{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/rj48p5x74j/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Spiegel, Helen Wasserman and Frank"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2000-10-24 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Spiegel, Frank (Interviewee)","Spiegel, Helen Wasserman (Interviewee)","Martino, Erna (Interviewer)","Einstein, Ruth (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eErna Martino and Ruth Einstein interview Frank Spiegel and Helen Wasserman Spiegel in Atlanta, Georgia on October 24, 2000.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eFrank Spiegel was born Franz Spiegel on June 8, 1920 in Fuerth, Germany. He was the oldest of three children born to Amelie Rosenfelder Spiegel (1897-1975) and Albert Spiegel (1885-1974). When the Nazis came to power, Frank’s parents quickly realized they needed to leave Germany. With the help of a distant relative, Frank was able to immigrate to the United States shortly before Kristallnacht in 1938. Frank was sent to Monroe, Georgia to participate in a National Youth Administration program. He later moved to Atlanta and in the fall of 1941, Frank’s parents, sister Marianne (1924-2010), and brother Werner (1921-2016) arrived in the United States and settled in Atlanta. In the summer of 1943, Frank enlisted in the army. After bootcamp, he was stationed in Galveston, Texas, where he met Helen Wasserman.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHelen was born in Nuremberg, Germany on July 19, 1923, the oldest daughter of Selma Graussmann Wasserman (1900-1992) and Hans Wasserman (1887-1968). Shortly after Kristallnacht in 1938, Helen, her sister Edith Wasserman Meyers (b. 1927), and their parents immigrated to the United States and settled in Boston, Massachusetts. Her grandmother, an uncle and an aunt also escaped Germany and settled in Boston. After finishing high school, Helen went to live in Galveston, Texas with family friends.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the war and his discharge from the army, Frank and Helen married in 1946 and moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where they lived with Frank’s parents. Frank began working as a traveling salesman for an electrical equipment business and Helen raised their three children. After 45 years with the same company years, Frank retired as an executive vice president.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe Spiegels were active members of the Atlanta Jewish community. Helen was an early supporter of the Hebrew Academy, a founding member of a synagogue, a chapter and regional president of Hadassah, and a board member of the Jewish Home. In 1996, Helen was honored for her services to the community as a runner for the Olympic torch. The Spiegels helped establish a women’s shelter, Rebecca’s Tent, at Congregation Shearith Israel. After his retirement, Frank volunteered for Clark Howard and Meals on Wheels and served as president of his neighborhood association. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHelen and Frank enjoyed spending their later years with their seven grandchildren. They also both eagerly shared their stories with adult and school groups all over Atlanta. Helen died in 2017 and a year later, Frank passed away.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eFrank talks about leaving Germany in 1938. He explains why he left without his family. Frank recounts his arrival in the United States. He recalls coming to Georgia. Frank talks about settling into American life and working to bring his family to the United States. He shares why he enlisted in the army. Frank traces his family roots and the Jewish community of Fuerth, Germany. He remembers his army service in Europe. Frank recollects the end of the war and his return to the United States. Helen introduces her family and background. She illustrates the antisemitism in prewar Germany. Helen recounts Kristallnacht. She remembers her family coming to the United States. Helen discusses her teenage years in America. She recalls the Boston Jewish community. Helen explains why she spent the war years in Galveston, Texas. Frank and Helen discuss their introduction and engagement. They reminisce about their early years in Atlanta. Helen details her achievements. Frank mentions his volunteer work. Frank shares stories about discrimination he witnessed in the South and in the war. Helen describes different events she has witnessed. Frank and Helen reflect on their identities. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29312"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eErna Martino and Ruth Einstein interview Frank Spiegel and Helen Wasserman Spiegel in Atlanta, Georgia on October 24, 2000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrank Spiegel was born Franz Spiegel on June 8, 1920 in Fuerth, Germany. He was the oldest of three children born to Amelie Rosenfelder Spiegel (1897-1975) and Albert Spiegel (1885-1974). When the Nazis came to power, Frank\u0026rsquo;s parents quickly realized they needed to leave Germany. With the help of a distant relative, Frank was able to immigrate to the United States shortly before Kristallnacht in 1938. Frank was sent to Monroe, Georgia to participate in a National Youth Administration program. He later moved to Atlanta and in the fall of 1941, Frank\u0026rsquo;s parents, sister Marianne (1924-2010), and brother Werner (1921-2016) arrived in the United States and settled in Atlanta. In the summer of 1943, Frank enlisted in the army. After bootcamp, he was stationed in Galveston, Texas, where he met Helen Wasserman.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHelen was born in Nuremberg, Germany on July 19, 1923, the oldest daughter of Selma Graussmann Wasserman (1900-1992) and Hans Wasserman (1887-1968). Shortly after Kristallnacht in 1938, Helen, her sister Edith Wasserman Meyers (b. 1927), and their parents immigrated to the United States and settled in Boston, Massachusetts. Her grandmother, an uncle and an aunt also escaped Germany and settled in Boston. After finishing high school, Helen went to live in Galveston, Texas with family friends.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the war and his discharge from the army, Frank and Helen married in 1946 and moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where they lived with Frank\u0026rsquo;s parents. Frank began working as a traveling salesman for an electrical equipment business and Helen raised their three children. After 45 years with the same company years, Frank retired as an executive vice president.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe Spiegels were active members of the Atlanta Jewish community. Helen was an early supporter of the Hebrew Academy, a founding member of a synagogue, a chapter and regional president of Hadassah, and a board member of the Jewish Home. In 1996, Helen was honored for her services to the community as a runner for the Olympic torch.\u0026nbsp;The Spiegels helped establish a women\u0026rsquo;s shelter, Rebecca\u0026rsquo;s Tent, at Congregation Shearith Israel. After his retirement, Frank volunteered for Clark Howard and Meals on Wheels and served as president of his neighborhood association.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eHelen and Frank enjoyed spending their later years with their seven grandchildren. They also both eagerly shared their stories with adult and school groups all over Atlanta. Helen died in 2017 and a year later, Frank passed away.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrank talks about leaving Germany in 1938. He explains why he left without his family. Frank recounts his arrival in the United States. He recalls coming to Georgia. Frank talks about settling into American life and working to bring his family to the United States. He shares why he enlisted in the army. Frank traces his family roots and the Jewish community of Fuerth, Germany. He remembers his army service in Europe. Frank recollects the end of the war and his return to the United States. Helen introduces her family and background. She illustrates the antisemitism in prewar Germany. Helen recounts Kristallnacht. She remembers her family coming to the United States. Helen discusses her teenage years in America. She recalls the Boston Jewish community. Helen explains why she spent the war years in Galveston, Texas. Frank and Helen discuss their introduction and engagement. They reminisce about their early years in Atlanta. Helen details her achievements. Frank mentions his volunteer work. Frank shares stories about discrimination he witnessed in the South and in the war. Helen describes different events she has witnessed. Frank and Helen reflect on their identities.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/263/740/small/Spiegel_FrankandHelen2.mp4_1740459828.jpg?1740459831","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 2 - Spiegel_FrankandHelen2.mp4"]},"duration":7016.667,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/263/740/small/Spiegel_FrankandHelen2.mp4_1740459828.jpg?1740459831","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/263/740/original/Spiegel_FrankandHelen2.mp4?1740459717","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7016.667,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Spiegel, Frank and Helen [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Spiegel_FrankAndHelen.mp4","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=0.0,5.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Today we are interviewing Frank Spiegel, S-P-I-E-G-E-L. Today is Tuesday, October 24, 2000. We are at 752 Briar Park Court, Atlanta, Georgia. Good afternoon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5.0,23.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Good afternoon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=23.0,26.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Frank, where were you born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=26.0,29.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  In Fuerth, in Bayern [German: Bavaria], in Germany on June the 8th, 1920.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=29.0,36.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  When did you come to America?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=36.0,40.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I came to America on October 8th, 1938.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=40.0,45.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  What was the mode of transportation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=45.0,48.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  At that time ... Well, to go back a little bit, actually, I had a ship booked for October 1st, but that week was the Munich conference with [Neville] Chamberlain and [Adolf] Hitler and all that. Things were becoming very unstable in Germany and everybody got very nervous about the possibility of a war. I remember that on Rosh HaShana 1938--I think it must have been the second day of Rosh HaShana in 1938--my father called me out of the synagogue and told me to go right now down to the police department and pick up my passport. I already had a passport and a U.S. visa, but even after I got the U.S. visa, I had to turn it back into the police for them to hold it till I leave. So, he wanted me ... Because once they gave it to you, had to leave immediately. So, he wanted me to go down there to the police department, pick up my passport, which I did. I left the day after Rosh HaShana from Fuerth by train. That night, I went to Cologne [Germany] and stayed with a cousin of my father overnight. The next day, I took another train to Holland, to the Netherlands, where we had some friends of the family and stayed with them. At least, I thought I could stay with them. However, they lived right on the border of Holland and Germany and they were very nervous about a war. In fact, right there, maybe 100 yards from their house, the army was digging ditches, so they [said,] \"This is not a good place to stay. You better go on to Rotterdam [Netherlands], where your ship leaves from. Even so, you got a whole week to spend in Rotterdam till your ship leaves you. You're better off there than staying right here in case something happens.\" So, I took the train to Rotterdam, but I only had the equivalent of ten dollars in my pocket, which was, even at that point, not a lot of money. So, I did go to the Jewish agency there, and there were a lot of refugees coming, and going, and this sort of ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=48.0,198.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Where?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=198.0,198.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  In Rotterdam. [I went] to see where I could stay as cheap as possible. They gave me an address of a place. Well, I guess it was like a bed and breakfast, but I had a cot on a porch in somebody's house and maybe I got a little something to eat there, too. I don't know. I don't really remember, but I do remember that on about the third day or so I was staying there, I got bitten up with lice. So, I went out, tried to find another place. I couldn't find another place and I ended up spending the next two nights in a park because I didn't want to go get eaten up with all the lice. Plus, the fact I spent two and a half of my ten dollars on some cream in a pharmacy to take care of all the bites. So, then I was able to get on the ship the day before and finally get a berth there. About eight or nine days later, we arrived in New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=198.0,278.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Your father came out of shul [Yiddish: synagogue] and asked you to go get your passport?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=278.0,282.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  No, I was in shul. Actually, it so happened that, at that time, my father went to one shul and I went to another shul. I went to the Orthodox shul and my father went to the Conservative shul, but he sent somebody up to tell me to come out and go get the passport.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=282.0,301.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Were other people doing similarly?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=301.0,304.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=304.0,306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Were other members of your family also?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=306.0,310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  No, I was traveling by myself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=310.0,312.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Why did your father choose you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=312.0,314.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Because I was the oldest one and I really was the only one who had legal papers to leave. We really didn't have a lot of relatives in the United States. A relative who finally gave us the papers was a relative of another cousin of ours, kind of dug up, so to speak, and talked him into it. At that time, he said, well, when I'm 18, since I was the oldest, he would give me the papers. At that time, we didn't really understand the urgency of it because that happened in 1936 or 1937. But when it was 1938 and I became 18, without us even asking, he did send us the papers and I got my affidavit and the visa. So, I was prepared to go whereas the rest of my family didn't have any papers to leave.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=314.0,372.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  What was the atmosphere at home around the time, when you were getting ready to leave?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=372.0,379.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, it was a nervous type of atmosphere. I was still working, actually, to the few days before I was ready to leave. I had a job in a toy export business, which was owned by Jewish people, and we were still working. See, this was all prior to Kristallnacht, so we were still in our apartment. We could still go shopping. I would still go to the sportplatz [German: sports field], and to the athletic field, and go to work on bicycles, and would go to synagogue, and all that. I guess we found it normal by that time, which it really wasn't normal, but we got used to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=379.0,431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  When you came to America, what were your arrangements? Did you go to this relative, this cousin?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=431.0,441.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, we landed in Hoboken, New Jersey. At that time, they would call your name to come up because your relatives had to let you off. I mean, they let all the regular business passengers off and the American citizens off. All of us waited till we were called to come off the boat. There was that cousin of my father's, who was instrumental in finding the other relative, who gave me the papers, and the other man, whose name was Walter Spiegel. They were both on the pier to receive me and they had to sign some papers for me or something like that. From there, we got on the subway through the Hudson Tunnel. When we got to 14th Street, this other man, who had given me the papers, he said, \"Well, come down here and see me tomorrow. I got to get off here and get back to work.\" He left me with my father's cousin, whom I really didn't know either. He first took me to his house, where I guess we had something to eat or something. I met his wife and his son there. Then, he said, \"I'll take you over to the Bronx. I've rented a room for you with another young German couple, who had come a few years earlier. They got an extra room for you and it's three ...\".","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=441.0,535.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Where in the Bronx?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=535.0,535.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  It was on Nelson Avenue. I don't know if you're ... Off the Grand Concourse someplace. I don't think I could find it any more today. He says, \"Well, it's three dollars a week.\" I said, \"Well, I only got about six or seven dollars left. But I guess maybe I'll find something to do in the meantime.\" So, I got that room. The woman who rented the room to me, she worked as a waitress in a cafeteria. Well, to start early, I met a friend of mine, whom I had known from Germany, who also lived in that neighborhood. He says, \"I'm leaving the job that I presently have, and you can go tomorrow morning, and say you're coming in my place.\" The job was ironing ties. So, I went there and said ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=535.0,594.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  In the Bronx, or on the East Side, or ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=594.0,595.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  It must have been close by or something like that. I went there and I said, \"Eric's not coming anymore, but he told me to come.\" [They asked,] \"Can you iron?\" I said, \"Sure, I can iron ties.\" Well, I ironed a tie, and I put a crease in it, and I ironed the crease over, and I have two creases. So, at noon--he kept watching me--he gave me 50 cents and he said, \"You can't do this job. Look for something else to do.\" That was my first job. But then the lady I was rooming with, she was a waitress in the cafeteria, as I said. She came one evening and said, \"There's a man who always comes in the cafeteria every day and he's looking for some workers, temporary between now and Christmas to assemble fountain pens.\" Well, that I could do, so I got this job about the end of October till Christmas to assemble fountain pants. That worked alright. I was making maybe about eight or ten dollars a week, and at least I could pay my room and board and do all that. However, after Christmas, he laid everybody off because who needs to give away fountain pens after Christmas? So, I went to the Jewish agencies, who had bulletin boards and all sorts of things as to where they might have a job that I could apply for. They said, \"New York is really a tough town right now to get jobs for young people\"--it was 1938, 1939, because it was still Depression--\"and we really don't have much. Would you leave New York if we sent you someplace else and pay your fare?\" I says, \"I'll go anyplace where I can try to make a living.\" They says, \"Well, we are putting together, in January, a transport of 24 young men to go to Georgia, to work on farms, and learn English, and work through the NYA project.\" The NYA Project was a National Youth Administration, which was a [Franklin] Roosevelt New Deal thing in order to get young people off the street and teach them jobs. I says, \"Yeah, I'll be glad to go there.\" So, they said, \"Okay, we're going to give you a bus ticket from New York to Atlanta. Once you're there, we will see that you get five dollars a month so you can pay for your haircut, and toothpaste, and the little things that you need.\" So, I agreed to come. Can you stop it for one minute, please? I'm going to have to ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=595.0,781.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Alright, you were telling me about the youth program that brought you down to Georgia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=781.0,786.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right. Well, we took the bus to Atlanta. I remember we had a transfer in Charlotte, North Carolina in the middle of the night.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=786.0,795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  The year was nineteen ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=795.0,798.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  January 1939. We were young men and we walked around from like 12 till 2:00 between busses in downtown Charlotte. I don't guess you would do it any more today. But we came to Atlanta the next morning. Ed Kahn, who was at that time ... He was everything of the Jewish Community Center here in Atlanta at that time. He picked 12 of us up with a pickup truck at the Greyhound station, took us down to the [Jewish Educational] Alliance, which was on Capitol Avenue at the time, took us across the street to Siegel's restaurant, and fed us some dinner or lunch, whatever it was, and then drove us to Monroe, Georgia, where we were enrolled at the Monroe A\u0026M, Agriculture and Mechanical School, which was the NYA project. There, we worked on farms, cleaned out stables. In the afternoon, we went to high school and we also went to a mechanical shop to learn woodwork, mechanics, and automobile mechanics. We stayed there for six months. I've got a picture here--can you see it close enough that way--of me and one of the other fellows who was with us at that NYA project.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=798.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Tell me about language. When you came to America, did you have any English?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=907.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I had high school English, and my professor always said that I will never learn English. In fact, he flunked me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=912.0,923.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  My English was very bad.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=923.0,931.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, that is how much he knew!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=923.0,923.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  But how did you communicate with the other people in your group?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=931.0,937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I don't remember exactly anymore, but we must have been able to communicate. Possibly, if I didn't know the right words, some of the other fellows did and help me till I learned better communication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=937.0,950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  During this time ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=950.0,952.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  There were 12 of us in Monroe. The other 12 I had mentioned 24 before, they went to a similar school in Tifton, Georgia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=952.0,961.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  I see. During this time, did you communicate with your family in Fuerth?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=961.0,965.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I was able to communicate with them, yes. In fact, that was after Kristallnacht. It was difficult, but I did communicate by mail. Yes, I was able to do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=965.0,986.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  What kind of letters were they writing at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=986.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Very brief, \"We're fine and everything is okay.\" You know, very little. \"See what you can do to get us some papers.\" That was ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=990.0,1001.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  That was the refrain?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1001.0,1001.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  That was the refrain most of the time. I did get them papers, but it got to be a very complicated affair because they did get visas and, when they were supposed to go through Holland, they couldn't go through Holland because the war had broken out and the Germans had moved into Holland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1001.0,1022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  What year was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1022.0,1022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  That was in 1940. Yes, that was in 1940.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1022.0,1025.