{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/rr1pg1j92q/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Kempler, Bernhard"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1991-11-20 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBernhard Kempler interviewed by Erna Martino on November 20, 1991, in Atlanta, Georgia\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eBernhard Kempler was born in Krakow, Poland on May 2, 1936. His father owned an import-export business, which prospered before the war began. Bernhard had an older sister, named Anita, and the children had a governess, Sophia Janenska (who they called ‘Niania.’)  Bernhard’s father fled east to Russia before the Germans occupied Krakow where he ended up in a labor camp in Siberia.  He was released in 1942 and spent the rest of the war in Uzbekistan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1941, Bernhard and his mother and sister were forced to move into the ghetto in Krakow, along with his Uncle Sigmund, Rita, Sigmund’s wife, and their daughter, Zruka.  Bernhard and his family narrowly avoided several actions, one time by hiding under the roof of their apartment building.  Bernhard’s mother escaped the ghetto and, using false papers identifying her a Christian Pole, obtained a job in the Gestapo office that distributed rationing cards.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLater, Bernhard and Anita escaped the ghetto by slipping through the barbed wire fence, and meeting their nanny.  From this point on Bernhard was disguised as a girl.  He became ‘Bernadetta Janenska,’and Anita became ‘Anita Janenska.’  For a short time, Bernhard and Anita hid in a sealed room in their uncle’s former apartment, then Niania took the children to the village where she had been born.   After a narrow escape when a neighbor betrayed them, the children were hidden in a convent by Catholic nuns.  After they were betrayed by the mother of another girl living in the convent, Bernhard and Anita were arrested by the Gestapo and taken to Montelupich prison in Krakow.  From there, they were transported to the Plaszow concentration camp.   Their Uncle Sigmund, who was a prisoner at Plaszow, used his influence with the commandant of the camp to save their lives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn January 1945, Bernhard and Anita were marched out of Plaszow to Auschwitz-Birkenau.  Bernhard continued to maintain his disguise as a girl.  In about March 1945, Bernhard and Anita were sent to Ravensbruck, a women’s camp, in Germany.  Bernhard and Anita were taken out of that camp by the Swedish Red Cross. It was not until his arrival in Sweden, that Bernhard abandoned the disguise as a girl that he had maintained throughout his time in the camps.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBernhard had contracted tuberculosis, so he spent two and one-half years in a hospital in Sweden.  In 1946, Bernhard’s parents came to Sweden to find their children. The family lived in Sweden for four and one-half more years then immigrated to America.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1986, Bernhard visited Ruja in Poland, and went with her to Israel.  Both Ruja and Niania were recognized by Yad Vashem, based on applications filed by Bernhard, as “Righteous Among the Nations.”\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eBernhard discusses his childhood in Krakow, Poland.  He was three years old when the war began, so his pre-war childhood memories are scant, however he does recall his middle-class life, their apartment, his father (Yehuda), mother (Zofia) and sister (Aneta), and remembers visiting the park and attending the synagogue with his father.  He talks about how life changed for him and his family after the Germans invaded Poland, at which time before the Germans arrived in Krakow, Yehuda left the family and fled to Russia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBernhard discusses their life in the Krakow ghetto, where food was scarce and roundups were ever present, including a tense moment where he and his sister, Aneta, hid under the roof of their apartment house for several days to escape a roundup.   He remembers his mother’s escape from the ghetto when she obtained false papers and found work in a Gestapo office on the ‘Aryan’ side, and later how he and Aneta also escaped from the ghetto with the help of Niania.  He talks about how he was disguised as a girl and, together with Aneta, were hidden by their nanny, Sophia (Niania) Janenska, helped by their uncle Sigmund’s housekeeper, Ruja.   He remembers how he and Aneta were able to occasionally see his mother in the park, although they could not speak or meet.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe recalls how they hid first in a sealed room in his uncle’s old apartment which had been seized by the Germans, and then in the village where Niania had come from under very difficult conditions. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen they were almost caught, Bernhard and Aneta moved into a convent, where Bernhard maintained his disguise as a girl.  When they were betrayed at the convent, he and Anita were sent to Plaszow, a concentration camp outside Krakow.  He discusses how his and his sister’s lives were saved by his Uncle Sigmund upon their arrival at the Plaszow.   He also discusses their experiences in Auschwitz-Birkenau and Ravensbruck before they were liberated by the Swedish Red Cross.  Finally, he discusses life in Sweden after the war, the reunion of his family, and his family’s decision to immigrate to America.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBernhard recalls an emotional visit when he returned to Poland 40 years later where he visited the sites of his childhood, including the apartment we his family had lived and his uncle’s apartment and his submission of Ruja and Niania to become “Righteous Gentiles Among the Nations,” which was granted.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28435"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eBernhard Kempler interviewed by Erna Martino on November 20, 1991, in Atlanta, Georgia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBernhard Kempler was born in Krakow, Poland on May 2, 1936. His father owned an import-export business, which prospered before the war began. Bernhard had an older sister, named Anita, and the children had a governess, Sophia Janenska (who they called ‘Niania.’)  Bernhard’s father fled east to Russia before the Germans occupied Krakow where he ended up in a labor camp in Siberia.  He was released in 1942 and spent the rest of the war in Uzbekistan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1941, Bernhard and his mother and sister were forced to move into the ghetto in Krakow, along with his Uncle Sigmund, Rita, Sigmund’s wife, and their daughter, Zruka.  Bernhard and his family narrowly avoided several actions, one time by hiding under the roof of their apartment building.  Bernhard’s mother escaped the ghetto and, using false papers identifying her a Christian Pole, obtained a job in the Gestapo office that distributed rationing cards.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLater, Bernhard and Anita escaped the ghetto by slipping through the barbed wire fence, and meeting their nanny.  From this point on Bernhard was disguised as a girl.  He became ‘Bernadetta Janenska,’and Anita became ‘Anita Janenska.’  For a short time, Bernhard and Anita hid in a sealed room in their uncle’s former apartment, then Niania took the children to the village where she had been born.   After a narrow escape when a neighbor betrayed them, the children were hidden in a convent by Catholic nuns.  After they were betrayed by the mother of another girl living in the convent, Bernhard and Anita were arrested by the Gestapo and taken to Montelupich prison in Krakow.  From there, they were transported to the Plaszow concentration camp.   Their Uncle Sigmund, who was a prisoner at Plaszow, used his influence with the commandant of the camp to save their lives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn January 1945, Bernhard and Anita were marched out of Plaszow to Auschwitz-Birkenau.  Bernhard continued to maintain his disguise as a girl.  In about March 1945, Bernhard and Anita were sent to Ravensbruck, a women’s camp, in Germany.  Bernhard and Anita were taken out of that camp by the Swedish Red Cross. It was not until his arrival in Sweden, that Bernhard abandoned the disguise as a girl that he had maintained throughout his time in the camps.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBernhard had contracted tuberculosis, so he spent two and one-half years in a hospital in Sweden.  In 1946, Bernhard’s parents came to Sweden to find their children. The family lived in Sweden for four and one-half more years then immigrated to America.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1986, Bernhard visited Ruja in Poland, and went with her to Israel.  Both Ruja and Niania were recognized by Yad Vashem, based on applications filed by Bernhard, as “Righteous Among the Nations.”\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBernhard discusses his childhood in Krakow, Poland.  He was three years old when the war began, so his pre-war childhood memories are scant, however he does recall his middle-class life, their apartment, his father (Yehuda), mother (Zofia) and sister (Aneta), and remembers visiting the park and attending the synagogue with his father.  He talks about how life changed for him and his family after the Germans invaded Poland, at which time before the Germans arrived in Krakow, Yehuda left the family and fled to Russia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBernhard discusses their life in the Krakow ghetto, where food was scarce and roundups were ever present, including a tense moment where he and his sister, Aneta, hid under the roof of their apartment house for several days to escape a roundup.   He remembers his mother’s escape from the ghetto when she obtained false papers and found work in a Gestapo office on the ‘Aryan’ side, and later how he and Aneta also escaped from the ghetto with the help of Niania.  He talks about how he was disguised as a girl and, together with Aneta, were hidden by their nanny, Sophia (Niania) Janenska, helped by their uncle Sigmund’s housekeeper, Ruja.   He remembers how he and Aneta were able to occasionally see his mother in the park, although they could not speak or meet.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe recalls how they hid first in a sealed room in his uncle’s old apartment which had been seized by the Germans, and then in the village where Niania had come from under very difficult conditions. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen they were almost caught, Bernhard and Aneta moved into a convent, where Bernhard maintained his disguise as a girl.  When they were betrayed at the convent, he and Anita were sent to Plaszow, a concentration camp outside Krakow.  He discusses how his and his sister’s lives were saved by his Uncle Sigmund upon their arrival at the Plaszow.   He also discusses their experiences in Auschwitz-Birkenau and Ravensbruck before they were liberated by the Swedish Red Cross.  Finally, he discusses life in Sweden after the war, the reunion of his family, and his family’s decision to immigrate to America.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBernhard recalls an emotional visit when he returned to Poland 40 years later where he visited the sites of his childhood, including the apartment we his family had lived and his uncle’s apartment and his submission of Ruja and Niania to become “Righteous Gentiles Among the Nations,” which was granted.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/110/818/small/Bernard_Kempler.png?1619300100","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Kempler_Bernard.mp4"]},"duration":6648.304,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/110/818/small/Bernard_Kempler.png?1619300100","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/110/818/original/Kempler_Bernard.mp4?1616406408","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6648.304,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Kempler, Bernhard [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MARTINO: My name is Erna Dziewinski Martino. We are at the home of Dr.\nBernard Kempler. Today is November 20, 1991. We are about to do a videotape of\nhim. What is your name, and where do you live?\n\nKEMPLER: My name is Bernhard Kempler. I live in Atlanta, Georgia at 114 17th\nStreet, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta.\n\nMARTINO: When were you born?\n\nKEMPLER: I was born on May 2, 1936 in Krakow [Polish: Kraków], Poland.\n\nMARTINO: Tell me something in the way of details about your family.\n\nKEMPLER: My mother was from a fairly large family who had lived in Krakow for a\nnumber of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generations. My father was from a smaller village, I believe, east of\nKrakow. I'm not really sure of the name of that village. We were living in an\napartment in Krakow. My father traveled some on business. He had an\nimport-export business, and was apparently beginning to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fairly well\nfinancially at the time that the war broke out. My mother, who was a few years\nolder than he, worked. She was a bookkeeper, and worked before my sister and I\nwere born, and also worked after we were born. We had a nurse-governess for\nmyself and my sister who played an important role in my life ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the war that\nI will tell you about. Of course, I was three years old when the war broke out.