, so I had to leave.\nTill the day he died, we were close. We would speak. I would send him Christmas\ncards. He would send me Hanukkah ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cards. We stayed friends. When he passed away\nlast year, I went to his memorial service in Philadelphia. I didn't go to\nCalifornia for the funeral but they had a memorial service for him in\nPhiladelphia. I went up to that and saw his sister again. We were close friends.\nI played two years and then I had knee problems. It was the days before\northoscopic surgery and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this and that, so I retired in 1965. I went into sales.\nI started out selling home furnishings. I sold bedspreads, and fabrics and\ndecorative pillows. That's the business I'm still in. Today is March 20. I\nofficially retire in eleven days. I get off the road. I've been in that . . . I\nworked for one company until 1980 and then I went independent in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1980. I still\nhave my own sales organization. I'm liquidating it and I'm retiring in eleven days.\n\nGHITIS: You started working in New York?\n\nKESSLER: I started working for a New York company. The first place they sent me\nto . . . I came down here to Atlanta in 1965. The sales manager had just come\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of this territory. He had been promoted from the Southeast back to New York.\nHe said, \"We have a job for you. We're going to send you down to the South.\" I\nsaid, \"Okay. Where's that? Baltimore? Philadelphia?\" I had no idea, really.\nAtlanta, Georgia? I didn't know there was such a place as Atlanta, Georgia. I\nsaid to him, \"I'm not going down there. People run around without shoes in\nAtlanta, Georgia.\" He said, \"Go down there. Try ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. If you're not happy after\nsix months, we'll bring you back and we'll find another territory for you.\" He\nsaid, \"But I promise you: you'll like Atlanta. You'll be living there within six\nmonths.\" He was wrong. I was living here within three. I was single. Atlanta had\na very large Jewish community. I dated a lot of Jewish girls. I was very happy.\nI've been in Atlanta since 1965. This is the first territory I ever had. I\ntraveled [through] Georgia, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, North [Carolina]\nand South Carolina--places that I never even knew existed, cities I never knew\nexisted. It's amazing. You found Jews everywhere you went.\n\nGHITIS: You said you experienced some antisemitism later in life.\n\nKESSLER: In the military, yes.\n\nGHITIS: Could you tell me what you saw?\n\nKESSLER: When I was in the Navy Honor Guard, out of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"110 of us who were in the\nNavy Honor Guard, I was the only Jew. Fortunately, I was always big and I could\nalways take care of myself. There were a lot of things that were said behind my\nback that were not said in front of my face. One day, one of the new guys that\ncame in was a fellow by the name of Haupschmidt. Haupschmidt was a German name.\nWe weren't really friends. We didn't know each ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other. It was one of those things\n. . . When I was stationed in Washington [D.C.], it was a four-weekend rotation.\nOn one weekend, you were off from Thursday till Monday morning. That's when I\nwould get on a train and go back to New York and visit. The second weekend, you\nworked from Friday till Monday, so I didn't go anywhere. You stayed around\nWashington. The third weekend, you worked Saturday till Monday. The fourth\nweekend, you had the duty. The fourth weekend, Sunday morning ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came. It just so\nhappens my bed was the first one when you walked into the barracks.\n[Haupschmidt] says, \"Come on, Kessler. It's Sunday morning. Let's go to church.\"\nI said, \"Don't bother me. I'm sleeping.\" He said, \"No, you gotta go to church.\"\nI said, \"You idiot. I don't go to church. I'm Jewish.\" He didn't say anything.\nHe just turned around and walked out.\n\nWhen he came back from church, I was up and I was dressed. They served brunch on\nthose days. Normally, breakfast was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a certain time, but on the weekends, they\nserved brunch. I said, \"Let's go get something to eat.\" He walked by me. I said,\n\"What did you do, go deaf in church?\" He looked at me and said, \"My grandfather\nkilled your kind in Germany.\" It took six people to pull me off of him because I\nalmost literally killed him. I broke three of his ribs and knocked out about\nfour of his teeth. It took six of my friends including Carl to pull me off of\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him because I would have killed him. Monday morning, I was taken in front of the\ncommanding officer and I was seriously reprimanded. But when he found out why I\ndid it, Mr. Haupschmidt was transferred out. Yes, there was . . . When I went\ndown to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina to be with the Marine Corp because [in] the\nNavy, the Hospital Corpsman don't have their own personnel. You get assigned to\nthe Marine ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Corps. You wear Marine uniforms with Navy insignia. As part of the\nmedic, I was not allowed to carry firearms. It was part of the Geneva Convention\nyou were not allowed to carry firearms. You were technically considered a\nnoncombatant. One of the sergeants down there said, \"You're going to learn how\nto fire a rifle.\" I didn't tell him I was on a rifle team in high school. I was\nan expert marksman. We got out on the rifle range. He kept calling me \"Jew-boy\"\nthis and \"Jew-boy\" that. We got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out on the rifle range and we were firing M1s.\nM1s have a clip and you put eight bullets in the rifle. I squeezed off one shot\nand got my wind difference elevation. The second on went into the bull's eye. He\nlooked at me and he said, \"Where did you learn to shoot like that?\" I said,\n\"Well, I grew up in New York City street wars, gang wars . . .\" I didn't tell\nhim I was on the rifle team. After that, it was \"Doc.\" It was never again \"Jew\"\nthis and \"Jew\" that. Yes, there was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antisemitism. A lot of it was open. A lot of\nit--fortunately because of my size--was said behind my back because my strength\nkept me out of a lot of fights.\n\nGHITIS: You were talking about your move to Atlanta.\n\nKESSLER: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: What year was that?\n\nKESSLER: 1965.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of a community did you find here?\n\nKESSLER: I was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fortunate that one of my customers in Norfolk, Virginia had\na sister who lived here, Anna Geffen and Louis Geffen, may he rest in peace. He\njust passed away a month ago. His father [Tobias Geffen] was the rabbi emeritus\nat Shearith Israel. I moved to Lennox Road and Shabbat was spent with the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Geffens. I made a lot of Jewish friends. I joined the Atlanta Jewish Community\nCenter. I played softball in the summer down at the Atlanta Jewish Community\nCenter and basketball in the wintertime. I did form Jewish friendships. I found\na very thriving Jewish community here in Atlanta. Some of my dearest friends\ntoday are friends that I made when I first moved to Atlanta.\n\nGHITIS: Can you name a few of them?\n\nKESSLER: Ralph Emil, Gary Shuman, Billy Indikter. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We still have that friendship.\nBill Indikter is from Charleston, South Carolina. Ralph was born and raised in\nAtlanta, but his mother was born in Cairo, Egypt, so he is Sephardic. I also\nspent a lot of time at Or VeShalom. I didn't join any particular synagogue\nbecause I was single. I didn't join a synagogue until my father passed away in\n1973. I was saying Kaddish for him evening and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"morning. I joined [Ahavath\nAchim]. It just so happens that in 1973 I also met the lady whom I married. She\nis from Savannah [Georgia]. We belonged to AA. After we got married, we joined\nShearith Israel. Then we moved out here to Cobb County [northern metropolitan\nAtlanta], so it was a schlep [Yiddish: tedious or difficult journey]. It was a\nhaul to go all the way across town to Shearith Israel. When Congregation Etz\nChaim was formed out here in Cobb ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"County, we were one of the first families. We\nwere one of the founding families at Etz Chaim. My wife's family was . . . Her\ngrandfather was the founder of the Agudath Achim synagogue in Savannah, so\nreally we have dual memberships everywhere.\n\nGHITIS: Let us go back in time a little to when you were here [in Atlanta] as a\nsingle man. Could you elaborate a little more on your social ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life?\n\nKESSLER: I predominantly dated Jewish girls. Buford Highway in those days was\naffectionately called \"Jew-ford Highway.\" A lot of the apartments up and down\nBuford Highway had a lot of the young ladies and young men who were from the\nsmaller towns [and] came to Atlanta to live here [and] work here. Buford Highway\nwas the area ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where everybody lived. I never lived on Buford Highway, but I dated\na lot of the girls who lived up and down the apartments on Buford Highway.\n\nGHITIS: How did you find young women to date?\n\nKESSLER: We had a singles group here. I belonged to that and, of course, it was\nalways with friends. Somebody called and said, \"Hey, I got a phone number for\nyou.\" I had my typical black book [address book]--which happened to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"red. It\nhad all the names of girls. I never really dated anyone seriously. I was a\nconfirmed bachelor. I was never going to get married. My mother, may she rest in\npeace, always said, \"You're a bum.\" I said, \"Why am I a bum?\" [She said,]\n\"You're thirty years old. You're still single. You're a bum.\" My father was even\nworse about it because I was his only son. Every time I would go to France . . .\nI used him as an excuse to visit Europe. I spent a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time in Europe when I\nwas single. He had dates lined up for me like I couldn't find girls in the\nUnited States. He had all nice French Jewish girls lined up for me when I went\nover there. It was just like word of mouth. Somebody would date someone and\n[say], \"Okay, so-and-so just moved to town. This is her phone number.\" That's how.\n\nGHITIS: What did you do when you went out on a date?\n\nKESSLER: It depends. We either went to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"movie or went to . . . In 1966, when we\ngot the Atlanta Braves, we'd go to a baseball game. I was a big hockey fan, so\nwhen we got the Atlanta Flames, I had season tickets to the Atlanta Flames. I\nhad two season tickets, so we'd go to hockey games [or] basketball games\ndepending on the evening. Yes, we would go to lots of fancy restaurants, but\nvery seldom on a first date would you go to a fancy place. We'd go to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"movie or\non Sunday mornings, the delicatessen was known as the \"Essen Fress\" [Yiddish:\neat food]. First it was on Cheshire Bridge Road. Then it moved to Buford\nHighway. Sunday mornings, the Essen Fress was the meeting place where you would\nall go and have breakfast. There was a thriving young Jewish community here in Atlanta.