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  You were able to obtain papers for them here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1025.0,1028.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1028.0,1029.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  On the basis that you were already here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1029.0,1030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right, and, I mean, through the help of the same person who had given me the papers. Then, when that fell apart, they got a visa to go through Russia and Japan, and by the time they were able to book passage for that, the Germans moved into Russia and that canceled that one. They, finally, were able to go through Spain and Portugal on one of the very last trains that left Germany and one of the last ships that left Europe, because they left in August of 1941, which was just before the World War broke out with Japan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1030.0,1079.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  'They' meaning your mother ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1079.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  My mother, and my father, and my brother, and my sister.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1080.0,1084.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  I see. So, there was a family of four that you were able to bring out with the help of this cousin?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1084.0,1089.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1089.0,1090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  And your mother's name was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1090.0,1092.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Amelie.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1092.0,1094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Amelie [what]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1094.0,1094.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Spiegel, née Rosenfeld.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1094.0,1097.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  And your father?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1097.0,1098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  My father's name was Albert.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1098.0,1099.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Albert. And your brother, who is still alive?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1099.0,1102.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Werner. He lives here in Atlanta. I don't know if you know him or not. My sister Marion lives in Detroit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1102.0,1109.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  When they came to America, did they join you in Georgia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1109.0,1114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes, they came to Georgia. In fact, that's why I bought this chair, as I was telling you. I bought some used furniture and we lived on Washington Street. Of course, I don't know if you remember Washington Street or not. In fact, we lived upstairs in a house of Ed Creek's mother. I'm sure you knew Ed Creek.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1114.0,1141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  His mother and his grandfather lived in that house. They lived downstairs and they rented us the upstairs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1141.0,1150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  [Yes].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1141.0,1141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Is this something they did regularly or they just did it for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1150.0,1154.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I really don't know. I know the apartment was empty. Maybe they rented it before to somebody. I don't know, but they rented it to us. I still remember we paid 22 dollars a month for the rent of that apartment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1154.0,1172.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  I guess that is why you became a businessman, because you remember these figures. Your parents became independent eventually?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1172.0,1180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  My parents became independent. In fact, I've got a picture here of my father where he worked in a store. Here it is. I pulled out a couple of these old pictures the other day. This happens to be my father, who worked at Macleff's, which was a little department store on Decatur Street during the war. You might want to take a picture of that because that's a very unique picture there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1180.0,1210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eRuth:\u003c/strong\u003e  Is it all right if we take those pictures and make photographic copies at the museum?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1210.0,1214.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes, that'll be all right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1214.0,1216.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eRuth:\u003c/strong\u003e  We can do that. It will come out better then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1216.0,1217.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  At a certain point, I was told you joined the army?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1217.0,1224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1217.0,1217.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  That's right. Well, actually ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1224.0,1225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Tell us about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1225.0,1225.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I beg your pardon?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1225.0,1227.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Can you tell us more about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1227.0,1228.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Alright. Actually, in 1942, I had to volunteer for the army because I was not a citizen. In Georgia, they didn't draft non-citizens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1228.0,1242.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  You wanted to join the army?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1242.0,1244.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, I felt it was the right thing to do at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1244.0,1248.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  You 'had to,' meaning that that was the only method?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1248.0,1251.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  No. I had a job. I felt the war was important enough for me to become part of it and join because I had a lot of interest in it and I felt we needed to defeat Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1251.0,1268.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  What kind of interest?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1268.0,1269.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, I mean, we needed to defeat Germany. That was the prime interest in joining the army. I wanted to do my part in doing this, so in 1942, I volunteered. Actually, it took the army nearly a year to get me in, even after I volunteered during the war. They were very ... They had to check. The FBI [Federal Bureau of Investigations] had to check me and this because they were afraid that people would come as spies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1269.0,1301.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Because of your German background?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1301.0,1302.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Because I was a German background.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1302.0,1305.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Your original passport was a German passport?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1305.0,1307.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Was a German passport. See, I only had a German passport at that time, so they had to investigate me and all that. Then, they accepted me and drafted me into the army. I was drafted into the army in 1943. I came through ... Well, I was sent to a basic training camp in Fort Wallace at Camp Wallace, Texas. It so happened that's where I met Helen, because she lived down in Texas at that time. I was in other camps in the United States, and then was sent over to France, and was in France and Germany. I actually ended up in Ludwigslust when the war was over in 1945. Ludwigslust is East Germany, or was East Germany, and it was part of the area that we turned back over to the Russians at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1307.0,1369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Before we come back to when you met Helen in Texas, I would like for you to tell me a little bit about this family tree. I noticed that your family went back, had roots in Germany to the 1500s ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1369.0,1387.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1387.0,1389.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... and that the earliest relative mentioned on that family tree was a rabbi.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1389.0,1395.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, actually, this family tree is a copy. My grandfather had a family tree, which was written in Hebrew. This information was copied by me with the help of my uncle on a piece of drafting paper. In fact, I was in high school when I copied that tree at that time from Hebrew into German with the help of my uncle, and got all the dates and the names, and put it all together. In fact, I still got that old paper someplace. It's kind of falling apart, but I do have it. Then, I took that piece of drafting paper with me when I came to the United States. I didn't take the original Stammbaum [German: family tree] that my grandfather had with me. My mother said \"Oh, keep it here.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1395.0,1471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Stammbaum is the German word for family tree or roots.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1471.0,1475.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1475.0,1476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Roots. The tree with roots.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1476.0,1478.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  My mother wouldn't let me take it. She wanted to keep it. I did not argue about that, but I did take that piece of drafting paper with me. Later on, I can show you. I got another one similar to this, which is still on the original drafting paper, which I got hanging in the basement downstairs. It's on the other side of the family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1478.0,1503.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Did you take many things with you when you left Germany?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1503.0,1505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  When I left Germany, I was able to take quite a few things with me. I had one large container where I had some silverware of my parents' in it, some glassware of my parents', Chinaware, a lot of my own clothes, and things of that sort. Actually, the things that we've got here, that you see that are still from Germany, I brought a lot of them out with me when I left because I could still do it. When my parents came, they came with nothing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1505.0,1541.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  When they gave you those things, where they already planning that they would join you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1541.0,1545.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  They were hoping that they could join me. Sure, they knew they didn't have any life left in Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1545.0,1553.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  What kind of religious life did you have in your community, in Fuerth?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1553.0,1561.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, Fuerth was a very unique town. Fuerth was one of the few towns in Germany where Jews were never expelled. Therefore, the population of Jews in Fuerth was roughly ten percent of the population. It was, percentage wise, a very large population. Now, Fuerth was not a big town. It only had 70,000 population, but out of 70,000 population, they had 7,000 Jews and they had seven synagogues. So, religion ... and they had a Hauptsynagoge [German], or the main synagogue, which was what we would call Conservative here. Even so, it probably wasn't as Conservative as we have Conservative here, because men and women sat separately--the women were upstairs--and everybody wore a hat and a tallis. So, it was it was a little more than Conservative, I would say. Maybe call it traditional or whatever you might want to call it. The rest of the synagogues were smaller synagogues, but they were all Orthodox. In other words, we were shomer Shabbas. We had two kosher butcher shops in town. We had a kosher bakery in town. We had a kosher ... What would you call that store? I mean, just a general store. It was quite a known religious town. In fact, back in the 1700s and 1800s, they even had a printing business where they were printing Jewish books, and tefillah [Hebrew: prayers], and things like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1561.0,1695.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eRuth:\u003c/strong\u003e  Can I ask a question? Why were you going to an Orthodox synagogue and your father was going to a Conservative synagogue?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1695.0,1700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Good question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1700.0,1701.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eRuth:\u003c/strong\u003e  It is kind of opposite.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1701.0,1701.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes. We were because we went to a Jewish school and all our friends were Orthodox, so we went with them to the Orthodox synagogue. But my father wasn't, so he went to his own synagogue. He said, \"You want to go to that synagogue? Go to that synagogue.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1701.0,1721.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right. Your brother did as well?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1721.0,1723.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  My brother did, too, yes. But we went there primarily ... I mean, we were kids 13, 14, 16 years old. You wanted to go where you where your classmates went.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1723.0,1748.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right. How did you feel as a Jew in the U.S. Army?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1748.0,1755.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  There were others in my outfit. We were not discriminated against. I don't think I ever had any problem while I was in the U.S. Army. They knew we were Jewish and I don't think it made any problem. We never gave it a second thought.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1755.0,1776.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right. I was thinking more about you being actively involved in defeating the Germans, as you indicated that you were eager to serve in the army because you wanted to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1776.0,1791.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, when I first was in the army, I was in anti-aircraft. I got stationed out in Los Angeles to protect the California coast, which was a nice job. Then, later on, we went over ... Then, later on ... I always was in a mechanical outfit. I was. Even while I was in anti-aircraft, I was a mechanic there. Later on, I was put in an ordnance division and sent overseas with the ordnance division. I worked ... You know, we were fixing guns and tanks that were damaged during the war. But my job, once we got overseas, especially once we got to Germany, was as an interpreter. I worked primarily as an interpreter because I was the only one in our company who could speak German.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1791.0,1846.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  What kind of assignments? They brought you papers to translate ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1846.0,1849.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1849.0,1850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... or communicate ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1850.0,1850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Communicate with the population. I was ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1850.0,1856.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  This was still during war time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1856.0,1857.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes. In other words, when our company moved into a town to set up shop, so to speak, we had to find a place where to set up shop: a large parking lot where they had some covered places like a garage or something nearby. We also needed buildings, quarters for the people to stay. So it was a job. There were three of us--a second lieutenant, a driver, and myself--who were called as advance guard to go from this town to that town where we were ordered to move to and establish a place to set up troops. We usually went a day before or the night before, drove through the night, and then found a place where the company could set up shop, and actually told the German people in that particular area to get out, that they had 12 hours to get out--or less time if we wanted them out faster--because we were going to take over those apartment buildings for the troops. That was my job.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1857.0,1939.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  That was your job. And you were wearing an American uniform?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1939.0,1941.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I was wearing a uniform, carrying a gun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1941.0,1944.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  So, you did not have any sense that here you were, a Jew person, telling these Germans ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1944.0,1948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  No, they didn't know who I was. But it was a very satisfactory job.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1948.0,1958.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Did you have any unusual experiences beyond that during your tour of duty in the army?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1958.0,1966.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, I guess every experience was somewhat unusual and different. I had one woman shoot herself right in front of me when I told her she's got to move out of her apartment. I mean, that was no fun either and I did ... When we moved into Ludwigslust that I mentioned earlier, which was the last town we moved to, there was a work camp--not a concentration camp; but a work camp--with Jewish DPs [displaced persons] and we brought them out. I never did go in the camp itself. They told me that there were bodies still there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1966.0,2011.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  You mean this was like a slave labor camp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2011.0,2014.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Like a slave labor camp. I never did go in the camp itself, but I was interpreting some of the people who came out and made reports on that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2014.0,2029.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Ludwigslust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2029.0,2030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Ludwigslust ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2029.0,2029.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... is located where?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2030.0,2031.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  In Mecklenburg.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2031.0,2035.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Which is what part of Germany?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2035.0,2039.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  That's northeast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2039.0,2048.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Okay, and ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2048.0,2049.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  It actually goes all the way up to the Baltic Sea.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2049.0,2056.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  At what point were you discharged?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2056.0,2059.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, after the war was over, they brought us back to France, to Marseilles, to be exact and they put us on a ship to go to Japan because there was still a war with Japan. We were very fortunate. The war was over the day we went on the ship. In fact, that's when we learned that they dropped the atomic bomb and they wanted ... The Japanese sued for peace. They told us about that. The actual peace treaty was signed while we were aboard ship on the way to Japan. We were not coming to the United States. We were going through the Panama Canal. The ship I was on was south of Cuba when it was ordered not to go through the Panama Canal, but to come back to the United States because they had signed a peace treaty with Japan and they didn't need the troops over there anymore. So, we actually were one of the very first ships to come back to the United States. We were very fortunate that way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2059.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  You came into ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2130.0,2131.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I came into Boston.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2131.0,2133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Boston Harbor?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2133.0,2134.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2134.0,2135.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Very interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2135.0,2137.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  So ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2137.0,2138.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Then, did you go back to school on the G.I. Bill?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2138.0,2141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  No, I never did. I never did. We came in Boston and frankly, I didn't have enough points. You had to have points to get out of the Army. I didn't have enough points there. So, first I got a 30-day furlough, got another 30-day furlough. Then, I was shipped all the way out to California to just waste your time because they didn't know what to do with us. In fact, while I was in the Army, while I was in California and they needed help out there in the ... to harvest the vegetables and stuff like that, I was working in a vegetable factory, cutting the ends of carrots.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2141.0,2184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  As part of your army ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2184.0,2186.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  No, not as part of my army thing. Just, in the afternoon, they would let us go at like at 2:00. [They would] say, \"Okay, you can go.\" I was making money, so I would go to work at 2:00 in the afternoon at a vegetable factory. When I got there, I worked in the carrot factory, cutting off the tops of carrots.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2186.0,2207.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Until?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2207.0,2209.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Until I got discharged. Then, when I got discharged, I went back to Atlanta, where my parents lived at that time. I moved back in with them and, a month later, I got married.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2209.0,2221.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Ah ha! That is where we want to join you with your beloved. So, we will wait until then. Is there anything that we left out that you wanted to talk about in your early life? Any famous people from Fuerth that might be well known in terms of music, art, religious world?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2221.0,2244.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, the one who went to the same school as I did and also went to the same synagogue, stood in the row before us was Henry Kissinger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2244.0,2257.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Ah ha! I knew there was a famous person from Fuerth and I was waiting for you to say it. So, you were a contemporary of Henry Kissinger?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2257.0,2266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, Henry Kissinger is about three years younger than I am. But, yes, I knew him there as a little boy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2266.