{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/rj48p5vw30/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Kohn, Herbert"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2000-11-14 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHerbert Kohn interviewed by Michele Lesser on November 14, 2000 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eBorn in Frankfurt am Main in 1926, Herbert Kohn was just six when the Nazis took control of Germany. Herbert, his older brother, mother and father soon felt the effects of anti-Jewish policies. Herbert was kicked out of public school and sent to a segregated Jewish school. His father, Leo, lost his job and began making plans to emigrate from Germany. On Kristallnacht, Herbert’s father was arrested and taken to Buchenwald. When a S.S. officer discovered a letter from President Hindenburg to Leo thanking him for his service in World War I and an accompanying Iron Cross, he was released from the concentration camp. Soon after, the family immigrated to England, where they lived for almost a year before coming to the United Sates. With the help of their sponsor, the Kohn family settled in Alabama and learned to farm.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn his eighteenth birthday, Herbert enlisted in the U.S. Army. In 1945, he returned to Germany as a soldier. After his service, he earned a degree in agriculture from Auburn University. He later transitioned to accounting and became a CPA and then CFO and CEO of a building company. After establishing himself in business and moving to Atlanta, he joined a company that provided affordable housing to low-income people. Herbert also served 26 years in the United States Army Reserve and achieved the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHerbert had three children with his first wife. He became a prominent civic leader and volunteer, and spoke about his Holocaust survival story throughout the Southeast. He passed away on July 16, 2020 in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eHerbert offers his perspective of the context in which the Nazis cam to power to in Germany. He shares his thoughts on how the Nazis were able to kill six million Jews were during the Holocaust. Herbert talks about his grandparents. He describes a strict discipline but relaxed level of observance in his household. Herbert shares how his father’s perspective began to change as the family endured more and more anti-Jewish policies. He recalls the day he was kicked out of school and his friends began to shun him. Herbert remembers Kristallnacht and a soldier coming to arrest his father. He recounts how his mother saved the family by securing visas to England. Herbert repeats what his father told him about his imprisonment in Buchenwald when he returned a few weeks later. Herbert explains how the family immigrated to England before coming to the United States. He discusses the adjustment to life as farmers in Alabama, the segregation he witnessed in the South, and being welcomed by the local Jewish community. Herbert talks about joining the United States Army and returning to Germany at the end of the war. He explains how he returned after the war, attended Auburn University and joined the United States Army Reserves. He details his parents’ move to Columbus, Georgia and their struggle to build a new life. Herbert recollects saying goodbye to his grandparents and what happened to them during World War II. He discusses what he has learned about the extermination camps. Herbert closes by explaining why it is important to him to talk to students about the Holocaust and his work with the underprivileged in the community.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/27930"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Germany (geographic term)","Atlanta (Ga.) (geographic)","Alabama","Holocaust (topical term)","Immigration (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHerbert Kohn interviewed by Michele Lesser on November 14, 2000 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBorn in Frankfurt am Main in 1926, Herbert Kohn was just six when the Nazis took control of Germany. Herbert, his older brother, mother and father soon felt the effects of anti-Jewish policies. Herbert was kicked out of public school and sent to a segregated Jewish school. His father, Leo, lost his job and began making plans to emigrate from Germany. On Kristallnacht, Herbert’s father was arrested and taken to Buchenwald. When a S.S. officer discovered a letter from President Hindenburg to Leo thanking him for his service in World War I and an accompanying Iron Cross, he was released from the concentration camp. Soon after, the family immigrated to England, where they lived for almost a year before coming to the United Sates. With the help of their sponsor, the Kohn family settled in Alabama and learned to farm.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn his eighteenth birthday, Herbert enlisted in the U.S. Army. In 1945, he returned to Germany as a soldier. After his service, he earned a degree in agriculture from Auburn University. He later transitioned to accounting and became a CPA and then CFO and CEO of a building company. After establishing himself in business and moving to Atlanta, he joined a company that provided affordable housing to low-income people. Herbert also served 26 years in the United States Army Reserve and achieved the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHerbert had three children with his first wife. He became a prominent civic leader and volunteer, and spoke about his Holocaust survival story throughout the Southeast. He passed away on July 16, 2020 in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHerbert offers his perspective of the context in which the Nazis cam to power to in Germany. He shares his thoughts on how the Nazis were able to kill six million Jews were during the Holocaust. Herbert talks about his grandparents. He describes a strict discipline but relaxed level of observance in his household. Herbert shares how his father’s perspective began to change as the family endured more and more anti-Jewish policies. He recalls the day he was kicked out of school and his friends began to shun him. Herbert remembers Kristallnacht and a soldier coming to arrest his father. He recounts how his mother saved the family by securing visas to England. Herbert repeats what his father told him about his imprisonment in Buchenwald when he returned a few weeks later. Herbert explains how the family immigrated to England before coming to the United States. He discusses the adjustment to life as farmers in Alabama, the segregation he witnessed in the South, and being welcomed by the local Jewish community. Herbert talks about joining the United States Army and returning to Germany at the end of the war. He explains how he returned after the war, attended Auburn University and joined the United States Army Reserves. He details his parents’ move to Columbus, Georgia and their struggle to build a new life. Herbert recollects saying goodbye to his grandparents and what happened to them during World War II. He discusses what he has learned about the extermination camps. Herbert closes by explaining why it is important to him to talk to students about the Holocaust and his work with the underprivileged in the community.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/096/678/small/Herbert_Kohn.png?1619300353","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Kohn_Herbert.mp4"]},"duration":5068.158,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/096/678/small/Herbert_Kohn.png?1619300353","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/096/678/original/Kohn_Herbert.mp4?1598810312","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":5068.158,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Herbert Kohn [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KOHN: I'm Herbert Kohn. [I] was born and raised in Germany. [I was] born\nSeptember 27, 1926 in Frankfurt [Germany]. That was seventy-four years ago. My\nfamily lived in Germany for over 500 years, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so my perspective of telling my\nstory, of my experiences in the pre-Holocaust period was from somebody who lived\nthere, experienced it as a German. My father and both of my grandfathers served\nin the German Army, on the German side ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in World War I. They were--just like I\nwas--raised as a German, as a German Jew. Not only that . . . I had an\nopportunity after I escaped from Germany in 1939 to come to this country to get\nback to Germany with the United States Army. As a matter of fact, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I became a\ncitizen of the United States in the army. I was back [in Germany] in 1945 before\nthe war was over, right toward the end of the war and saw the effects of the\nHolocaust as an eighteen year old. Then I have travelled many times again to\nGermany--four, five, six times--visited the camps, even took a Federation\nmission tour to Dachau ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one time and had the opportunity therefore to see it\nbefore, during and after. I want to give you some of my reflections. The\nHolocaust was the murder of nine million plus people. Six million of them were\nJews. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Out of the six million, one and a half million were children under fifteen\nyears old. The other three million [who] were murdered were people who didn't\nfit into the system also, just like the Jews didn't, into the Aryan concept that\n[Adolf] Hitler described very well in his book, Mein Kampf, which was written in\n1926 while he was in prison, prior to him becoming Chancellor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and head of the\nGerman government in 1933. The concept is that these people were killed not in\nwar, not by guns, not by bombs. Thirty-five million people lost their lives in\nWorld War II. These people were murdered completely outside of the war effort.\nAs a matter of fact, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the war effort, in spite of the war effort, Germany\ntook time out to murder these people. This is a crime against humanity that's\nunmatched and can't be compared to any other crime that has been done before and\nsince then. We have had a lot of crimes against humanity, including slavery in\nthe United States. But this is unique. It's different. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also, we've got to\nrealize the concept of six million people. Six million people can be compared to\nthe census of the state of Georgia in 1990. There were [six million two hundred\nthousand] people living in Georgia. That's men, women, and children, everybody.\nEverybody in the state of Georgia counted was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[six million two hundred thousand]\npeople. It's hard to fathom how you can wipe out that kind of a population, that\nmany people in really a relatively short period of time because the Final\nSolution kicked in in 1942 after the Wannsee Conference documents were approved.\nEighty percent of those who were murdered were murdered from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1942 to 1945 when\nthe war was over. The question always came to my mind as I looked at this, and\nstudied it, and as I grew up, and thought about, is how can we allow, or how did\nthe German people, how can they allow this terrible crime to take place? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As we\nknow, there are four classes of people: the victims, the perpetrators, the\nrescuers, and the bystanders. By far, the largest group of people in this\nparticular crime were the bystanders, the people who looked the other way, who\ndidn't want to get involved. That's what we can learn hopefully out of the\nHolocaust. I'm here to talk to you about it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I wanted to relate it while I\nstill can and have the strength and the ability to discuss it. Because we need\nto be sure that this shall never happen again. It will never happen again. The\nreasons that I've picked out that we allowed this to happen are three reasons\nbasically. One of them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a thing that I lived in Germany, and experienced, and\nwas raised under, which I call \"absolute obedience.\" The German child is taught\nand the German people are taught that when government speaks, you do whatever\nthe government commands. You have absolute obedience to your\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government--regardless what the government is or whether you like it or not--to\nyour teachers, and to your parents. There is no way to compromise that. The\nNazis used that concept in perpetuating or perpetrating this terrible crime and\ngetting the German people to support it. Sixty million people lived in Germany\nin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1933. It's just inconceivable that a government of thousands of people can do\nthese things that were done without some support of the people or at least\nbystander attitudes, \"Let the government do.\" The next thing the Germans or the\nNazis used was mass psychology, propaganda. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The way that was done was [through]\nall the mass assemblies and the marches, which is a typical German thing: the\nmilitaristic uniforms, bands, torches, music, flags, repetition over and over\nagain of the theme that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler is our leader, our Fuhrer, and what he says we\nbelieve in--that the Jews are our enemy, [German:] Die Juden sind unser Feind.\nDie Juden sind unser Ungluck. [German] The Jews are our misfortune. That was\nsaid over and over again in banners, in slogans, in mass assemblies where\neveryone joined and shouted, \"Sieg Heil!\" It means, \"Hail to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fuhrer. Hail to\nour country.\" With that mass hysteria and almost cult-like system, they were\nable to get the masses of the people to turn against the Jews and against\nanybody who was not part of the German race, the Aryan race, or were not in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tune\nwith what the government was about to do. The third reason was that when you\nhave a plan like Hitler outlined in his book, Mein Kampf, to conquer Europe, to\nconquer the world, to destroy all people who were not pure Aryan, who didn't fit\ninto the system all over the world . . . When you have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such a tremendous plan,\nyou've got to have a scapegoat. The Jews became the scapegoat. They were the\nnatural scapegoats because they had always been hated by the people not only\nGermany, all over Europe during the Middle Ages. They just had emancipated in\nWorld War I--that's the reason why my grandfather and my father was a part of\nthe army. My grandfather was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the first field grade officers. He was a\ndoctor in the Kaiser's army. They just had come up to a level where this was\nallowed. They were moving up the ladder. They wanted to be sure that . . . The\nNazis, in their plan was that if you have a plan to destroy all these people,\nthen you gotta have a scapegoat. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jews would be the scapegoat. The Jews were\nhated since the Crusades, the Inquisitions, the ghetto period, and this was a\nnatural minority. There was only maybe less than fifty thousand Jews in Germany\nat the time--less than one percent of the population. They were easy to be use\nas those people are different. They are the enemy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are to be blamed for\nlosing World War I, for the economic crisis that caused the Depression, which\nwas in Germany also, and of course all the problems that might occur from then\non. There was a professor at Harvard University, Dr. Daniel Goldhagen, who wrote\na book, Hitler's Willing Executioners, which really were the German people,\nwhich ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually verified these three points that I found myself over a period of\nyears, or came up with that theory. In his book in a very learned way and very\nacademic way, he was able to document why the German people were at fault for\naccepting this manipulation by the Nazi party.\n\nLESSER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to ask you some questions about your personal life and your\nfamily. What were some of your earliest memories of your family when you were in\nGermany before the war?\n\nKOHN: My family was actually a middle class family. My father's side of the\nfamily was highly educated, very cultural. My father and his . . . my\ngrandfather and my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandmother--I didn't know my grandfather on my father's\nside, but my grandmother I did know very well and my great-grandmother, who had\nlived with us at the end before she died--they were very educated and they were\nvery involved in the arts--music, dance, opera. My father tells m that he saw\nany major opera at least seven times. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had loge seats at the Frankfurt\nopera. They were very much into the artistic and cultural part of the community\nof Frankfurt, very much involved in it. On my mother's side, my grandparents\nwere working people. They had a little small business, a wholesale grocery and\nfish business in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"market. They got up early in the morning and had to go to\nwork, to buy their goods and then sell them. They were very much involved. Both\nof them came from Jewish backgrounds. My father's family [had] more of a Liberal\nJewish background. My grandparents on my mother's side [were] maybe a little\nmore ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"toward the Orthodox side, although they were not practicing Orthodox Jews.\nThey were brought up under that in smaller towns. They came from . . . not from\nFrankfurt. My father's family was in Frankfurt. My mother's side of the family\ncame from smaller towns, Weiler and Sinsheim, which is close to Heidelberg [Germany].\n\nLESSER: What kind of customs and holidays would your family celebrate?\n\nKOHN: We celebrated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all Jewish holidays in a liberal Jewish sense. Sometimes we\nthink all German Jews are Reformed Jews. That's not quite so. We belonged to a\nsynagogue, which was a liberal synagogue, the Westend Synagogue in Frankfurt.\nYou wore hats but you also had music and organs, so it was kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conservative,\nbut more leftwing toward what we know today as Reform Judaism. It wasn't quite\nreform Judaism as I saw when I first came to this country. We celebrated. We had\nseders. All the High Holy Days were celebrated. We went to synagogue regularly.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were not observant Jews, but practicing Jews in many of the customs. It was a\nvery important point in our lives.\n\nLESSER: What were some of the key values that you felt your father and mother\nwere trying to teach you, either out of Judaism or just in their lives?\n\nKOHN: Like I told you, obedience ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and discipline are the words that I heard very\noften. It's a typical German way to be brought up. There were no options like we\nhave today. When I was brought up, I wasn't asked, \"Do you want hot dogs or\nhamburger? Do you want this or that?\" You ate what was on the table. If you\ndidn't finish your soup, you didn't get anything else. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you did finish the\nrest of your meal and complained too much, you went to your room without eating.\n[It was a] very strict upbringing, typical German. When my father corrected\nme--which was often--I had to stand at attention while he corrected me. [My\nfather would say,] Stand geshtanken!\" [German: Stand up], stand at attention. It\nwas a word that I heard often. It was a strict bringing up. It wasn't without\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rewards. On weekends, we went often to the zoo, botanical gardens, museums, and\nfor long walks in the mountains. [We] carried picnics into the mountains. We\nkept busy. Something was planned almost every weekend. [I was] very active in\nschool sports. I will relate to that in a minute because after a while we were\nnot in public schools anymore. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sports still was a very important part of our upbringing.\n\nLESSER: What was your relationship with Jewish and non-Jewish families in your community?\n\nKOHN: If you don't mind, I'd like to tell you when the break came. There was a\nbreak that came. We lived on a street where everybody knew each other. What I\ncan remember was Humboldt Street 66. Every morning, I walked to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school with some\nof my friends on the block. When I started school, I was six years old, in the\nfirst grade. It just so happened it was in 1933. I actually started in 1932.\nHitler came into power in March of 1933. Three weeks after he came to power, I\nwalked to school with my friends like I did every morning about three-quarters\nof a mile to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first grade, elementary school, public school. When I got there\nand got settled into my desk, the teacher said, \"Are there any Jews in this\nroom?\" Two of us held our hands up. I held mine up very prominently and excited\nthat I was being called on. I thought maybe I had to recite something,\nespecially because it was close to Passover. I wanted to be sure they knew that\nI went to Sunday school, which I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did, and had learned something. The teacher\nsaid, \"Just get your things and go home. Jews are not allowed in public schools\nanymore as of today.\" Now, it's very traumatic when a six year old is told all\nof a sudden he's different and everything has changed. That was a big change in\nmy life. I walked home by myself. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[It was the] first time I ever did that. Next\nthing I knew, when I went home even, I realized everything had changed. The next\nmorning, I couldn't go to school. When I walked out of the house, some of the\nother kids saw me. Instead of calling to me, \"Hi, Herbert,\" [they said,] \"What are\nyou doing here, you damn Jew?\" The same kids one day before were my friends, the\nnext day weren't. That was true also for my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents. My parents couldn't speak\nto their neighbors anymore. Their neighbors couldn't speak to them. If they did\nor it was reported, they would also be punished or lose their job possibly. Jews\nbecame segregated. The propaganda went against them. The park benches had signs\non them, \"Only for Jews,\" or \"Jews are not allowed.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everything was segregated.\n[Signs that read,] \"Juden sind nicht gewollt.\" [German] That means Jews are not\nwanted. [It] was on every public place--libraries, theaters, the botanical\ngardens, zoo, movies. Everywhere you went, there were signs on them, including\nstores--except those owned by Jews--had signs on them right at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eye level,\n\"You're not wanted here.\" That went on from 1933 to 1935, when laws were\nactually passed, the Nuremberg Laws, which spelled out exactly what a Jew could\ndo and what he couldn't do. Also, he had to have identification with him that\nhad a big \"J\" on it. That particular identification four years later changed\ninto a yellow star. The Star of David, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which said \"Jew\" on it, had to b sewn\nonto the outer garment that any Jews wore in Germany to be sure to b identified\nthat he was the enemy or she was the enemy. There was ongoing segregation. I\njust want to tell you on thing that I found in the process. When you describe\nthe Holocaust, it really led up to and can be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"described with four words.\nDiscrimination leads to segregation. Segregation leads to persecution.\nPersecution leads to extermination. Those four words describe the process from\n1933 to 1945, which is the period of the Holocaust.\n\nLESSER: I wanted to ask: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That very first day when you were separated from your\nschool and experienced segregation, how did your parents console you? What was\nit like that day inside the home?\n\nKOHN: My father, who was German in his thinking and my family who had lived in\nGermany all these years and their family lived before--I have a family breed\nthat goes back 500 years--they said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Oh, this will go away. This is just like a\npolitical party that's going to lose power. This can't work. The Germans won't\nallow this. You know, we are a cultural country. We just can't make those kind\nof drastic changes. Those people . . . You're not the enemy. You're okay.\" It\nchanged over a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"period of years. It took about three or four years for my father\nto realize [that] no, it wasn't going to change. He lost his job. He was a\nrepresentative for leather dyes. He traveled and had clients. They wouldn't see\nhim any more. In fact, that segregation went all across business and economic\nways, so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he lost his job. He finally got a job with the new school we were going\nto, which was a segregated Jewish school, only for Jews, with Jewish teachers,\nJewish staff, Jewish janitors. He got a job in the sports department because he\nwas very active in sports and had a military background. It was a minor job, not\nenough to really get by on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the family, especially under the conditions. We\nknew we had to get out. He realized that. In 1935, he made a family tree, which\nI still have, and picked out people all over the world who related into the\nfamily and wrote letters. One letter was to a family in Birmingham [Alabama] who\nwere relatives. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a daughter out of a very prominent family who were out of\nAtlanta, the Heyman family. This lady, Dorah Sterne, wife of Mervyn Sterne, gave\nus an affidavit, which entitled us to get a visa to come to America. We got this\nvisa in 1938 but we couldn't get to America because of the quota system until\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1940. Because there was only 25,000 people allowed to come into the United\nStates from middle Europe under the quota system. That's still, by the way, in\neffect today.\n\nLESSER: As a child, do you remember seeing how all of this this affected your\nmom and dad's spirits, seeing this persecution and the fact that they were\nsegregated and their lives had changed? How did it affect them emotionally?\n\nKOHN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was very difficult for them. Like I said, for a period of time, they\nthought this was just a temporary thing. Then it became more and more\nsegregation. You didn't have the transportation systems like you have in this\ncountry. We didn't have cars. We were a middle class family but only ten percent\nof the population had cars. You couldn't meet and get around with fellow Jews\nlike you could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here as a community. The communication system . . . We had a\nradio I think when the first radios came out, but there was no television. The\nnewspapers were totally controlled. They were often showed nothing but . . .\nThey showed every Jew always made up like he was the enemy. They doctored up the\npictures to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put Jews looking like the enemy, with a crooked nose. Those were the\nblack hats, not the white hats coming out of western literacy. The point I'm\ntrying to make here is, yes, they had a hard time adjusting. But it all came to\na head really for me, and for them, and for my brother, who was three years\nolder, and for my grandfather who lived with us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My grandmother and grandfather\nwere divorced, which was a sad situation but they were divorced many years\nbefore. My grandfather lived with us and my grandmother lived in an apartment.\nYes, we had to take care of them. We had to bring food to them because we\ncouldn't just move around like you could before. As a matter of fact, rationing\nstarted for World War II. Jews got only a portion of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ration everybody else\ngot. Jews were totally segregated and persecuted in the 1930s, up till 1938.\nThat was when it really came to the forefront--Kristallnacht [German: night of\nbroken glass], November 9, 1938. I was there. It really turned out to be a test\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of how to get into the Final Solution. Many Jews had already left. Because of\nthis segregation and persecution, [they] were leaving if they could, but many\nhadn't. Although [Kristallnacht] was based on the murder of an ambassador by a\ndemented Jew in Paris, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France--that's what they claimed: [that it] was a\nspontaneous reaction--it was really a test of how to take that step forward into\nthe Final Solution, which means to completely get rid of all the Jews. That\nnight, I was at home. I remember it very well. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"During a short period of\ntime--three hours, every Jewish synagogue in Germany was burned, destroyed and\ndesecrated. I think there may be over 300 of them. Every Jewish owned store got\nbroken into. The glass was broken. That's the reason they call it Kristallnacht,\nbecause ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"glass was all over the streets. [They were] looted and destroyed. Every\nJewish male between the ages of 16 and 60 was arrested and shipped off to a\ncamp. Many people didn't know where. I was at home that night when the storm\ntroopers came up the stairs, knocked on the door of our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apartment--we lived in a\nvery nice apartment--and my mother opened the door. I stood right next to her.\nHe just stepped in in his khaki uniform, leather belt, leather shoulder strap,\nswastika on his arm and very loudly shouted, \"Any damn Jews in here?\" My father\ncame out from one of the back doors. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before that, he had pushed my mother to the\nfloor and just stepped in, just like taking over command. My father went with\nhim. We didn't know where he went, didn't know what happened, or where he was\ngoing to. Like I said before, the communication wasn't as sophisticated as we\nhave it today. Anyway, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my mother immediately the next day found our visa to\nAmerica. Based on that, she called a very distant relative in England, in\nLondon, which we didn't even know but she knew of him, to see if she couldn't\nget a transit visa for my father. If he ever should have come back, she said\nhe's got to get out of this country. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was able to get this distant, elderly\nrelative to commit to two pounds a week, which is a very small sum of money,\njust for the sustenance of my father because you couldn't work on a transit\nvisa. With that, she went to the English Consulate in Frankfurt. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The English\nConsulate [Robert Townsend Smallbones] saw the telegram. He knew the situation.\nHe said, \"Let me see all of your passports of your immediate family\"--my\nbrother's, mine, my father's, my mother's. He took his visa stamp and stamped\nall of them with a visa. The reason this is an experience that I will always\nremember--my mother told me what happened and of course I saw the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stamp in my\npassport. It's in the [The William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum] to this\nday--is because this man was not a bystander. He was a rescuer. As a matter of\nfact, he was one of the Righteous Gentiles. He adjusted his thinking to how to\nsave lives. Knowing that there was not enough sustenance, he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stretched the\nthinking in such a way to get four people saved. That's what saved our lives.\nHis action of stamping that passport with the visa saved my life. My father did\ncome back. He came back three and a half weeks later. I was there when he came\nback. He rang the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doorbell, came up the stairs, and there he was. He was at that\ntime thirty-eight years old, but I could hardly recognize him because he had\nlost thirty pounds and all of his body hair was white. He had nothing on but a\nraincoat. It was end of November. In Germany, [that is] very cold. He was so\nglad to see us. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hugged us. He was so glad to hear that he could leave the\nnext day. He said, \"You know, you wonder what happened to me and I've got to\ntell you although I was told never to speak about it, that the arm of the German\ngovernment could reach all over the world and would get me if I ever talked\nabout what happened to me. But I've got to tell you.\" He sat us in front of him\nand he talked for a few minutes. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"twelve years old at the time, but he\ntalked for hours and told us in great detail what happened to him. He was taken\nto a police precinct. From there, to a sports arena in Frankfurt, a Festhalle\n[German: festival hall] it's called. [It is] a big hall, like Philips Arena here\nin Atlanta. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All the Jewish males between 16 and 60 in [the metropolitan\nFrankfurt area] were brought to this place to be assembled. They were there two\nand a half days without food, without water, without bathroom privileges. Not\nonly that, they were made to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crawl on the floor of the arena, on the playing\nfield, on their bellies in teams, competing. The Nazi guards--the SS and the SA,\npolitical police--made fun of them, poked them, and treated them like\nanimals--roaches, frogs, termites. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Inhumanity of man to man was unbelievable. It\nwas so bad that these people who were doctors, lawyers, merchants, workers,\nstudents . . . the rabbis in the group couldn't take it. They went up in the\nhigh part of the bleachers, some of them, and with a prayer to G-d on their\nlips, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sh'ma, they committed suicide and jumped into the arena. Two and a\nhalf days later they were taken in trains--not in cattle cars, but in regular\ntrains--to the concentration camp, which turned out to be Buchenwald, which is\nin the foothills of the Bavarian mountains. Then when they got on theses trains,\nfirst they started fighting among ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"themselves to get to a window--not to look\nout, not to escape, but to lick the condensation on the inside of the window\nbecause they really were dying from thirst. When they got to the camp finally\ntwo and a half or three hours later, they got their first meal, which was\nwatered down rice. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then they put them in military barracks that were built to\nhold 200 people with barbed wire around it and machine guns behind the barbed\nwire. Then they loaded them, put them into these barracks. Instead of 200,\nthough, they put 400 in each barrack. They were lying crosswise in the two\n[levels of] deck bunks. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then comes another of mankind's inhumanity to mankind.\nAfter a short while, they found out that the Nazis had laced their very first\nmeal they had had in days with laxatives. These people who were related to each\nother--some of them were friends--were fighting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a piece of shirttail or a\npiece of cloth to keep clean. Many of them couldn't take it. When they broke out\nof the windows, machine guns went off. Almost a third of the group that my\nfather was with were killed the very first night. The next morning, they had to\nstand in formation. At five o'clock in the morning, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ten [degrees] below zero,\nvery cold, foothills of the Bavarian mountains and they had to stand formation\nnaked, without clothes on. The Nazi guards again made fun of them. They would\nsay, \"Look at yourselves! You're not teachers. You're not lawyers. You're not\nstudents. You're not workers. You're nothing but damn Jews. You all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"look alike\nwhen you're naked.\" Mankind's inhumanity to mankind. My father, who had military\ntraining and sports training, created support groups so people could help each\nother survive. After three and a half weeks, he was called out of the formation\nbecause they had found in his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wallet a document that was given to him in the\nname of the Fuhrer and Chancellor, Adolf Hitler, giving him a special Iron Cross\nfor his services as front soldier in World War I. The Nazis, in their warped\nsense of justice and propriety, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't continue to abuse somebody who was\nhonored by Hitler himself. He and maybe two or three others were released that\nday. That little piece of paper, which is also in the museum, saved his life. He\nwas able to get home. How he got from Buchenwald to Frankfurt, I don't know to\nthis day. He left the next morning to England and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was saved. My family\nfollowed shortly thereafter. My brother [went] first because he was older and\nbumping that 16 year group. He was fifteen. [He] left a few weeks later because\nmy father had found him an apprentice job. He couldn't work, but where he could\nget room and board for doing some work. My mother and I left in May 1939, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three\nmonths before World War II started on September first with the invasion of\nPoland. We left in May to England. We were able to get out. [We] lived in\nEngland during the first blitz of London and the bombing of England in the first\nyear of the war. I lived in a Jewish boy's home. My mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived in a one-room\nplace with my father and my brother had this apprentice job. We just got by and\nwere able to . . . The boy's home that I lived in was supported by B'nai Brith\nand one of the other [Jewish] Federation funded accounts. At that time, it was\nnot called Federation, but it was an international fund. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were able to survive\nuntil in April 1940, we got on a ship in Liverpool [England] that happened to be\na cruise ship that was later on was sunk. Before the war started with America,\n[we] took a 15-day journey. [We] had to zigzag through the Atlantic Ocean to get\nto Halifax [Nova Scotia] and then to New York [City, New York]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's how we\narrived. We had two dollars and fifty cents each. We had clothing. I think\nfifteen suitcases. [We were] typical greenhorns. We had some furniture that had\nbeen shipped a year earlier. It was in storage in a port in New Orleans\n[Louisiana] somewhere until we got settled. We were the one of the last people\nwho could take any out but we couldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take anything material out. We came to\nAmerica and started from scratch. Interestingly enough, we were met by our\nsponsors. Some relatives of ours sponsored us, who are still living in Atlanta,\nGeorgia. Joe Heyman [is] an elderly man today. [He] was a brother of Dorah\nHeyman Sterne, who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met us in New York and gave us a choice, \"You can either go\nto New York or Chicago and we'll help you get set up. Or, you can come down\nSouth. We would prefer for you to come down South because we would like for you\nto become farmers. We would like to show the world to save more lives and for\nmore refugees to come to America to do something other than crowd the cities and\ntake jobs away from people, especially just coming out of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Depression.\" My\nfather, being very idealistic at the time, just out of concentration camp, we\nchose to come south to Alabama, to Birmingham because they lived in Birmingham.\nThen later on, [we went] to Demopolis, Alabama, where they had found a farmer\nwho would teach us to farm. We started life completely anew. It was a very\ndifferent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life. We'd never been on a farm before really. We were . . . I was at\nthat time thirteen. My brother was sixteen. My parents took a whole new\nchallenge on in a little town, Demopolis, which had a very small Jewish\npopulation. We were kind of like the freaks when we went to public ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school and\ngot to meet some people because we spoke English broken. I spoke English pretty\ngood because I had had English in high school in Germany and I picked it up. I\nspoke better than the rest of the family, but they all had learned in England\nand were learning still. I had not as much accent as everybody else had. It was\na very difficult adjustment, especially because the town we lived in, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Demopolis,\nwhich had 5,000 population--3,000 African Americans; 2,000 white. [It was]\ncompletely segregated. The schools were segregated. Actually, the black\npopulation was only one year out of slavery, literally. Especially on the farms,\nthey worked from sun up to sun down for one dollar a day and got a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quart of milk\nif they were assigned to work with the cows, milking cows. It was just a very\nprimitive lifestyle and primitive standards. We were here from a cultural world.\nWe were right next to them, worked alongside them, with them. It was a\ntremendous ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adjustment to make. We couldn't understand it. Now, it was easier for\nus younger people--myself and my brother, but it was very difficult for my\nfather and my mother.\n\nLESSER: Did you witness the discrimination of the African Americans?\n\nKOHN: Yes. We rode on the back of the truck with them when we went to town\nbecause they only were allowed on the back of the truck . . . even from the\nfarmer. Yes, those people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to be off of the streets in Demopolis by sundown,\nexcept on Saturdays. On Saturdays, they got paid the little pay they got. Out of\nthe five or six dollars they got paid, they would take five dollars on their\ngrocery account and take one or two dollars and bought liquor to get drunk on.\nThat's what they did. They were allowed to do it on Saturdays, but if they got\ninto any kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trouble or any kind of fight, the little town's police . . .\nthey would not think twice about shooting anybody and there was no investigation\nof who killed who. It was just very different from anything we'd ever been\naccustomed to. Frankly, in Germany when we grew up, the only black person I ever\nsaw before we got there was a boxing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instructor we had in school. It was a total\nnew adjustment. We were very close to the people because we were in the barns\nmilking cows and we were out in the fields working next to it. My job was I was\na water boy kind of. At thirteen years old, I went out in the field, took water,\nand had it there for them when they took a break under a shade tree running the equipment.\n\nLESSER: Did your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family ever share about your experiences of being from Germany\nor being refugees with the people you worked with?\n\nKOHN: Yes, we shared the experience when we got to school. We went to school\neveryday and we shared the experience with the Jewish community who was there.\nThere was a small Jewish community. As a matter of fact, one of the Jewish\npeople later on became the mayor of the city and there were prominent people,\nhad a big store, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the family of Jerome Levy. It was . . . They were very\nprominent. There was a number of families there. I would say altogether maybe\nforty or fifty people [from] about twenty or twenty-five families living there.\nYes, we shared. They were very supportive, that group. Then some of the\nChristian people, the farmer, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people in school were very supportive. They were\nvery open because they wanted to . . . We were different. They had never seen\nanything in the black belt of Alabama, people who had seen things. Also, they\nappreciated the fact we had a very good education. Immediately, we were able to\n. . . In high school, when I went to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high school, my best subject was English\nbecause I was better trained in grammar and punctuation than they were. In\nliterature I wasn't but it was so strict in Germany. You've got to memorize your\nwords. You've got to memorize everything. It was a very strict education process\nI'd just been through. Yes, it was a very new and different experience while we\nwere there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shortly thereafter, we were able to get on our own farm. After we\nlearned enough, our sponsors, the Sternes, helped us to acquire a farm. We\nreally rented it. We had our own cows. It was just the four of us--mother,\nfather, and my brother, and I--who took care of that. It was again a very trying\nexperience because there wasn't a lot of money in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"farming in 1941. It was a big\nadjustment for all of us. Later on, we moved again to Union Town, Alabama, to\nbecome a manager of another farm. In 1944, I became eighteen years old. I\nvolunteered to go into the United States Army. I was going to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drafted but I\nwas an enemy alien. It was a problem but I volunteered and became a citizen\nwhile I was in the army. I was in Camp Blanding, Florida when I became a citizen\nof the United States. I was very proud of it. My parents became citizens too\nafter passing all the exams. After five years, they were allowed to become\ncitizens. I served two ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years for the United States Army. I was one and a half\nyears overseas as an infantry soldier. I met again our sponsor, Mervyn Sterne,\n[who] was a World War I veteran and was very high up in the ranks as a Colonel.\nHe was called back in, too. I remember right before I went overseas, I met with\nhim in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Washington [D.C.] and had an experience. He took me to the Pentagon. It\nwas very exciting experience to me to see Washington and the . . . I had an\nopportunity to go to the [National] Archives and see the things that really\npeople think there's nothing to it. I was very proud of it, to be a part of it\nnow. I came back from the military after I spent part of that time in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany\nand helped to set up some [displaced persons] camps, and seeing all the cities\ndevastated. I had the opportunity to visit the graves of my grandparents, the\nones who . . . except my grandfather who wasn't there. I'll tell you that in\njust a minute, what happened to him. We were very fortunate to get out, to come\nto America, to get the opportunity. What anybody may want to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say about this\ncountry with all its flaws--and we've got plenty of them . . . I've travelled\nextensively in the last thirty or forty years. This country's the best country\nin the world. It gives the opportunity to do what's right, and to succeed, and\nto reach your potential, where in many countries, no one has that opportunity.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm very proud to be a citizen. As a matter of fact, when I came back, I\nvolunteered to stay in the [United States Army] Reserves. I came back as an\nenlisted man and went on the G.I. Bill to school at Auburn University and got a\ndegree in agriculture. I joined the Reserves immediately. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I got out of\nschool, I became an officer in the Reserve Corps. I stayed in the Reserves for\ntwenty-five years and finally retired from the Reserves with the rank of\nLieutenant Colonel in 1971. I did it . . . It may sound trite, but I felt I had\nto give something back. It wasn't because of the few dollars that was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paid then.\nI felt you had to give something back. I didn't have the opportunity to go\noverseas while I was in the Reserves, but I was alerted three times during world\ncrises, and went to summer camp very year, and to weekend trainings too. We feel\nvery strongly. My father wrote a book and he was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"emotional. He felt very\nstrongly about what he owed to this country to give him the opportunity to get\nout. He never was the same person again after he got out of the concentration\ncamp. He never made it in this country. He worked hard but he never made it,\nnever succeeded economically. My mother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also worked. My father got sick. My\nmother worked. At age 60, she got a job in a factory. It's interesting. She\nworked in the Sharpe Manufacturing Company in Columbus, Georgia. That's where\nfinally we had moved. My father had moved to another managing job in dairy. Then\nfinally he couldn't do that anymore. They lived in Columbus, Georgia when I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got\nback from the army.\n\nLESSER: Can I ask a question about your dad? You talked about the horrible\ntreatment that he survived. Then he started a completely new way of life. You\nsaid that he was a very idealistic man. How do you account for all his mental\nstrength? What kept him strong?\n\nKOHN: My father . . . I'll be honest with you. The strength in my family . . .\nMy father was a strong person but he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't stay strong physically and\nemotionally. My mother was a strong person. She's the one who carried . . . She\nwas the strong person in the family. She made things happen. She organized our\nlives. She became very strong. Both of them made a good team, but it was my\nmother who carried the strength. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Columbus, Georgia, when somebody comes from\nanother country, they were known as \"the refugees.\" There was only fifteen of\nthem. When she died in 1989, although she was still referred to in the eulogy as\n\"the refugee who came to Columbus, Georgia as part of the group,\" she was\ncompletely self-sustaining. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was a member of Hadassah, member of the Temple,\nof the Jewish community, she's the one who carried all the ladies around to the\nvarious events, and she was in charge of her life and a community\ncontributor--not only in money, but in work. [She was] very active, very much a\npart of the Jewish community.\n\nLESSER: You shared with us some of the racial segregation that you saw in the\nSouth. Was there any treatment that you saw that reminded you of what your\nfamily ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experienced or what other Jews experienced in Germany?