\n\nGHITIS: Those were also the years of the civil rights struggle.\n\nKESSLER: Yes.\n\nGHITIS: What memories do you have of those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years?\n\nKESSLER: I remember the bombing of The Temple because I was here for that. To\ntell you the truth, I was really not involved with a lot of things. Yes, I had a\nblack roommate while I was playing basketball, but I was not really involved\nwith the civil rights movement. I didn't get involved with a lot of Holocaust\nstudies. It was one of those things you didn't talk about. Yes, I was a child of\nHolocaust survivors. Big deal. It was not something that you went around and you\ndiscussed. It was not something that you talked about. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, I remember the\nbombing of the Temple. I remember Martin Luther King, Jr.'s speeches. But you\nsort of stood off. I was not really involved with it.\n\nGHITIS: How did you meet your wife?\n\nKESSLER: A mutual friend of mine called. I had dated her. We stayed friends. It\nwas not a romantic relationship. She called me and says, \"I've got a name for\nyou--a girl from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Savannah, Georgia.\" I called her up. She had just gotten back.\nIt was Memorial Day weekend 1973. She had just come home from Savannah. Her\nsister and brother-in-law were leaving Savannah and moving to California. She\nhad just come back from Savannah. She said, \"Yes, if we only go to a movie or\nsomething like that.\" That's how I met her. We had a blind ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"date. I met her and\nwe went to see a movie. Then we went to a restaurant afterwards for coffee and\ncake or whatever it was. She had a salad. I remember that.\n\nGHITIS: What is her name?\n\nKESSLER: Her name is Marsha. Her maiden name was Tenenbaum. She's from Savannah.\nHer father [Ralph Tenenbaum] originally was from Poland. Her father came to the\nUnited States as a child from Poland. Her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother [Pauline Waldman] was born in\nthe United States, in Long Island, but her maternal grandfather was from Vienna,\nAustria. They were [named] Waldman. [My wife] was really first generation\nAmerican. We dated and then we both decided that we weren't going to see each\nother anymore. I introduced her to my mother. We always called my mother \"the\nHungarian sledgehammer\" because she was a very subtle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"individual. No girl I ever\ndated was good enough for her. Marsha invited us to dinner. In those days, my\nmother was still working. She would take her vacation and we would go down to\nFlorida. I would go call on customers down there. Marsha knew that we were\ncoming back and she invited us over for dinner. Halfway through dinner, Marsha\nexcused herself. My mother looked at me with her accent and said, \"That's some\ngirl you've got there, you dummy, you.\" That was her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stamp of approval. The\nfunny story is my mother still had the Eastern European accent, she sounded like\nZsa Zsa Gabor. My wife has a Southern accent. She's from Savannah, Georgia. My\nmother looked at me and she says, \"Is she Jewish?\" She says, \"She talks funny.\"\nI said, \"Yes, mother. Tenenbaum, from Savannah--very prominent Savannah family.\"\nShe says, \"Oh, okay.\" We didn't date for a while because we both . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We felt\nsomething. My wife is five years younger than me. When I was single, I had two\ncars. I had a station wagon that I drove for business, but I also had a triple\nwhite Thunderbird that was my dating car. It just didn't seem that you could\npick up a girl in a station wagon full of samples. She happened to be with me\nthe night I bought ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Thunderbird. It was a very recognizable car. Her and her\nfriends and her roommates would watch to see the Thunderbird on Buford Highway,\nto see where I was going. Labor Day weekend, a mutual friend of ours was getting\nmarried and we were both invited to the wedding. Marsha called and says--it just\nso happens our mutual friend was also Marsha--\"Are you going to Marsha and\nMurray's wedding?\" I said, \"Yes.\" She says, \"Do you have a date?\" I says, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"No.\"\nShe said, \"Would you like to go together?\" We wound up going to their wedding together.\n\nPurely by coincidence, my cousin Marty, who I am the closest to . . . He is a\nyear and a half younger than I am. He's like the kid brother I never had. I'm an\nonly child.\n\nGHITIS: Marty?\n\nKESSLER: Kessler. He came down to Atlanta. I introduced him to a girl from\nBirmingham [Alabama]. He wound up marrying her. They lived in New York at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first\nand then they moved to California. As I told you, my sister and brother[-in-law]\nlived in California. This is pure coincidence. I always say it was destiny. In\nYiddish, you say it was beshert [Yiddish: destiny]. What's beshert is beshert.\nWhat's destined to be is destined to be. We're sitting at the table and she\nsays, \"Monday, I'm flying to California to see my sister.\" I says, \"Really? What\nflight are you on?\" She told me. It turns out we were both on the same plane\nbecause I was going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"California to visit my cousin Marty. We arranged to sit\non the plane together. We got to California.\n\nKESSLER: We flew out on the same plane. My cousin was waiting. . .\n\nGHITIS: This is your wife before she became your wife?\n\nKESSLER: Right. Technically, at that time she wasn't really even my girlfriend.\nWe were just friends. Her sister was waiting for her when she got there. My\ncousin was waiting for me. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exchanged phone numbers where we were going to be.\nMy cousin had dates lined up for me in California like I didn't have enough\ndates here. Her sister had dates lined up for her. The second day we were there,\nthey called and said, \"We're going to a taping of the Johnny Carson show.\" One\nof the producers of the Johnny Carson show was from Savannah. It was a small\nworld. We wound up at the Johnny Carson show. It was taped in the afternoon and\nthat night we went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dinner. Afterwards, we went to her sister's house in\nEncino [California]. We had not said to each other, \"I love you,\" or \"I care for\nyou,\" or \"Let's have dinner,\" or whatever it was. We were sitting around her\nsister's house. Somehow we got into a conversation and I said to her, \"In April,\nI have to go back to Paris. I have to have an unveiling for my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father. April in\nParis is a nice time to have a honeymoon.\" She looked at me and I said, \"Do you\nrealize what I just did?\" She said, \"Yeah, you proposed.\" I said, \"Yes.\" She\nsays, \"I accept.\" I said, \"Wait a minute. Hold on.\" I got scared. I said, \"Does\nthis mean we love each other? What does it mean?\" she said, \"You dummy. I've\nloved you for a long time.\" I said, \"I love you, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too.\" Our little niece--a seven\nyear old--Lisa unbeknownst to us was sitting at the top of the stairs listening\nto our conversation and she went and got her mother. It was eight or nine\no'clock California time. The phones started going back to Savannah. It's three\nhours later in Savannah. I had not met her family. Really, I had not known\nanything about her family except I knew that the Tenenbaums were a prominent\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Savannah Jewish family. My father-in-law wanted to know who is this guy who's\nmarrying his baby daughter. The phone calls went back and forth. We flew back to\nAtlanta. It was right before Rosh Hashanah. We went to Savannah and I got to\nmeet her family. Of course, I was shocked because I didn't realize what her\nbackground was, where she came from. Nobody can really ever accuse me of\nmarrying my wife for her money because I didn't know she had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any. She was not\nvery ostentatious. She lived in a nice apartment off Buford Highway, but it was\nnot an ostentatious apartment. She never flaunted where she came from. I was in\nfor a shock. The synagogue that we went to for Rosh Hashanah was founded by her\ngrandfather. I was used to sitting in the back of the synagogue. Well, the first\ntwo rows of Agudath Achim is all the Tenenbaums. We came back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta. We got\nmarried in December of 1973. Within six months, I went from being a confirmed\nbachelor to being married.\n\nGHITIS: Where did the wedding take place?\n\nKESSLER: Savannah, Georgia at the Agudath Achim synagogue. We had one of those\nsmall intimate weddings--225 people. Twenty-five were mine. Two hundred were\nhers. It was a debate of where to cut off because if you invited this one then\nyou had to invite that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one, and if you didn't invite this one, it was . . . With\nme, with a small family, it was really no problem. With her, it was, \"Where do\nyou cut off?\" We had 225 or 250 people at the wedding.\n\nGHITIS: Where was your first home?\n\nKESSLER: Our first home was on Roswell Road in Atlanta. We lived there for a\nyear. I was thirty-three [or] thirty-four years old. We were not kids. We had\nplanned we didn't want to wait too ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"long to start a family. After our one-year\nlease was up, she wanted to move into a house. One of her friends was in the\nreal estate business. To make a long story short, we found the house that we're\nsitting in now. This is the house that we bought in December of 1974 and we\nmoved in in January of 1975. We've been in East Cobb County . . .\n\nGHITIS: What is the address of the house?\n\nKESSLER: 160 Hitching Post Court. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The subdivision is known as Fox Hills. All the\nstreets are named after hunt scenes. You have Lamplighter Lane, Huntsmen Way,\nFox Court, Spring Court . . . It's all named . . . The builder who developed it\nliked hunting so he thought it was fancy by giving it English names.\n\nGHITIS: Why did you pick this neighborhood?\n\nKESSLER: We moved to Cobb County really because the schools were good. We knew\neventually we were going to have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children. Cobb County schools were excellent.\nCobb County schools had a good reputation. Even though we didn't have children\nat the time, we were looking, planning for it. Cobb County was really an up and\ncoming, thriving area. It was really lovely out here in those days. It was a lot\nof horse farms around us. The last of the horse farms are now gone, but what we\nlived about the subdivision is there were trees. The builder who built it didn't\ncut down the trees. He built around them. We have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"100 [or] 150-year-old trees\naround us, so it's green. It's really a nice . . . Most of the houses around us\nare built on cul de sacs, so we have our privacy. Our neighbors who live on one\nside of us is a dentist, a nice Jewish family who moved in after we did. We're\nstill very close friends. We liked the area. The kids went to Cobb County\nschools. Eventually, our daughter was born in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"May 1976.