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  All right. We are now speaking to Helen Wasserman Spiegel. Helen, would you tell us where you were born and when ... where you were born and what your early memories of home were like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2280.0,2297.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  I was born in Nuremberg, Germany in 1923. My parents were quite well-to-do. I grew up very protected, very looked after. I had ... My sister and I shared a governess who was very concerned that we are nicely mannered, say, \"Yes,\" and, \"Please,\" and, \"Thank you.\" We went to a public school the first four years, really till 1933. Nuremberg, as you probably know, was the town where Julius Streicher was the governor, so to speak. So, all the [anti-]Jewish laws were first tried out in Nuremberg. If they played well there, they then came to the other cities. So, we were one of the first cities that wouldn't allow Jewish children in public schools.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2297.0,2363.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  How old were you then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2363.0,2365.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  I was ten and ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2365.0,2369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  In 1933.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2369.0,2371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  In 1933 ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2369.0,2369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... started the Nuremberg Laws?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2371.0,2371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes, and for a while they let the children of Frontsoldaten [German; front-line soldiers], which was the [children whose] fathers had been soldiers in the First World War and were serving on the front … My father happened to have done that. He was a corporal, which was very ... Or something like that. Anyhow, he was above ... a noncommissioned officer, I would say. So, I could have maybe gone then into high school, but that would have ... We knew would have lasted only a year or so. So, my parents decided to enroll me in a Jewish school, high school, Realschule [a German secondary school], which was in Fuerth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2371.0,2425.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Not in Fuerth?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2425.0,2426.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes, in Fuerth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2426.0,2427.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Fuerth?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2427.0,2428.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes, because Nuremberg didn't have a Jewish school. They just started then in 1937 to have a school, but that was only for the lower grades, not a high school, because they didn't have enough teachers left to teach. So, everybody from Nuremberg had to go to this school in Fuerth by streetcar. It was sort of like Atlanta and Decatur [distance wise], I would say. You can compare. You know, Nuremberg was Atlanta, Fuerth was Decatur. It was a smaller town, but it had a much more active Jewish population, you know, and that's why they had this program, which the school really at first was just intended for boys, for religious, for Orthodox boys. But then when all this came up, they had to change, and had to take in girls, and also taking children who came from what you would call Reform, but we would have ... It was more like Conservative and they all had to come to this Jewish school. It was very overcrowded. In fact, in my class, there were 41 students there, which was a lot of students for one class.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2428.0,2512.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  What language did you speak at home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2512.0,2515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  German, of course.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2515.0,2516.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Always?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2516.0,2516.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Always.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2516.0,2518.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Did your parents also speak German?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2518.0,2521.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, my parents, of course, also spoke only German. Yiddish was really only spoken by Jews who came from East Germany, what was called Ostjuden [German: Eastern Jews].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2521.0,2540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  You parents were born in Nuremberg also?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2540.0,2542.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  My father also had a family tree, but it was never written down. I couldn't ... You know, I never saw it, but he always said that his great-great-great-great-grandfather was one of the first Jews to settle in Nuremberg because he delivered the mail. So, he ... It's a cute German word. He was a [unintelligible]. In order to facilitate his deliveries, they gave him the permission to settle in Nuremberg.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2542.0,2579.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  That was when, in the 16th century?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2579.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  No, probably towards the end of the 17th, beginning of 18th century. Then, you know, like we say, \"If you bring in one, there come the others.\" Then, slowly, there were more and more Jews settling in Nuremberg.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2580.0,2597.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  When you went to the school in Fuerth then, did you learn Hebrew? Did you learn ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2597.0,2603.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, we never ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2603.0,2605.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  What did you learn there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2605.0,2606.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  It wasn't ... It was ... You know, now, in retrospect, it must have been a very good school because really, we had teachers, we learned French, English. We had algebra, biology and everything that the other high schools and Realshules had. We had excellent teachers. We even had one German teacher there who taught German literature. He was put in, interestingly enough, by the German government to oversee the others so that there was nothing badly talked about the German government. Of course, he was ... I felt sorry for him in a way. He was rather ostracized, you know, and sort of by himself. But he was an excellent teacher and I don't think he ever denounced anybody. The reason he got this job, which he hated as much as they hated him, was because he wasn't quite clean enough to teach in a German school apparently. He must have had something on his record. It wasn't bad enough to put him in jail, but the closest they could come is to put him in a Jewish school. That's why he taught there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2606.0,2689.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  I see. Did you have siblings?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2689.0,2692.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  I have a younger sister. She's four years younger than I am.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2692.0,2696.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Was she also with you in this school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2696.0,2696.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  No, because she wasn't old enough to go to a high school. She went then to this Jewish elementary school in Nuremberg.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2696.0,2705.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Did they start that school before the ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2705.0,2707.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2707.0,2710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  As a way to add ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2710.0,2712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  They had to, you know, because this was only an upper high school. There was no elementary school there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2712.0,2720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  What do you remember from then on? What was the atmosphere in the community among the Jewish people in your family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2720.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, after 1935, really, when a lot of people, a lot of my father's friends lost their jobs because, you know, there came the law that you couldn't hold a civil service job. My father had lots of friends who were lawyers. In fact, one was a judge and one taught at a university in Erlangen, and they all lost their jobs. So, then, my father, who was very optimistic that all this would end, I think, finally saw the daylight. After 1936, he really tried very hard to find a relative to get out of Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2730.0,2774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Where did he try to go?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2774.0,2775.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  He tried ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2775.0,2776.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  What were his options?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2776.0,2778.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  The only options were really America because there he knew a few people. I must say, my father never thought of going to what was then Palestine because he said that the climate would kill him and working on a farm was not what he was brought up to be, so he ... and besides the fact that to get to Palestine at that time, you really had to do business with foreign countries in order to accumulate enough money to buy yourself that visa. So, as I said, America was the only one and South America, where we also had a relative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2778.0,2822.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Your parents’ names were?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2822.0,2824.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Hans and Selma Wasserman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2824.0,2828.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  You said that they had been in Nuremberg for many generations?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2828.0,2833.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Not my mother. My mother came from another town nearby called Bamberg. Incidentally, my father ... It was funny, when we went back to Germany, my father was distantly, not too distantly, was cousins, fifth degree, I think, with a very famous writer, Jakob Wasserman, who was, of course, then during Hitler's time, not allowed to be read. He was, you know, burned on … the books were burned. They now have an actual cult about this, all this. They have museums and everything. When we were in Fuerth, when I was in ... When this man, whose wife was in charge of our group, found out that my maiden name was Wasserman and my father was related, we were invited to his house and he had every book that man ever wrote. He had pictures of him and he absolutely worshiped him. That's done all over Germany now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2833.0,2898.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Could you explain why you were in Fuerth, and what prompted this visit, and who this man was who was in charge of your group?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2898.0,2911.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  The reason we went to Fuerth was because my husband comes from Fuerth and he was ... Most cities in Germany now have a program which they invite their ex-citizens that they kicked out very informally and nonchalantly out of the country. Now, they formally invite them, and dine and wine them, and ... really with the purpose of showing them that this is a different Germany and that they have learned from the past. So, we were invited and they had ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2911.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Let's see, now. Four years ago. No, in 1996. What they have usually is they have one person in charge of making the ... They're always a group of--I mean, depending on the size of the city--from 15 to 40 people. Then, they have a woman or a man in charge. In this case, it was a woman who is like the city archivist, and she makes this her business to ... She really puts [does] it because she wants to. I mean, she puts a lot of time in it, I must admit. Her husband is the head surgeon of the hospital. He's the one who, when he found out, you know, invited us to his house and showed us his temple to Jacob Wasserman, which I thought was very funny.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2948.0,3001.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  When was this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2948.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  That is very interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3001.0,3001.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Did you also go back to Nuremberg?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3001.0,3003.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3001.0,3004.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  How did you feel when you went there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3004.0,3008.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  First of all, I was furious that they ... the fact that Nuremberg was totally demolished in the war, you know, because they really ... The Allies knew that this had been the hotbed of Nazism and that this Streicher was one of the most ferocious antisemites and propagandist for Aryan superiority, even though he didn't even look very Aryan. So, they flattened it, totally flattened it. Well, I expected a halfway demolished town. I get there and it looked even nicer than it did before. They had totally rebuilt it. I sort of felt like, \"Well, you didn't get punished very much,\" you know? But what can you do? You know, it's ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3008.0,3063.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Did you go back to visit your own home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3063.0,3064.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  We went by where I lived. I mean, it was still there, but we didn't stop. And the synagogue was never rebuilt. It has a monument there and the synagogue ... I remember exactly. We were still in Germany in 1938 at Kristallnacht, and it took them three days to demolish the synagogue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3064.0,3088.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  You watched?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3088.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  No, we weren't allowed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3090.0,3092.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Who would not allow you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3092.0,3093.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  The Germans. We could not ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3093.0,3095.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  The Germans did not ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3095.0,3095.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3095.0,3098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  You were hiding in your house?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3098.0,3098.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  No, we weren't. We were in our house. I mean, the men were all arrested and the women had to clean up their apartments because everything was smashed, except for ours, which I [will] tell you later what happened in our house. After three days, the Nazis said in the newspaper and they announced on the radio, \"The Jews of Nuremberg can come and visit their synagogue.\" So, we went down and, of course, all we saw was burning rubble. We all cried. It was a horrible moment. I will never forget. I also remember that the Germans stood around us and it was deadly silent. They didn't heckle, but there wasn't a one that would come over and say, \"Gee, this is not what we're supposed to do,\" or, \"This is not what a civilized nation does to a house of G-d.\" It was just deadly silent. We went home again. That synagogue was made out of stone. It was like a cathedral really. It was over 150 years old and it had the most beautiful Torahs with the Torah decorations. I mean, it was just ... And beautiful chandeliers. It was a gorgeous synagogue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3098.0,3179.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  So, that that all happened during those three days that ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3179.0,3183.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3183.0,3184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... Kristallnacht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3184.0,3184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  With Kristallnacht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3184.0,3186.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  You alluded to the fact that houses were also attacked and ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3186.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  And smashed up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3193.0,3194.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Smashed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3194.0,3195.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Windows smashed ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3195.0,3195.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Everything smashed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3195.0,3195.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes. Well, not only windows smashed. They came into the apartments, tore out the crystal and the China, and smashed it. In Germany, you had feather beds, you know, and so they pulled out the feather beds and cut them up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3195.0,3212.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Just right in front of you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3212.0,3214.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Just right in front of them. There's a picture of the synagogue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3214.0,3220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Do you want to hold it up [to the camera]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3220.0,3226.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  It was called the main synagogue of Nuremberg. My father ... By that time, we had, in 1938, we had received our affidavits. We had them in the house, and my father had gone to Munich [Germany] to wind up some business. He always stayed in a small hotel and knew the owner quite well. As he was checking out, the guy came up and took him aside. He said, \"Herr [German: Mister] Wasserman, please don't go home now. I heard that they are arresting all the Jews at the main railroad station and at the bus stops. I think the best thing for you to do is to stay in my attic room. I'll bring you food at night and whenever I can, and I will call your wife and tell her where you are, and when I know that they're not checking anymore, you can go home.\" Really, this man saved my father's life because had he been home, he would have been arrested and my father wasn't that healthy. At certain times, he had high blood pressure. So, I don't think the concentration camp in Dachau would have been very conducive to his health. When the man called, my mother said ... And sure enough, that night we heard them marching and singing and they came up the stairs with boots, kicking at the [door, demanding to know where the] \"Jew pig Wasserman\" was. In Nuremberg, they had a very quaint custom. I don't know whether they did it in other towns. They never addressed the Jew any more ... [We told them he was] on business still and he wasn't expected back for another week, and they looked ... And the reason it was all there [was that] we were waiting for the taxman to come to pack our lift where everything was. So, we had everything on the floor because the good old Germans taxed you for everything you took to America. Every handkerchief had a few pennies [of tax] on it, whether it was used or new. So, everything was waiting for this man. My mother, who usually, I must say, was sort of a nervous type ... Where she had the presence of mind she never knew and we never knew. She says, \"Wait a minute. I got to show you something. Don't touch anything,\" and she got our affidavits, which were in English and had big red seals on it. At that time, Germans still respected red seals and official documents. She pointed to these documents and she kept on saying, \"You see? It says here the family Wasserman and all their belongings are under the protection of the American government and if you touch anything, you're going to get into big trouble. It says right here. You see?\" She kept waving this English document under their noses, and she was so sure that's what it says, and they, not knowing English ... They stopped and they talked amongst themselves. Then, the guy in charge said, \"We've got hundreds of other Jewish apartments to smash up,\" and they walked out and we never had anything touched. Now, I got the China, which part of it belongs to my daughter and my son has some stuff. I keep telling them, \"This is really an heirloom because your grandmother had the guts and the nerve to outwit seven half-drunk Nazis and she got away with it.\" They realize that and appreciate it. It's very nice Rosenthal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3226.0,3503.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  That certainly is a very nice Wasserman story. What year did you come to America?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3503.0,3508.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  We came in January 1939.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3508.0,3511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  With the whole family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3511.0,3512.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  All four of us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3512.0,3516.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Where did you come to?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3516.0,3517.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  We came. We landed in New York. Then, my father had one of his best friends, [who] had been also a business friend, had opened up a little in Boston [Massachusetts]. My father had been a fantastic salesman. I mean, his customers always loved him. So, he figured that my father would do likewise here in America. The only trouble was that my father's English was horrendous, to put it mildly. It was really funny because my father looked really like a typical German. He was corpulent, and he was light, and he had a little pug nose. So, he started to see the customers and the customers all were mostly Jewish in New England in the leather business, you know, the drugstores and the men's goods and all that. Of course, they weren't going to buy anything from a German, even if it killed them. My father kept insisting he was Jewish and they wouldn't believe him at first. So, he went around reciting the Shema, in order to prove to them that he was Jewish and lo and behold, he became very friendly with his customers and did very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3517.0,3597.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  All right. You were telling me about your family's adjustment in Boston, and your father's gradual acculturation, and getting a job during that time. This was still ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3597.0,3612.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Nineteen thirty-nine [or] forty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3612.0,3614.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Nineteen forty. Did you have contact with your relatives in Germany?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3614.0,3618.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  I had my grandmother and my mother had her brother and his wife. They lived together in Bamberg. They got papers, but my uncle wanted to emigrate to Belgium because he was in the hop business. That's the stuff that makes ... goes into beer. That was a very popular business for Jews there. Lots of Jews were in the hop business and especially in Bamberg and Nuremberg. So, he had a lot of connections and customers in Belgium and he spoke fluent French. So, they got out of Germany then and went to Belgium. They had an apartment and they were there for a short time. Of course, the Germans moved into Belgium. My uncle had been warned, and he left ahead of the two women, and went to France thinking he can bring them over. But the Germans right away in Belgium started to look for the Jews, especially what they called the stateless Jews, the Jews that didn't have Belgian papers. So, my aunt and my grandmother, [who] was in her 80s [or] middle 80s by that time ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3618.0,3705.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  This was your father's mother?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3705.0,3706.