\nI only have vague memories from the time before the beginning of the war. I do\nremember how excited I was when my father would come home from some of his\nbusiness trips. He would always bring some trinkets, or some little gifts for me\nand my sister. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember the apartment house where we lived in Krakow. It was a\ntypical kind of apartment house in Polish cities with a large courtyard . . . a\ncobblestone courtyard . . . with balconies on the inside of the building. I have\nsome memories of . . . as a very small child, playing on the balcony, and being\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"able to look down on the courtyard as people came in and out through the main\nentrance that led into it. I remember once getting stung by a bee as I was\nplaying out on the balcony. I still remember the pain and surprise of that . . .\nthat was a very new thing that I had never experienced before. I remember going\nto the park (there was a lovely park nearby) with my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister, and with my\nparents, and with our governess, whose name was also Sophie. I remember playing\nwith the pigeons, and feeding them, throwing them crumbs of bread. Those are the\nkinds of really early memories that I have at this point. I have some memory of\nthe layout of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apartment. I remember that my father had a small office on the\nother side of the stairs that was kind of separate from the apartment where we lived.\n\nMARTINO: Can you describe to me what, for example, the Sabbath or holidays were\nlike in your home, if you recall observance, or if you parents were non-observant?\n\nKEMPLER: My parents were not particularly observant, and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have really no memory\nof that kind of an atmosphere. I have one memory of going to the synagogue with\nmy father . . . my father did do that. Of course, I must have been very, very\nyoung then because my father left in 1939. It must have been when I was two,\nmaybe two-and-one-half. I remember praying with the men, of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being very small,\nand being surrounded by large people. We probably did have a Shabbat meal but I\ndon't have very clear memories of any of that.\n\nMARTINO: Do you recall a distinction between having Jewish and non-Jewish friends?\n\nKEMPLER: I don't remember having any friends at that age. I don't remember\nplaying on the street particularly or visiting with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends, no.\n\nMARTINO: When the Nazis came to Poland, can you describe how your life began to change?\n\nKEMPLER: Yes. I think the first thing that I noticed was a change in the\natmosphere. It seemed to me, if I had been able to articulate it at that time,\nthat there was an atmosphere of apprehension which gradually changed to fear.\nPeople sitting around the kitchen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"table talking in hushed voices. I don't\nremember anyone trying to explain anything to me but I had the feeling of\nsomething ominous happening. Perhaps the most significant change . . . concrete\nchange that occurred was when my father left, which he did after the Nazis\ninvaded in September of 1939.\n\nMARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So at this time you were just three years old.\n\nKEMPLER: Yes. I was born in May, 1936 so by September of 1939, I was three years\nold and a few months.\n\nMARTINO: You say he was taken away by the Nazis?\n\nKEMPLER: No. My father did what many adult Jewish men did . . . he went east,\nand crossed the border into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia. Apparently, there was a belief that the\npeople who were most in danger were Jewish males . . . adult Jewish males.\nBecause of that, they would cross into Russia, and wait to see what would\nhappen, and then perhaps come back. Looking back, I realize people obviously\ndidn't know what was going to happen . . . that was the fear. Some people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came\nback, and some people didn't. My father was arrested by Russians when he crossed\nthe border, and was sent to a labor camp in Siberia where he spent several years\nuntil 1942. Then, he was let out of prison camps in Siberia, and went south, and\nended up spending the rest of the war in Samarkand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Asia, which I think is in\nUzbekistan. The essence in terms of my experience . . . all I know is that he\nleft, that he was gone.\n\nMARTINO: What proceeded to happen in your life then, you were left with your\nmother, and sister, and your nanny?\n\nKEMPLER: My mother, sister, and with our nanny, yes.\n\nMARTINO: Did you continue ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"living in your apartment, or were you placed in a\nghetto subsequently?\n\nKEMPLER: We continued to live in the apartment for some time. I really cannot\ntell you for how long. I do know that there was a lot of discussion about what\nwe should do. There were planes. But I mean I couldn't remember the details of\nany of that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happened was that . . . this probably was . . . maybe in 1940,\nmaybe beginning of 1941, I am not sure . . . one day, still living in that\napartment, my sister, Anita, and I were playing, and we were hiding. It so\nhappened that we were hiding. I think she may have been in a closet, and I was\nunder a bed. At that moment, there was a knock on the door, and a German\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soldier, or Gestapo, showed up and said, \"We have come to take the children\naway.\" Our governess--who I'll call 'Niania' because that is what we called\nher--had the sense to tell him that we were out playing. So [the German] said,\n\"I will be back. They need to be here when I come back for them.\" The moment he\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left, Niania grabbed me, and my sister, and took us over to the house of my\nuncle, Ziffa [sp]. We knew that it was too dangerous to go back to the\napartment, and we stayed there briefly. I believe it was at that time that they\ncame up with the plan to get false papers for me and my sister. Niania, whose\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name was Janenska, Sophia Janenska [sp], decided to keep us, and to give us her\nname. At that time, it was also decided to have me assume a girl's identity\nbecause, as you know, all the Jewish boys are circumcised in Poland. That was an\nunavoidable detection if you were a boy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's what happened--I became\ndressed as a girl. I had a girl's false papers. My name became' Bernadetta\nJanenska,' and my sister remained 'Anita Janenska.' For the next year,\nyear-and-one-half . . . again the details are cloudy, I don't have the details .\n. . but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we traveled with her. Wherever we went, we went with her as her children.\n\nMARTINO: You say \"we traveled with her\" . . . that was just you and your sister?\n\nKEMPLER: Just myself and my sister.\n\nMARTINO: What happened to your mother during that time?\n\nKEMPLER: My mother . . . of course, since I was not with her, I can't tell you\nfrom my own experience what she was doing. Basically, what happened was that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she\nalso had false papers. But my mother had good false papers. There was a\ndistinction between good false papers, and bad false papers. Good false papers\nwere based on a person who had actually been alive, and who had disappeared. So\nthere were records, and you could trace those records. My mother managed to get\ngood false papers, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and she managed not to ever get discovered. She continued to\nlive in Krakow throughout the war. In fact, at one point, she worked for the\noffice that distributed rationing cards, which was run, and controlled by the\nGestapo. She spoke fluent German, and just managed to escape detection.\n\nMARTINO: Her papers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were Polish identity?\n\nKEMPLER: Yes. We would occasionally see her. We would, for example, meet in the\npark. Sometimes by arrangement with Niania, we would meet in the park but we\nwouldn't talk. So that she would come to the park where we had played before the\nwar. She would sit on a park bench a little distance away. We would sit over\nhere [gesturing to one side] and maybe we would play. We would recognize each\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other. She would see that we were there, and we would see that she was there but\nwe were not there to get together and speak.\n\nMARTINO: How did your nanny explain this to you? You were young children.\n\nKEMPLER: As best as I remember, we knew that we were in danger . . . that it was\ndangerous to be recognized . . . that it was dangerous to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"acknowledged as my\nmother's children . . . that there were a lot of suspicious people, and that you\ncouldn't really trust anybody. That we understood. We understood the immediate\ndanger. I know I did.\n\nMARTINO: How did your nanny manage to support herself and you? Did she have\nsupport from her family or friends?\n\nKEMPLER: No, no she didn't. She was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a . . . she came from a poor background . .\n. from a peasant background. She had been born in the village in southern\nPoland. She was very devoted to me and Anita. In fact, apparently, at some\npoint, like when I was one year old or so, there had been some disagreement\nbetween Niania and my parents and they were going to fire her. But my sister\nreally loved her, and [Anita] was a very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"determined person . She insisted that\n[Niania] stay on, which was very lucky for us. But in terms of your question,\nhow did she support herself . . . my mother gave her her own jewelry to sell. We\nmanaged to get by on that for quite a while until one day, when we were at\nchurch, they were stolen from her purse with the remaining rings . . . my\nmother's rings, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and whatever else. At that point, we were in trouble.\n\nMARTINO: How long did this go on? This was in Krakow?\n\nKEMPLER: This was in Krakow, yes.\n\nMARTINO: For how long would you say you lived in this manner?\n\nKEMPLER: Actually, I was ahead of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself. Before I got the false papers, and\nreceived the false identity, we were in the ghetto. The process of rounding up\nthe Jews, and taking them into the ghetto was done step-by-step. I think it was\nnot until 1941 that people were gradually for one reason or another . . .\nbecause they couldn't work or because they hadn't had work ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"papers and so on . .\n. were forced to move into the ghetto. Sometime in 1941, I think, this was\nbefore I assumed the false identity, we ended up going into the ghetto, and\nliving there with . . . my mother was in the ghetto at that time, and my uncle\nSigmund [sp], and his wife, and my cousin, their daughter, my cousin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zruka [sp].\nIn the early days of that, people could leave, and go to work. Then, gradually\nstep-by-step certain people could no longer leave. So it was a process where the\nghetto was more and more filled with people. Food got scarcer and scarcer. It\ngot more and more difficult to live ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. Then, the actions started, where\nunexpectedly trucks would roll into the ghetto, and they would either cordon off\na number of apartment buildings, and just drag everybody off, put them in\ntrucks, and take them off. Some of these actions were violent . . . there were\nsoldiers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with dogs. We somehow managed not to be picked up in any of those\nactions. But that was a terrifying thing.\n\nMARTINO: Do you recall witnessing them yourself?\n\nKEMPLER: Yes. People always talked about \"how can you avoid an action?\" Because\nwhat they would do, for example, is they would they would drive up to a market\nsquare, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and block off all the streets, and then basically pick up everybody who\nwas in the market square. If you got caught in an action like that, you were\nlost. Everybody knew that that was something to be avoided.\n\nMARTINO: These people were taken?\n\nKEMPLER: They were taken, and children were separated, and families were lost.\nThere was a lot of terror, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pain.\n\nMARTINO: Did the adults whom you knew know at the time where people were being\ntaken, did they have an idea?\n\nKEMPLER: I think so. I think so. People constantly talked about it . . . trying\nto understand what was safer . . . to be on the street, to not be on the street\n. . . to go here or to go there, to live on the second ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"floor or the first floor.\nPeople were desperately trying to understand what the possible opening was to escape.\n\nMARTINO: Where did they think people were being taken?\n\nKEMPLER: I assume they knew where they were taken. Auschwitz-[Birkenau] was only\n40 kilometers away. So yes, I think people knew what was going on . . . I'm sure\nthey did in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1941.\n\nMARTINO: How did you manage to leave the ghetto?