\n\nGHITIS: When did you have your first child?\n\nKESSLER: Our daughter, Gena, was born May 12, 1976.\n\nGHITIS: What is her full name?\n\nKESSLER: Gena Ann. Gitel Hannah.\n\nGHITIS: Who did you name her for?\n\nKESSLER: She's named after Marsha's Aunt Gertie and my cousin, Ann.\n\nGHITIS: After your daughter, you had . . .\n\nKESSLER: Twenty-six months later, our son, Laurence ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Joseph, was born. Zevald Josef.\n\nGHITIS: And his name is . . .\n\nKESSLER: He's named after my father and Marsha's grandfather, Josef Waldman.\n\nGHITIS: What thoughts came through your mind when you became a father?\n\nKESSLER: When my wife was pregnant with Gena and she called and told me she was\npregnant, I couldn't stop smiling for three days. The thought that came to mind\nwas, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Okay. Continuation.\" By that time, I was involved more or less in the\nHolocaust. We formed [a group called] Second Generation and kids of Holocaust\nSurvivors. I was very active in that organization here in Atlanta. The thing\nhonestly that went through my mind was continuation. We lost a million and a\nhalf kids. Now, here I'm looking at my kids, so it's continuation. As much as\nHitler and the Nazis wanted to get rid of us, [they] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't succeed. We're here.\nI survived, and I'm going to have children who have survived and, one of these\ndays, hopefully I will have grandchildren, so continuation is what went through\nmy mind.\n\nGHITIS: What values did you hope to transmit to them?\n\nKESSLER: Both my kids know that they are Jewish. They got Jewish educations.\nBoth of them . . . After we founded Etz Chaim, then we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"joined B'nai Torah. My\nkids went to the B'nai Torah Hebrew School three days a week. My daughter was\nbat mitzvahed at B'nai Torah. My son was bar mitzvahed at B'nai Torah. Rabbi\n[Judah] Mintz bat and bar mitvahed both. They know they're Jewish. They know\ntheir background. My mother was still alive. She talked to the kids about\nbackground. They know their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heritage from both sides of the family. My wife's\nfamily was the same way. They know their heritage.\n\nGHITIS: What can you tell me about your daughter?\n\nKESSLER: Outside that she's beautiful and I'm very proud of her? She's a very\ncaring, very loving individual. She cares.\n\nGHITIS: She's how old at this time?\n\nKESSLER: She's going to be twenty-five in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"May. She now works. She went to\nGeorgia Southern University. She now works for the Kroger Company. She's in the\nprocess of buying a house. She's very caring. I've got to get back to that. She\nloves her grandparents. She loves the families. She's very involved with her\nfamily. She has good friends. She's not dating anyone ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seriously. She's very\ntall, and very lovely, and of course, she's the apple of Daddy's eye.\n\nGHITIS: How about your son?\n\nKESSLER: My son graduated from the University of Georgia in May. He passed me\nwhen he was eighteen [or] nineteen. He's six feet seven inches tall. He's also\nan excellent basketball player. He played basketball for Wheeler High School. He\nwent to the University of Georgia's Pre-Med ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program. Now he is waiting. He\napplied to medical schools. He's waiting to see which one he goes to. His first\nchoice would be Medical College of Georgia in Augusta, but whichever one he gets\ninto, he gets into. He's also very caring. He lives here in Atlanta. He has an\napartment on--ironically, you can't get away from [it]--Buford Highway. He has\ntwo roommates and lives on Buford Highway and North Druid Hills Road. He also is\na very warm, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very caring, very loving child. That was passed onto them. They\nboth have that trait. Now, I travelled. I wasn't home a lot, so my wife did the\nbulk of the raising. She deserves all the credit for [how] the kids turned out.\nI openly say that when she's here and when she isn't here. She did a good job of\nraising both the kids.\n\nGHITIS: What element of Jewish life have your children been exposed to?\n\nKESSLER: We have Pesach ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming. We have our Passover seder here with . . . It's\ngotten like a ritual that Marsha's cousin who lives here . . . She's got her\ncousin Stewart . . . We normally have anywhere from fourteen to sixteen people\nhere for the first seder. That's become like a ritual. They know . . . During\nthe holidays, they both go to synagogue. My son belonged to a Jewish fraternity\nat University of Georgia. He was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part of Aye Pie. He has a lot of Jewish\nfriends. He also has a lot of non-Jewish friends. When he went to Wheeler High\nSchool here . . . One nice thing about Wheeler High School . . . Everybody said,\n\"You should send them to private school.\" I said, \"No, I don't want to send them\nto private school. I want them to know that not every child lives in a big\nhouse, and gets three square meals a day, and wears [designer clothes made by]\nGucci, or Ralph Lauren, or so on. I want them to know that sometimes that main\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meal that a child gets at school--the lunch that he gets--is the main meal of\nthe day. There are people out there--even in this wonderful country--that are\npoor, who live in apartments, who don't drive [luxury vehicles such as] BMWs, or\nMercedes, or whatever. I want them to know the real world.\" I didn't want to\nsend them to private schools. They went to public schools. They got wonderful\neducations at Wheeler High School. Wheeler High School is a great ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. [That]\nis what was instilled in them. Yes, we were fortunate [but] I came to this\ncountry with literally the clothes on my back. Because of hard work, I was able\nto progress and thrive. The United States is a great country. Their grandparents\non their mother's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side . . . [Marsha's] grandfather [Samuel Tenenbuam] came to\nthe United States. He had gotten letters from a cousin of his who had moved to\nNew York [with] the old story [that] the streets were paved with gold,\neverybody's rich here, America's a wonderful country . . . They lived in Poland.\nThey went through the pogroms. Her grandfather left Poland, left his family\nthere, came to the United States. [He] wound up in New York [and] found out that\nhis cousin was lying to him. They lived in the tenements in the Lower East ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Side\nof New York. [Marsha's grandfather] heard that he had another cousin somewhere\nin some place called Savannah, Georgia. He had no idea where Savannah, Georgia\nwas. He put a pack on his back and started literally walking from New York to\nSavannah, Georgia. It took him eight months. Along the way, with no money, he\nwould stop at farms. People would feed him. He would do menial, manual labor for\nthem. He got to Savannah, Georgia and he found out Savannah was a little bit\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"better. He got himself a pushcart and he started buying old scrap metal steel.\nThat started going [well] and then he got a horse and a wagon and that was the\nbeginning of Chatham Steel Corporation. Both my kids know their background. They\nknow their heritage. In a lot of ways, the United States of America was good to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody.\n\nGHITIS: Do you ever stop to think about why you survived the Holocaust?\n\nKESSLER: I ask myself that a lot. The only thing I can figure is that G-d had\nsomething in mind for me. Why was I spared and a lot of my cousins weren't? I\nguess this big voice of mine. I do a lot of speaking. I do a lot of teaching.\nNot only am I the first ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vice-President of Eternal-Life Hemshech, I'm also on the\nGeorgia Commission on the Holocaust. I do a lot of speaking at schools and [for]\nthe [Jewish] Federation down at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\n\nGHITIS: Why do you do it?\n\nKESSLER: Because I feel it's something I need to do. Somebody a lot smarter than\nme once said that if we forget history, we are doomed to repeat it. There is a\nstrong resurgence of the right wing in this country. You have the KKK and the\nAryan Rights Movement; you have people that deny the Holocaust ever ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened.\nIt's important that these kids--high school and middle school--get the education\nthat there was such a thing as the Holocaust, that six million Jews did perish,\nthat they were singled out because only of the fact that they were Jewish. Out\nof those six million of them, a million and a half of them were innocent children.\n\nGHITIS: You said that there was a time when you did not speak about it?\n\nKESSLER: Like a lot of us, yes, we didn't. I mean, when you came to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United\nStates, you were busy surviving. You had to make a living. I had to go to\nschool. My mother went to work. At first, a lot of survivors wanted to talk\nabout it. Nobody would listen to them. Europe after the Second World War was\ndevastated. It was bomb torn. People were looking for their families. Nobody\ncared, so a lot of survivors kept their stories to themselves. They started\ntalking about it later on in life. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still have survivors here in the community\nwho will not talk about it. They will acknowledge that they were in the camps\n[and] they are Holocaust survivors, but that's it.\n\nMy mother's cousin who lives in California . . . My grandparents' house was on\nthis side of the street [while] her father, who was my grandfather's brother . .\n. the houses faced each other. She was eighteen when she was taken to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz-Birkenau. She is the one who really knows the whole story of the\nfamily. Every once in a while, I get a gleam from her, but she will not talk\nabout it. To this day, she will not talk about her experiences. Her son works\nfor Steven Spielberg. He works for the Shoah Foundation. They wanted to\ninterview her. She absolutely refuses. She says, \"It's a place I don't want to\ngo back to,\" and I can understand that. It gets to the point with me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too . . .\nThis is the time of year when we have a lot of schools that want speakers. I'll\nbe going out to a lot of different schools in the next month and a half. But it\ncomes to a time in May, when schools are over and the speeches are over, where I\nhave to get away from it. I don't sleep well. It's like constantly going back\nand opening a wound. When you tear the scab off, it doesn't heal properly. At\nthe end of May, I need to let that wound ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heal.\n\nGHITIS: How about the thought of or the experience of going back to your hometown?\n\nKESSLER: I went back to Romania in 1969. As an eight-year-old when I left there,\nit was big house with a big front yard and a big street. As a twenty-nine year\nold when I went back, I found out it was a small house with a small front ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yard\nand a dirty, little street. Like Thomas Wolfe says, \"You can't go back again.