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  No, my mother's mother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3706.0,3710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Your mother's mother. We may as well mention her name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3710.0,3711.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Her name was Eva Graussman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3711.0,3714.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  With a 'G'?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3714.0,3716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  With a 'G,' yes. And so, my aunt ... Somebody offered to take my aunt and my grandmother into France with a pickup truck. They got halfway there, and the German battalion stopped them, and took my aunt and my grandmother out, and arrested them. They put them in an old fortress on the border of France. This is really a crazy story. My aunt didn't want to tell my grandmother that they were arrested, so she told her that that was an old hotel and they're staying there overnight till they can find [the] rest of a transportation. In the middle of the night, my grandmother woke up and she told my ... woke up my aunt. She said, \"I'm terribly cold. Would you call the hotel and see if we could have some hot tea?\" So, my aunt says, \"Well, they don't work at night, you know.\" In the morning, they were called before the commandant. My grandmother, I must say, was a beautiful lady. She looked like a queen, sort of like. She had beautiful white hair in a French twist, and she carried herself very royally, and she was always dressed with a high collar. I mean, she just was a very special lady and she had a tremendous faith that G-d looked out for her and her family. I mean, it was unbelievable. Everything was [unintelligible], everything was to the best. My aunt didn't really dare to tell her what, where they were, that they were seeing the commandant. She said, \"Well, we just have to meet somebody and see if we can get further transportation.\" When my grandmother went in with my aunt, the commandant got up and he told my grandmother to sit down and he started to talk to her. She, of course, not knowing who he was and all that, talked to him very natural, you know, like it was her way. He asked her where they were going and she says, \"With G-d's will, we're going to France and I'll see my son. And then eventually, maybe I can see my daughter in America. We'll get there. G-d will look out for us.\" And she kept talking like this. So, after a while, the Commandant said, \"Here is a pass,\" to my aunt, \"Whenever you pass a patrol, you show it to them and they will let you go on.\" My aunt was, you know, totally flabbergasted, and she just kept thanking him, and she said, \"Thank you,\" and all that. Then, he says, \"You're probably wondering why I'm doing this.\" He said, \"I had a grandmother. She looked just like your mother-in-law and I loved her dearly.\" And that got them to France. So, you know, it's ... Then, in France, they had all kinds of adventures, too. They were caught. They were put ... They went first to unoccupied France. No, first they went to France and then France was occupied. Then, they got to unoccupied France. Then, my uncle was caught and was put in Gurs, which was a very big French concentration camp. They were hidden by some Frenchmen--my aunt and my grandmother--who also looked out for my grandmother. It's really ... G-d looked out for her.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3716.0,3937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Did she make it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3937.0,3938.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes. She lived to be 95, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3938.0,3940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  And she came to America?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3940.0,3941.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  She came to America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3941.0,3944.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  After the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3944.0,3945.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  After the war, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3945.0,3945.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  You were able to ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3945.0,3945.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  We were able to bring all three over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3945.0,3949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Your aunt ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3949.0,3950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  My uncle and my grandmother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3950.0,3953.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  And your aunt and uncle's names?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3953.0,3955.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Graussman also. Fritz and Toni.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3955.0,3959.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Fritz and Toni Graussman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3959.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  In fact, my grandmother was very funny. We had a bay window in Boston, and she would sit there, and drink her afternoon coffee and she would say, \"I'm looking at America,\" when she looked out, \"I'm looking at America.\" I mean, in German, of course, she never learned English, but ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3960.0,3982.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Were there relatives left in Germany in your family ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3982.0,3987.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes, uncles and cousins. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3987.0,3991.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... who were deported and did not come back?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3991.0,3992.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Deported and never made it out, no.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3992.0,3992.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Do you have a burial place for them? Do you know where they are buried?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3992.0,3998.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3998.0,4000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Do you have a date for yahrzeit [Yiddish: anniversary (of someone's death)]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4000.0,4002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  No. They were really uncles of my mother's really, more than of mine. You know, they were elderly people who couldn't make it out anymore. One of them had a big business in a small town and his Geschaftsfuhrer [German: Managing Director], the guy who ran the business with him, turned him in and said he was smuggling money into the foreign countries, so they arrested him. He never did that, but the guy got the business and the uncle burned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4002.0,4037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes. So, we will go back a little bit to Boston and you are now 15 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4037.0,4048.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Sixteen years old and you presumably speak German, and French, and ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4048.0,4055.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Sixteen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4048.0,4048.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  No, I speak German, lousy French. I went to high school for a year and a half because my ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4055.0,4063.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  In Boston.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4063.0,4066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Where?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4063.0,4063.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Because my father ... I'm forever thankful to him because a lot of the refugees who came at that time, who had teenage daughters and sons [that were] 16, 17, or so on, never let them. I mean, I wouldn't say never let them, but they needed the money. So, they worked in factories or as nannies and things like that where they didn't have to have any skills per se and the knowledge of English, if it was not so good, didn't matter. But my father said, \"No, my children go to school and my children will have a better job. I don't put them in the factory.\" I learned English then in high school. I mean, I took German in order to learn English because I could translate. It helped. You know, it was very interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4066.0,4123.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  In Boston.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4066.0,4066.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Helen, your friends in Boston during that period of time were refugees or were they American teenagers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4123.0,4129.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Both ways. I must say, the kids were very ... I was ... I and another boy from Berlin [Germany] where the first refugee children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4129.0,4137.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Sure, because it was very early.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4137.0,4137.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  It was so funny. Both of us were short and they thought all the German Jews were short. Then later on, some others came that were tall, so they couldn't figure out how this worked out. But, you know, at first, we ... The interesting thing was the principal of that high school, which was a huge high school--Mr. Rich was his name--his parents came from Germany and he was born [there], but brought, came as a child. He wasn't Jewish. He sort of felt like it was his duty to make up for what happened to us in Germany. He really bent backwards [to see] that I got the right classes and he looked out. Then, he got me a job modeling shoes because I had a size four and a half and those were the shoe sizes at that time. That paid terrific and I got dinner. Everybody else was babysitting for 50 cents a night and I got three dollars and four dollars sometimes, so it was ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4137.0,4206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Just for modeling shoes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4206.0,4208.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Just for walking around. You were on a table and you walked around in these shoes. Then, when they asked you how they were, how the shoes felt, you had to smile and say, \"Oh, they're wonderful. They're so comfortable.\" They nearly killed you because they were spraying them that they don't crinkle, you know, so they didn't give, but you weren't supposed to say that. But it was very nice. Then, he also got me a job that I could usher when the Metropolitan came to Boston because I certainly couldn't afford tickets, you know. And so we ... I got that job thanks to him. I enjoyed that very much because never in my life could I afford the prices, neither would I have dared to ask my parents to spring for that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4208.0,4261.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  What was your relationship with your parents during that period after you came to America?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4261.0,4266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, it was sort of difficult in some ways because my parents still worked under the German regime. You know, the mother and the father is always right. The American way of living that I was trying to adopt didn't sit too well. In fact, I remember the first time and the only time my father ever slapped my face was I was invited to a dance in school and I had only German clothes. My father brought all this stuff along in different sizes, even for us, so he wouldn't have to buy anything here. I stuck out like a sore thumb with that stuff. So, I had saved, I had put away whenever I was babysitting a little bit of money, like a knipple [Yiddish: a woman's secret stash of money] for something that I may want one day. Sure enough, I wanted an American dress. In Boston, they had Filenes' Basement, where everything was cheap. So, one day, I knew I was invited to this dance and I went, and I found a dress real cheap, and I bought it. As we were going to the dance and this guy picked me up, my father saw the dress--and my mother [did]--for the first time. [He asked,] \"Where did you get that dress?\" I said, \"Well, I bought it with my money.\" [He said,] \"Well, we are saving every penny, and selling our beautiful China pieces, and everything,\" to bring my uncle, and aunt, and grandmother over. My father got so angry at me that I had the nerve to keep money out of this kitty [a pool of money for an agreed purpose] for them and buy myself a dress that he slapped me. I flew into a rage, \"I got ... I have my own life to live, too, and I want to live a little! And I don't want to run around in this horrible German stuff!\" That was my revolution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4266.0,4391.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  So, there was a little bit of conflict then ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4391.0,4393.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4393.0,4393.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... that may not have been the same if you had grown up in Germany?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4393.0,4396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, I mean, the need would have never been. You know, I wouldn't babysit and I wouldn't have to save for any family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4396.0,4403.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  But you know, as a young woman, a young girl, you can only do that much and then you have to think of yourself a little, too. I mean, I wanted to go to this dance in an American dress.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4403.0,4416.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4403.0,4403.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Absolutely. The other thing I want to ask you ... Did you and your family become part of a community in Boston, part of the Jewish community, part of a refugee community, part of ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4416.0,4432.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Both.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4432.0,4434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... any group?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4434.0,4434.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Really both. I must say, first of all, in Boston, there were lots of German Jewish and Austrians. So, they started an IMAS, immigrant aid society and it was ... They had their own holiday services. They got a rabbi, and a cantor and they rented the place for worship. Then, in fact, my father's boss, who was one of the first refugees there, also had the foresight to buy a cemetery lot for this IMAS. He was the president for a long time for this. I had friends there, but I also had friends from school. My parents for some reason or other--especially my mother--made friends with some of the machers [Yiddish: influential people] of the big Reform synagogue, B'nai Israel in Boston. So, we were invited there quite a bit. I don't know whether we were invited because we were nice people or whether we were invited for the novelty of having refugees at their table. I never knew quite why, but they were very nice and really very friendly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4434.0,4515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  They were American Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4515.0,4516.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  They were very wealthy American Boston people. They were. And I must say, one of them who befriended my mother also, he was a very famous, well-known lawyer. He helped my mother tremendously, that I must say, to get all the paperwork done, to get my uncle, and aunt, and grandmother over. But, on the other hand, I never forgave him for ... I forgave him, but my sister hasn't. We had some beautiful China pieces--Meissen and Rosenthal--and they came to buy it from us, and they bought ... They paid ten dollars for a piece or fifty. So, you know, it was a sort of ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4516.0,4563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  I heard earlier from your husband, Frank, that he actually met you in Texas?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4563.0,4570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4570.0,4571.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  How did that transition take place?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4571.0,4575.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  My uncle--the one that we were bringing over--had one of his best friends, [who] was a German brewmaster that he was very friendly with, who lost his job and had to flee Germany because of the fact that he had refused to fly the Nazi flag and kept his Jewish friends. One night, they told him that ... One of his workers told him, he says, \"You better ... Mr. Blum, you better get out of town fast, because tonight the Nazis are going to come and really, you know, beat you up and do things.\" So, they ... He was a brewmaster in Hamburg [Germany]. There were always boats out and he always had ... He was smart enough always to have a passport and ... you know, where he could leave. So, he and his wife--they had no children--jumped on the first boat to South America. He worked there as a brewmaster. German brewmasters are very popular. From there, he went to America because he didn't like it in South America anymore. It was too hot. He went to ... Got a job in Texas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4575.0,4655.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Which town?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4655.0,4656.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Galveston, Texas. He also helped us to bring my uncle over. He lent my father money because we didn't have sometimes enough for certain papers or certain things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4656.0,4671.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  So, this was a German person ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4671.0,4672.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  It was a German.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4672.0,4675.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... from Nuremberg ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4675.0,4677.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  No, from Hamburg. It was a business friend and a good friend of my uncle's.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4677.0,4681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... who was a ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4681.0,4683.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Brewmaster.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4683.0,4683.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  ...in the hops business?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4683.0,4685.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, my uncle sold hops to the brewmaster ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4685.0,4688.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... and he made the beer out of this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4688.0,4690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  I see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4688.0,4688.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4690.0,4690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Anyhow, he was well established in Galveston. He came to visit us in Boston and he offered, he invited me to come to Galveston, and stay a little while, and he would send us my ticket. Whether I work in Galveston or whether I work in Boston didn't make so much difference and I could see the world between Boston and Galveston with stops in between where I had friends or relatives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4690.0,4720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  I had graduated high school. I was 18. So, this sounded very interesting. I did. I mean, there was no obligation. If I didn't like it, I could go back home. So, I said, \"Yes. Why not?\" I stayed there four years. I was the guest who stayed for dinner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4720.0,4745.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  How old were you then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4720.0,4720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  You lived in Galveston for ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4745.0,4745.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  I worked for them partly and also for a lawyer. I had a wonderful time in Galveston because, especially during the war, Galveston had an army base, an air force base, a navy base, and a coast guard base. You could go out four times a night if you so choose. So, it was really a fun time for a young girl at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4745.0,4777.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Certainly not as straitlaced as Boston was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4777.0,4780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  No. I mean, you know, I was like the daughter in the house. They were very well-to-do and it was very nice. They even wanted us when we got married to stay there, but Frank didn't like Galveston that much, so we didn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4780.0,4799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  At this point, I think we can bring Frank in, and we can talk about the two of you meeting, and then the life that ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4799.0,4808.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4808.0,4808.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... you built since then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4808.0,4812.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Mr. Spiegel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4812.0,4814.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  All right. We are back in Galveston, and Helen is partying it up with all the guys from the air base, and the naval base, and the coast guard base, and along comes Frank. So, tell us--whichever one of you tell us--how you met.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4814.0,4833.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, we met because my sister had written me about Helen, who went to class with her. I didn't know her because the age difference in Germany is three and a half years. You really didn't go when you were 16 and 17 with 12-year-old girls. But my sister wrote me that her girlfriend lives there, so I called up and ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4833.0,4855.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  You were still in the army?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4855.0,4858.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I was still in the army and only stationed a half an hour away from Galveston.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4858.0,4862.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  That was the army base.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4862.0,4864.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  When I got a pass, it was the easiest place to go. So, I went there and we met and I got a good dinner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4864.0,4871.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4871.0,4873.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Who cooked the dinner?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4873.0,4874.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I liked the dinner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4873.0,4873.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  She didn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4874.0,4875.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  I didn't. Mama Blum did and [served] lots of beer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4875.0,4879.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I enjoyed it there, so I came back next week. So, we kind of got together that way, but about two months later, I got shipped out, and I went out to California, and then to different places. We did get together once or twice on a furlough, or when I came from California, going back to Atlanta, stopping over in Houston [Texas], then going down to Galveston for a day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4879.0,4910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Did you consider yourself committed to him at that point?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4910.0,4913.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  No, not at that ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4913.0,4915.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Not 100 percent, no. We liked each other. We felt comfortable with each other. But I certainly wouldn't want to make any commitments because I knew I had to go overseas and I didn't think it was the right thing to do, to make a full commitment. So, we were not engaged or anything like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4915.0,4936.