\n\nKOHN: That's a good point. I hadn't thought about that a great deal. What we saw\nin Demopolis when we first came or out in the country when we lived on the farm,\nwe saw how the farmhands were completely segregated, lived in shacks, very\nlittle pay, and had to work long ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hours, had very few rights, were completely\nsegregated, they weren't exactly mistreated--physically mistreated--like maybe\nJews were in [Germany]. But, they were, like I said, just one year out of\nslavery. They were a whole different class of people. [They were] completely\ndominated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"economically. They had no opportunities economically. They were not\ntreated as equals. They were not treated as United States citizens that we were\nso proud of to become. When we became citizens, it just opened up a whole new\nworld for us. That's the reason I feel that the slavery and the aftereffects of\nslavery, the treatment, is a crime against humanity, maybe not on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"level that\nthe Holocaust is, but it's a crime against humanity because no human being\nshould be treated like that or should be treated without an opportunity to move\nup and have the potential . . . When World War II started, I was with the same\npeople. We went to the registration centers to enlist and to go through the\nprocess to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get into the army. I remember when I first volunteered in that group\nthat I was in, I was in camps where there was a lot of African American people\nwho had also just come in. Some of them didn't have a pair of shoes on. Some of\nthem didn't know what to do with all the food they got. It just so happened it\nwas Thanksgiving Day the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first day I got into the camp. I was on KP, kitchen\npolice. I could see that they couldn't handle the food because they weren't used\nto that type of food and the volume of it. It was just a completely different\nlife. They had a different opportunity in the military. It still was segregated\nat that time, but they at least had an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunity to experience what went on in\nother places. I think that's a good question, but I feel very strongly that . .\n. I'm grateful that things have gotten better in this country. They haven't\ngotten as good as they should be, but they're much better than they were in\n1940, when I first came here.\n\nLESSER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you want to share your grandfather's story?\n\nKOHN: Yes. I just want to talk about my grandmother and my grandfather on my\nmother's side, who were left when I left Germany, escaped from Germany in 1939.\nOn that May day, they were at the train station. Frankfurt's train station is\nstill there, which is kind of a back in train station. [The trains have] got to\nback in. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were there. I can still see them waving. Like I said before, they\nwere divorced, so they weren't even standing together. They were standing a\nlittle apart. [This is] a very important story, by the way. We were trying to\nget them out after we got here, but we were struggling so, learning how to farm,\nworking long hours, no money. We didn't have no money. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We bought groceries and\nthe bills were sent to our sponsor, who paid it. I remember I got paid 25 cents\na week spending money. My mother got a dollar a week for stamps so she could\nwrite her parents. The rest of it, we had to get by with on our own. We had very\nlittle money or none. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My grandparents, though . . . My grandmother died a\nnatural death. But the pertinent story is that things kept on getting worse\nafter the war started and moving toward in the early 1940s, which that was in\n1940 or 1941 . . . I think she died in 1941. By that time, by the way, all Jews\nin Germany, including the ones who had already left, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were given a middle name.\nAll females got the middle name of Sara and all males got the middle name of\nIsrael to be sure that they identified as Jews legally. It's in the death\nnotices that we got from my grandmother where my name said Herbert Israel\nKohn--very interesting--grandson. My grandmother died a natural death. My\ngrandfather, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who didn't live with her but helped her all he could because he saw\nthat she needed all the help. He was 68 years old, and he scrounged food for\nher, and he was there, and helped her. On her deathbed, they got a rabbi and\nthey got remarried. I thought that was poignant. My grandfather . . . He wasn't\nas lucky as we were and not even as lucky as she was that she could ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"die a\nnatural death. He was picked up in 1942 on the streets of Frankfurt with his\novercoat on and the yellow star on his overcoat. He was put in a cattle car.\nThis was a cattle car now with 40 and eight--forty human beings or eight cattle.\nThe Nazis put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"130 and more into these cars. There is a replica of a car in the\nHolocaust museum in Washington [D.C.] and there are tracks and pictures in [The\nWilliam Breman Jewish Heritage Museum] here that you can see how these cars were\nloaded down. They shipped him to Theresienstadt in Czechoslovakia. I documented\nthis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I was in Germany when I got there as a soldier in 1945. This was in\n1942. The Wannsee conference had just concluded and the Final Solution was going\nto take place. Although we don't like to refer to Schindler's List, which is a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of Hollywood in it, but Schindler's List had a lot of real, true\nrecollections, mostly of the logistics that went on in shipping these Jews to\nfulfill the Wannsee conference command for the Final Solution, that means to\nkill them with Zyklon B gas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in death centers or killing factories. There was a\nnumber of them . . . mostly in Eastern Europe. Some of them [were] in eastern\nGermany; some of them in Poland, Auschwitz-Birkenau being the most well known\none. Birkenau [was] right outside of Auschwitz . . . Several of them, where they\nwere shipped to be killed . . . [My grandfather] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was shipped to Theresienstadt,\nwhich was also a camp where a lot of people got murdered. He arrived there\ndocumented \"DOA\" [dead on arrival] because he was on the bottom of the cattle\ncar. That cattle car, like all the other cattle cars, were put on side tracks\nwhen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"military came through with transports of personnel. This was in 1942, when\nGermany fought on two fronts--the Eastern Front and the Western Front. It's\nunbelievable that they would take the time out to fulfill their pledge to kill\nall the people who didn't fit in the middle of a war. My grandfather was one of\nthe six million. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were a lot of other of my more distant relatives who were\nmurdered and many friends in the camps. Just four years ago I had the\nopportunity to go to Auschwitz-Birkenau. I went on a tour of Eastern Europe--my\nwife and I on our own. We went to Warsaw [Poland] and saw the Warsaw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto,\nwhich is not a ghetto anymore. We saw the memorials. We saw Krakow [Poland],\nwent to Poland, and ended up in Auschwitz-Birkenau. We didn't end up there, but\nthat was a major stop. We took a tour. I've been also to Dachau twice and I saw\nthat camp, which is now called a memorial place. They don't call it\nconcentration camps. It's [been] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"converted to a museum. At Auschwitz-Birkenau, I\nsaw actually what [was shown] in Schindler's List when the trains came in and\nunloaded the occupants. What happened was these people were shipped day and\nnight. They thought they were going to a better place because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were taken\nout of a ghetto or some place where they just barely existed. [They thought]\nmaybe they had an opportunity to get to a better life. A little German officer\nwould stand there when the trains came in--a little Nazi SS officer--and he\nwould wave his finger this way or that way. This way meant you would go to a\nwork force. Over here, you would go to the other group. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That process separated\nparents from their children, mothers from their babies. This little human being\ndetermined who shall live and who shall die. The workforce was given an extra\nration, maybe a slice of bread more and water, and they would work, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taken off\nevery day to work. The other group was over there. They were told to put their\nbelongings down, take their clothes off. They were going to take a shower. They\nwere going to take a bath for the first time in weeks. In Dachau, you walk in\nand there's even a sign over it, \"Brausebad,\" [German] means shower bath. It's\nlike a communal bath with pipes and showerheads. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"About forty of them would be\npushed into this room. The door would shut and all of a sudden Zyklon B gas came\nout of the showerheads. It took twenty minutes to kill forty people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They\nbrought in a workforce made out of Jews too, with carts, and loaded the bodies,\nand took them to the ovens, which were behind the gas chamber. But before they\nloaded the ovens, they were told to look at their teeth and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knock out any gold\nthat they may have had, or if they had any rings on their fingers to take them\noff, or if they had any shoes left on them for any reason to take those too.\nWhen I was in Auschwitz-Birkenau, I actually saw big buckets full of gold\nfillings, of rings, that were still kept ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fifty-five years later as evidence of\nwhat the Nazis did. There were warehouses full of shoes. Very effectively, [at\nthe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum] in Washington [D.C.], there's a big\nroom with nothing but shoes in it. It's a stunning sight when you see shoes that\npeople wore. Then there were boxes and boxes, large boxes of prescription\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eyeglasses that were kept preserved as a reminder to the world what happened.\nThat's a Nazi way. It's a German way: record keeping. Those gas chambers\noperated and the ovens burned from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1942 to 1945, twenty-four hours a day, seven\ndays a week in a number of locations until six million people were murdered for\nno other reason than they believed to worship G-d differently [and] because they\ndidn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fit into the system that was being fostered in Germany. It shall never\nhappen again.\n\nEINSTEIN: Is that why you talk to so many groups of students? When you talk with\nthem, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that your main message?\n\nKOHN: Yes, that's the message. When I teach this and talk to children, the\nmessage is that we have a role not to be bystanders. Schools are being . . .\nColumbine High School . . . That's caused because people were being bystanders.\nThere's evidence that some people knew what was in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"minds of these people and\nthey were maybe afraid or they turned the other way instead of reporting it in\nan appropriate way to their parents and teachers without being hurt or being\novert about it. We cannot turn our back. We gotta learn that this is happening\nall the time and can grow into something like this terrible crime, the Holocaust.\n\nLESSER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From telling your story to your family, your friends, and students, have\nyou seen people's lives or ideas change?\n\nKOHN: Yes, lots of changes have come about right here in Atlanta, for instance,\nwhich I can talk about. Twelve years ago, the Bureau of Jewish Education started\na little program . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trying to educate high school kids. There was lots of\ndifficulty because the egos of the various groups wouldn't allow everybody to\ncome together. In our committee, we brought together efforts of the\n[Anti-Defamation League], efforts of the various organizations, the [Jewish\nFederation of Greater Atlanta], Bureau, of the [Eternal Life-]Hemshech, of the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different generations of survivors who have organizations. We tried to bring\nthem together. We did a fairly good job, but it was not easy. It was just the\nbeginning. Let me tell ya, today I got a notice that there's a\n[Georgia Commission on the Holocaust] that's being formed where they're trying\nto coordinate this. They're trying this again but on a completely different\nlevel because today there's all types of programs going on. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself speak to\nabout 30 different school groups every year. I'm just one of many. Not that\nmany. I think we have 16 or so speakers. Some of them don't go out. Some of them\njust do it in the [The William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum]. I go out to the\nschools. There's a whole different attitude. There's a Commission on the\nHolocaust in the state of Georgia that is very active and has done a good job.