\" I\nwent to the town where my grandparents were from. My father was from Oradea, or\nin Hungarian . . . Both these cities had two names. They had a Romanian name and\na Hungarian name because they went back and forth. In Hungarian, it was\nNagyvarad, or in Romanian, it was Oradea Mare. My mother was from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nagykaroly, or\nCarei-Mare in Romanian. When I went out to Oradea, the only thing I found was I\nwas in the Jewish cemetery and I did find where my grandfather was buried. He\nhad passed away long before I was born. The Jewish cemetery is still there, so I\ndid find his grave. When I went to my mother's town, I had the address with the\nstreet where they lived. There was a family that lived there and, of course,\nthey denied that the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house was ever anybody's but there's. It was funny because\nyou could still see the imprints of the mezuzah on the front door. I asked them.\nI said, \"This was my grandparent's house.\" They said, \"No, you're mistaken.\"\nThen when I left there, I went to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Something in me . . . I\nwanted to visit Auschwitz-Birkenau. I just wanted to stand there at\nAuschwitz-Birkenau. I stood there in front of one of these mass graves. I didn't\nknow where my grandparents ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were or where my family was. They were in one of\nthose graves. I stood there and I said Kaddish. That's it. I have not gone back.\nThere's no reason to go back. There's nothing there anymore. I go back to Israel\na lot because what's left of my family, I have four first cousins who live in\nIsrael. I go to Israel a lot and spend time with them. But as far as going back\nto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe, there's no reason to go back. I was asked by the Holocaust Commission\nto go back on the March of the Living. So far, the situation has not come up,\nbut I guess if I'm asked again, I will go back as part of the March of the\nLiving. But on my own, there's really no reason to go back.\n\nGHITIS: What has all this done to your faith in G-d?\n\nKESSLER: I've never lost my faith in G-d. I went away from my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religion again and\nagain when I was in the military and when I was growing up. My Jewishness never\nwent away from me. I wear it around my neck. [Pulls gold necklace with pendants\nout from under collar and shows to camera] This mezuzah was given . . . My aunt,\nbefore we left Romania, she gave me this. I was eight years old. That's my\nmezuzah from 1948. My uncle was in the jewelry business in Cluj [Romania]. She\nput this around my neck before we left Romania in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1948. The chi was given to me\nby my mother when she was ill in 1973 and she became well, she gave me the chi\nbecause [it means] life. I gave her her life. I took care of her. My Jewishness\nhas always been around my neck. When my father passed away in 1973, it all came\nback in me. I was raised an Orthodox and it all came back to me. With the kids\nand with everything ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"else, I'm in synagogue every Shabbat [and on] holidays. I'm\nalso the head usher at B'nai Torah. I've been on the board of B'nai Torah. My\nJewishness has never been denied. I am proud of my Jewish heritage.\n\nGHITIS: What kind of connection do you have with Israel?\n\nKESSLER: My connection to Israel is that I have four first cousins there.\nOutside of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Federation and things like that, I give to the Jewish Federation. I\ngive things like that and, of course, I go to Israel. I was just there. When my\ncousin's oldest son got married, we were at the wedding. I go to Israel. I love\nthe country of Israel. I have great love for that little country.\n\nGHITIS: What is your message to future ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generations?\n\nKESSLER: Never let it happen again. If you stand silent and you stand by, it can\nhappen again just like it did in the 1930s and 1940s in Europe. As a Jew, I\nalways say, \"We lost six million.\" It's also not fair not to mention the other\nfive million people who perished. There were five million non-Jewish who also\nperished--gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, the physically and mentally\nimpaired . . . Hitler was not . . . He didn't care. If you didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"belong into\nhis Aryan race and if you were in opposition to him, you were taken to the\ncamps. That's eleven million people who perished in these camps. Yes, in the\nHolocaust, as a Jew, I will always talk about the Jewish experience and the six\nmillion Jews, but you can't forget about the other five million. It wouldn't be\nfair to them. The message I try to give to these kids when I speak is, \"Don't be\na bystander. If you're ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"silent and you don't . . .\" One of my favorite quotes is\nPastor Martin Niemoller. I'm going to paraphrase it. He said, \"When they came\nfor the Communists, I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Communist. When they\ncame for the Labor leaders, I didn't speak up because I wasn't part of the labor\nmovement. When they came for the Jews, I didn't speak up because I wasn't\nJewish. By the time they came for me, there was no one left to speak up.\" We\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can't let that happen again. That's why I do what I do. That's why I go out and\nspeak. That's why I go to these schools and to the museums and I belong to these\ndifferent organizations. Unfortunately, our survivors . . . Even though I\ntechnically qualify as a survivor, I wasn't in the camps, but the survivors who\nwere in the camps are getting older. G-d forbid, I don't want to jinx anybody,\nbut my feeling is that within the next twenty [or] twenty-five years, we will\nnot have a living ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eyewitness to the Holocaust--the ones who were in the camps.\nWe can't let their memories be forgotten. The story has to go on. We Jews are\neternal. That's the message.\n\nGHITIS: Would you like to add anything else?\n\nKESSLER: No, I think we've covered it.\n\nGHITIS: Thank you very much.\n\nKESSLER: You're welcome. Thank ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/transcript/24647/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=5220.0,5250.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBucharest is the capital of Romania and is the largest city. In 1940, 95,072 Jews lived in Bucharest. This number increased to at least 102,000 by 1941 due to the influx of refugees into Bucharest from other parts of Romania. In a pogrom carried out in Bucharest in October 1941, 120 Jews were killed. Antisemitic legislation downgraded the identity of Jewish citizens to second-rate status, they lost their rights to education and health care, their property was confiscated, and they were forced to perform humiliating hard labor. In September 1942, approximately 1,000 Jews were deported to Transnistria.  Despite this harsh treatment, many Jews in Bucharest survived the Holocaust, and after World War II ended, a great influx of Jewish refugees arrived in the city from concentration camps, and from other areas in Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEven before Romania fell into the orbit of Nazi Germany, Romanian authorities pursued a policy of harsh, persecutory antisemitism—particularly against Jews living in eastern borderlands, who were falsely associated with Soviet communism, and those living in Transylvania, who were identified with past Hungarian rule. After Romania entered the war in 1941, atrocities against Jews became common. Prime Minister Ion Antonescu’s regime played a major role in the Holocaust in Romania, and copied the Nazi policies of oppression and genocide of Jews and Gypsies. The yellow badge was imposed in several cities and Romanian Jews were subject to a wide range of harsh conditions, including forced labor, financial penalties, and discriminatory laws. Jews were concentrated into ghettos, deported to concentration camps, or murdered in pogroms and massacres by death squads. It is estimated that at least 250,000 Romanian Jews were murdered during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Romania did not have the extermination camps found in German-occupied areas, Romanian Jews were not spared from internment in concentration or labor camps. Between Romania’s entry into World War II in 1941 and 1944, over 105,000 Jews were used as forced laborers in labor camps, labor battalions, government institutions or private industry. Many died from physical exhaustion, dangerous working conditions, starvation, thirst or exposure to the elements. In July 1941, Romania set up its first concentration camp, Chișinău (in present-day Moldova). More camps soon followed, such as the Pechora and Vapniarka concentration camps, which were established in the winter of 1941-1942 in Romanian occupied areas of Ukraine. Vapniarka was reserved for Jewish political prisoners deported from Romania proper. Of its several thousand prisoners, very few were able to survive. Although estimates vary, it is believed that as many as 35,000 prisoners died at Pechora.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA forced labor camp for Jews was established in July 1941 in the village of Teis, outside the town of Targoviste [Romanian: Tărgovişte], about 80 kilometers (50 miles) northwest of Bucharest. The camp was commonly referred to as Teis-Targoviste or Teis-Dambovita. The number of Jews in the camp reached close to 1,242, all of whom were men between the ages of 16 and 60. The camp was und the authority of the Romanian Internal Affairs Ministry. Surrounded by fences, it consisted of a kitchen, dining hall, and five or six large barracks, Hundreds slept in each barrack on multi-tiered beds. Large groups were sent to work in the fields in columns, under escort, or worked in the camp, guarded by armed gendarmes. Four people did while in the camp. The camp population decreased dramatically in October and November 1941, when most of the inmates were relocated. The camp was closed in December 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] Transnistria was a Romanian-administered territory, taken from the Soviet Union by Germany after June 1941. It is bounded in the west by the Dniester River, in the east by the Bug River and in the south by the Black Sea. Odessa, a Black Sea port, was the administrative capital. Other than Odessa, the region was largely rural and generally impoverished. Romania was given Transnistria as compensation after the Germans took large chunks of Romania and gave it to Hungary, the Soviet Union and Bulgaria. As Transnistria was not a part of Romania proper, the Romanians used the area to dump Romanian Jews. Most were walked or driven there across the Dniester River and just dumped without water, electricity, housing, clothing or food. Many died on the interminable marches. Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina were dumped there as well and left to die. There were several camps in the area: Bogdanovka, Domanevka and Akhmetchetkha. Those Jews in these camps who did not die of deprivation or sickness were murdered en masse by shooting. Most of the Jews sent to Transnistria never returned. About 70,000 survived.