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  You spoke ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4936.0,4936.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  But we wrote each other very much. I mean, almost ... I wrote you almost ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4936.0,4942.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  She wrote more than I did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4942.0,4943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Love letters?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4943.0,4945.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4943.0,4943.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Love letters telling him what I was doing and just general. I think it ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4945.0,4951.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Were you worried about him when he went overseas?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4951.0,4953.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes. Well, you know, he went to Germany and I didn't know what was going to happen there, being a Jew, you know. If they catch him, you don't know what's going to happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4953.0,4967.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Those were thoughts that went through your mind?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4967.0,4969.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Sure, and they went through his mind, too, I'm sure, but ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4969.0,4974.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, that's one reason why I didn't feel like making a commitment, because you didn't know what was going to happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4974.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes, you mentioned when we looked at that picture that one of your friends or landsman [Yiddish: fellow Jew from same town or area] ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4980.0,4984.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4984.0,4984.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... from the soccer field was killed ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4984.0,4988.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4988.0,4988.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... in the army.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4988.0,4989.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4989.0,4990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  When did you actually propose?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4990.0,4995.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  After I got discharged. No, not ... Maybe not after I got discharged. After I came back ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4995.0,5002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Back, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5002.0,5003.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... from overseas and was still in the army. I went one Christmas to Galveston while I had a furlough, and we got engaged at that time, and we agreed to get married after I got discharged from the army.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5003.0,5018.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Did your parents meet either one of you at that point?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5018.0,5020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  They knew each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5020.0,5022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Your parents knew each other?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5022.0,5024.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right, but they didn't know Frank.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5024.0,5027.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  But they knew that you were both involved?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5027.0,5028.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5028.0,5030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right, so there was no problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5030.0,5034.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Your families knew each other or knew the background of each other?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5030.0,5030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  They approved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5034.0,5035.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  They approved, too?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5034.0,5034.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5035.0,5036.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Except when I came to visit you and your parents, I weighed at that time 89 pounds and your father was worried, \"How is she ever gonna have children?\" That really worried him. So, I did him a favor, and gained a few pounds, and I had three children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5036.0,5058.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Did the issue of marrying someone Jewish or non-Jewish ever occur to you? Or, when you were dating all of these guys from all these bases ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5058.0,5069.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  They were always Jewish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5069.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e Was that your ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5070.0,5072.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  That was my criteria. Yes, right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5072.0,5074.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... criteria that you were...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5074.0,5074.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right, and somehow or other, it always was. I don't think ... Yes, once or twice I dated a friend of somebody, you know, of one of the girls or something that wasn't Jewish, but that was a one night ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5074.0,5091.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  While I was in the army, I dated some non-Jewish girls, met them at the USO or places like that, but it never was anything serious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5091.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Would you ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5100.0,5101.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I never considered anything like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5101.0,5103.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  It was beyond any kind of ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5103.0,5106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Didn't even talk about it and didn't even think about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5106.0,5109.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  No, you felt like you couldn't do that to your parents after what they had been through, you know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5109.0,5114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I don't know. It just didn't even come up. I remember my parents never had to say, “Don't go with any of these girls,” or, ‘Don't get married to them,” or something like that. It wasn't even really thought about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5114.0,5129.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  It was very deeply ingrained in you ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5129.0,5132.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5132.0,5133.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right, ingrained.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5132.0,5132.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... and what you were expected to do with your life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5133.0,5136.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5136.0,5137.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  So you were married in what year?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5137.0,5139.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  1946.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5139.0,5142.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  In Boston?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5142.0,5143.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Boston.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5143.0,5143.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  We got married in Boston, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5143.0,5145.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  The grandmother I had told you about, was at that time in her middle 90s and she was very ill. She was in our house with a nurse who spoke German and we thought she was ... The doctor gave absolutely no hope. [The doctor said] she will die within the next few days. So, we didn't know what to do. We had made arrangements, you know, in a catering hall. We called up the rabbi and he said, \"You don't postpone weddings.\" He says, \"Go ahead and have the wedding, but have it in your house.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5145.0,5181.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  No, have it a day earlier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5181.0,5182.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Have it a day earlier and have it in your house.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5182.0,5184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Just in case something happens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5184.0,5185.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Just in case something happened. So, he came and he started to pray and my grandmother said to the nurse, \"Do I hear prayers in Hebrew?\" So, the nurse says, \"Yeah, your granddaughter's getting married.\" She says, \"Tell the rabbi to come and say a [unintelligible] prayer for me,\" which he did. My grandmother lived another six or seven years after this! My father went to the catering house--I'll never forget--because he had to pay a deposit and, of course, you couldn't get it back. So, he says, \"Well, at least give me the hors d'oeuvres for the wedding.\" They said, \"No. That wasn't in the deal.\" We had a very small wedding. We first lived in a small apartment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5185.0,5237.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Did you wear a white gown?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5237.0,5240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Oh, that was another one. You couldn't find anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5240.0,5243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  You know, everybody was getting married and I couldn't find a wedding dress anyplace.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5243.0,5251.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Because it was 1946?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5243.0,5243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Tell me about that. Everybody was getting married? All the G.I.s were getting married?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5251.0,5253.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  All the G.I.s were coming home and everybody was getting married. You couldn't find white shirts for the man and you couldn't find dressy socks, so Frank got married with G.I. socks. I though my mother would never forgive him for those wool socks. I got a dress from a cousin of mine, who happened to be very short, too, and I wore that. So, that was the wedding. I mean, it wasn't exactly as we had planned, but it took ... Oh, and I invited all his family because, you know, it was going to be such a small wedding. The only one who came was his brother, who was going to be the best man. My sister-in-law has never forgiven me either for this messed up affair, you know, but it was ... It lasted and that's the main thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5253.0,5313.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Absolutely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5313.0,5314.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5314.0,5315.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  How did you come back to Atlanta? Your parents were living there by then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5315.0,5322.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, the reason ... As I mentioned to you, I was shipped to Monroe, stayed in Monroe for six months at a school, and then came to Atlanta, and started a job. My first job was at the same Levi filling station where I got a job coming out from Monroe and I went to the Gerson house, where I got room and board.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5322.0,5348.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5348.0,5349.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  That's how I got settled in Atlanta. Then, when my parents came to Atlanta, I got an apartment for them on Washington Street. My brother and I also lived there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5349.0,5361.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5361.0,5362.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  So, that's how we settled in Atlanta. When I came out from the Army, I got my old job back in Atlanta, which I didn't keep very long because I didn't like it anymore. But still, I had a job and that's why we moved back to Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5362.0,5379.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  That is what brought you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5379.0,5380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  We all lived together in one apartment: his parents, his brother, and I, and him. Then, we even brought his cousin over. [we had] one bathroom. Everybody was working. Everybody had to get out of this house at the same. It was ... It was done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5380.0,5399.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  This was on Washington Street?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5399.0,5401.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Washington Street.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5401.0,5402.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e It was back ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5402.0,5403.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  From when to when did you live in Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5403.0,5404.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  That was from 1946 to 1950, I guess. In 1950, we bought an old house on Seal Place. Seal Place is off Boulevard near Ponce de Leon. We moved there together with my parents and my brother also. There were still five of us there in that house. My brother later moved out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5404.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  And got married.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5430.0,5431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  And got married and I took over the house and my parents stayed with us. Then, in 1954, we bought this house where we are in right now. This was a brand-new house at that time and my parents lived with us for 27 years in the downstairs apartment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5431.0,5450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5450.0,5452.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  That is when we met.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5452.0,5453.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes, that's when.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5453.0,5456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  And your children were born in this house?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5456.0,5458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Elizabeth was born in the house ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5458.0,5461.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... on Seal Place, but Mark was the first child on this street. There, later on, were 27 children on the street. Now, on the street are one, two ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5461.0,5471.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  On Seal Place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5461.0,5461.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Two little ones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5471.0,5472.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e That's all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5472.0,5474.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  You children's names are ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5474.0,5475.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Elizabeth, Mark and Walter, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5475.0,5478.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  As long as we are speaking about them, are they now living in Atlanta or are they living away from Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5478.0,5486.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Elizabeth and Mark live in Marietta [Georgia] and Walter lives in Cincinnati [Ohio].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5486.0,5494.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Elizabeth is a teacher, and Mark is a stockbroker, and Walter's a lawyer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5494.0,5500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right. I know that ... Because I know Walter, I know that you sent him through the Hebrew Academy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5500.0,5507.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  All three.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5507.0,5508.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  I did all three.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5508.0,5510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  In fact, Elizabeth was ... When Elizabeth started the Hebrew Academy, there were five kids in her graduating class. When Mark went to the Hebrew Academy, there were about 18 in that class. And when Walter graduated, there were two classes, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5510.0,5529.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  All three.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5510.0,5510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  When Mark went to the Hebrew Academy, the Hebrew Academy was in the basement of Shearith Israel, where the shelter is now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5529.0,5539.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  You have come all the way around.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5539.0,5540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  I've come all the way around. And I'm still making sandwiches.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5540.0,5543.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  You have come all the way around. That is very interesting. I am sure you were active as a PTA mother then, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5543.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  I was. That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5550.0,5554.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  So, your life has developed into so many interesting facets since this period when you ... no doubt, you have raised three children. That was a very busy period in your life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5554.0,5568.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5568.0,5569.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Now, would you tell us about some of the things that you have been doing since then in Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5569.0,5576.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, I started out first working as a secretary for the Big Apple, for the president of the Big Apple supermarket, which is no more, but it was a big supermarket chain at that time. Then, when I had Elizabeth, I quit because at that time, you didn't have working mothers and I learned how to drive a car, which I didn't before either. Then, I got active in a synagogue that went broke. I became a Sisterhood president.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5576.0,5613.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes, Beth El synagogue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5613.0,5614.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Beth El synagogue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5613.0,5613.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I don't know if you’ve heard of it or not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5614.0,5614.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  I remember it. I remember it on University Drive ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5614.0,5615.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes, right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5615.0,5617.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5617.0,5619.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  ... on the righthand side.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5617.0,5617.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Where the apartments are now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5619.0,5620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, we did very well until we hired a rabbi, and the rabbi wanted to eat, and that cost money. We couldn't bring up the salaries each month, so the rabbi quit and we went broke. But somehow or other, being a Sisterhood president, I met some other people. Colleen Weston met me there and they were looking ... Oh, I got active in Hadassah, but only in the lower echelon at first, you know, a secretary, and this and that, and vice president.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5620.0,5654.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Then, she came one day, she and Eleanor Levin, and they wanted me to become the president of the Kadima group. I kept saying, \"I can't be a president. I am short. I have an accent. I don't know all the people here,\" and I tried to weasel out of it the worst way, but they talked me into it. So, that started my career in Hadassah. Then, I started to work for a tour guide company and I did their German tours mostly. I also did the American. Then, I did a bed and breakfast business and that was very enjoyable. Then, I got ... Then, our rabbi decided that we should have a shelter for homeless women. It's time for our synagogue to do something like this for the social responsibility of all of us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5654.0,5716.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  That is high to me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5654.0,5654.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Which synagogue was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5716.0,5742.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Seventeen years later, you are still temporarily directing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5742.0,5744.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  What year was this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5742.0,5742.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  The rabbi at the time was [who]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5742.0,5742.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Nineteen eighty-three. We really thought it was only a temporary thing, but, unfortunately, the needs have been the same and they're getting worse at times. So, I'm still the director.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5742.0,5742.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Rabbi Wilson. He appointed [or] picked me to be the director of the volunteers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5742.0,5742.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Shearith Israel and that was Rabbi [Marc] Wilson.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5742.0,5742.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes, but one of the reasons ... One time, we were discussing, \"How did you pick us?\" He says, \"Well, I figured you would have empathy with people who are homeless because, there for the grace of G-d, you could be wandering around Europe for a while.\" So, I did feel that that was a certain responsibility, sort of paying back for the good things in life. I am also very active, together with Frank and my brother-in-law, in the William Breman [Jewish] Heritage Museum and doing Holocaust lectures. I find that very rewarding.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5744.0,5789.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  What about it is rewarding to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5789.0,5792.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Because the average American child, and especially the average American non-Jewish child, doesn't really know the beginning of tolerance and religious prejudice and what being, \"I'm better than you,\" or \"My religion is better than you,\" can lead to. It's an awakening for many children. It's very gratifying when they ask you a question, and you see you have touched them, and really brought over what you wanted to bring over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5792.0,5829.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Is that how you look at it, too?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5829.0,5832.