\n\nKEMPLER: As I remember it, the ghetto got smaller and smaller. There were fewer\nand fewer people there. Some of the houses were burned down. There was barbed\nwire around the whole ghetto with guard posts, and guard houses spaced all\naround the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perimeter. Somehow people found out that on a particular night there\nwas going to be a final big action . . . everyone was going to be picked up. My\nmother was no longer in the ghetto. She left, and did not come back. She was\nworking at that time, and continued to work in that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rationing card office. I\nthink it may have been at this point when she got her false papers which helped\nher to stay for the rest of the war. But my uncle Sigmund, and my cousin, and\nRita (that was Sigmund's wife's name), we were with them, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and somebody came up\nwith a plan that we had to hide . . . we had to hide from this big action that\nwas coming up. So a group of people, including us, went up to the crawl space\nunder the roof up on the apartment buildings. It must have been 20 to 25 people\nup there in the crawl space, which was just . . . literally, you could not even\nsit . . . it was just . . . not a move. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember two things very well . . . I\nremember several things very well from that experience. One was that, where I\nwas lying, there was a nail from the roof right above my head. Every time I\nlifted my head above the gap, I hit my head on that nail. The other thing was\nthat people were very frightened, and could not keep quiet, so that other people\nwere very upset because they were trying to keep those quiet, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so in the middle\nof all this there were arguments going on. It was just a terrible feeling\nbecause we all knew that we were in danger, and it was very important to be\nquiet. I think also there was a baby that was crying. I still remember that\nfeeling in that totally dark crawl space under the roof. What we heard were\nshots, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trucks, doors being smashed in, shouts, and, at any moment, we would be\ndiscovered, and people who couldn't keep quiet. It was a terrifying moment. I\nsay moment, but actually we were up there for a long time. I know it was at\nleast a day and a night . . . it was probably ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"longer than that. Finally, we\ndecided . . . it became quiet outside . . . we decided . . . when I say 'we,' I\ncan't tell you exactly who . . . but what actually happened was that my sister\nand I . . . probably with my uncle, I am not sure . . . left and went down. Then\nwe did see the results of the action. There were dead people lying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around. There\nwere houses that were burned. Things were scattered on the street. Again, in\n1941, I would be five years old at the time, so I went with my sister. I did\nwhat other people wanted me to do. But at this particular time, I really don't\nremember that we were with any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adults . . . there was just myself and my sister\n. . . but there had been a plan for Niania, who was not in the ghetto, because\nshe was not Jewish, to meet us. It was either that, or she came every day to the\nghetto looking for us. My sister and I . . . it must have been maybe 10 o'clock\nin the morning . . . it was a gray day, and it rained. We walked along the\nbarbed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wire, and, as we looked down the street, we saw Niania waiting. It was a\nshort distance from one of the guard houses, but we noticed that there was a big\ntear in the barbed wire. My sister and I stepped through the hole in the barbed\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wire, and we walked down the street, and went with Niania. What I remember from\nthat so well is the feeling of walking away from the ghetto . . . there was a\nguard in that guardhouse . . . and trying not to run because I knew that if I\nran I would be discovered. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, when we stepped though the tear in the\nbarbed wire, we turned around, and looked into the camp as though we were\nsightseers, or as though we there just to see what was going on, in order not to\nattract suspicion. So that's what I forgot to tell you. Taking on the assumed\nidentity happened at that point because when I was in the ghetto, I was a Jewish\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boy. People didn't know yet when we first got into the ghetto what was going to happen.\n\nMARTINO: So now we go back again to the point where you began to become\ndisguised as a girl in order to make it safer for you to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under these false\npapers. You are living with your nanny and your sister separated from your\nmother in Krakow, I presume in your nanny's apartment or room?\n\nKEMPLER: No, she did not have an apartment. I honestly cannot remember very well\nwhere we lived. For a while we lived in my uncle Sigmund's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apartment. My uncle\nSigmund has played a big role in my life.\n\nMARTINO: He was still there, he had not been taken away?\n\nKEMPLER: It's complicated. If you've ever read the book Schindler's List, he is\nactually mentioned in that book because he was in Plaszow [Polish: Płaszów].\nI'll tell you later how important he was in my life. But, at that time, anyway I\nthink he already was in Plaszow. He was taken from the ghetto, and taken to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Plaszow. The person who lived in his apartment was his old housekeeper . . . not\nunusual at that time. Her name was Ruja [sp]. She was living in that apartment.\nMy uncle had been an architect . . . was an architect, and was working out of\nthat apartment. The Germans had taken over that apartment, and continued to\ndirect architectural projects from this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apartment. So when we left the ghetto,\nwe went to there because we really just didn't know where else to go. Ruja was\nnot all that happy about us coming there. She was very afraid of us being\ndiscovered. But what she did was to close up one room, and pull a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big bookcase\nin front of it. So we lived there for a while. I can't tell you how long. It was\nnot very long. But it was one of those situations where during the day, in that\napartment, were German officers, and other people, working right there on the\nother side of the wall while we were hiding, and being very quiet in this one\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"room. Some years ago, when I went back to Krakow, I thought about some of these\nthings, but I really wasn't sure if I remembered it right. But Ruja is still\nliving in that apartment so I went back, and saw it. Anyway, we couldn't stay\nthere for very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"long. The plan that, I guess Niania then decided on, was to take\nus to the village where she was born. She still had family there. By the way, if\nyou speak Polish, you speak somewhat differently if you are a girl, a female as\nagainst if you are a male. So in addition ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to growing long hair, wearing skirts,\nand having a girl's name, I also had to speak like a girl. For example, in\nPolish, if a male says, \"I went,\" he says \"poszedł,\" [Polish: I went]\" if you\nare a female, you say \"poszedłem.\" [Polish: I went]. The conjugation of the\nverbs, and many of the other forms are different. So I had to learn to do that.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As far as I can tell, I must have done it pretty well, pretty quickly. It helped\nto have an older sister. I can still remember braiding my hair, putting clips in\nmy hair.\n\nMARTINO: Can you tell us what your feelings were at that time about doing that,\nabout being separated from your parents, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about being under those circumstances?\n\nKEMPLER: The main feeling was that I was always in danger, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"watchfulness. I\ncan't particularly remember thinking about my father. I didn't expect him to\ncome back. I don't think I had any feelings like, if he would come back, I would\nbe safe, or anything like that. I knew that the only safety lay in not being\ndiscovered. With that as an overwhelming feeling, I don't remember wanting for\nmy father to be back or wanting to be with my mother. I did feel that the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"safest\nthing was to be with Niania. The safest thing was not to be discovered. The\nsafest thing was not to make a mistake. In fact, the safest thing was magically\nto be a girl, and to be her daughter. So I don't even think I went as far as to\nthink that I wish I were with my mother. No, I couldn't wish to be with my\nmother . . . I wanted to live. So I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't remember feeling much of anything\nother than that. The main thing was . . . there really was only one important\nthing, and that was not to be caught, that was the main thing . . . not to slip\nup. I was worried about my sister because she was a very impatient person, very\ndifferent from me. I am very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patient, and I know how to be quiet. She is very\nflamboyant. She likes to do things, she is impulsive . . . still is to this day.\nShe likes the theater. It was dangerous. In fact, when we eventually were\ncaught, it was probably because of that characteristic of hers. So the other\nthing I remember is being on the street where she would see something in a store\nwindow, and jump up and down, and want ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, or call attention to herself. She\nwould call attention to herself. I remember trying to say to her, \"Quiet, quiet.\nLet's go. Don't stand here.\" Somehow it was more natural to me to remain\nunnoticed, and not natural for her . . . so that was very dangerous. The other\nthing that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was dangerous was, that from time to time, Niania would get very\nfrightened, and talk about leaving us. She would have, I guess, [had] times when\nshe questioned what she was doing. I mean she knew she was putting her life in\ndanger. She would have terrible headaches. I would bring her little headache\npowders with a glass of water. I did it partly because I loved her but partly\nbecause I didn't want her headaches to get too bad. So I, in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way, was taking\ncare of her, and trying to make things as tolerable for her as possible, and I\nwas trying to keep my sister quiet. I'm not saying that I was in charge . . . I\nwasn't . . . but I did my part to keep us safe. I didn't just magically rely on\nother people. You couldn't.\n\nMARTINO: Did you go to school at all during this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time?\n\nKEMPLER: Niania was Catholic. Whether it was because it was safer, or because as\na good Catholic, she honestly and sincerely wanted to do that, began to teach us\nto be Catholics. We did spend a fair amount of time in churches, which was\nsafer. It was not safe, but it felt safer, it was dark. You could go into a\nchurch, and sit quietly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a pew for hours on end. That's how she lost the purse\nwith my mother's jewelry was in a church. I also honestly believed that it was\nsafer. Maybe it was safer if I really were Catholic. So we learned to pray,\nwhich was a good thing. We had rosaries. I don't remember this particularly\nwell, but I think Niania probably started teaching us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to read. I know that when\nafter the war was over, and I was in Sweden, I knew how to read. We never went\nto school. That was not possible.\n\nMARTINO: What succeeded this time span?\n\nKEMPLER: At one point, Niania decided the safest thing was for us to do was to\nmove out into the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country . . . to move back to the village where she had grown\nup so we did that. How she explained us to other people, I don't know. You\ncertainly could not count on Polish peasants in the countryside to protect\nJewish children. She may have told people that we really were her children, but\nthat would have been a tricky thing to do since no one thought she was married.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know that we looked like her particularly. But, for a while, and I know\nit was through a winter . . . may have been the winter of 1943 . . . probably\nwas winter of 1943 . . . we lived in this village in Poland, which was extremely\nprimitive. We lived in a hut that just had a dirt floor . . . really hard dirt\nfloor with just a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clay fireplace . . . an oven where they would bake bread in\nthat same oven type of fireplace. I even think I remember animals being inside\nthis hut. We befriended a young boy who lived there, who perhaps was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe nine\nor ten years old at the time. He used to go out and steal eggs, and bring them\nfor me and Anita, and we used to play with him. I mention him because one day he\ncame, and said, \"You've been betrayed . . . the Gestapo will come and get you.