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\"Righteous Gentiles” or “Righteous Among the Nations” is a title used by the State of Israel to honor non-Jews who risked their lives and the lives of their families to help save Jews during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor sixteen months, Andre and his mother stayed in their apartment, aided by the building’s superintendent, Gheorghiu Popescu.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the early stages of World War II, Romania tried to remain neutral, but foreign powers and events created heavy pressure on Romania. In June 1940, a Soviet ultimatum demanded territories in its northern border regions. In order to avoid war with the Soviet Union, the Romanian government and army retreated from Bukovina, Hertza, and Bessarabia. Soon after, Romania joined the Axis military campaign. The border areas were occupied by Russia until Romanian and German troops recaptured them in July 1941 during the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union. In August 1944, Romania was realigned with the Allies after a coup deposed Antonescu’s regime and put King Michael I in control.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAllied bombings of Romania during World War II began in June of 1942. A series of bombing campaigns aimed at facilities supplying Nazi Germany with oil and petroleum products lasted until August of 1944. Bucharest’s oil storage facilities and railroads were targeted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOlga Kessler was born on March 18, 1912. She died on March 20, 1994.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn December 1943, over 3,000 Jews were allowed to return to Romania from Transnistria. After 1945, more deportees were allowed to return to Romania and in the first half of 1946, the Soviets permitted Jews from camps in Transnistria who were former Romanian citizens to migrate to Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs World War II was drawing to a close, the Soviet Union had intervened forcefully on behalf of Romania. Following the war, Soviet occupation facilitated the rise of the Communist Party as the main political party, leading to the forced abdication of the King and the establishment of a single-party people's republic in 1947. The Communist Party quickly proceeded to eliminate Western influence and any remaining political opposition within Romania, accelerating Soviet policies, which included the nationalization of private businesses. Individual businesses, farms and even many homes became state-owned properties with the former private owners rarely compensated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe end of World War II brought in its wake the largest population movements in European history. Millions of immigrants from every country in Eastern Europe rushed to escape from the newly installed Communist regimes in Soviet-occupied eastern European countries to the west in the five years immediately following the war. The horrors of the Holocaust, coupled with postwar antisemitism and violence, and fear of further persecution from Stalin’s regime prompted hundreds of thousands of Jewish survivors to pursue immigration from Europe. Many flooded into the western Allies’ zones, where they would temporarily be placed in Displaced Persons camps (primarily in Germany, Austria and Italy). About 20,000 Romanian Jews passed through Soviet-occupied Hungry into the American zone of Vienna and from there continued to destinations in Palestine, the United States and elsewhere\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter hostilities ended in 1945, Austria remained under the joint occupation of the Western Allies and of the Soviet Union until 1955. The country was divided into four occupation zones jointly occupied by the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. It’s capital city, Vienna, was also under joint allied occupation after liberation. Between 1945 and 1952, the city served as a major transit point for survivors hoping to leave Europe. In April 1945, there were 17,000 Jews in the city, most of whom were Hungarian Jews or other refugees. Between 1945 and 1952, other Jewish displaced persons, who looked towards the American Army for services and protection, rather than towards the Austrian government, augmented their numbers. Some 52,000 individuals passed through Vienna.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments.  The star had the word “Jude” (German: Jew) written on it.  The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. Jews in Romania were ordered to start wearing a yellow star in August 1941. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The  policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eQuotas were often used to discriminate against Jews in Eastern Europe. In general, they were were religious or racial policies that limited Jews from certain professions, public offices and institutes of higher education by applying fixed quotas. Such anti-Jewish policies were not unique to the Holocaust, but gained favor in the inter-war period leading up to the Holocaust. For example, in 1920, Hungary had enacted a quota that placed a ceiling of six percent on the amount of Jewish students allowed in institutes of higher education.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA band of resistance fighters in southeastern France called themselves “Maquisards,” after the maquis (underbrush or bushes) that grew in the mountainous regions where they hid. They relied on guerrilla tactics to harass the Vichy and German occupation troops. They worked with other underground organizations and the local populace to assist the escape of downed airmen, Jews, and others pursued by the Vichy and German authorities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1924 Immigration Act set annual quotas based on a prospective immigrant's country of birth. At the time, Germany had one of the highest quota allotments under the act. At the end of the war, these quotas were still in place. After the war ended, President Harry S. Truman favored efforts to ease US immigration restrictions for Jewish displaced persons but existing laws had no provisions for displaced persons until Truman issued a directive on December 22, 1945, ordering the State Department to fill existing quotas and give first preference to displaced persons. Still, of the 40,000 visas issued under the program, only about 28,000 went to Jews and between 1946 and 1948, only 16,000 Jewish refugees entered the United States. In 1948, Congress passed legislation to admit more DPs to the United States. The 1948 Displaced Persons Act authorized the entry of 202,000 displaced persons over the next two years but within the quota system. When the act was extended for two more years in 1950, it increased displaced-person admissions to 415,000, but Jewish DPs only received 80,000 of these visas, making them only 16 percent of the immigrants admitted. The law stipulated that only DPs who had been in camps by the end of 1945 were eligible and gave preference to relatives of American citizens who could be guaranteed housing and employment. Finally, in 1952, Congress revised the Immigration Act. However, the 1952 Act really only revised the 1924 system to allow for national quotas at a rate of one-sixth of one percent of each nationality’s population in the United States in 1920. By 1952, only 137,450 Jewish refugees (including close to 100,000 DPs) had settled in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe pfennig [German: penny, cent, Groschen] is a former German coin roughly similar in value to an American penny. It is similar to the Groschen [German: penny, cent, pfennig], which was part of Austria’s currency from 1945 to 1999.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe French Foreign Legion is a military service branch of the French Army established in 1831. Legionnaires are highly trained infantry soldiers and the Legion is unique in that it is open to foreign recruits willing to serve in the French Armed Forces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hungarian government began to build an alliance with Nazi Germany soon after Hitler came to power in 1933. The result of that relationship was the annexation of regions from Slovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia that had belonged to Hungary prior to World War II. In October 1940, Hungary had officially aligned itself with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKarl Adolf Eichmann (1906-1962) was a German-Austrian SS-Obersturmbannführer and one of the major organizers of the Holocaust. During World War II, Eichmann headed Gestapo Department IV B4 for Jewish Affairs, serving as a self proclaimed 'Jewish specialist' and was the man responsible for keeping the trains rolling from all over Europe to death camps during the Final Solution. He escaped from the Allied forces that had captured him after World War II, disappeared, and was presumed dead by some until he was apprehended in Argentina in May of 1960. In 1962, was hanged by the State of Israel for his part in the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “Final Solution of the Jewish Question,” or simply the “Final Solution,” was a euphemism used by Nazi Germany’s leaders to refer to the mass murder of Europe’s Jews. Policies that had once encouraged or forced Jews to leave Germany and other parts of Europe were replaced with policies of systematic annihilation. It remains uncertain when Nazi leadership decided to implement the Final Solution. A secret meeting held in January of 1942 in Wannsee, Germany is often cited as one of the pivotal points in the Final Solution as leading police and civilian officials discussed its implementation. However, the genocide or mass destruction of the Jews was the culmination of a decade of increasingly severe discrimination and violence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. In mid-May 1944, the deportation of Hungary's Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau began. The Hungarian authorities, in coordination with the German Security Police, began to systematically deport the Hungarian Jews. In just eight weeks, more than 420,000 Jews were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Most were murdered on arrival. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBergen-Belsen was a concentration camp near Hanover in northwest Germany, located between the villages of Bergen and Belsen. It was established in 1935 and by 1943 it had begun to serve as a transit camp for Jewish prisoners who were initially excluded from deportation. They were to be held in exchange for Germans interned in western countries. In July 1944, the SS established a \"Hungarian camp\" in Bergen-Belsen for more than 1,600 Hungarian Jews, whom Heinrich Himmler (SS chief and Chief of the German Police) planned to exchange for money and goods. These prisoners did not wear camp uniforms, but were marked by a Star of David on their clothing. These prisoners were not assigned to labor detachments. Between August and December of 1944, these 1,600 Hungarian Jews were sent to Switzerland in return for cash payment. Shortly thereafter, in December 1944, 4,200 more Hungarian Jews arrived in the \"Hungarian camp\" in Bergen-Belsen, and would remain there until their \"evacuation\" in early April 1945. Meanwhile, as the war neared its end, Bergen-Belsen became a dumping place for Jews marched out of camps in the east. From late 1944, food rations throughout Bergen-Belsen continued to shrink. By early 1945, prisoners would sometimes go without food for days; fresh water was also in short supply. Sanitation was incredibly inadequate, with few latrines and water faucets for the tens of thousands of prisoners interned in Bergen-Belsen at this time. Overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, and the lack of adequate food, water, and shelter led to an outbreak of diseases such as typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and dysentery, causing an ever-increasing number of deaths. The mortality rate was extreme.