\nThere's marvelous ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resource libraries not only at Federation or Breman Museum,\nbut also at Jewish Educational Services, and at Emory University, and at Georgia\nState--excellent libraries. At Georgia State, a lot of people don't know it's\nthe Max Cuba collection, which is excellent. One of the things I can envision\nthat people need to organize [the resources so that] this is interactive, so\npeople ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know where the materials are if they want to write on it. Hopefully, this\ncouncil can help do this with Deborah Lipstadt and Emory's resources. Yes,\nthere's been a big change in the last twelve years. We've moved from struggling\nwith the education process to now it's an important part of the curriculum. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In\nyears before, we started in March for teachers to ask for people to come in or\nto take tours of the museum. It's year round [now]. It started already. October,\nNovember, December are full and it goes on all around though the year. Yes,\nthere's been change. I think people realize the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust can teach us. We can't\ndwell on the crimes and we can't hate people for what happened 50, 60 years ago,\nand children don't understand it really. They can't relate to it. But we can\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learn from it. They do understand what happened at Columbine High School. And\nthey do understand that there is hatred out there. Hatred's got to be stopped.\nWe've got to come together and find ways to learn from this terrible crime.\nPeople are not that different that they need to be murdered and treated like . .\n. exterminated like a pest, like insects. I think we have come a long ways. I\nthink we have a long way to go.\n\nKOHN: It's not an afterthought. It's something I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think about a great deal when I\ntalk about the Holocaust, and my experiences, and what I went through, and the\nups and downs of my life. I married twice. My first wife passed away and I\nremarried again to someone whose husband had passed away. Between the two of us,\nto this day, we have five ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children and eleven grandchildren. That in itself is\nproof that Hitler's plan outlined in Mein Kampf to destroy the Jewish people\ndidn't work. On top of that, I want to be sure that we understand that by having\nthe opportunity to come to America, which gave me the opportunity to have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three\ncareers--one, in agriculture; two, as a certified public accountant; three, as a\nhomebuilder in a homebuilding company--and not only that, enabled me to work in\nthis country and reach my potential. I'm still able to work to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this day helping\npeople because my work right now is dealing with low income housing for the city\nof Atlanta. I'm a consultant for the city and some city-related organizations,\nnonprofits to help them get better housing for people who never had the\nopportunity to get into decent housing. You see, what I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learned, what came out\nof the Holocaust . . . that I was able to survive it and escape from the Final\nSolution, gave me also the opportunity to do some of the things that I think are\nimportant. I do believe that we are our brother's keeper. I do believe that we\nhave the responsibility to make this a better ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/transcript/18396/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=5070.0,5100.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrankfurt [German: Frankfurt am Main] is a central German city on the Main River. It is the largest financial center in continental Europe. Prior to World War II, Frankfurt was notable as having the largest timber-framed old town in Europe, but much of the city was destroyed during the war and rebuilt afterward. The Jewish community in Frankfurt dates back to the twelfth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide, yet calculating how many individuals were killed during the Holocaust and World War II as a result of Nazi policies is difficult as no single document exists which spells out how many died. To accurately estimate the extent of human losses, scholars, governmental agencies and Jewish organizations since the 1940’s have relied on a variety of records including census reports, captured archives, and postwar investigations. The best and most commonly accepted estimate of Jewish victims is six million.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNazi Germany and its collaborators killed around 1.5 million Jewish children. Children were not specifically singled out because they were children, but because of their alleged membership in dangerous racial, biological, or political groups. Children had on of the lowest rates of survival in concentration and extermination amps. In Auschwitz-Birkenau and other killing centers, young children were immediately sent to the gas chambers. Adolescents (13-18 years old) had a greater chance of survival as they could be used for slave labor. Tens of thousands of Romani (gypsy children), between 5,000 and 7,000 German children with physical and mental abilities living in institutions, as well as many Polish children and children living in the German-occupied Soviet Union were also killed during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMein Kampf [German: My Struggle] is an autobiographical manifesto written by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler while imprisoned following the failed Beer Hall Putsch of November 1923. In the manifesto, Hitler outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmid an economic depression and increasing political instability in Germany, Adolf Hitler and his party, the National Socialist German Workers' Party [German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; also known as the NSDAP or Nazi Party) rapidly rose to power. In 1932, the Nazi party was elected to fill more seats in the Reichstag (parliament) than any other party. In 1933, democratically elected President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany, a position responsible for leading the Reichstag. As Chancellor, he began transforming his position into a dictatorial one. When the President died in 1934, Hitler declared himself head of state and effectively became absolute dictator of Germany under the title of Fuhrer (German: Führer).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II was the most widespread and destructive war in history. It was also the deadliest conflict in human history. It directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries, making it difficult to calculate casualties. In addition to millions of soldiers wounded or killed on battlefields, the war was marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 6 million Jews were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centers (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe term “Final Solution of the Jewish Question,” or simply the “Final Solution,” was a euphemism used by Nazi Germany’s leaders to refer to the mass murder of Europe’s Jews. Policies that had once encouraged or forced Jews to leave Germany and other parts of Europe were replaced with policies of systematic annihilation. It remains uncertain when Nazi leadership decided to implement the Final Solution. A secret meeting held in January of 1942 in Wannsee, Germany is often cited as one of the pivotal points in the Final Solution as leading police and civilian officials discussed its implementation. However, the genocide or mass destruction of the Jews was the culmination of a decade of increasingly severe discrimination and violence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the census of June 16, 1933, the population of Germany including the Saar region (which at that time was still under the administration of the League of Nations) was approximately 67 million.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930’s or early 1940’s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century.              \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDaniel Jonah Goldhagen (1959-) is an American author and former associate professor of government and social studies at Harvard University. Goldhagen reached international attention and broad criticism as the author of two controversial books about the Holocaust: Hitler's Willing Executioners and A Moral Reckoning.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust is a 1996 book by American writer Daniel Goldhagen, In the book, Goldhagen argues that the Holocaust was a result of a uniquely German brand of antisemitism and nationalism that had developed over the course of preceding centuries, producing a population of “willing executioners.” The book challenged common ideas about the Holocaust, including the idea that most Germans did not know about the Holocaust and that only the SS participated in murdering Jews (as opposed to the ordinary German conscripts Goldhagen argues killed Jews willingly). The book became a bestseller that stoked controversy and debate in Germany and the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn a theatre, a box, loge, or opera box is a small, separated seating area in the auditorium or audience for a limited number of people for private viewing of a performance or event.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism, sometimes also called Liberal Judaism, is a division within Judaism especially in North America and Western Europe. Historically it began in the nineteenth century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture.  While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah and women rabbis), music is allowed in the services and most of the service is in English.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWeiler is a small town approximately 200 kilometers (124 miles) south of Frankfurt, Germany. Sinsheim is a small town approximately 100 kilometers (62 miles) south of Frankfurt and 25 kilometers (16 miles) southeast of Heidelberg, Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1910, Franz Roeckle completed an imposing building at Freiherr-vom-Stein-Strasse 30-32, featuring a domed central building in Egyptian-Assyrian style. The richly ornamented synagogue was built for the liberal congregation, whose members increasingly settled in the West End at the beginning of the 20th century. The Westend Synagogue survived both Kristallnacht and World War II relatively unscathed. Today, the buildings have been fully restored and the large main sanctuary holds Orthodox services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish men cover their heads during prayer with a small skull-cap called a ‘yarmulke’ or ‘kippah.’  Orthodox Jewish men wear it at all times to remind themselves of G-d’s presence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSeder [Hebrew: order] is a Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. It is conducted on the evening of the fifteenth day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar throughout the world.  Some communities hold seder on both the first two nights of Passover. The seder incorporates prayers, candle lighting, and traditional foods symbolizing the slavery of the Jews and the exodus from Egypt. It is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe two High Holy Days are Rosh Ha-Shanah (Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePassover [Hebrew: Pesach] is the anniversary of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzah, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelite during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday is celebrated.  The seder service is one of the most colorful and joyous occasions in Jewish life.  In addition to eating matzah during the seder, Jews are prohibited from eating leavened bread during the entire week of Passover. In addition, Jews are also supposed to avoid foods made with wheat, barley, rye, spelt or oats unless those foods are labeled ‘kosher for Passover.’ Jews traditionally have separate dishes for Passover.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 25, 1933, the “Law against Overcrowding in Schools and Universities” was issued. It dramatically limited the number of Jewish students attending public schools to no more than 5 percent of the total student population. In 1933, 75 percent of all Jewish students attended public schools in Germany. German public schools played an important role in spreading Nazi ideas to German youth. Educators taught students love for Hitler, obedience to state authority, militarism, racism, and antisemitism. In the face of increasing persecution at public schools, Jews in Germany turned increasingly to private schools for their children. Then on April 9, 1937, the Mayor of Berlin ordered public schools not to admit Jewish children until further notice. On November 15, 1938, the Reich Ministry of Education expelled all Jewish children from German public schools.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the years between 1933 and 1939, Nazi Party leaders began to persecute Jews through a series of antisemitic legislation that included more than 400 decrees and regulations restricting all aspects of their public and private lives. The anti-Jewish policies brought radical and daunting social, economic, and communal change to the German Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nuremberg Race Laws formed the cornerstone of the German Nazi Party’s racial policy and were introduced in September 1935. They heralded in a new wave of antisemitic legislation that brought about immediate and concrete segregation. Among other prohibitions, the Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of German citizenship.  