\"\nHe did this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe five minutes before the action came. He then told us that we\nneeded to go, and hide in an underground . . . I don't know exactly what to call\nit . . . it was where they used to keep food. During the winter . . . I mean\nduring the summer . . . they would cut ice during the winter, and put it\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"underground in this underground chamber that would then be covered by wooden\ndoors. So we went, and hid there, when the Gestapo came for us.\n\nMARTINO: Just you and your sister, not the nanny?\n\nKEMPLER: Just me and my sister. Either the Gestapo left, or they were out\nsearching for us someplace else, but again, Niania came, and grabbed us, and we\nran down to the railroad station, and paced around for two hours until the train\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came. Then, we got on the train and went back to Krakow. I remember that was a\nvery frightening ride because on those trains . . . it was a passenger train . .\n. but Gestapo and Polish police were constantly patrolling each train . . .\nwould ask you for papers. You never knew how good your papers would be. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we\nwere not detected . . . [we] went back to Krakow. I think went back to Ruja's\napartment. My memory is really hazy just exactly where we were. I seem to\nremember some wandering around at that point. Finally, we basically knock on the\ndoor of a convent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Niania knew, and they took us in. Again, being a girl was\nimportant. They would not have taken us in if I had been a boy, if they knew I\nwas a boy. This particular convent was also operating an old age home, and they\nlet us stay there . . . like a big dormitory, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we would have bunk beds. We\nstayed there for quite a while, quite a while, and we would always pray that\nsomeone wouldn't betray us because I am not even sure we trusted the nuns. But\nwe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would leave, and go walking in the streets, and go to churches. I think, at\nthat time, the way we managed to survive was because my mother was working at\nthe place where they printed and distributed rationing cards. She managed to get\nus . . . money was not particularly useful unless you had ration cards . . .\nmoney wouldn't buy you food, you had to have the cards.\n\nMARTINO: So really your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nanny remained in contact with your mother all\nthroughout this period?\n\nKEMPLER: She remained . . . yes . . . she could go and contact her.\n\nMARTINO: Then your mother knew all along that you were alive, and you knew she\nwas alive?\n\nKEMPLER: Yes, yes. I think we saw her from time-to-time in the same way that I\ntold you about before. So now what happened was that it was coming up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on this\ntime of year, 1944, and at this convent, there were actually some other families\nwith children living there, but probably not Jewish . . . we didn't know. It was\ndecided at the convent that they wanted to put on a Christmas play, and my\nsister had to be in it. She wanted a main part. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was another girl there who\nalso wanted the main part, but my sister got the main part. A day later, the\nGestapo came, and picked us up. We were told later it was because of this\nincident. The mother of the other girl said, \"I know these children are Jewish,\"\nand went to the Gestapo. They picked us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up. I remember when the Gestapo came. It\nseems like they picked up more people than just me and my sister. But they took\nme into the Mother Superior's little office. When they did that, I thought, \"My\nGod, they are going to pull up my skirt to see if I am a boy or not.\" At that\nage, I really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn't quite sure why that was safer to be a girl. I really didn't\nunderstand circumcision. I didn't spend any time with other boys, and\nuncircumcised males. But I knew that it was a deadly thing, I knew that. So I\nremember being very afraid. They didn't actually do that. They asked me if I\nknew of any other Jews living there. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said I didn't know, or no, or something.\nI remember how frightened I was, and how relieved that they didn't check to see\nif I was a boy. So then they packed us up in a truck, and took us over to\nMontelupich, which was a medieval prison in Krakow, and put us in this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prison. I\nremember that first night, just pacing . . . pacing the floor, and not knowing\nwhat would happen to us.\n\nMARTINO: At this point, it is just you and your sister . . . you were separated\nfrom your nanny?\n\nKEMPLER: Just me and my sister. They did not take Niania.\n\nMARTINO: Were you taken with other Jews?\n\nKEMPLER: It was with other people. I imagine that they were also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews.\n\nMARTINO: Were there other children?\n\nKEMPLER: You see, I would not admit, even in the prison, that I was a Jew. There\nwas no such thing as, \"The game is up. Now I am going to confess that I am a\nJew.\" I always knew that it was best not to be a Jew.\n\nMARTINO: So both of you maintained that throughout?\n\nKEMPLER: I maintained.\n\nMARTINO: That's amazing!\n\nKEMPLER: I guess there was some magical thinking in there, too. I'm not sure\nthat was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rational, but that's what I believed. We were there for, I think, maybe\nas long as a couple of weeks. Some of what I know about what happened after\nthat, . . . I know from what people told me after the war . . . some from what\nRuja told me five ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years ago when I went back to Krakow. But one day, we were\ntaken out from this prison, and again, loaded onto trucks, and we were taken to\nPlaszow. When we got there, they unloaded the trucks . . . there were several\ntrucks. They opened up the gates, and they marched all the adults in but not the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children. At that time, it was 1944, so I was eight years old, and my sister was\nten. As I remember, there must have been maybe 15 children, including us, in\nthat group. They just had us standing there while the adults went inside the\ncamp. We stood there for some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, and finally, my uncle Sigmund came . . . he\nwas in that camp . . . and he took me and my sister into the camp. All the other\nchildren were taken over the hill and shot . . . we knew that, we knew that. The\nfollowing day, they had a whole mound of clothing, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I recognized from some\nof those children. In fact, they asked us to pick out some clothing for\nourselves. I couldn't believe it. What had actually happened, as I found out\nafterwards, was that, after we were picked up at the convent, Niania went to\nRuja, and told her what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened. Ruja had continued to stay in touch with\nSigmund. She was very devoted to him and to his family. So Niania and Ruja\nwatched the prison that we were in from that point on. When she found out that\nwe were going to be taken out to Plaszow, she managed to get a message through\nto my Uncle Sigmund so he knew that we were coming. He knew what was going to happen.\n\nMARTINO: Can we clarify ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what Plaszow was?\n\nKEMPLER: It was the arbeitslager [German: labor camp].\n\nMARTINO: It was a slave labor camp?\n\nKEMPLER: Yes, of course, yes, it was a labor camp. They constructed roads, dug\nditches, and did all kinds of stuff like that. It was also the camp which\nworkers were taken to Schindler's factories. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that kind of a camp. When\npeople couldn't work anymore they were taken to Auschwitz-[Birkenau].\nApparently, what had happened was that when my uncle found out that we were\ncoming, he went to the commandant, and my uncle was a very strong, determined\nman . . . and we were his sister's children. So he went to the commandant . . .\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was very important to the commandant, because he was an architect . . . an\nengineer, and he was made to direct some of these projects. He said to the\ncommandant, \"My niece and nephew are in this group. If you don't take them into\nthis camp, I will never work for you again,\" and they believed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. So we were\nthe only two who survived from that particular time. But perhaps one of the most\nawful things about it was that one of the women who was taken into that camp at\nthat time lost her children. We became very frightened of her because she pretty\nmuch lost her mind at that point, and focused her rage on us because we had\nsurvived. We were afraid of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her. We were at that camp again for a while, I don't\nknow exactly how long, before we were taken to Auschwitz-[Birkenau]. It was at\nthat time that . . . of course, I didn't know that at that time, but the Russian\nArmy . . . the Red Army was coming from the east. It was in January and February\nof 1945, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so one night, we were all marched out of this camp. We marched . .\n. I remember it was very cold, very cold . . . we marched from that camp to\nAuschwitz-[Birkenau], which was about [50 miles, 80] kilometers west of Krakow.\n\nMARTINO: Were you together with your uncle?\n\nKEMPLER: We were separated from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. He was taken to work on a project someplace\nin Germany, and was killed there. He did not survive. But we were with Rita, his\nwife, and with Zruka, our cousin. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember it was a long . . . it was a very\ncold, cold night. We ate snow. We had nothing else . . . we had nothing to\ndrink. There was a lot of snow on the ground. It was one of those marches where\nnot everyone was able to make it. People dropped off, people were shot. There\nwere actually times when I marched so long, I fell asleep just holding onto\nsomething because I would wake ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up, and find myself still walking. Eventually, we\ngot to Auschwitz-[Birkenau]. Now, Auschwitz-[Birkenau], at that time, I don't\nknow if they were still gassing people at that time.\n\nMARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are talking about 1945?\n\nKEMPLER: 1945, yes. But I still remember the smell . . . I think they were still\nburning people because I do remember that. My sister and I managed somehow to\nget a top bunk in this barrack. That was important because the bunks would\ncrash, and if you were in a lower bunk, you could get killed.\n\nMARTINO: When ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you arrived at Auschwitz-[Birkenau] with this group from the\nmarch, was there a selection process?\n\nKEMPLER: Yes, there was.\n\nMARTINO: You went through the selection process?\n\nKEMPLER: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: How did you get through it?\n\nKEMPLER: I don't know. That's why I am thinking they may not have been . . . I\ndo remember the railroad station. I remember walking down the railroad station.\nMaybe all they were doing was dividing male and female, I'm not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sure. At that\npoint, I was back to being a girl . . . I'm still a girl . . . so I went with my\nsister. But I remember the line-ups. I remember sometimes standing for hours. I\nremember the filth. I remember the lice. I mean killing lice was like a\nfull-time occupation.\n\nMARTINO: Can you describe for me a day in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp for you?\n\nKEMPLER: Not really. It gets to be a haze. I remember the line-ups. I remember\nthe meal times. They would come around with this big vat of soup. People would\nhave like little tin cans or a cup, and they would line up, and have the soup\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ladled out. It was very . . . it made a big difference whether the people who\nwere ladling out the soup would reach to the bottom, or just gave you soup from\nthe top. If they gave you soup from the top, it was just water. If you had it\nfrom the bottom, you might get a potato or a piece of cabbage, and it would make\na difference. These little things became very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important . . . whether you were\non the top bunk or the low bunk, whether you . . . it was important in the\nline-up to try not to be in the front row. I particularly remember feeling that\nI was very good at finding a place where I wouldn't be seen. I just had this\nfeeling that I knew where to be.\n\nMARTINO: Where there other, do you recall there being other children?\n\nKEMPLER: No, I don't remember any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children.\n\nMARTINO: Did someone take charge of you because it's very strange that you\nmanaged . . . ?\n\nKEMPLER: Not in the camp, not in the camp. No, in fact, we were at that point\nseparated from . . . we lost track of Rita and the daughter, Zruka. I think they\nmust have been taken right away someplace else in Auschwitz-[Birkenau] because I\ndon't remember them. We were pretty much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alone . . . my sister and I. I remember\nthe incredibly filthy latrines . . . it was just unbelievable. Every morning,\nafter the roll call, when we would be out there, they would send some people in\nto carry out corpses because always somebody died during the night either\nbecause of the crush, or because they just died. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that was only in terms of\nregular events . . . line-ups, sometimes for a couple of hours, shouts, people\ngoing in carrying out corpses, and mostly it seems to be back to the barracks at\nthat time. We just spent mostly time in the barracks.\n\nMARTINO: Do you recall people helping each other, sharing work?\n\nKEMPLER: I have been asked that question. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't. I don't remember that, but I\nwouldn't say that it didn't happen. I don't know that it did, and I don't know\nthat it didn't. The reason for that is that, it seems like my sister and I sort\nof closed off. We were together. We stayed in the same bed, in the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bunk. I\ndon't particularly remember trying to talk to anybody, or anybody trying to talk\nto us. All I knew is that there were people there but I cannot distinguish a\nsingle person who stands out for me.\n\nMARTINO: What did you . . .\n\nKEMPLER: I'm ready to take a break.\n\n[A break is taken, and then the interview resumes]\n\nMARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I was trying to ask you what you recall about what surrounded\nyou in terms of the people who were in charge, the Germans, whether there were\nkapos. Basically what I hear is that you felt as though you and your sister were\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"isolated in a little world of your own.\n\nKEMPLER: I do remember the kapos and there would be . . . each barrack would\nhave a block . . . a barrack leader, someone who was a prisoner. I remember\nfights. I remember people being beaten. There was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sense that anything could\nhappen at any time. The most important thing I remember was to somehow not be\nseen . . . not be noticed. There was nothing good that could possibly come out\nof being noticed . . . if you were kicked out of the line for any reason, that\nwe knew. I know I knew that.\n\nMARTINO: How did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fare in terms of your health, hunger?\n\nKEMPLER: I remember being very hungry, but I was used to being hungry at that\npoint. The big problem was that, on that march, I had . . . of course, we didn't\nhave great shoes or anything . . . on that march, I had developed an abrasion on\nmy left ankle, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it got infected. It just got worse and worse. I was tying\nrags around, dirty rags. By the time I finally got out of the camps, it was\npretty bad.\n\nMARTINO: Were you taken . . . I know they had what they called the camp hospital?\n\nKEMPLER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, I never was. I never wanted to . . . so I didn't want to be singled\nout for any reason at all. I remember the barbed wire, of course. But now, again\nthere was a change that took place, and people started talking about something\nwas about to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happen. Then, people began to be taken out of the camp . . . they\nwere marching out of the camp. I remember one night, very peculiar, because all\nof the sudden there were a lot of these packages that were coming in . . . there\nwere actually American packages. That was not in Auschwitz . . . that was in\nRavensbruck [German: Ravensbrück]. But anyway, we were marched . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one night\n. . . people were being marched out of the camp. My sister and I were not part\nof the march. People were lining up, marching out in rows of five. She and I\nnoticed that there was a row coming through that had only three people. For some\nreason, we stepped into that line, and we marched out of the camp. Again, there\nwas a long ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"march. We were taken to a railroad station, and were packed into\ncattle cars. You couldn't sit. Everybody was just packed in like that [he holds\nhis hands up parallel to each other, and close together to demonstrate]. We were\ntaken on this long train ride, which then ended up in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ravensbruck. I do remember\nwhen we finally got unpacked from that car, that there were quite a number of\npeople who were dead, and were some people who had been standing up dead until\nwe got unpacked. Looking back, I remember coming off the car, and looking back,\nand seeing corpses on the floor of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the car. Then, the remainder . . . this may\nhave been in March that this happened, I am not quite sure, maybe March of 1945\n. . . but the remainder of that time, we were in Ravensbruck. As you probably\nknow, Ravensbruck was a camp for women. I was probably the only male prisoner in\nthat camp.\n\nMARTINO: But you were still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disguised as a girl?\n\nKEMPLER: I was still a girl, or they wouldn't have let me in there. Though I was\nstill a child, and everyone's head was shaved. It really wasn't all that easy to\ntell male from female in those conditions. Everybody wore the same rags . . .\nstriped rags . . . everyone's head was shaved . . . everyone was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thin. We\nprobably couldn't tell that easily if you mixed people up who was male, and who\nwas female under those conditions. It was probably even easier with a child, so\n. . . because I wanted to, of course, I wanted to stay with my sister.\n\nMARTINO: Were there other children in Ravensbruck?\n\nKEMPLER: I don't remember any children.\n\nMARTINO: I just think it's so strange that you were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not killed because there\nwere so few children who survived. At Ravensbruck, did anyone take you under\ntheir wing that you remember?\n\nKEMPLER: I have very vague memories there that there may have been somebody in\nthe barrack that we were in that took some interest in us. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't say\nanything more about that than that. I don't remember any other children, and\nthat is strange.\n\nMARTINO: Were you made to work there?\n\nKEMPLER: No.\n\nMARTINO: You were not?\n\nKEMPLER: No.\n\nMARTINO: So how did you pass the time there?\n\nKEMPLER: Just sitting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the barracks.\n\nMARTINO: During any of your time at Auschwitz, Plaszow, and at Ravensbruck, were\nyou mistreated by the Germans . . . physically beaten . . . or abused?\n\nKEMPLER: I remember when we were picked up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the convent, that my sister put up\na fight, and she was kicked. I don't remember ever being abused in a direct\nphysical way myself, no.\n\nMARTINO: Where you were at Ravensbruck . . . I didn't ask you this earlier about\nAuschwitz . . . were you aware ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of being strictly among Jews, or were there\nnon-Jews where you were as well?\n\nKEMPLER: I don't really know that I thought about it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went through those\ncouple of years when we were hiding where I was . . . where I learned to pray\nlike a Catholic to the Virgin Mary. In some way, I continued to believe that if\nI did that, I would be safe. I wasn't particularly interested in finding out who\nJews were. I didn't really want to be associated with Jews. I knew it was\ndangerous to be a Jew, and I hoped that maybe I wasn't.\n\nMARTINO: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you really comported yourself as though you were a Catholic?\n\nKEMPLER: More in my own head. I don't know how you comport yourself as a\nCatholic in a concentration camp, but I know I didn't particularly want to . . .\nwhatever it meant . . . to act Jewish, or say I was . . . or find other Jews, or\ntry to figure out who was a Jew, and who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn't. At that age, and what I had\ngone through up to that point, that just was not a relevant . . .\n\nMARTINO: When you prayed, did you kneel? Did you cross yourself?\n\nKEMPLER: No, I didn't do that. It was really more all on the inside. I believed\nthe Virgin would keep me safe if I prayed to her. I didn't even know how to pray\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a Jewish God, and even if I did, I'm not sure I would have chosen to, because\nthat seemed like the safe thing to be.\n\nMARTINO: I still find it difficult to understand how you managed, the two of\nyou, not to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interrelate with other people. I wonder if it's your memory, or if,\nin fact, you didn't relate to anyone, and you don't recall interaction with\nother people in the camps. Were you aware . . . you said you were pretty much\naware of people being killed, of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smell in Auschwitz-[Birkenau], for example.\nDid you overhear people talking of what that was about? Did you have an\nawareness of what was going on?\n\nKEMPLER: Yes. I did have an awareness of that. When people were talking about\nhow not to . . . even in the camp . . . in Auschwitz, they would sometimes take\na row of people from the line-up, or just show up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the groundand pick up a\nbunch of people, and take them away, so people were always afraid of that, and\nwould talk about that. But I just cannot honestly tell you that I have any clear\nmemory relating to anybody, or having a special person who stood out for me. I\njust didn't. If that was so or not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so, I can't tell you. I just don't remember\nanybody. I just remember myself and my sister, stayed together, that we did what\nwe could for each other, and I don't remember anybody else.\n\nMARTINO: Did you have a sort of sense of relief of being at Ravensbruck as\ncompared to Auschwitz-[Birkenau] in terms of the atmosphere of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp, since\nit was not really a death camp like Auschwitz-[Birkenau] or was it still just as\nfrightening for you?\n\nKEMPLER: You have to remember I was eight years old. It was still a camp. I\ndon't think the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conditions were particularly better. I don't remember feeling,\n\"Great! The food is better here.\" I don't think we had any better clothing. I\ndon't remember feeling any safer or any better in Ravensbruck.\n\nMARTINO: Do you have any sense of any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resistance at any of the camps you were in?\n\nKEMPLER: No.\n\nMARTINO: Tell me if you thought during that time, if you had any thoughts of\nwhether or not you would survive?\n\nKEMPLER: I tried to survive from day-to-day. I didn't . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":". . I had hoped that I\nwould survive. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's hard to believe that you are not going to survive. It's hard\nto look back on one's own particular experience, and not to mix in what you know\nsince then about your picture. I didn't know what Germany was. I didn't know\nwhat the war was about. I didn't know how it was going. I didn't know that it\nwas close to coming to an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"end. I had no means for calculating anything. All I\nknow is that I am still alive today. I will do everything I can today to be\nalive tomorrow. I didn't have enough knowledge, or awareness to think about it\nany other way. I didn't know what this was all about. If you look back, it may\nseem ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that your question would be a natural question, but from that perspective,\nit was not a question.\n\nMARTINO: Did you talk with your sister about your parents, about where they\nmight be, whether they were alive or not?\n\nKEMPLER: I don't think we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did. I think we felt that that was gone. I don't think\nwe could think about this is going to come to an end. I don't think we had any\nway of thinking about that. I hadn't heard from my father since I was three. I\ndon't think I remembered him. As for my mother, I think I was thinking more\nabout Niania than I was thinking about my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother. Maybe if I was eight when the\nwar started, I could have been thinking that way. But . . . because of the age I\nwas, I don't think I could think about it that way at all. I had no idea what\nwas going to happen.\n\nMARTINO: You really had nothing to hold onto?\n\nKEMPLER: I had no idea what was going to happen. I had no idea what was\nhappening. I had no idea what was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to happen. I hoped that I would survive\nwhatever. I don't even think that I thought this would be over some day. I just\nwanted to survive from day to day. I did not think I would be out of this camp\nsomeday. I didn't know why I was in it in the first place. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the war was\ncoming to an end . . . this is where that strange thing was happening . . .