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEllis Island in New York Harbor was the gateway for millions of immigrants to the United States. It was the nation’s busiest immigrant inspection station from 1892 until 1954. Today it is a museum\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe USS General S. D. Sturgis was a transport ship built for the United States Navy in World War II. During the war this ship was a troop transport, but after was put to use as general transportation often bringing displaced persons to the United States from Europe. In 1946, she was transferred to the U.S. Army. Between 1946 and 1951, the ship made 21 voyages between Germany and the U.S. with displaced persons from Europe. In addition to its many trips to the U.S. with displaced persons, General S. D. Sturgis also delivered refugees to Australia, Argentina, Canada, Brazil, and Venezuela.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was founded in 1881.  Its original purpose was the help the constant flow of Jewish immigrants from Russian in relocating.  During and after World War II, they had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America and the Far East.  They worked to get Jews out of Europe and to any country that would have them by providing tickets and information about visas.  After World War II, they assisted 167,000 Jews to leave DP camps and emigrate elsewhere. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGrowing social, economic and political tensions in Romania in the 1920s and 1930s led to an increase in nationalistic ideology and antisemitism. By the mid 1930s, discriminatory laws against the Jewish population were issued, and violence against Jews and Jewish property became a daily reality. Within the Jewish community, immigration to the British Mandate for Palestine rapidly increased due Zionism and the rise of Nazism. Throughout the 1930s and into World War II, Romanian authorities were in favor of Jewish emigration to Palestine. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Normandy landings (codenamed ‘Operation Neptune’) were the landing operations on June 6, 1944 (termed ‘D-Day’) of the Allied invasion of Normandy (known in its entirely as ‘Operation Overlord’) during World War II. The Normandy landings have been called the beginning of the end of war in Europe. By late August 1944, all of northern France had been liberated, and by the following spring the Allies had defeated the Germans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Boy Scouts of America are a youth organization founded in the United States in 1910 to train youth in responsible citizenship, character development, and self-reliance through participation in a wide range of outdoor activities, educational programs and at older age levels, career-oriented programs in partnership with community organizations. They wear a uniform and earn merit badges for achievements in sports, crafts, science, etc.  The boys start as a Cub Scout until age 11 and can move up to be an Eagle Scout. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe haftorah is a series of selections from the books of Nevi'im (“Prophets”) of the Hebrew Bible (Tanach) that is publicly read in synagogue as part of Jewish religious practice. The haftorah reading follows the Torah reading on each Sabbath and on Jewish festivals and fast days. On Sabbath days, the haftarah is selected because it relates to the day’s Torah portion. On holidays and special Sabbaths, the haftarah is selected to coincide with the calendar.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. They also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis and bat mitzvahs).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam Cullen Bryant High School, or William C. Bryant High School, and Bryant High School for short, is a secondary school serving grades 9 through 12. It is located in Queens, New York City, near the neighborhoods of Astoria and Long Island City. The school was founded in 1889 and moved to its current site on 31st Avenue in 1930.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOpened in 1911, Naval Station Great Lakes (NSGL) is the Navy’s largest training installation and the home of the Navy’s only Boot Camp. It is located near Chicago, Illinois.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Navy Ceremonial Guard is the official ceremonial unit of the United States Navy. It is responsible for the performance of public duties in the U.S. Navy. The guard is composed of 200 enlisted navy personnel. It is based at Naval District Washington, Washington Navy Yard, Washington D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) was the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, headquartered in Reims, France. He was a Republican.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard Nixon (1913-1994) was the nation's 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961, after he came to national prominence as a representative and senator from California. He served as the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office in the wake of the Watergate Scandal. He was a Republican.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew York University is a private research university based in New York City. Founded in 1831, NYU's historical campus is in Greenwich Village, Lower Manhattan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePolio, or poliomyelitis, is a crippling and potentially deadly infectious disease. It is caused by the poliovirus. The virus spreads from person to person and can invade an infected person's brain and spinal cord, causing paralysis. Polio cannot be cured, however a vaccine to prevent it exists. A global initiative began in 1998 to eradicate the disease through vaccination has decreased polio cases over 99%. Today, only 3 countries in the world have never stopped transmission of polio (Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMy Fair Lady is a 1964 American musical comedy-drama film staring Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison. It was adapted from George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion. The story concerns Eliza Doolittle, a Cockney flower girl who takes lessons from Henry Higgins, a professor of phonetics who makes a bet that he can teach Doolittle how to speak proper English and pass as a lady. In the film, Higgins drills Doolittle on repetitive speech exercises that requires her to repeat phrases such as “The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain,” while her mouth is filled with marbles.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Philadelphia Warriors was a charter member of the Basketball Association of America founded in 1946 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1949, the team joined the National Basketball Association. In 1962, the team moved to California, where it became the San Francisco Warriors and, in 1971, the Golden State Warriors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe National Basketball Association is a men's professional basketball league in North America, composed of 30 teams. It was founded in 1946 in New York, New York. It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada, and is widely considered to be the premier men's professional basketball league in the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWilton Norman Chamberlain (1936-1999) was an American basketball player who played as a center and is considered one of the greatest players in history. He played for the Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors, the Philadelphia 76ers, and the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArnold Jacob \"Red\" Auerbach was an American basketball coach of the Washington Capitols, the Tri-Cities Blackhawks and, most notably, the Boston Celtics. After he retired from coaching, he served as president and front office executive of the Celtics until his death. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Bohomiel Lapchick (1900-1970) was an American professional basketball player, mostly known for playing with the Original Celtics in the 1920s and 1930s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarine Corps Base Camp Lejeune is a 246-square-mile United States military training facility in Jacksonville, North Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Geneva Convention was a series of international diplomatic meetings that produced a number of agreements, in particular the Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflicts, a group of international laws for the humane treatment of wounded or captured military personnel, medical personnel and non-military civilians during war or armed conflicts. The agreements originated in 1864 and were significantly updated in 1949 after World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe M1 Garand is a .30-06 caliber semi-automatic rifle that was the standard U.S. service rifle during World War II and the Korean War and also saw limited service during the Vietnam War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnna Geffen (1906-2001) was born Anna Birshtein in Norfolk, Virginia. She married Louis Geffen in 1934. They had one son, David.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouis Geffen (1904-2001) was born in New York City but grew up in Atlanta, Georgia where his father, Rabbi Tobias Geffen, was the rabbi at Congregation Shearith Israel for more than 50 years. He was a graduate of Boys' High School and Emory University in Atlanta, and obtained a law degree at Columbia University in New York City. He gained prominence in Atlanta as an attorney and  a Vice Chairman of the Atlanta School Board. During World War Two, he was a judge advocate in the US Army, rising to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. He was an officer of the Zionist Organization of America, president of the Southeastern Region of Young Judea, and Commander of the Jewish War Veterans Post 112.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Tobias Geffen (1870-1970), a native of Kovno, Lithuania (now known as Kaunus), was an Orthodox rabbi and leader of Shearith Israel in Atlanta from 1910-1970. He is widely known for his 1935 decision that certified Coca-Cola as kosher. He also organized the first Hebrew school in Atlanta, and standardized regulation of kosher supervision in the Atlanta area. Founded in 1904, Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960’s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos (Yiddish) is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOr VeShalom was established by refugees of the Ottoman Empire, namely from Turkey and the Isle of Rhodes.  The Sephardic/Traditional congregation began in 1920 and was based at Central and Woodward Avenues until 1948 when it moved to a larger building on North Highland Road.  