Jews were banned from universities; Jewish actors were dismissed from theaters; publishers rejected Jewish authors’ works; and Jewish journalists were hard-pressed to find newspapers that would publish their writings. Part of the Nuremberg Law passed in 1935, the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor banned marriage between Jews and non-Jewish Germans. It also criminalized sexual relations between them. These relationships were labeled as “race defilement” [German: Rassenschande]. Jews were also forbidden to employ female German maids under the age of 45, assuming that Jewish men would force such maids into committing race defilement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAll German Jews were obliged to carry identity cards that indicated their heritage, and, in the autumn of 1938, all Jewish passports were stamped with an identifying red letter “J”.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDorah Heyman Sterne (1896-1994) was born in Atlanta, Georgia. She married Mervyn Hayden Sterne of Birmingham, Alabama, in 1921, with whom she had one daughter. She served a three-year term as president of the Birmingham chapter of the National Council of Jewish Women and was active in the League of Women Voters in Birmingham.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMervyn Hayden Sterne (1892-1973) was born in Anniston, Alabama. He was a prominent banker and financier in Birmingham, Alabama. He was also a tireless civic leader, remembered for having led efforts in the 1920s to establish better funding for public schools in Alabama by promoting a property tax. He served in the United States Army during World War I and World War II. When he returned to the United States after the First World War, Sterne raised more than $400,000 to aid Europe's Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Affidavit of Support and Sponsorship was among the criteria applicants seeking an entry visa into the United States during the 1930s and 1940s had to meet. This required two sponsors who were United States citizens or had permanent resident status. Sponsors had to provide proof of their financial status (Federal tax returns and an affidavit from their bank and employer) to ensure that the immigrants would not become dependent upon social welfare programs. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Immigration Act of 1924, popularly known as the ‘Johnson-Reed Act,’ was a federal law that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to two percent of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890. Great Britain and Ireland dominated most of the available slots. Germany was assigned about 26,000 immigrants per year while countries like Poland were allowed 6,000 immigrants per year. It was aimed at restricting Southern and Eastern European immigrants, mainly Jews fleeing persecution in Poland and Russia, who had started immigrating to the United States in large numbers in the 1890’s. It was still in place at the end of World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called ‘Kristallnacht,’ which means ‘Night of Broken Glass,’ because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 7, 1939, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew living in Paris, shot German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath in Paris. Grynszpan apparently acted out of despair over the fate of his parents, who are trapped along with other Polish Jewish deportees in a no-man’s-land between Germany and Poland. The Nazis used the shooting as antisemitic propaganda fervor, claiming that Grynszpan was part of a wider Jewish conspiracy. When Vom Rath died two days later, the Nazis used the incidence to fuel violent pogroms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThousands of German Jews and close to 6,000 Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to the Dachau or Buchenwald concentration camps in Germany. Most were released within a few weeks, but only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sturmabteilung, also known as the “Storm Troopers,” “Brown Shirts,” or “SA,” was the paramilitary of the Nazi Party commanded by Ernst Rohm [German: Röhm] and responsible for helping Adolf Hitler rise to power in Germany in the 1920’s and early 1930’s. By 1934, tensions within the party saw Heinrich Himmler and the SS (Schutzstaffel) replace Rohm and the Sturmabteilung’s position as the dominant organization within the Nazi Party.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Townsend Smallbones (1884-1976) was a British diplomat who served as Consul-General General in Frankfurt-am-Main between 1932 and 1939. After Kristallnacht, Smallbones came up with a plan—later known as the Smallbones Scheme—to assist German Jews. He persuaded the British Home Office to provide a temporary haven for German Jews who would eventually go to the United States under the quota system. As long as relatives or relief organizations provided a guarantee of financial security while they were in Great Britain, they could wait in Britain for their turn to enter the United States. He then made an agreement with the local Gestapo whereby they would release prisoners when informed that a visa was granted. The men would return to Frankfurt for a limited period to sell their possessions, pay the taxes or fees charged by the Nazi authorities, and then be allowed to leave. Smallbones liberally issued visas until September 3, 1939, the day the British declared war on Germany. By then, about 48,000 individuals had benefited from the scheme and another 50,000 cases had been under consideration when the war broke out. He was posthumously awarded the medal of a British Hero of the Holocaust in 2013.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFesthalle Messe Frankfurt is a multi-purpose arena located in Frankfurt, Germany that opened as an exhibition hall in 1909. Architect Friedrich von Thiersch designed the Festhalle in a rectangular layout that is superimposed by a cupola-crowned rotunda, which reaches a height of 40 meters (131 feet) inside. The Nazi regime frequently used the Festhalle for mass propaganda rallies. During the Kristallnacht progroms in November 1938, Jewish citizens were rounded up in the Festhalle before being transported to prisons and concentration camps. Fire and Allied bombings damaged the hall during World War II but it was later restored and continues to serve as an exhibition hall and is a popular venue for concerts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eState Farm Arena (formerly Philips Arena) is a multi-purpose indoor arena located in Atlanta, Georgia. The arena serves as the home venue for the National Basketball Association’s Atlanta Hawks. It opened in 1999 and is owned by the Atlanta Fulton County Recreation Authority. It was renovated in 2017.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSh’ma is the title of a prayer that serves as a centerpiece of the morning and evening Jewish prayer services. The full title of the prayer is Sh’ma Yisrael, two Hebrew words meaning “Hear, O Israel.” Sh’ma Yisrael is often considered the most important prayer in Judaism. The first verse affirms the monotheistic essence of Judaism: “Hear, O Israel: The Lord our G-d, the Lord is one.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBuchenwald was established in a wooded area near Weimer, Germany at the beginning of July 1937. Originally it held political prisoners, criminals, Communists, “asocials” etc. from the area. After Kristallnacht on November 9, 1938, German SS and police sent almost 10,000 Jews to Buchenwald. They were subjected to extraordinary cruelty upon arrival and 600 Jewish prisoners died during their brief imprisonment. Due to pressure from the victim’s families and Jewish and International organizations, the Germans released over 9,000 Jews from Buchenwald at the end of 1938. After World War II began, Buchenwald housed Soviet prisoners of war and became a transit camp, housing a large Jewish population. In all, approximately 56,000 of the 238,980 prisoners who went through Buchenwald died. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ‘Blitz’, or the ‘London Blitz’, was the sustained bombing of London by Germany between September 7, 1940 and May 10, 1941.  Many other cities were bombed as well, including Coventry, which was destroyed. The Luftwaffe [German air force] bombed London for 76 consecutive days and nights.  More than 1,000,000 homes were destroyed or damaged, one in six Londoners were made homeless, and more than 40,000 civilians were killed, half of them in London.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eB'nai B'rith International [Hebrew: Children of the Covenant] is the oldest Jewish service organization in the world. B'nai B'rith states that it is committed to the security and continuity of the Jewish people and the State of Israel and combating antisemitism and bigotry. Its mission is to unite persons of the Jewish faith and to enhance Jewish identity through strengthening Jewish family life, to provide broad-based services for the benefit of senior citizens, and to facilitate advocacy and action on behalf of Jews throughout the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere are Jewish federations in most major cities. Their function is to fundraise for the Jewish community centrally and disperse it throughout the Jewish community (locally, nationally and internationally) rather than each Jewish institution trying to raise money individually.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Kohn family set sail from Liverpool, England on March 9, 1940 aboard the Lancastria, a British ocean liner that launched in 1920. Her Majesty’s Transport [HMT] Lancastria sailed routes between Liverpool and New York as well as cruising in the Mediterranean Sea and to northern Europe. Operated by the Cunard Line, she was requisitioned by the British government when World War II broke out in September 1939. Three months after Herbert’s family sailed to the U.S., she was sent to France as part of Operation Aerial, the codename for the evacuation of Allied forces and civilians left in France after Dunkirk. Between June 15 and 25, 1940, the operation rescued some 163,000 people from ports in western France. As a cruise liner, the Lancastria could take 1,785 passengers but the urgent need to evacuate so many meant that she was grossly loaded and no official count was taken. Estimates of the number of people on board have been placed as high as 9,000. German planes bombed the ship when she left the port of Saint Nazaire, France on June 17, 1940. There were 2,447 survivors. At least 4,000 soldiers and civilian refugees—men, women and children—lost their lives when the Lancastria sank 20 minutes later. The loss of the Lancastria was Britain’s worst maritime disaster. Although photographs and news of the disaster were published in an American paper a few weeks later, the disaster remains a virtually untold story as Prime Minister Winston Churchill had asked the British press to suppress the story for the sake of morale.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA ‘greenhorn’ is a term for an inexperienced person, and oftentimes refers to newcomers who are unfamiliar with the ways of a place or group.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Kohn Heyman (1908-2001) was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1908, the son of Minna Simon Heyman and Arthur Heyman. He attended Fulton High School and graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Georgia in 1928. In 1930, he received his Masters of Business Administration from the Harvard Business School. From 1930 until 1942 he served on the staff of Tri-Continental Corporation, a New York investment company, initially as an investment analyst and later as economist. He returned to Atlanta in 1942 to serve with the War Production Board. From 1945 to 1951, Heyman operated his own investment firm, joining the Trust Company of Georgia as a vice president in 1951. Throughout his career, Heyman was often called upon to comment in print and in speeches to local organizations on the state of the economy. Notwithstanding two years during which he served as financial vice president of Rich’s Inc., he remained at the Trust Company of Georgia until his retirement in 1973. Heyman served as a member of the Board of Directors of Rich’s Inc., and was active in a variety of civic organizations, including the Atlanta Parking Commission, Community Chest, Family Service Society, Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, Atlanta-Fulton County Joint City-County Advisory Commission, Atlanta Arts Alliance, Inc., and the Atlanta Economics Club. He was also a member of The Temple and the Standard Club.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDemopolis is a town in west-central Alabama that was found by French settlers as an agricultural settlement in 1817. It lies at the confluence of the Black Warrior and Tombigbee rivers. In 1940, the population was 4,137. The population was 7,483 at the time of the 2010 United States Census.