\nwhere all the sudden, we were getting American care packages. All the sudden, we\nhad this food . . . it was lying in mounds inside the camp. That was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sign that\nsomething good was happening. That was a real sign. Of course, I didn't know\nwhat America was, or who these people were, or why this was happening. But that\nwas good sign that something good was happening. Almost immediately at that\npoint, we got packed into these buses, and taken out of the camp. I know now,\nand knew shortly thereafter, that it was the Swedish Red Cross, and we were\nbeing taken to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sweden . . . but I didn't know what Sweden was. All these buses\non their way up through Germany, and through Denmark were bombed. The people who\nwere too sick were placed in the luggage compartment. They became like hospital\nbeds. But then everyone had to get out of the bus, and go on the side of the\nroad because we were being bombed. I don't know who was bombing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. When we got\nto Sweden, I didn't know where we were. I had never taken a course in geography.\nI didn't know the map of Europe. But when we did get to Sweden, I did feel that\nsomething was over, that it was over . . . that it was over.\n\nMARTINO: Were you told anything by any of the people that took you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there?\n\nKEMPLER: When we got to Sweden, we were all given medical examinations, and then\nit was discovered that I had tuberculosis, and my sister did too. So we were\ntaken to a sanitarium in southern Sweden. I stayed there for two-and-one-half\nyears. I was very, very sick. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there was nobody else there who spoke Polish.\n\nMARTINO: How did people communicate with you?\n\nKEMPLER: They didn't.\n\nMARTINO: You only spoke Polish?\n\nKEMPLER: Sure, but I learned to speak Swedish very quickly. I spoke Swedish\nafter about three months there . . . enough to just be understood. I guess\ngradually ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during that time, I began to feel that I was safe. But I wasn't that\nsure. It wasn't a dramatic . . . the war is over, these are my friends. I\ncontinued to be very watchful. I wasn't sure that it was safe. I also realized\nthat I was very, very sick, and, in fact, they expected me to die. I know that\nfor a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact. I was told that afterwards. This was before the penicillin,and all\nthe drugs that are now very effective with tuberculosis. At that time, they\ndidn't exist.\n\nMARTINO: When did you stop the disguise? When did you go back to being a boy?\n\nKEMPLER: When I got to Sweden.\n\nMARTINO: When you got to Sweden?\n\nKEMPLER: There was no disguising when they took me to the doctor . . . were\ngiven ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"baths.\n\nMARTINO: Did it just come naturally to go back to being a boy? It must have been\nsome sort of an adjustment?\n\nKEMPLER: I didn't have to go back to speaking Polish like a boy, because then I\nhad to learn to speak Swedish, so that was not a problem. I don't remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that\nbeing . . . it did feel . . . I think it was a relief. I can remember a little\nbit of that feeling. I was placed in a large hospital room with nine or ten\nother Swedish boys who also had tuberculosis. I remember that feeling that I was\nwith boys, and I was a boy, and that that felt right. I didn't have to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disguise\nthat any more. But I think it was actually in this hospital for the first time I\nunderstood what it was about being circumcised because I didn't know that up to\nthat point.\n\nMARTINO: How was that?\n\nKEMPLER: It . . . I felt different. Not that . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how did I feel about that? I\nfelt . . . I remember, for a while, in Sweden . . . for quite a number of years\nafter that, I felt self-conscious about that . . . didn't want to be seen.\n\nMARTINO: Did the kids say anything to you?\n\nKEMPLER: Yes, there was some antisemitism in Sweden. When I started going to\nschool there, I would occasionally hear nasty things about Jews. So it was not\nwithout . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually it was in Sweden where I gradually became more clearly\naware of what it meant that I was Jewish, and what it meant to be Jewish. For\none thing, because I was growing up so I understood that.\n\nMARTINO: During this time, you remained with your sister still, or you were separated?\n\nKEMPLER: My sister was in the sanitarium, but she was not as sick as I was so\nshe went up to a school for Polish refugee girls near ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stockholm [Sweden]. She\nleft after about eight months in the sanitarium. I remained there for about\ntwo-and-one-half years but we wrote to each other. I did know how to read and\nwrite, though I cannot tell you how I learned because I still had not gone to\nschool, but I remember that I was very desperate to learn to be like the other\nboys. So I picked up this book . . . it was a Swedish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"book. I started reading it\neven though I didn't understand it, the words in it. But I would sit there, and\nI would read it for hours. I would make out the words, and I think that really\nhelped. One reason I learned how to speak the language so quickly was because\nothers did it. I'm not sure . . . I didn't have a conscious intent, but I was\ngoing to learn able to speak the language that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way.\n\nMARTINO: So then you were really alone, separated from your sister?\n\nKEMPLER: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: With no knowledge of whether anyone else in your family was alive? Did\nyou feel abandoned? What was your feeling about yourself vis-a-vis the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world?\n\nKEMPLER: The nearest I can tell you is that I felt that this is how it was. I\ndid not think about where my parents were. I wanted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get along with these\nboys, who were in this hospital. I wanted to learn to speak their language, I\nwanted to be like them, and I wanted to not die from the illness I had . . .\nthose were the main concerns. In fact, when we found out that both my parents\nwere alive, I didn't quite know what to do about that. I didn't know what to do\nwith it.\n\nMARTINO: How did you find ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out?\n\nKEMPLER: My sister wrote to one of the . . . or somebody wrote for her to one of\nthe missing refugee offices that were set up all over Europe. My father meantime\nhad come back from Siberia, and he'd found my mother was still in Krakow. They\nhad no idea where we were, and probably guessed with reasonable probability,\nthat we were not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alive. Then one day, they were contacted by one of these\nbureaus with information that we were both alive, and living in Sweden.\n\nMARTINO: When was this?\n\nKEMPLER: This would have been 1946. But I can't remember . . . I may have\nforgotten . . . but I do not remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feeling like a great joy about it. I\nreally did not remember my father. When they finally did come, and visit me in\nthe hospital . . . I was still in the hospital . . . I really couldn't speak\nwith them. I had forgotten how to speak Polish. That was this big reunion scene\nwhen everyone expected to see a joyful reunion, and I basically didn't know what\nto do.\n\nMARTINO: You forgot how to speak Polish?\n\nKEMPLER: Yes. I spoke Swedish, within about three or four ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"months, just about\nfluently. I forgot how to speak Polish.\n\nMARTINO: Do you speak it now?\n\nKEMPLER: Yes, I speak it now. So I really didn't know how to communicate with\nthem when they came to visit . . . which would have been . . . not to visit,\nwhen they came to live, which was about three years after the war, about a year\nand one-half.\n\nMARTINO: So your parents came to live in Sweden?\n\nKEMPLER: Then they moved up to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stockholm, and my sister moved in with them. I\ndidn't come up until maybe a year later . . . then, of course, my Polish did\ncome back. But, I spoke Swedish. When I finally got to school, I always got the\ntop grades in Swedish grammar, and Swedish composition. I was very good at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it.\n\nMARTINO: Did you adjust relatively well then in Sweden, would you say?\n\nKEMPLER: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: You liked it there?\n\nKEMPLER: Yes, I liked it. It continued to be . . . I continued to feel very\ndifferent, and a foreigner . . . but, of course, I was learning. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learning\nhow to live just as a child, under normal circumstances . . . so I was learning\neverything. Nothing was to be taken for granted . . . how to play games, how to\ntalk, how to be in class, how to . . . everything was just totally new. So I was\nvery focused on that. I was very focused on doing well in school. I was very\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eager to do well in school.\n\nMARTINO: You had a lot of catching up to do?\n\nKEMPLER: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: Now, how long did you live in Sweden with your parents?\n\nKEMPLER: I was in Sweden all together for seven years . . . five years with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my .\n. . about four and one-half years with my parents, and then they came here and I\ndid, too.\n\nMARTINO: What prompted them to come to America?\n\nKEMPLER: I think it was partly because we just wanted to get out of Europe. A\nlot of people just wanted to get out of Europe. You were not really entitled to\nSwedish citizenship. There was a process of applying. There was also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a feeling\nthat took place to go to America . . . everyone wanted to go to America . . . it\nfelt safer . . . it was a place to start over again. My father had some very\ndistant cousins here. He felt there that there would be better opportunities for\nhim to get started again in some kind of business. Though actually, we applied\nfor immigration ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"visas to Australia, as well. I think the main motivation was to\nget out of Europe. In fact, we did get immigration visas to Australia, and had\njust about decided to go when the American permits came through, too. So that\nwas our first choice anyways. We came here.\n\nMARTINO: Where did you come to?\n\nKEMPLER: First, we spent a week ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on Ellis Island, which was about the last year\nEllis Island was still operating, because when we came to New York . . . it was\nright before Christmas, 1951 . . . everyone was rushed. The customs people\ndidn't want to be there, the immigration people didn't want to be there. They\nthought they found something wrong with my father's papers so they shipped us\nout to Ellis Island, where we spent a week ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basically in that prison, looking out\nover the skyline of Manhattan [New York City] . . . while everyone was home for\nthe holidays . . . not knowing whether we would be sent back. Finally, people .\n. . the officials got back out there, and they checked our papers, and found\neverything in order. We just crossed the river, and dropped us in lower\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Manhattan. That's where we got started in this country.\n\nMARTINO: How did you adjust to that change?\n\nKEMPLER: It was not easy. New York is not an easy place to adapt to. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had taken\nsome English in high school in Sweden, but it wasn't that much help because\npeople spoke so rapidly, and had all kinds of different accents than I had\nlearned in the classroom in Sweden. So for all intents and purposes, we did not\nspeak the language. My sister and I were determined that we were going to, very\nquickly, learn to be like everybody else . . . assimilate. We went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school\nwithin a month of coming here, and learned to speak English. Very quickly, by\nthe end of that school year, my sister had won an essay contest. We were just\nadaptable . . . we just learned to be adaptable. We wanted to be adaptable.\nThere was a definite desire, there was a definite drive, and that is a choice\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not everyone made coming out to New York. Some people headed out to Brooklyn, to\nbe part of the enclaves of Orthodox Jews or Polish Jews. You can do that in New\nYork, just go there, and never even learn to speak English. I think partly maybe\nbecause my parents were assimilated, more worldly people before the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war, and\njust our desire to live a normal life like everybody else, that it never even\noccurred to us to go and find the group. So it was difficult, but I didn't go\naround, and think, \"This is very difficult.\" I just did it.\n\nMARTINO: Did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you ever talk about your war experiences with your family, with\nyour parents?\n\nKEMPLER: Yes, we did. I remember in Sweden, there were other refugees in Sweden.