The current building for Or VeShalom is on North Druid Hills Road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaddish [Hebrew: holy] is a hymn of praises to G-d found in the Jewish prayer service that is recited aloud while standing. The central theme of the Kaddish is the magnification and sanctification of G-d's name. Along with the Shema and Amidah, the Kaddish is one of the most important and central elements in the Jewish liturgy. Mourner's Kaddish is said at all prayer services and certain other occasions. Following the death of a parent, child, spouse, or sibling it is customary to recite the Mourner's Kaddish in the presence of a congregation daily for 30 days, or 11 months in the case of a parent, and then at every anniversary of the death. It is important to note that the Mourner's Kaddish does not mention death at all, but instead praises G-d.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Congregation (often referred to as “AA”) was organized in 1886 as Congregation Ahawas Achim (Brotherly Love) and is Atlanta’s second oldest Jewish congregation. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Etz Chaim is a progressive, egalitarian Conservative synagogue established in 1975 in Marietta, Georgia, a suburb in north metropolitan Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Agudath Achim is a synagogue in Savannah, Georgia, that is affiliated with the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism. It formed in 1903 as a small congregation following orthodox ritual. The original founders and incorporators of the Congregation were all prominent in the early growth and development of the Agudath Achim. Samuel Tenenbaum, Isaac Feinfeld, Joseph Greenberg, Joseph Kronstadt and others later joined the early leaders, men such as Joseph Kaminsky, J. Laskey, Sam Kaminsky, and A. J. Fineberg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuford Highway is a major roadway that connects three metro Atlanta counties. It stretches north from Midtown Atlanta to the Dekalb-Gwinnett County line. The Buford Highway also refers to the community around the roadway (also known as the Buford Highway Corridor and DeKalb International Corridor), which spans along either side of a stretch of Georgia State Route 13 (SR 13) in DeKalb County. Buford Highway is an ethnically diverse, linear community made up of apartment complexes, suburban neighborhoods and shopping centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple on Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia was bombed in the early morning hours of October 12, 1958.  About 50 sticks of dynamite were planted near the building and tore a huge hole in the wall. No one was injured in the bombing as it was during the night. Rabbi Jacob Rothschild was an outspoken advocate of civil rights and integration and friend of Martin Luther King Jr. Five men associated with the National States’ Rights Party, a white separatist group, were tried and acquitted in the bombing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) is best known for his role as a leader in the Civil Rights Movement and the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs. A Baptist minister from Atlanta, Georgia, King became a civil rights activist early in his career and received the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZsa Zsa Gabor (1917-2016) was born Sári Gábor to a Jewish family in Budapest, Hungary. She immigrated to the United States in 1941 and became a well-known actress and socialite, who was as famous for her scandalous personal life as her television and film appearances.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn “Johnny” William Carson (1925-2005) was an American television host, comedian, writer, and producer. He is best known as the host of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. Carson received six Emmy Awards, the Television Academy's 1980 Governor's Award, and a 1985 Peabody Award.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFirst developed in the early 1970s, Fox Hills is a residential development located off Shadowlawn Road in Marietta, in eastern Cobb County, Georgia. The neighborhood is about a 30-minute drive north of downtown Atlanta. It is home to around 275 families.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChildren were especially vulnerable to Nazi persecution. When World War II began in September 1939, there were approximately 1.6 million Jewish children living in the territories that the German armies or their allies would occupy. When the war in Europe ended in May 1945, more than 1 million and perhaps as many as 1.5 million Jewish children were dead and tens of thousands of Romani (Gypsy) children, 5,000-7,000 German children with physical or mental disabilities living in institutions, as well as many Polish children and children residing in German-occupied Soviet Union. Jewish and non-Jewish adolescents (13-18 years old) had a better chance of survival, as they could be used for forced labor. Many of the younger children who survived the Holocaust did so in hiding.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB’nai Torah is a traditional synagogue on the north side of Atlanta.  It was founded in 1981 by young unaffiliated Jews who met in the Hillel facilities of Emory University on the High Holy Days. In 2004, they became affiliated with the Conservative movement. Membership today (2015) is about 750 families and the rabbi is Joseph Heller.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bat mitzvah [Hebrew: daughter of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish girls aged 12 years and one day according to her Hebrew birthday. Many girls have their bat mitzvah around age 13, the same as boys who have their bar mitzvah at that age. She is now duty bound to keep the commandments.  Synagogue ceremonies are held for bat mitzvah girls in Reform and Conservative communities, but it has not won the universal approval of Orthodox rabbis. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe son of an orthodox rabbi, Judah Mintz (1943- ) was born and raised in Brooklyn, N.Y. He began his rabbinical career as a university rabbi in Atlanta, Ga. He later founded Congregation B'Nai Torah, a traditional orthodox synagogue in Atlanta where he served as rabbi for 17 years. Mintz then served as a rabbi at the Mount Freedom Jewish Center in Randolph Township, New Jersey from 1999 until 2000.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorgia Southern University is part of the University System of Georgia, located in Statesboro, Georgia, that was founded in 1906 as a land grant college.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Kroger Company, or simply Kroger, is an American retail company founded by Bernard Kroger in 1883 in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is the United States' largest supermarket chain by revenue, the second-largest general retailer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWheeler High School is located in northeast Cobb County, Georgia, United States. It is near the city of Marietta, about 15 miles northwest of downtown Atlanta. Wheeler has been in operation since 1965. It is a public high school, accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Georgia, founded in 1785, also referred to as UGA or simply Georgia, is an American public research university in the city of Athens in the U.S. state of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Medical College of Georgia is the flagship medical school of the University System of Georgia, the state's only public medical school, and one of the top 10 largest medical schools in the United States. It was founded in 1828 and is located in Augusta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzah, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday is celebrated.  The seder service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.  In addition to eating matzah during the seder, Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover. In addition, Jews are also supposed to avoid foods made with wheat, barley, rye, spelt or oats unless those foods are labeled ‘kosher for Passover.’ Jews traditionally have separate dishes for Passover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel (Schmul) Tenenbaum (1879-1942) was born in Poland (in an area that is present day Belarus). He immigrated to the United States in 1911. He founded the Chatham Iron and Metal Co. in 1915 in Savannah, Georgia. The scrap iron and metals business later became the Chatham Steel Corporation. Samuel’s three sons came into the business, which expanded into plumbing and industrial supplies in 1937. In the late 1940s, the company expanded into steel warehousing. In the early 1990s, the company sold its industrial supply and recycling businesses to concentrate on strengthening its metals distribution division. In the late 1900s, the company became part of became part of the Reliance Steel \u0026amp; Aluminum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEternal Life-Hemshech is an organization of Atlanta Holocaust survivors, their descendants and friends dedicated to commemorating the 6,000,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Approximately 100 Holocaust survivors living in Atlanta, Georgia founded Eternal Life-Hemshech in 1964. Hemshech is a Hebrew word that means “continuation.” Their purpose was to \"perpetuate the memory of their beloved families along with all of the six million Jewish victims of the Holocaust.\" The group wanted the memorial to serve as a place to say Kaddish, the Jewish prayer for the dead. The Memorial to Six Million was dedicated in Atlanta’s Greenwood Cemetery in 1965.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Georgia Commission on the Holocaust strives to preserve the memory of the Holocaust and promote public understanding of the history. It is a secular, non-partisan state agency created in 1998.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere are Jewish federations in most major cities. The Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community.  Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities.  It is part of the Jewish Federation of North America (JFNA). In 1990, the Atlanta Jewish Federation (now the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta) created The William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJorge Agustín Nicolás Ruiz de Santayana y Borrás (1863-1952), known in English as George Santayana, was a Spanish-born philosopher, essayist, poet, and novelist. Among his best-known quotes is: Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRight wing politics refers to the conservative or reactionary section of a political party or system. Typically, someone who is right wing is someone who is socially and economically conservative or traditional.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or Knights of the Ku Klux Klan today, also referred to as the ‘KKK’) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-black secret society, whose methods included terrorism and murder.  