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I enjoy working. For most of my life, I was not as active in the Atlanta community as Helen has been because after the period when I first had a job, I went back to my old job, didn't particularly like it, got another job, and that didn't work out so well. By 1948, I got a job traveling and I traveled extensively for 40 years. I worked from 1948, first as a salesman, then as a regional manager, and as a general manager, and as a sales manager. But I was very active till 1988, full time employed for 40 years with the same company, which is today very unusual, I guess. Even after 1988 till 1993, I worked part time with the company as a ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5832.0,5890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  What is the name of the company?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5890.0,5891.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Brown Electric. They're no longer in business.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5891.0,5894.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  But it was a company that was locally based?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5894.0,5897.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, it was based out of New York. They had a location here in Atlanta for the Southeast and, even though I was general sales manager, I continued to work out of here because it's just as easy to travel out of Atlanta as it is out of New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5897.0,5912.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5912.0,5913.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  He always struggled against they always wanted him to come to the headquarters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5913.0,5916.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  In fact, they wanted to make me president of the company, but I would have had to move to New York and at that time, I was 60 years old and I wasn't about to move.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5916.0,5925.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  The kids said, \"No way are you going to go to New York and freeze.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5925.0,5929.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I stayed on with the company till 1993. I was successful. I can honestly say that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5929.0,5937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5937.0,5937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  We were satisfied with it. But I was not active in the Atlanta community because I was gone sometimes two and three weeks at a time, didn't even come home on weekends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5937.0,5949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  I was sort of mother and father, but I had my in-laws, who sort of took over as the other governing body.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5949.0,5956.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Even now, since I'm retired now, I do have a few nonpaying volunteer jobs. I work for the Jewish Families Service as a driver for the JETS. As you know, I work for the William Breman Museum. I work for Clark Howard every Friday as an adviser on the telephone on consumer products.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5956.0,5983.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  And loves it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5983.0,5985.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  So, I'm staying busy with some of my volunteer jobs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5985.0,5990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Your work in particular for the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum, for instance, do you see that as work or do you see it as a calling?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5990.0,6002.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, it's not work, no. It's enjoyable. It's a calling. I know what I'm doing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6002.0,6009.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Do you see it a mission, that you have an obligation to do this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6009.0,6011.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I do different jobs than what Helen does. I don't particularly feel comfortable with working with the children. I generally don't work with the children. I do like to work with adult groups who go through. I come sometimes on Sunday mornings to take adult groups, and take adult visitors, or try to take whatever is available on adult group trips.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6011.0,6037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right. So, you do teach them through the objects in the museum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6037.0,6042.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  But you prefer to work with adults, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6042.0,6044.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6042.0,6044.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6044.0,6044.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Rather than young people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6044.0,6047.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I'm more comfortable that way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6047.0,6052.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eRuth:\u003c/strong\u003e  Sorry to interrupt. When you were traveling, were you traveling through the South?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6052.0,6056.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I was at first traveling through the South. Later on, when I became sales manager and general sales manager, I generally flew and worked with the other salesmen throughout the entire country. I worked in California. I worked in Maine. I worked all over the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6056.0,6075.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  All over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6056.0,6056.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eRuth:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, when you first got here in the 1950s, what was it like being in the South during a time that might have seemed like Europe in some ways?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6075.0,6083.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, let me tell you, from one experience in the 1950s. I was a salesman at that time. In the 1950s, I traveled in Georgia, Florida, North and South Carolina; just those four states. I had a customer in Albany, Georgia, and one day--we got along and whenever I came, I got an order--I came in and he said, “Didn't somebody tell me that you're Jewish?\" I said, \"Yeah, sure, I'm Jewish.\" He says, \"Isn't that a terrible organization, that Zionist organization?\" I said, \"No, I'm a member of it,\" and I pulled out my pocketbook and showed him my membership card. He says, \"You are? Do you know that I'm the clerk of the KKK [Ku Klux Klan] right here in Albany?\" I said, \"No, I didn't know, but it's interesting.\" He says, \"Well, tell me something about the Zionists.\" So, I told him my point of view of what's going on and all that and he says, \"Well, that's very interesting, but I'm still a clerk for the KKK. But by the way, just on account of that, don't skip me on your next trip. I do need my materials, so please come and see me.\" So, that was Georgia in 1950. Not all of it, but this was one of the experiences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6083.0,6175.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eRuth:\u003c/strong\u003e  Did you see discrimination against other groups of people, maybe not Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6175.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, of course, you still had the discrimination against the blacks because it was still separate. You still would go in a restroom and one said \"White\" and one said \"Colored,\" or the water fountains where one said \"White\" and one said \"Colored,\" and the colored people that you got in touch with at your customers' places were at inferior jobs from their bosses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6180.0,6203.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eRuth:\u003c/strong\u003e  And that was just the way it was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6203.0,6204.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  That was the way it was and you got used to it, or at least you had to get used to it in order to make a living.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6204.0,6213.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  When you were when you served in the Army, was there a distinction at that time between colored and white?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6213.0,6220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Oh, yes, very.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6220.0,6222.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  What were the distinctions then in the army?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6222.0,6224.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  First of all, the blacks were in separate battalions. Most of the blacks were in the transportation battalion. We had one incident in Germany, which was a real bad situation where--that was ... the war was over--they pulled us back from Ludwigslust, where I mentioned to you, and pulled us back to Brandenburg. In Brandenburg, were some SS barracks and we took over the SS barracks for our quarters. They had a swimming pool in that ... in the middle of the barracks. Because those were elite troops, they had a swimming pool. So, we used the swimming pool and a few German kids from the neighborhood came around and they jumped in the swimming pool, too. Nobody minded them. But then, about a month later, a colored battalion moved into that same area and had barracks on the other side of the swimming pool. So, they jumped in the swimming pool and it created a riot because that was in 1945. Then, the blacks--of course, with full rights--said, \"You let the German kids jump in and you won't let us go in?\" You know, they closed the swimming pool because they didn't know how to solve it any other way?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6224.0,6324.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Pretty remarkable how far we have come since then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6324.0,6328.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes. Well, they let the blacks be sacrificed in the war. You know, they were good enough for that. But to swim with them? G-d forbid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6328.0,6336.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6336.0,6341.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  I remember whenever Frank's bosses from the north came. They got to the airport and they were always so shocked to see the fountains, you know, \"White\" and \"Black\" ... \"Colored.\" It was at that time called \"Colored.\".","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6341.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6360.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  They said, \"How can you live here? Doesn't it bother you?\" I would [say], \"Bob, but we are not the ones to change this kind of thing.\" It was horrible. And the sitting down in the back and the front, you know ... But you couldn't ... You didn't have ... Let's say we didn't have it in us to be revolutionaries. You felt like, there by the grace of G-d, you got your American citizenship. You can't start a revolution in the country that took you in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6360.0,6399.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6399.0,6399.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yet, you compared in some ways always what was going on. You felt very sympathetic and you, of course, got very enthusiastic when that Civil Rights law was passed and things ... You felt things were going to be better, and they were, and they have [been].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6399.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Looking back at your life in Atlanta, what were some of the most memorable events that occurred to y that you look back at that are still powerful experiences for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6420.0,6436.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, chronologically, of course, the birth of the children. Then later on, when my folks moved here to Atlanta from Boston. Then, I remember in 1948, the community event when the state of Israel was born. That was an unbelievable thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6436.0,6458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  How was that celebration?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6458.0,6459.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  That was at the old AA [Ahavith Achim] and every synagogue ... Well, at that time, you didn't have too many synagogues. You had six, I think. And every consulate ... There wasn't so many, but they were there. Every preacher and priest, everybody came together and it was just an ..","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6459.0,6484.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  It was unbelievable. I mean, everybody sang and prayed. It was just one community, you know? I mean, really, it didn't matter [whether you were] Reform, Conservative, or whatever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6484.0,6500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  What was the emotional context?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6484.0,6484.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Did it change your own perception of yourself when the state of Israel was declared?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6500.0,6506.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, you felt wonderful about it. You said to yourself, \"Why couldn't we have that before?\" You know, I mean, you had a certain regret that there would have been an open door and it wasn't there when you needed it the most. Then, let's see what else. I was very thrilled when I became Hadassah president, I remember, because I sort of felt like ... because they kept on saying, \"The Deutsches [Germans] don't believe in Zionism.\" Then, there was a big split in this town for a long time between the German Jews and the Ashkenazi Jews, which took a while to break down. So, this was really ... I was the first German, as they call it, who became president of a Zionist organization because they had this rule that the Temple crowd became council members and the Ashkenazi became members in Hadassah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6506.0,6577.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  This was [unintelligible] Hadassah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6577.0,6578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  No, this was, at that time ... No, when I became chapter president. First, I was a group president. Then, I was a chapter [president]. We had about 3,000 members at that time. Hadassah was the leading women's organization at that time. Then, when I carried the torch ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6578.0,6596.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Tell us a little bit about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6596.0,6597.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  That was very nice. The way I got elected was my son Mark, with the help of Jane Axelrod, who endorsed it, wrote a very nice little note why he thought his mother should be elected.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6597.0,6614.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  This was for the ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6614.0,6617.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  The 1996 Olympics here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6617.0,6620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  And you were elected to do what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6620.0,6622.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  To carry the torch a certain stretch. Frank called it \"the Jewish stretch\" because it was right near Beth Jacob [synagogue] for some reason or other. I really ... I mean, I saw people I hadn't seen for years turning up. It was really nice. The other reason why I thought it was such an event for me was because I remember 1936, the Olympics in Germany, where, of course, no Jew was ever even allowed to go there, to participate, or anything. The only wonderful thing about it was that Jesse Owens, who was black, won all the track things. So, this was ... I always said, \"The other one was the Olympics of exclusion and this one was the Olympics of inclusion,\" and they even included little me. So, that was a ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6622.0,6677.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Little you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6677.0,6677.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  You saw the pictures there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6677.0,6679.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes, we will take a picture of it. So, that was a redemptive moment?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6679.0,6683.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right. It was very interesting for me, really.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6683.0,6688.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  When you think back upon your life and the various places that you have lived in your life--I mean, starting in Germany, and New York, and Boston, and Hoboken, and wherever--where do you feel inside of you is really home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6688.0,6709.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6709.0,6711.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6709.0,6712.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, it stands to reason. It's the most productive period of your life, where you created your children and your children have become part of the community. So, I feel at home. I mean, I feel almost like a native without a certain accent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6712.0,6734.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  There are many natives who do not have Southern accents. Thank you very much. Did you want to ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6734.0,6740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eRuth:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes, I just had one quick question. When you were here before the other survivors got here, how did you feel when they came and maybe eventually started telling stories about what might have happened in Germany? How did you feel about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6740.0,6759.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, I saw some of it in Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6759.0,6762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eRuth:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes. What did you ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6762.0,6763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, during the war. I mean, like I said, I was in a town where they opened up a slave labor camp and things like that. I met people and I interviewed people there, so I knew that from over there. After the war, when my cousin showed up in Germany, we made sure that he could come to us, and live with us till he found other places, and found work, and all that. So, we learned something from him. Even so, he never talked much about it at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6763.0,6796.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  But we believed it because we were there in the beginning. We were fortunate enough to get out. The other thing is [that] the German Jews, really, if you can talk about advantage, had an advantage of time. They had from 1933 to 1940 really.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6796.0,6814.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  To 1938.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6814.0,6815.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Or, 1939.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6815.0,6816.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  To 1938.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6816.0,6817.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, 1939 even, to get out and even in some cases to bring their belongings; while the Polish [and] all the others were overrun and there was no way out. So, I could believe. I mean, I did believe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6817.0,6836.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  We got involved in it so gradually that you took it as, \"That was life.\" And just like you seen in those pictures that you saw there, we went and played soccer, and we did this, and we did that, and I went to work, and I made some money, and we went shopping if we wanted to. It only ... It changed in Germany after Kristallnacht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6836.0,6862.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6862.0,6863.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  I was fortunate enough to leave before Kristallnacht, so I didn't experience that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6863.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  My grandfather, for example, willed himself to death--the husband of Eva--because he was a very well-respected man in his town and his habit was to go to the beer cellars--that was what happened in Bamberg--and to sit with his friends. When they started that they couldn't sit with him, and they apologized, and all ... but he didn't want to emigrate and leave. So, he got pneumonia and he died even though he got medicine. Well, what we didn't know was when he died, under the mattress, he had put all the medicine. He never took it because he wanted to die right there and then and didn't want to start all over again at the age of 86.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6870.0,6924.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eRuth:\u003c/strong\u003e   I guess one other question is, when you talk to the schoolchildren--both of you, or I know that you talk to adults--what is your message to them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6924.0,6933.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Tolerance, really. Respect each other for what you are and don't think that because you are one color or one religion, you're better than the other one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6933.0,6947.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  When I talk to adults, my primary message is to try to bring them up to date on history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6947.0,6956.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Frank is less emotion, more facts. I'm more emotion, less facts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6956.0,6969.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eRuth:\u003c/strong\u003e  Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6969.0,6969.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Well, thank you very much. I think it was a wonderful interview. I think we touched some areas that are ... in a way, give a different perspective than other interviews that I have been part of, and I thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6969.0,6989.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  Thank you for coming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6989.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  No life is ever fully examined. Whenever you open up one little cubbyhole, there are lots of ways that you can go inside of it and ask more questions. We could probably sit here for another six, eight hours and not get to the very bottom of it, but I think it was a good interview.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6990.0,7007.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6990.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eRuth:\u003c/strong\u003e  Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=7007.0,7008.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFrank:\u003c/strong\u003e  We thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=7008.0,7009.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eErna:\u003c/strong\u003e  Thank you so much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=7009.0,10832.466"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/transcript/76656/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHelen:\u003c/strong\u003e  Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=7009.0,7009.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fuerth [German: Fürth] is a city located in northern Bavaria, Germany, just outside the city of Nuremberg. Jews were first permitted to settle in the town in 1528 and by the 17th century, Jews had become an integral part of Fuerth’s economic, cultural and political development. The city became a spiritual center of southern Germany, often referred to as the “Franconian Jerusalem.” Fuerth was home to a Hebrew printing press, a Jewish orphanage, hospital, and cemetery, as well as several synagogues and an important Yeshiva. In 1933, Fuerth’s Jewish population numbered 2,000 (almost three percent of the total). By 1941, 1,400 Jews had managed to leave. By September 1942, those who remained had been deported to Riga, Belzec, and Theresienstadt. After the war, only 40 Jews returned to Fuerth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=29.0,36.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In September 1938, a conference was held in Munich Germany between Adolf Hitler, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, French leader Eduard Daladier, and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. At the conference, an agreement was reached that ceded the German-speaking Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Germany. Czechoslovakia was not permitted to attend the conference. Poland and Hungary occupied other parts of the country, and, after a few months, Czechoslovakia ceased to exist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=48.0,198.