\nThe socializing my parents did tended to be with them. So people would get\ntogether in each other's houses, and recount their experiences. We began to hear\nfrom our father what he had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done in those six years. Some people wanted to talk\nabout it a lot. We didn't. My sister and I particularly didn't. After we came\nhere, my parents continued to socialize with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other refugees . . . I think they\nprobably did. Once I went away to college, and didn't live with them anymore, I\ndid not particularly talk about it, and wasn't really interested in thinking\nabout it for many, many years. Not until maybe ten year ago, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I really began\nto . . . actually what happened was I began to wonder, \"Do I remember all this\nright? Did this happen? Were we really in that convent?\" That's when I wrote . .\n. I knew that I had . . . Zruka, my cousin, had survived, and she was living in\nIsrael. For some reason, I thought, \"I have this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cousin, and she is living in\nIsrael. Her father was my Uncle Sigmund. Sigmund saved my life. I don't even\nknow what she is doing. I have no idea what is going on with her.\" I wrote her.\nOddly, she didn't write me back because she doesn't like to write letters. But\nshe sent . . . I can't remember now if she called me one day, or how we\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"connected, but we did. So then I began to think more about it. I found out about\nYad Vashem, and decided that it was very proper for me to honor Niania and Ruja.\nNiania had died right after the war, but then I found out that Ruja was still\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alive and living in the same apartment where we had been hiding for a while. So\nI wrote up their stories, and my story, and what they had done, and I sent it to\nYad Vashem. They were both accepted as \"Righteous Gentiles.\"] Then I decided to\nvisit Ruja in Poland, which I did in 1986. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's when I had this strong feeling\nof reconnecting with a part of my life. Because I was already speaking a third\nlanguage, and all those memories were so far away from who I was, and how I\nspoke, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and everything else . . . I began to really wonder, when I thought about\nit, if that really ever happened. Am I embellishing it in some way? So the\nquestions that you asked . . . how did you survive as a child? . . . children\nweren't really supposed to survive in some of these places. So when I when back\nto Krakow, I went back to visit Auschwitz. There wasn't a thing that I remember\nthat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had not happened . . . everything was exactly that way, including hiding in\nthat apartment, living in a convent. In fact, when we were at the convent, we\ntalked to an older nun, who had apparently come as a young woman to that convent\nshortly after we had been taken away. They were still talking about it as news,\nand they had written it in a journal. So when I identified myself to this nun as\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being that child who had been taken away, she was just astonished . . .\nastonished, I remember that . . .\n\nMARTINO: That you survived?\n\nKEMPLER: . . . that I'd survived. Here I was back 41 or 42 years later. It was\nvery important to . . . in fact, this is one of the main values of going back to\nthese places, was to take that part of your past from this never ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never land of\ndream, fantasy, nightmare . . . because it feels that way. But to actually be\nthere . . . I went around Krakow . . . I saw buildings that my Uncle Sigmund had\nbuilt. I went to the apartment where we had lived and I remembered. I saw that\nbalcony where I had played as a child of two or three. I went to the park where\nwe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had met, and seen my mother from a distance. It was not an unpleasant\nexperience. It was a very reality-affirming experience. Then I went to Israel. I\ntook Ruja with me, and she planted a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tree, and her daughter came with us for\nthat. I met Zruka . . . found out from her how her mother had died. It was kind\nof amazing that, for about 40 years, I didn't think about it. I wasn't\ninterested. It didn't occur to me that people like Niania, and Ruja ought to be\nrecognized ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and acknowledged.\n\nMARTINO: You are talking about the program Yad Vashem has for the Righteous Gentiles?\n\nKEMPLER: Yes, right. So it was sort of like in some sort of a separate\ncompartment which had an unclear status about whether it was real or not. It\nfeels much more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"real now. But it's not really easy to talk about as one story.\nWhen I was at the children's conference, that was a big thing, everybody wanted\nyou to tell your story. It's difficult to do that, not because you get\noverwhelmed by your feelings . . . everyone thinks that that's the problem . . .\nbut you end up talking about it like a story. Then you kind of feel strange,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like you're reciting something, or like you're stringing things together which\nyou didn't experience that way. It's not easy at all to do that. Or you tell it\nwithout any feeling at all, and that feels very strange. Or people ask you\nquestions which, without them knowing it, are not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relevant. Sometimes they\ninsist that they're relevant no matter what you told them, because that's how\nthey understand something. So it's a problem. You don't quite know how to have\nit, how to be with that past. Including why did I survive when so many others\ndidn't? There must have been at least ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five or six moments when I had no business\nsurviving at all.\n\nMARTINO: Let me ask you another question. You were singled out for being a Jew.\nHow do you feel about that? Did it, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe not then but at a different time in\nyour life, or does it now, change your practice, or your feelings towards Judaism?\n\nKEMPLER: I identify as a Jew. I feel that I am a Jew. I never felt I had any\nchoice about that. I am not a practicing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jew, for many reasons . . . my parents\nweren't . . . my father practiced, but he was not an Orthodox Jew . . . I didn't\ngrow up with that around me. The paradox is that my life was determined by the\nfact that I was a Jew, but I didn't live a Jewish life. I lived the very\nopposite. I tried not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to live a Jewish life, and that's hard to undo. I don't\nstruggle with that too much, that's just how it is. But at the same time, I do\nfeel that I am a Jew, and I am proud of being a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jew. I feel the historical\nconnection. Anytime I have tried to do anything more than that about it . . . to\npractice . . . I was bar mitzvahed . . . when I was in Sweden . . . I learned\nHebrew and I was bar mitzvahed, but I have forgotten now. Anytime I had, either\nout of guilt or some other reason, I decided I ought be part of this group in a\nmore real way, it has felt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forced. I can't help it. I just don't. So I have not\ndone it.\n\nMARTINO: Did you ever apply for and receive war reparations?\n\nKEMPLER: Yes.\n\nMARTINO: What are your feelings about that?\n\nKEMPLER: I did. I didn't . . . my parents did and they did get some money for\nme, and my sister on the grounds ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of lost educational opportunity, which I felt\nvery mixed about at the time. Part of me just didn't want any money from the\nGermans. I shouldn't even say mixed. I mostly didn't want it, and I personally\ndidn't do anything about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. It was all done for me by my father . . . to get, I\nthink, a couple thousand dollars back in the 1960's, which helped me to go to\ncollege. That's all about that.\n\nMARTINO: Do you think that another Holocaust is possible, and if so, why or why ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not?\n\nKEMPLER: I don't think so. Not on that scale, not like that. I think we can have\noutbreaks of persecutions, they are happening right now probably in the Soviet\nUnion, but not on that scale. I don't honestly believe that can ever happen\nagain, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just simply don't. To this day, people cannot understand how that\nhappened. It's not like saying a recession will happen, you know, certain kinds\nof combinations of circumstances will make that happen again. This feels beyond\nthat. So, I mean I do get a little worried, when people like David Duke come by,\nto read ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about neo-Nazis running around the streets of Germany beating up\nforeigners, talking about being foreigner-free. Yes, I think it can happen in a\nlocal way, here and there, it probably will, but not on that scale, I don't\nbelieve it can happen again.\n\nMARTINO: How important is the existence of the state of Israel in your opinion?\n\nKEMPLER: It's very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important . . . it's very important to me. I make my\ncontributions . . . and my trip there . . . I felt proud of my people, felt\nproud of their strength. It is good to know that there is a place to go to . . .\nthat is a very real feeling. Yes, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/transcript/24760/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would do all kinds of things to support the\nstate of Israel.\n\nMARTINO: I want to thank you for your time, and allowing us to interview you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6630.0,6660.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrakow is the second largest, and one of the oldest cities in Poland. It is situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region, and dates back to the seventh century. Prior to World War II, approximately 56,000 Jews lived in Krakow, almost one-quarter of the total population of 250,000. The Jewish population increased to approximately 70,000 people by November of 1939, reflecting the concentration of Jews who fled or were driven from the countryside into the city and its suburbs, and the arrival of Jews deported east from the District Wartheland (a part of German-occupied Poland that was directly annexed to the so-called Greater German Reich).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAnita Kempler Lobel, Bernhard’s sister, in her memoir No Pretty Pictures: A Child of War (Greenwillow Books, 1998), says that their father owned a chocolate factory.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat [Hebrew] or Shabbos [Yiddish] is the Jewish day of rest and is observed on Saturdays.  Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day.  Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night, and is ushered in by lighting candles, and reciting a blessing.  It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Germans occupied Krakow in September 1939, many Jews fled east to Russia ahead of the Germans, while other Jewish refugees arrived from other towns in Poland. The 70,000 Jews in Krakow at the beginning of the war were not put into a ghetto a first but their lives were highly restricted, and they were put to work for the Germans. Some without work permits were expelled to Lublin, and other places between November 1940 and April 1941. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSiberia is an extensive geographical region, consisting of almost all of North Asia. Siberia has been part of Russia since the seventeenth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamarkand is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan, and the capital of the Samarkand Province. The city is most noted for its central position on the Silk Road between China and the West, and for being an Islamic center for scholarly study.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Republic of Uzbekistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Between 1924 and 1991, it was part of the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police.”  It was established in 1934, and placed under Heinrich Himmler.  With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ghetto was formally established on March 3, 1941 in Podgorze, a poor part of town. The ghetto was closed off, and 12,000 Jews were forced into it. Another 6,500 Jews from the area were transferred into it, and the population rose to over 18,000.  The conditions were terrible with disease and starvation rampant. On June 1, 1942, 2,000 Jews without work permits were sent to Belzec. Two thousand more Jews followed on June third and fourth, and hundreds more on June sixth. Hundreds were shot on the street. The ghetto was downsized. In October 1942, another 7,000 Jews were sent to Belzec during which the orphanage, and old age home were emptied. The hospital patients were murdered in the ghetto.  In December 1942, the ghetto was divided into two parts: one for workers and one for non-workers.  On March 13, 1943, the workers’ ghetto was liquidated, and the Jews were sent to Plaszow labor camp.  They had to leave their children behind.  Any Jew found in the workers’ ghetto after the deportation was shot on the spot.  On March 14, 1943, the Jews in the non-workers ghetto were ordered to assemble in the ghetto square.  A few dozen were sent to Plaszow, a few hundred were killed, and the rest—about 2,300—were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Anyone found in hiding was murdered on the spot.  