It was founded in the South in the 1860’s and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920’s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960’s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past its members dressed up in white robes and a pointed hat designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Aryan Rights Movement Andre is referring to is related to the Aryan Nations (also called Church of Jesus Christ Christian), a prominent Christian-identity hate group in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. It was rooted in the Christian Identity movement in the United States, which grew in popularity in the mid-20th century. Christian Identity adherents believed that white Aryans were the “chosen people,” that Africans were subhuman, that Jews were descendants of the Devil, and that the world was moving toward race war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHolocaust denial is the act of denying the genocide of European Jews in the Holocaust during World War II. Holocaust denial and distortion are forms of antisemitism. Holocaust denial and distortion generally claim that the Holocaust was invented or exaggerate by Jews as a means of advancing Jewish interests, including the legitimacy of the State of Israel. Holocaust denial unites a broad rang of radical right-wing hate groups in the United States and elsewhere around the world. Although deniers insist that the idea of the Holocaust as a historical event is a myth, legitimate scholars do not doubt the overwhelming weight of evidence. The debates that deniers put forward are more about antisemitism and hate politics than history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide, yet calculating how many individuals were killed during the Holocaust and World War II as a result of Nazi policies is difficult as no single document exists which spells out how many died. To accurately estimate the extent of human losses, scholars, governmental agencies and Jewish organizations since the 1940’s have relied on a variety of records including census reports, captured archives, and postwar investigations. The best and most commonly accepted estimate of Jewish victims is six million.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSteven Spielberg (born 1948) is an American director, producer and screenwriter. Spielberg was born in 1948 to an Orthodox Jewish family. Considered one of the most popular and influential directors and producers in film history, his films cover a wide range of themes and genres. In 1993, Spielberg directed and co-produced Schindler’s List. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDirector Steven Spielberg (of Schindler’s List fame) established the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation in 1994 to gather video testimonies from survivors and other witnesses of the Holocaust. In addition to interviewing primarily Jewish survivors, homosexual survivors, Jehovah’s Witness survivors, liberators and liberation witnesses, political prisoners, rescuers and aid providers, Roma and Sinti (Gypsy) survivors, survivors of Eugenics policies, and war crimes trials participants were also interviewed. Today the foundation is known as the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education and the collection includes nearly 52,000 video testimonies of Holocaust survivors. The archive has also been expanded to include another 10,000 testimonies of witnesses from other genocides, including Rwanda.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThomas Clayton Wolfe (1900-1938) was a major American novelist of the early twentieth century. Wolfe wrote four lengthy novels as well as many short stories, dramatic works, and novellas. He is known for mixing highly original, poetic, rhapsodic, and impressionistic prose with autobiographical writing. One of Wolfe’s most famous passages comes from his novel You Can't Go Home Again, which was published posthumously in 1940. The passage reads: \"You can't go back to your family, back home to your childhood, back home to romantic love, back home to a young man's dreams of glory and of fame, back home to exile, to escape to Europe and some foreign land, back home to lyricism, to singing just for singing's sake, back home to aestheticism, to one's youthful idea of \"the artist\" and the all-sufficiency of \"art\" and \"beauty,\" back home to the ivory tower, back home to places in the country, to the cottage in Bermuda, away from all the strife and conflict of the world, back home to the father you have lost, and have been looking for, back home to someone who can help you, save you, ease the burden for you, back home to the old forms and systems of things which once seemed everlasting but which are changing all the time--back home to the escapes of Time and Memory.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOradea [Romanian: Oradea Mare] is a city in present-day Romania. In Hungarian it is known as Nagyvarad or Varad. Oradea is in the area of northwest Romania known as Transylvania, a few miles from the border with Hungary. Oradea was part of Hungary until World War I and again between 1940 and 1944. When the Germans occupied Nagyvarad on March 19, 1944 they immediately set up a ghetto near the city’s center. From May 20 to June 3 the Jews of Nagyvarad were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Seven transports carried the city’s 30,000 Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCarei [Romanian; formerly Carei-Mare; Hungarian: Nagykároly] is a town in Northern Transylvania, in northwestern Romania, close to the border of present-day Hungary. Until World War I and between 1940 and 1944, it was in Hungary. After the Hungarian occupation of the town in 1940, the “foreign Jews’ in the town were deported to Kamenets-Podolski, where they were killed. In the summer of 1944, the 2,255 remaining Jews were confined in a ghetto before being deported to Szatmar and subsequently to the death camps. By 1947, 590 Jews had returned to Carei, most of who later emigrated. By the turn of the twenty-first century, fewer than 20 Jews lived in the town.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA mezuzah [Hebrew: doorpost] is a parchment scroll often contained in a decorative case that is fixed on the right side of doorpost of a home. The parchment scroll made by a scribe contains the handwritten text of the first two paragraphs of the Shema.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International March of the Living is an annual educational program, bringing individuals from around the world to Poland and Israel to study the history of the Holocaust and to examine the roots of prejudice, intolerance and hatred. Since its inception in 1988, more than 260,000 participants, including over 300 survivors, from 52 countries have marched down the same 3-kilometer path leading from Auschwitz to Birkenau on Holocaust Remembrance Day - Yom Hashoah - as a tribute to all victims of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCluj [Romanian; Hungarian: Kolozsvar; German: Klausenburg] is a city in northwestern Romania and is traditionally considered to be the capital of Transylvania. Today the official name of the city is Cluj-Napoca. Prior to World War II, Cluj had a vibrant Jewish community with a population of 16,148. From May 25, 1944 to June 9, 1944 the majority of the Jews in Cluj were transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where most were killed. On July 10, 1944, 388 Jews were transferred to Budapest to join other Hungarian Jews on the Rescue Committee train, which, after an ordeal of several months in a special camp in Bergen-Belsen, ended up in Switzerland. A few survivors from Cluj returned to the city after the war and were joined by survivors who came from other areas. In 1947, Cluj was home to 6,500 Jews. Disappointed with the realities of the Communist regime established after World War II, eventually most Jews from Cluj emigrated to Israel or other areas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Jews were the primary victims persecuted by the Nazi party’s policies during World War II, historians estimate that another five million non-Jewish victims were also murdered during the Holocaust. Other groups singled out by the Nazis included LGBTQ individuals, the physically and mentally disabled, Roma (gypsies), Poles and other Slavic people, Jehovah’s witnesses, and members of political opposition groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/annotation_set/452/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFriedrich Gustav Emil Martin Niemöller (1892-1984) was a German theologian and Lutheran pastor. He is best known for his opposition to the Nazi regime during the 1930s and for his widely quoted poem \"First they came ...\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=5130.0,5160.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/index/47800","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Kessler, Andre [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/index/47800/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Childhood in Bucharest","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=17.0,393.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/index/47800/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Kessler, could you please tell me when and where you were born?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=17.0,393.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/index/47800/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bucharest","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hiding","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Romania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=17.0,393.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/index/47800/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Childhood in Vienna","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=393.0,943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/index/47800/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When her ankle healed, we went across from Hungary into Austria.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=393.0,943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/index/47800/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refugees","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vienna","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=393.0,943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/index/47800/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration to United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=943.0,1245.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/index/47800/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We got papers to come to immigrate to the United States. We left Vienna in April 1951.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=943.0,1245.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/index/47800/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ship","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=943.0,1245.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/index/47800/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Childhood in New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1245.0,1938.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/index/47800/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the ships landed in New York, the docks were over on the west side.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1245.0,1938.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/index/47800/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neighborhood","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uncles","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1245.0,1938.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/index/47800/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Military experience","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1938.0,2168.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/index/47800/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got into some very serious trouble. I stole a car, or, as I always say, \"I borrowed a car.\" ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827#t=1938.0,2168.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39435/file/110827/index/47800/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"citizenship","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Honor 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