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arthur Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) was a British politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940. Chamberlain is best known for his appeasement foreign policy, and for his signing of the Munich Agreement in September 1938, conceding the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany. Chamberlain is famous for returning from Munich, getting off the plane, waving a piece of paper and saying the world had “peace for its time.” One year later in September 1939, Germany invaded Poland and World War II started. Chamberlain lasted as prime minister only a few months before Winston Churchill was appointed to the post.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=48.0,198.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=48.0,198.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rosh HaShana [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh HaShana, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippurmay revoke these decisions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=48.0,198.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=282.0,301.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=282.0,301.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An Affidavit of Support is a contract signed by an individual agreeing to use their financial resources to help support an individual intending to immigrate to the United States. The individual who signs the affidavit of support becomes the sponsor of the intending immigrate until they become a U.S. citizen or is credited with 40 quarters of work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=314.0,372.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On November 7, 1939, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew living in Paris, shot German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath in Paris. Grynszpan apparently acted out of despair over the fate of his parents, who were trapped along with other Polish Jewish deportees in a no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland. The Nazis used the shooting as antisemitic propaganda fervor, claiming that Grynszpan was part of a wider Jewish conspiracy. When Vom Rath died two days later, the Nazis used the incidence to fuel violent pogroms. On November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called “Kristallnacht,” which means “Night of Broken Glass,” because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. Thousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany. Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=379.0,431.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hoboken is a New Jersey city on the Hudson River. During a surge of European immigration from the end of the 19th century into the first half of the 20th century, 20 million people immigrated to the United States. Almost half of more than 12 million immigrants who passed through the immigration portal at Ellis Island, docked in Hoboken first. Hoboken became known as “the port of entry to a continent,” in large part because of the major passenger shipping lines that docked here, including Hamburg-America Packet Company, North German Lloyd Steamship Company, Scandinavian-American Line, and Holland America Line.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=441.0,535.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Grand Concourse (also known as the Grand Boulevard and Concourse) is a 5.2-mile-long (8.4 kilometer) thoroughfare in the borough of the Bronx in New York City..","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=535.0,594.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A severe worldwide economic downturn known as the Great Depression began in the United States in 1929. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century with far-reaching effects around the globe, especially in Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=595.0,781.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The National Youth Administration (NYA) was a New Deal agency sponsored by President Roosevelt. The agency operated from 1935 to 1942 and provided work and education for male and female Americans between the ages of 16 and 25. The youth normally lived at home and worked on construction or repair projects. College youth were paid from $30 to $40 a month for work-study projects at their schools, and youth from relief families were paid $10 to $25 a month for part-time work. The NYA was headed by Aubrey Willis Williams, a prominent liberal from Alabama.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=595.0,781.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as “FDR,” he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of World War II.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=595.0,781.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The \"New Deal\" was a series of economic programs implemented in the United States between 1933 and 1935. They involved presidential executive orders or laws passed by Congress during the first term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs, which involved massive government spending, were in response to the Great Depression and focused on relief for the unemployed and poor, recovery of the economy, and reform of the financial system to prevent another Depression. The Supreme Court later struck down some of the massive entitlement programs as unconstitutional. Despite all the spending, the economy failed to recover until the United States entered World War II in December 1941, which brought full employment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=595.0,781.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edward M. Kahn (1895-1984) was an immigrant from Bialystok, Poland. He became a leader in Atlanta’s Jewish community and served as executive director of several organizations including the Jewish Educational Alliance (presently, Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta), the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund, and the Atlanta Federation of Jewish Social Service (presently, Atlanta Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta), an earlier incarnation of the current Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and the Morris Hirsch Clinic (presently, Ben Massell Dental Clinic). Mr. Kahn also became Executive Secretary of the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund and of the Atlanta Jewish Community Council. He held these various positions until his retirement in 1964. Kahn was prominent in both local and national social work organizations as well as in Jewish organizations such as B’nai B’rith, the Jewish Children’s Bureau, the Jewish Home, and the Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education. He also worked with the Southern Israelite newspaper as a writer and adviser.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=798.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Atlanta Jewish Community Center was officially founded in 1910, as the Jewish Educational Alliance. In the late 1940s it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to the suburb of Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=798.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Jewish Educational Alliance (JEA) operated from 1910 to 1948 on the site where the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium was later located. The JEA was once the hub of Jewish life in Atlanta. Families congregated there for social, educational, sports and cultural programs. The JEA ran camps and held classes to help some new residents learn to read and write English. For newcomers, it became a refuge, with programs to help them acclimate to a new home. The JEA stayed at that site until the late 1940s, when it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=798.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From the mid-1930s until the early 1950s, Siegel’s restaurant was a popular kosher restaurant in Atlanta operated by Jacob and Raizel Siegel. It was located on Capitol Avenue across the street from the Jewish Educational Alliance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=798.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Monroe is a city approximately 37 miles (60 kilometers) east of Atlanta, Georgia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=798.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tifton is a city in southern Georgia about 67 miles (108 kilometers) south of Atlanta and close to the Florida border.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=952.0,961.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. In 1939, Britain and France had signed a series of military agreements with Poland that formed a military alliance based on mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Germany. The support of Britain and France proved only nominal, however. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1001.0,1022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany attacked western Europe on May 10, 1940. Within six weeks, German troops had overrun Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1001.0,1022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Under the codename Operation “Barbarossa,” Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, in the largest German military operation of World War II. Although the Soviet Union had been Germany’s ally in the war against Poland, the destruction of the Soviet Union and conquest of territory in the East had long been one of Hitler’s proclaimed goals. The attack on the Soviet Union marked a turning point in both the history of World War II and the Holocaust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1030.0,1079.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On December 7, 1941, the United States declared war on Japan following the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, a United States Navy deep-water naval base in Hawaii. Three days later, after Germany and Italy declared war on it, the United States became fully engaged in World War II.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1030.0,1079.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Werner Spiegel (1921-2016) and his wife Sylvia raised three children in Columbus, Georgia, where Werner ran a successful real estate business and was president of his synagogue and the local chapter of the Jewish Welfare Federation. Werner moved to Atlanta after his retirement and became a docent at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. His testimonies are available from the Breman Museum and the USC Shoah Foundation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1102.0,1109.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Washington-Rawson was a neighborhood of Atlanta that was an early center of Jewish community in the city. At one point, it was home to the Standard Club, the Hebrew Orphans Home, three synagogues, and numerous Jewish owned businesses. It included the intersection of the two streets for which it was named and was roughly bounded by Pryor Street in the east and Capitol Avenue in the west. By the mid-1870s, Washington Street was becoming one of the city's finest residential streets. The neighborhood was wealthy at the turn of the twentieth century but had declined by the 1950s. Part of the neighborhood was leveled in the 1950s to build the I-20/Downtown Connector interchange and the rest of the neighborhood was razed in the 1960s to make room for the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1114.0,1141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Camp Wallace was an army training center for antiaircraft units during World War II. The camp opened in February 1941. It was located between the towns of Hitchcock and Alta Loma, roughly 16 miles (26 kilometers) east and inland of Galveston, Texas. By May 1941, the camp accommodated 10,250 people, including officers, enlisted personal and civilian staff. It also housed German prisoners of war later. In April 1945, the camp was transferred to the Navy and had ceased operations by 1947.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1307.0,1369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ludwigslust is a city in northeastern Germany. During World War II, it was the site of the Wöbbelin concentration camp, a subcamp of Neuengamme. The British initially captured the city at the end of the war, then handed it over to American troops. After several months, the American troops departed and the city was administered by the Soviets, according to the Yalta agreement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1307.0,1369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin. May 8 was celebrated by the Allies as “V-E Day,” which stands for “victory in Europe.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1307.0,1369.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The word shomer is Hebrew for “to guard, watch, or preserve.” Someone who is shomer Shabbat or shomer mitzvot is a person who observes commandments [mitzvot] for the Jewish Sabbath from sundown Friday evening until sundown Saturday evening. This includes refraining from work activities and driving, as well as many other prohibitions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1561.0,1695.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\").","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1561.0,1695.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Wobbelin [German: Wöbbelin] camp was a subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp. It was established near the city of Ludwigslust, Germany at the end of 1944 to house prisoners of war and then concentration camp prisoners whom the SS had evacuated ahead of the Allies advance. At its height, Wobbelin held some 5,000 inmates, most of whom died from starvation and disease. The camp was freed on May 2, 1945.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=1966.0,2011.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The United States dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945. Nagasaki, Japan was bombed on August 9, 1945. The bombings lead to the surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945, and ended World War II.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2059.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The war in the Pacific Theater did not end until August 15, 1945, when Japan officially surrendered.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2059.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, also known as the “G.I. Bill,” was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans. It provides low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business, as well as educational assistance to service members, veterans, and their dependents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2138.0,2141.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Adjusted Service Rating Score was the system that the United States Army used at the end of World War II. In September 1944, eight months before Germany’s surrender, the War Department announced that soldiers would be demobilized based on a point system that counted length of service, overseas deployment, combat duty and parenthood. Soldiers with 85 points or more were first in line to head home. Female military personnel needed fewer points. Points were awarded based on each month of service, each battle served in, and each decoration earned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2141.0,2184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Henry (Heinz) Alfred Kissinger (1923-2023) was a German-born American a political scientist, diplomat, political advisor and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. His Jewish family fled Nazi persecution in 1938. They immigrated to the United States and settled in New York. He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as United States Secretary of State in the administrations of presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He played a prominent role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977, especially regarding the Vietnam War.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2244.0,2257.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg is the second-largest city in the German state of Bavaria. The city was very significant during the Nazi Germany era. The Nazi Party chose it to hold the huge Nazi Party conventions or the Nuremberg rallies in 1927, 1929 and annually from 1933-1938. During World War II the city was an important site for German military production. It also housed a subcamp of the Flossenburg concentration camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2297.0,2363.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Streicher (1885-1946) was born in Nuremberg, Germany. A prominent Nazi prior to World War II, he was the founder and publisher of Der Stürmer, a central element of the Nazi propaganda machine. It was highly antisemitic featuring articles with stereotypical hook-nosed Jews and elaborating on all their nefariousness. He also published antisemitic books, such as The Toadstool (or the Poisonous Mushroom], which warned about insidious dangers Jews posed to the German body social and politic by comparing them to an attractive yet deadly mushroom. Streicher fell in with the Nazis in 1922 when he met Adolf Hitler, which he said “transformed” him. He joined the Nazi party and in 1924 founded Der Sturmer. For his loyalty, in 1925 Streicher was appointed Gauleiter of Franconia, which included his hometown of Nuremberg. Before Hitler came to power, Gauleiters were just party functionaries and had no real power, but after Hitler came to power, they began to wield immense power. Streicher would stride through the streets of Nuremberg cracking a bullwhip. However, in 1938 Streicher’s favor with the Nazi party began to unravel when he criticized other top Nazi officials and examples of his out-of-control personal life began to surface. Streicher was widely known to engage in sexual and sadistic excesses. In February 1940, he was stripped of his party offices and withdrew from the public eye, although he continued to publish Der Sturmer. After the war, Streicher was convicted of crimes against humanity and executed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2297.0,2363.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi leaders began to make good on their pledge to persecute German Jews soon after their assumption of power. Organized attacks on Jews began in March 1933, just weeks after Hitler assumed power. In April, a general boycott against German Jews was declared. SA members stood outside Jewish-owned stores and businesses to prevent customers from entering. A week later, the first of multiple laws which banished Jews from the civil service, judicial system, public medicine, and the German army were passed. Ceremonial public burnings of books by Jewish authors took place throughout Germany. Increasingly restrictive decrees targeted Jews at all levels of society. Jews were banned from universities; Jewish actors were dismissed from theaters; publishers rejected Jewish authors and journalists. The exclusion of Jews from German cultural life was highly visible, ousting their considerable contribution to the German press, literature, theater, and music. In 1935, the “Nuremberg Laws” were passed. They formed the cornerstone of the German Nazi Party’s racial policy and heralded in a new wave of antisemitic legislation that brought about immediate and concrete segregation. They included the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, prohibiting marriages and sexual relations between Jews and Germans, and the Reich Citizenship Law, which stripped Jews of their German citizenship. Many cities and towns banned Jews from entering certain streets, squares, parks, woods, and other public places, while private organizations, associations, and enterprises also excluded Jews. Jews were increasingly isolated and ousted from German life. By the outbreak of war in 1939, more than 400 decrees and regulations restricted all aspects of their public and private lives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2297.0,2363.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On April 25, 1933, the German government issued the Law against Overcrowding in Schools and Universities, dramatically limiting the number of Jewish students allowed to attend public schools. No more than 5 percent of the total student population could be Jewish. In 1933, all Jewish teachers were also dismissed from German schools and universities. In the face of increasing persecution at public schools, Jews in Germany turned increasingly to private schools for their children. After Kristallnacht, all Jews were barred from all public schools and universities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2297.0,2363.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"During World War I, 100,000 Jews fought for Germany. As Nazi racial laws were implemented in the 1930s, veterans were initially exempted from many. These exceptions reinforced the way many veterans identified themselves—as Germans rather than as Jews—and created a false and short-lived sense of security. Eventually, all German Jews—regardless of their earlier service to their country—were disenfranchised and suffered under the increasing anti-Jewish laws and abuses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2371.0,2425.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict from 1914 to 1918 that embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2371.0,2425.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Decatur is a city in Georgia, approximately 6 miles (10 kilometers) northeast of Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2428.0,2512.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2521.0,2540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews have lived in Germany since at least the 4th century. However, they faced repeated periods of persecution. German Jews were subjected to many indignities after the Crusades, including accusations of poisoning wells and ritual murder—slanderous charges that often led to massacres. Various laws were introduced that discriminated against Jews, including what professions they could engage in and where they were permitted to live. Even during the Enlightenment, Jews had few civil rights. German Jews did not receive full equality under the law until Germany’s unification in 1871.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2542.0,2579.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In April 1933, the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service expelled all “non-Aryans” (defined as anyone with a Jewish parent or grandparent) from civil service.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2730.0,2774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After World War I, Britain took over Palestine. Although protested by the Arab states, the League of Nations authorized the British mandate over Palestine, which continued throughout World War II. Beginning in 1929, Arabs and Jews openly fought in Palestine. Britain attempted to limit Jewish immigration as a means of appeasing the Arabs. Jewish immigration had already been restricted by a series of official reports (known as White Papers) issued in 1922 and 1930 by the British government. The Arab Revolt of 1936–1939 further caused Great Britain to dramatically limit the numbers of immigrants allowed into Palestine in subsequent years and throughout the Holocaust. In 1939, a third White Paper was issued, which limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 for the first five years, subject to the country's \"economic absorptive capacity,\" and would later be contingent on Arab consent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2778.0,2822.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By September 1939, approximately 282,000 Jews had left Germany and 117,000 from annexed Austria. Of these, about 75,000 emigrated to Central and South America, with the largest numbers entering Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Bolivia. Most Latin American nations were relatively open to immigrants until 1933. In the late 1930s, economic crises brought on by the Great Depression and growing antisemitism led many Latin American countries to tighten immigration laws (Mexico in 1937; Argentina in 1938; Cuba, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Paraguay, and Uruguay in 1939). Latin American governments officially permitted only about 84,000 Jewish refugees to immigrate between 1933 and 1945, less than half the number admitted during the previous fifteen years. Others entered these countries through illegal channels. Between 1933 and 1939, between 15,000 and 20,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia took advantage of Paraguay's liberal immigration laws to escape from Nazi-occupied Europe. Argentina, which had admitted 79,000 Jewish immigrants between 1918 and 1933, officially admitted only 24,000 between 1933 and 1943.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2778.0,2822.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bamberg is a historic city in central Germany, located on the Main River, approximately 34 miles (55 kilometers) north of Nuremberg.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2833.0,2898.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jakob Wassermann (1873–1934) was a writer and novelist born in Fürth, Germany. He was known for his moral fervor and tendency toward sensationalism. Because he was Jewish, his books were burned in Germany in 1933.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2833.0,2898.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beginning on May 10, 1933, Nazi-dominated student groups carried out public burnings of books they claimed were “un-German.” The book burnings took place in 34 university towns and cities, including Dortmund. Works of prominent Jewish, liberal and leftist writers ended up in the bonfires. The book burnings stood as a powerful symbol of Nazi intolerance and censorship.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=2833.0,2898.