The ghetto was officially considered liquidated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSigmund Greenberg\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe deportations of Jews from the ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau and Monowitz (Auschwitz III).   Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau.  The Main Camp is where the museum is today and has the famous ‘Arbeit Macht Frei’ gate.  The Main Camp was established on the site of existing Polish army barracks just outside the town of Oswiecem (renamed Auschwitz by the Germans), and could hold about 10,000 prisoners. Later, when Hitler and Himmler wanted to expand the size of the camp they built Auschwitz-Birkenau about two and one-half miles away from the Main Camp.  This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp and where the four gas chambers and crematoria came to be located.  Originally, Auschwitz-Birkenau was supposed to be a huge pool of political prisoners, and Russian prisoners-of-war to be used for slave labor, but sometime in 1942, it was decided that it was the perfect place for the ‘Final Solution’—the extermination of the Jews. The morgues attached to the crematoria, which had been built to handle the expected high mortality in the camp, were adapted into gas chambers.  Finally, Monowitz (Auschwitz III) was created in a pre-existing industrial area. The most important factory in the complex was Buna, in which the Germans were trying to manufacture synthetic rubber.  The work in Buna was brutal because it was mostly heavy construction but the Germans didn’t care how many prisoners died of privation, starvation, and disease because they could always get more labor from the Main Camp and Birkenau.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSchindler’s List is a 1993 American epic historic drama film directed and co-produced by Stephen Spielberg and scripted by Steven Zaillian. It is based on the novel, Schindler’s Ark, by Thomas Keneally, an Australian novelist. The book and film are based on the life of Oskar Schindler, a German factory-owner and Nazi party-member , who is credited with saving the lived of 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust by giving them jobs in his factories. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePlaszow was in a suburb of Krakow, Poland.  It was established in October 1942 as a detention place for Jewish forced laborers in the district. Only in 1944, was it transformed into a full-fledged concentration camp when Jews from the Krakow ghetto were sent there. The Plaszow railway station had already served as a transit point for deportations to Belzec, and there was a small camp there for Jewish railway workers. The new camp was situated nearby on the site of two Jewish cemeteries.  On February 11, 1943, Amon Göth (Goeth) (of Schindler’s List fame) became the commandant.  Göth was replaced by Philipp Grimm and Kurt Schuppke.  Plaszow was expanded in 1943 with the arrival of Jews from Krakow, and held 10,000 prisoners. Jews from the district, and Hungary were also sent there. Up until the summer of 1943, almost all the prisoners were Jewish. In comparison to other camps, Plaszow’s inmate population included a comparatively high proportion of Jewish women and children. Plaszow was the site of mass executions and individual random violence. In 1944 it was transformed into a concentration camp.   The camp was evacuated in August 1944 with 8,000 inmates being sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Mauthausen and Stutthof concentration camps.  On January 1, 1944 there were only about 700 inmates left.  It was liberated on January 17, 1944. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Montelupich prison, so called from the street in which it is located, the ulica Motelupich [Polish: street of the Motelupis or street of the Montilupi family] is a prison located in Krakow, universally recognized as one of the most terrible German prisons in Poland, which was used by the Gestapo throughout the Second World War. Prisoner in Montelupich included political prisoners, members of the SS and Security Service (SD) who had been convicted and given prison sentences, British and Soviet spies and parachutists, victims of Gestapo street raids, soldiers who had deserted the Waffen-SS, and regular criminals.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring July and August 1944 a number of transports of prisoners left Plaszow for Auschwitz-[Birkenau], Stutthof, Flossenburg, Mauthausen and other camps.  The last prisoners were evacuated in January, 1945 and the camp was dismantled.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau has stopped receiving transports in early November 1944.  The gas chambers and crematoria buildings were dismantled and blown up by January 1945 and by mid-January the prisoners in Auschwitz-Birkenau were being marched out by the thousands to camps farther to the east in Germany.  In fact, 178 female prisoners and two boys arrived from the Plaszow camp to the Birkenau women’s camp on January 17, 1945, on which day the last roll call was held.  Bernhard’s sister, Anite Lobel, says too, in her book No Pretty Pictures: A Child of War (1998) says they arrived at Auschwitz-Birkenau on a January night in 1945 and were shoved into an empty barracks for the night.  The next morning they were put back on a train bound for Ravensbruck concentration camp.  This is confirmed in the Auschwitz Chronicle for January 18, 1945, p. 785.  Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by the Russians on January 29, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter deportation trains arrived at the killing centers, guards ordered the deportees to get out and form a line. The victims then went through a selection process. Men were separated from women and children. A Nazi, usually an SS physician, looked quickly at each person to decide if he or she was healthy and strong enough from forced labor. This SS officer then pointed to the left or the right; victims did not know that individuals were being selected to live or die. Those who had been selected to die were led to the gas chambers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA kapo was a prisoner in a concentration camp who was assigned by the SS guards to supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks in the camp. The kapo system minimized costs by allowing the camps to function with fewer SS personnel. It was designed to turn victim against victim, as the kapos were pitted against their fellow prisoners in order to maintain the favor of their SS guards.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eProper Name: Ravensbrück.  Ravensbruck was established in 1939, and approximately 120,000 women of 40 nationalities passed through it.  The women were put to work in the textile and armaments industry.  In 1943, the population of the camp tripled with the conditions deteriorated drastically. When the number of women exceeded the barracks capacity, they were put in tents, and slept on the bare ground.  They died in droves every day.  The infirmary was the source of women for experimentation by German doctors.  At the end of the war, the camp population was swelled by Jewish women who were marched out of camps to the east, and driven there, and dumped.  In January 1945, preparations were made to start mass executions, and many were murdered by injection of poisons, or shooting. There was a small gas chamber installed in early 1945 in which about 5,000 to 6,000 women were murdered. In March 1945, thousands of women prisoners were marched out of Ravensbruck, and sent to Mauthausen and Bergen-Belsen where they were abandoned. On April 27 and 28, another 20,000 women prisoners were marched out in a northwesterly direction. On May 1, 1945, the Russian army liberated the last 2,000 prisoners left in the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the spring of 1945, a program known as “White Buses” was undertaken by the Swedish Red Cross, and the Danish government to rescue concentration camp inmates in areas under Nazi control and transport them to Sweden, a neutral country. The program was initially targeted at saving citizens of Scandinavian countries. Between April 22 and 28, 1945, about 7,500 women, including about 1000 Jewish women, were liberated from Ravensbruck. They were rescued in Red Cross white buses, by trucks, and by trains. The term “White Buses” originates from the buses having been painted white with red crosses to avoid confusion with military vehicles. They were ferried from Copenhagen to Malmö in neutral Sweden. Once there, they received clothing, food, and medical attention, and then were sent to recuperate in different locations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe last two Swedish transports from Ravensbruck were attacked by Allied fighter planes while enroute from Ravensbruck to Sweden.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Consumption’ was the popular term for tuberculosis since the disease caused the wasting away or ‘consumption’ of its victim. Tuberculosis is a potentially fatal contagious disease that mainly affects the lungs. It can usually be cured with antibiotics but, before they were discovered in the 1940’s, tuberculosis was the single most common cause of death in the United States. Today, it is still a killer, causing about 3 million deaths around the world yearly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA medical facility for long-term illness.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePenicillin is a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. 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Each county typically attaches various conditions to their visas, such as duration of stay, the territory covered by the visa, dates of validity, etc. Immigrant visas are issued to those intending to immigrate to the issuing country.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEllis Island in New York Harbor was the gateway for millions of immigrants to the United States.  It was the nation’s busiest immigrant inspection station from 1892 until 1954.  Today, it is a museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYad Vashem is Israel’s official memorial to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust, established in 1953 through the the Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance Authority Law passed by the Knesset, Israel’s Parliament. As One of  Yad Vashem’s principal duties it to convey the gratitude of the State of Israel and the Jewish people to non-Jews who risked their lives during the Holocaust to save Jews in countries that had been under Nazi rule, or that had collaborated with the German regime.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYad Vashem set up a public Commission, headed by a Supreme Court Justice, to consider applications for recognition of non-Jews as “Righteous Among the Nations.” Niania and Ruja received this status. Today, people who are recognized as “Righteous Among the Nations” are awarded a specially minted medal, and a certificate of honor, their names are added to the Wall of Honor in the Garden of the Righteous at Yad Vashem, and they receive honorary citizenship of the State of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/annotation_set/457/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the early years after the establishment of Yad Vashem, trees were planted by some of the Righteous or their families on the Mount of Remembrance. 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The German laws regulating the implementation of Protocol No. 1 were know by the acronym of their German title, “Bundesentschaedigungsgesetz,” or BEG, the Federal Law for the Compensation of the Victims of National Socialist Persecution.  The final deadline for application under the BEG was December 31, 1969.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=6420.0,6450.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/index/47805","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Kempler, Bernhard [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/index/47805/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Early 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in ghetto","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=987.0,1472.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/index/47805/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it was not until 1941 that people were gradually for one reason or another . . .because they couldn't work or because they hadn't had work papers and so on . .. were forced to move into the ghetto.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial 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But one day, we were taken out from this prison, and again, loaded onto trucks, and we were taken to Plaszow.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial 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were at that camp again for a while, I don't know exactly how long, before we were taken to Auschwitz-[Birkenau].","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818#t=3094.0,3878.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39348/file/110818/index/47805/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Auschwitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daily life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"marching","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"selection 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. this may have been in March that this happened, I am not quite sure, maybe March of 1945. . . but the remainder of that time, we were in Ravensbruck.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial 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