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1945, the Allies bombed about 90 percent of Nuremberg’s city center. The city fell to Allied forces in April 1945.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3008.0,3063.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Nazi Party held its massive annual rallies in Nuremberg from 1927 to 1938.  The rallies were held at the Nazi party rally grounds, which covered about 11 square kilometers (4.25 square miles) in the southeast of Nuremberg and served as spectacular propaganda events to showcase the power of National Socialism to the rest of Germany and the world. The rallies usually were held in August or September, lasted several days to a week, and drew hundreds of thousands of Party members and spectators, including hundreds of foreign journalists. The rallies included rousing speeches by the Führer (Hitler) that were often the occasion for the announcement of new Nazi directions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3008.0,3063.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg opened in 1874. Built in the Moorish style with a large dome, it was a prominent and picturesque part of the cityscape. In April 1938, it became a target of the Nazi. City leaders declared it architecturally offensive and demanded that Jewish leaders agree to voluntarily demolish the synagogue. When they refused, the property was seized. Demolition began in August and was completed in early September, two months before Kristallnacht. After the synagogue’s demolition, the Reform congregation’s services were held in the Jewish elementary school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3064.0,3088.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nuremberg’s two remaining synagogues and numerous Jewish-owned shops were burned on Kristallnacht. Jewish businesses and homes were vandalized; merchandise and personal belongings were either looted or destroyed. Many Jews were violently assaulted; at least 16 died and another 10 committed suicides. Another 160 Jewish men were arrested and taken to the Dachau concentration camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3064.0,3088.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Established on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Dachau became a model for other concentration camps and was used as a training center for SS guards. Originally, it was a camp for criminals, political prisoners, and other opponents of the Nazi regime. In 1938, in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, the Jewish population rose to 10,000, although most were eventually released after agreeing to emigrate from Germany. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and thousands were literally worked to death. Between 1940 and 1945, at least 28,000 died there because of the harsh, overcrowded conditions, medical experiments, and executions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3226.0,3503.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Until October 1941, German policy officially encouraged Jewish emigration. However, the cost for Jews to leave Germany was increasingly and prohibitively high in the years leading up to World War II. To pay the various taxes and restrictions imposed on Jews leaving Germany and the high cost of emigration, many Jews were forced to sell their real estate, possessions, and other assets for far less than their actual worth. To keep the purchase and sale of Jewish property and assets “legal,” local currency offices policed emigration. The amount of currency and assets Jews were allowed to take out of Germany was also highly restricted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3226.0,3503.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rosenthal is a luxury porcelain manufacturer. Philipp Rosenthal (1855-1937) founded the company in Germany in 1879.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3226.0,3503.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shema Yisrael (Shema Israel or Sh'ma Yisrael; \"Hear, O Israel\") is a Jewish prayer, and is also the first two words of a section of the Torah and is the title (better known as the Shema) of a prayer that serves as a centerpiece of the morning and evening Jewish prayer services. The first verse encapsulates the monotheistic essence of Judaism: \"Hear, O Israel: the Lord is our G-d, the Lord is one,\" found in Deuteronomy 6:4.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3517.0,3597.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France was conquered by Nazi Germany in June 1940 and was divided into two parts: the northern region, which was under direct German rule, and the southern one, where a so-called Free French regime was headed by Marshal Pétain with Vichy as its capital. In November 1942, German troops occupied Vichy's formerly “free zone.” As German allies, Italian forces had occupied the southeastern corner of France in 1940. When Italy surrendered to Allied forces in September 1943, German forces took over the area, making all of France occupied.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3716.0,3937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The French first opened internment camps during the First World War to detain civilian prisoners. The camps continued to be used to house various political and refugee groups until the Vichy government was installed in June 1940. Under the Vichy government, these camps were filled with Jews—first with foreign Jews, then indifferently with foreign and French Jews. When German forces invaded France in the early summer of 1940, there were approximately 350,000 Jews in France. Less than half of them were French citizens. Many were refugees who had fled persecution in Germany and, in the summer of 1940, Jews fleeing the Belgians, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. Despite autonomy from German policies, in the fall of 1940, Vichy administrators promulgated antisemitic legislation that particularly affected foreign Jews. By then about 150,000 Jews had crossed what was known as the Demarcation Line to seek protection from Vichy in the south - only to find they were subjected to fierce discrimination along lines practiced by the Germans in the north. Jews were eventually banned from the professions, show business, teaching, the civil service and journalism. After an intense propaganda campaign, Jewish businesses were 'aryanised' by Vichy's Commission for Jewish Affairs and their property was confiscated. More than 40,000 refugee Jews were held in concentration camps under French control, and 3,000 died of poor treatment during the winters of 1940 and 1941. French Jews reacted to the deportations in German-occupied France in 1942 by ceasing to cooperate with the German and French authorities. Many Jews went into hiding in some 6,000 villages and small towns across France. The German and French authorities responded by organizing raids in rural areas, including the territories of the Vichy regime. French authorities interned thousands of Jews under deplorable conditions in French-administered detention camps—Gurs, Saint-Cyprien, Rivesaltes, Le Vernet, and Les Milles—where at least 3,000 individuals died during the war years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3716.0,3937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Gurs transit camp was in the Basque region of southwestern France, near the village of Gurs. It was one of the earliest and biggest transit camps for Jews established in France.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3716.0,3937.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On February 20, 1942, Helen’s grandmother, Eva Wachtel Graussman, uncle Fritz Graussman, and aunt, Antonie Graussman arrived in the United States on a ship from Casablanca, Morocco. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3945.0,3949.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Between 2,000 and 3,000 Jews left Nuremberg after Kristallnacht. Except for about 60 Jews married to Christians, the remaining 1,600 Jews were deported from Nuremberg in a series of deportations that began in November 1941 and continued until June 1943. About 65 returned after the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=3991.0,3992.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Helen seems to be referring to a non-Jewish trustee known as a Treuhänder [German: trustee]. Especially after 1935, Jewish property was forcibly transferred to so-called “Aryans” (non-Jews) in a process known as Arisierung [German: Aryanization]. \"Aryanization\" meant the dismissal of Jewish workers and managers of a company and/or the takeover of Jewish-owned businesses by non-Jewish Germans who bought them at bargain prices fixed by government or Nazi party officials. In 1937 and 1938, German authorities again stepped-up legislative persecution of German Jews. Following Kristallnacht, Nazi leaders stepped up \"Aryanization\" efforts. After November 1938, Jews were forbidden to do business and had to liquidate their property under the supervision of a governmental trustee or Treuhänder [German: trustee]. The trustee would arrange for the Jewish owner to receive a nominal payment for the enterprise that was generally paid into a blocked account and then sell the very same business to an Aryan for market value thereby turning a sizeable profit for the Reich.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4002.0,4037.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Immigrants Mutual Aid Society (IMAS) was founded in Boston, Massachusetts in 1938 by a group of Central European refugees. Its purpose was to ease immigrants' adjustment to the economic, spiritual, cultural, and social life of the American community and to provide mutual assistance to its members and aid to other immigrants. In its early years, IMAS was primarily concerned with securing affidavits for émigrés, and providing them with English lessons, as well as assisting them in finding jobs and homes. IMAS was also concerned with providing social and cultural activities for its members, such as lectures and dances, in addition to offering religious services for the High Holy Days. IMAS provided financial assistance to its members and, in 1960, established the IMAS Mutual Aid Fund, with a grant from United Help, Inc. IMAS also on occasion granted scholarships to its members. The organization functioned without paid staff, a permanent office or formal ties to other Jewish organizations. IMAS ceased operations around 1980.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4434.0,4515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The chazzan (cantor) is the official in charge of music or chants and leads liturgical prayer and chanting in the synagogue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4434.0,4515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reform Judaism is a division within Judaism, especially in North America and the United Kingdom. Historically it began in the 19th century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah, and women rabbis), instrumental music is allowed in the services, and most of the service is in the local language as opposed to Hebrew.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4434.0,4515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Temple B’nai Israel was a reform synagogue founded in 1906 in the Beachmont neighborhood of Revere, Massachusetts (a city just 5 miles east of downtown Boston). It was founded by Eastern European immigrants mostly from Russia, Poland and Lithuania and was the city’s first synagogue. In 1940, about one-quarter of the city’s population—or 8,600 people—was Jewish. But by the 1970s, most of the Jewish families had moved to suburbs. By 2017, membership had dropped so dramatically the congregation ran out of money. In 2019, it was the last synagogue to close in Revere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4434.0,4515.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meissen is the oldest porcelain manufacturer in Europe. It was established in Dresden, Germany in 1710 as the Saxon royal porcelain manufactory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=4516.0,4563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The USO (United Service Organizations) is a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization whose mission is to support American troops and their families with programs and services. During World War II, the USO began a tradition of entertaining the troops that continues. The USO is not part of the United States government, but is recognized by the Department of Defense, Congress and President of the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5091.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"“G.I.” comes from the initials of “Government Issue,” a term used to describe a member or former member of the U.S. armed forces.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5251.0,5253.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Seigels lived in Virginia-Highland (often nicknamed \"VaHi\"), an affluent neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia, founded in the early 20th century as a streetcar suburb. It is named after the intersection of Virginia Avenue and North Highland Avenue, the heart of its trendy retail district at the center of the neighborhood. The neighborhood is famous for its bungalows and other historic houses from the 1910s to the 1930s. It has become a destination for people across Atlanta with its eclectic mix of restaurants, bars, and shops as well as for the Summerfest festival, annual Tour of Homes and other events.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5404.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Siegels later lived about 5 miles northeast of downtown Atlanta, in the Morningside—Lenox Park neighborhood of Atlanta, on a street of homes built in 1953-1954. It is close to Herbert Taylor Park, named for Mr. Taylor, who donated 28 acres of land to the city in the 1970’s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5431.0,5450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Katherine and Jacob Greenfield Hebrew Academy was the first Jewish day school in Atlanta and was founded in 1953.  As of mid-2014 the Greenfield Hebrew Academy (grades pre-K through 8) and Yeshiva High School (grades 9-12) merged into one college preparatory day school now called the Atlanta Jewish Academy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5500.0,5507.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Founded in 1904, Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960’s, they removed the barrier between the men’s and women’s sections in the sanctuary and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5529.0,5539.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rebecca’s Tent, Spiegel Women’s Shelter at Shearith Israel is a shelter in Atlanta, Georgia. Originally founded in 1983, it providedhot meals and beds in the basement of Congregation Shearith Israel synagogue to women experiencing homelessness during winter months. Today, its services include workshops, career and financial coaching as well as a year-round case management program that provides former residents with ongoing support and resources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5529.0,5539.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Big Apple, later Food Giant, was a chain of over 100 grocery stores that were headquartered and operated out of Atlanta, Georgia. Russian immigrant Louis Alterman started it as a wholesale food operation called L. Alterman \u0026amp; Son in the 1920’s. The company opened its first retail store, called Big Apple, in 1949. The company existed until the 1980’s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5576.0,5613.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A Sisterhood is a group of women in a synagogue congregation who join to offer social, cultural, educational, and volunteer service opportunities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5576.0,5613.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Congregation Beth El was founded in Atlanta, Georgia in the mid-twentieth century. It was located on University Drive, on land donated by Herbert Taylor. The synagogue was dissolved for financial reasons within a few years of its charter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5613.0,5613.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Colleen Weston and her husband Bert were members of the Temple in Atlanta. Colleen served as Hadassah chapter president from 1966 to 1968.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5620.0,5654.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer organization founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold, with more than 300,000 members and supporters worldwide. It supports health care and medical research, education and youth programs in Israel, and advocacy, education, and leadership development in the United States. Hadassah Greater Atlanta (HGA), the metro Atlanta chapter of Hadassah, was founded in 1916.   ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5620.0,5654.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rabbi Marc H. Wilson was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1949 and was a rabbi at Congregation Shearith Israel in Atlanta from 1975 to 1985. He received a bachelor's degree from De Paul University, and rabbinic ordination from Hebrew Theological College in Chicago. He was the founding principal of Morton Grove Community Hebrew School in Chicago in 1970. After leaving Shearith Israel, he served as rabbi for Temple Israel in Charlotte and Beth Israel in Greenville, South Carolina. He is the author of columns and commentaries published in the Atlanta Jewish Times, Columbia State, Reader’s Digest, the Washington Post, Philadelphia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5742.0,5742.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Alterman/JETS Transportation program is a transportation service offered by the Jewish Family \u0026amp; Career Services. It provides non-emergency medical transportation to adults over 60 or who are disabled.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5956.0,5983.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Clark Brian Howard (b. 1955) is a popular consumer expert and host of the nationally syndicated radio program and podcast, the Clark Howard Show. The son of prominent members of Atlanta’s Jewish community, Bernard and Joy Garson Howard, Howard is the author of several books on consumer tips and bargains. He is a frequent guest on other talk, variety, and news programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=5956.0,5983.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6083.0,6175.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Ku Klux Klan (or Knights of the Ku Klux Klan today, also referred to as the KKK) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Black secret society, whose methods have included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860s and then died out and has come back several times, most notably in the 1920s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past its members dressed up in white robes and pointed hoods designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6083.0,6175.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. The name seems to have originated in the song “Jump Jim Crow,” a song-and-dance caricature of Blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in Blackface in 1832. As a result of Rice’s fame, “Jim Crow” became a pejorative expression meaning “Negro” by 1838 and the later segregation laws became known as “Jim Crow” laws. Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the southern states of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly “separate but equal” status for Black Americans, although this was not so. Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, places, and public transportation and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and Blacks. Private businesses, political parties, and unions created their own Jim Crow arrangements, barring Blacks from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc. In the middle twentieth century, the Supreme Court began to overturn Jim Crow laws on constitutional grounds. Rosa Parks defied the Jim Crow laws when she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, which became a catalyst to the Civil Rights movement. Her actions, and the demonstrations that followed, led to a series of legislative and court decisions that contributed to undermining the Jim Crow system. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially ended Jim Crow segregation laws.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6180.0,6203.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6224.0,6324.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Civil Rights Act (PL 88-352) was enacted on July 2, 1964. It outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace, and by facilities that served the general public.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6399.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With international pressure mounting, in 1945, Britain, unable to find a practical solution, referred the problem to the United Nations, which in November 1947 voted to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states in May 1948 when the British mandate was scheduled to end. After the British began the withdrawal of their military forces from Palestine in early April 1948, Zionist leaders moved to establish a modern Jewish state. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many survivors felt there was no future for Jews in Europe. Israeli statehood represented hope to survivors who longed for a homeland where Jews would not be a vulnerable minority. On May 14, 1948—the day the British Mandate over Palestine expired—David Ben-Gurion, the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, announced the formation of the state of Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6436.0,6458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ahavath Achim (often also called ‘AA’) was founded in 1887 as an Orthodox congregation. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. In 1928, the congregation began to shift to Conservatism, which they joined in 1952. The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6459.0,6484.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ashkenazi Jews [also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim] are Jews who originally lived in northern and eastern Europe. They once lived around Rhineland and France and after the Crusades, moved to Poland, Lithuania and Russia. In the 17th century, avoiding persecution, many Jews moved to and settled in Western Europe. As of 2018, Ashkenazim account for about 75 percent of the world's Jewish population.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6506.0,6577.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6506.0,6577.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1996, Helen was honored for her services to the community as a runner for the Olympic torch. Atlanta, Georgia hosted the 1996 Summer Olympics, the games were held from July 19 to August 14, 1996, opened by President Bill Clinton. A record 197 nations and 10,318 athletes took part in the games, including 11 debut countries, formerly Soviet republics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6578.0,6596.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jane Lewis Axelrod (b. 1934) was born in New Jersey and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. She and her husband, Herbert Axelrod, were members of Congregation Shearith Israel, where Jane served as Executive Director for 25 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6597.0,6614.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation. Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation. The congregation first met in a rented grocery store on Parkway Drive. It moved to a permanent location on Boulevard when it purchased and renovated a two-story apartment building. In 1956, it converted the Tabernacle Baptist Church on Boulevard to a synagogue. It built its current synagogue building on a five-acre lot on LaVista Road in 1961.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6622.0,6677.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berlin, Germany hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics. The games were held from August 1-16, 1936. Nearly 4,000 athletes from 49 teams competed in 129 events. The games were opened by Adolf Hitler. In the face of mounting discrimination against Jews, there was discussion of boycotting or moving the games, but Germany made assurances that German Jews would be allowed to try out for the Games and compete (although only one ultimately competed).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6622.0,6677.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740/annotation_set/1843/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"James Cleveland “Jesse” Owens (1913-1980) was an American track and field athlete who specialized in sprints and the long jump. Owens won four gold medals at the 1936 Summer Olympics (three individually and one as a member of the US 4x100-meter relay team). In addition to being recognized in his lifetime as \"perhaps the greatest and most famous athlete in track and field history,\" Owens was also significant for breaking racial barriers. In the 1936 Games, the success of Owens and the other African American athletes, referred to as “black auxiliaries” by the Nazi press, was considered a particular blow to Hitler’s Aryan ideals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263740#t=6622.0,6677.0"}]}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263864","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - Spiegel_FrankandHelen2.mp4"]},"duration":7016.667,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/263/864/small/Spiegel_FrankandHelen2.mp4_1740529651.jpg?1740529654","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263864/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263864/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/263/864/original/Spiegel_FrankandHelen2.mp4?1740528692","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7016.667,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/141620/file/263864","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[]}]}