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear what Herbert means by this. Slavery was made illegal in the United States upon the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865, although formal and informal policies of repression, such as separate public accommodations, limited access to suffrage, and strict control over black labor were put into place between the 1870s and the 1890s. At the end of the Civil War, Alabama had to reconstitute its state legislature. When the legislature reconvened in December 1865, it passed Alabama's notorious Black Code, which, like codes passed in other states, rigidly controlled and managed the lives of black citizens. Alabama's 1901 constitution rested upon white supremacy as a basic element of governance. The supremacist underpinnings of the constitution persisted until judicial decisions in the 1950s and 1960s rendered them inoperable, and some segregationist language, like the ban on interracial marriage, remained in the constitution until Alabama's voters removed it by constitutional amendment in the twenty-first century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNapoleon Bonaparte ‘Bony’ Fields (1894-1964) was born in Decatur, Texas. He later moved to Demopolis, Alabama, where he served as mayor from 1949 to 1952 and was a member of Congregation B'nai Jeshurun. He and his wife, Louise, had four daughters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJerome Milton Levy (1902-1988) was a native Alabaman and belonged to a prominent Jewish family in Demopolis, Alabama. He operated a department store, B.J. Levy \u0026amp; Son, was a member of the Chamber of Commerce and served on City Council. He was married to Emma Marie Levy and had two daughters.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn ‘alien’ is someone who is living in a country but is not a citizen or national of that country. They become an ‘enemy alien’ during times of conflict with the country where they retain citizenship from. During World War II, Japanese, Italians, and Germans who had not become American citizens were legally considered enemy aliens and were subjected to many restrictions, which often included internment. Although many Jewish-Europeans were political refugees, they were still considered enemy aliens.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCamp Blanding Joint Training Center was built in 1940 in Clay County, Florida near the city of Starke. It is the primary military reservation and training base for the Florida National Guard, both the Florida Army National Guard and certain non-flying activities of the Florida Air National Guard.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Army Reserve is a reserve force of the United States Army. Together, the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard constitute the Army element of the Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, also known as the ‘G.I. Bill,’ was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans. It provides low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business, as well as educational assistance to service members, veterans, and their dependents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuburn University is a public research and land grant university in Auburn, Alabama. Auburn is the second largest university in Alabama. It is one of the state's two public flagship universities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer organization founded in 1912 by Henrietta Szold, with more than 300,000 members and supporters worldwide. It supports health care and medical research, education and youth programs in Israel, and advocacy, education, and leadership development in the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981, establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, committing the government to integrating the segregated military. It abolished discrimination \"on the basis of race, color, religion or national origin\" in the United States Armed Forces. The executive order eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFrankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof is the busiest railway station in Germany. It was opened in August 1888. It is also one of the world's largest one-level railway halls, with five iron-and-glass halls covering 24 platforms. The station’s layout requires all trains to change directions and reverse out of the station to continue on to their destination. In 1971, a subterranean level was added that includes a car park, large shopping mall, and stations for the U-Bahn and S-Bahn trains.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Executive Order on the Law on the Alteration of Family and Personal Names was passed in August 1938. In the new law, authorities decreed that by January 1, 1939, Jewish men and women bearing first names of “non-Jewish” origin had to add “Israel” and “Sara,” respectively, to their given names. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRailroads played a crucial role in the implementation of the “Final Solution.” Between the fall of 1941 and the fall of 1944, millions of Jews from Germany and German-occupied Europe were transported by rail to the killing centers in German-occupied Poland and other killing sites in the occupied Soviet Union. The Germans used both freight and passenger cares for the deportations. There were many different kinds of railway cars used for deportations, varying in size and weight. Rail cars were routinely packed to over double their capacity. Passengers were not provided with food or water, even when the transports had to wait days on railroad spurs for other trains to pass. The people deported in sealed freight cars further suffered from intense heat in summer, freezing temperatures in winter, and the stench of urine and excrement. Many died before the trains reached their destinations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is the United States' official memorial to the Holocaust. It was opened in 1993, adjacent to the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The USHMM has a railway car on display in its permanent exhibition. It is not certain that the rail car on display was used for the deportation of human beings, but it is typical of the type of rail car used in deportations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Theresienstadt (Terezín) \"camp-ghetto\" near Prague in the present day Czech Republic was opened in late 1941 and existed until May 1945. It served as a ghetto, an assembly camp, and a concentration camp. In the course of its existence, approximately 140,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and about one third of the Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia were sent to Theresienstadt. Roughly 33,000 died in Theresienstadt itself due to starvation and disease. Nearly 90,000 Jews were deported from Theresienstadt to other ghettos, concentration camps, and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSchindler’s List is a 1994 film directed by Steven Spielberg based on the book by Thomas Keneally of the same name, in which businessman Oskar Schindler arrives in Krakow in 1939, ready to make his fortune from World War II, which has just started. After joining the Nazi party primarily for political expediency, he staffs his factory with Jewish workers for similarly pragmatic reasons. When the SS begins exterminating Jews in the Krakow ghetto, Schindler arranges to have his workers protected to keep his factory in operation, but soon realizes that in so doing, he is also saving innocent lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZyklon B was originally used in Germany before and during World War II for disinfection and pest extermination in ships, buildings and machinery. After the end of August 1941, Zyklon B was used in Auschwitz, first experimentally, and then routinely, as an agent of mass annihilation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Germans differentiated between “concentration camps,” which were used to contain slave laborers and prisoners of the state, and “extermination camps,” whose primary purpose was the systematic killing of prisoners. Chelmno, Belzec, Treblinka, Sobibor, Auschwitz-Birkenau, and Majdanek-Lublin were the main extermination camps in the period of 1941-1945. The use of gas chambers was the most common method of mass murdering prisoners in the extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGermany’s military engagements in Europe during World War II are generally divided into two separate headings—the Western Front and the Eastern Front. The Western Front included Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany. The Eastern Front included conflicts against the Soviet Union, Poland and other Allies. The war on the Eastern Front was the scene of the largest military confrontation in history and was particularly brutal. By the winter of 1944-1945, Hitler’s army was unable to maintain its eastern and western fronts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish community in Warsaw [Polish: Warszawa] was the largest in Poland, composing about 30 percent of the entire population of the city (about 337,000 Jews). Before World War II, Warsaw was a major center of Jewish life and culture. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II. German authorities established it in November 1940. The Jews of Warsaw and the surrounding areas were shoved into a small space in a poorer part of the city, which was then surrounded by a wall. The ghetto population at its peak was about 400,000 Jews.  The conditions in the ghetto were harsh.  There was not enough food, coal in the winter, shelter or basic necessities. Starvation and illness from the over-crowded, deplorable conditions inside the Warsaw ghetto killed many. From July 22 until September 12, 1942, about 265,000 Jews were deported from Warsaw to the Treblinka extermination camp while approximately 35,000 Jews inside the ghetto were killed. Then there was relative quiet until January 1943 when a second major wave of deportation started.  When German SS and police units, assisted by auxiliaries entered the ghetto, they were surprised to be met with organized armed resistance and withdrew. When they returned on April 19, 1943, stiff resistance that continued for three weeks met the Germans. By the time the better-armed Germans ended the operation on May 16, 1943, the ghetto was largely destroyed. At least 7,000 Jew sided during the fighting, another 42,000 survivors were captured and deported and approximately 10,000 escaped to the Aryan side of the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and tens of thousands were literally worked to death. American troops liberated the camp on April 29, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDachau was divided into two sections—the main camp and a crematorium area next to it, which had been constructed in 1942. The crematorium was known as Barrack X and did contain a gas chamber with a sign painted above the door that read, “Brausebad” [German: shower bath]. There is no credible evidence, however, that the chamber was ever used to murder human beings. Instead, prisoners underwent selections and the sick or weakened prisoners were sent to the Hartheim “euthanasia” killing center near Linz, Austria and murdered. The SS further used a firing range and gallows in the crematorium area as killing sites for prisoners. The crematorium in Dachau served to dispose of corpses from the concentration camp, but by the end of 1944, their capacity was no longer enough to cremate the scores of dead from the camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Bureau of Jewish Education (ABJE) was created in 1946 to foster Jewish education in the city. In 1947, it was instrumental in forming a Hebrew High School is Atlanta. Over the course of four decades, the Bureau offered services to schools, the community and individuals including curriculum guides for Atlanta-area public schools, Holocaust education programs, conferences, workshops, programs for teenagers in Israel, festivals, adult education, classes, lectures, and extension classes for Sunday school teachers. The organization also operated a lending library of Jewish books and resources. The Bureau consisted of all accredited Rabbis in the community, all chairmen of committees of education of affiliated schools and all professional heads of affiliated schools. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Independent Order of B’nai B’rith, a Jewish service organization in the United States, founded the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) in 1913. It is an international Jewish non-governmental organization based in the United States. Describing itself as \"the nation's premier civil rights/human relations agency,\" the ADL states that it \"fights antisemitism and all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals, and protects civil rights for all,\" doing so through \"information, education, legislation, and advocacy.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ehe Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community.  Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities.  It is part of the Jewish Federation of North America (JFNA).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEternal Life-Hemshech is an organization of Atlanta Holocaust survivors, their descendants and friends dedicated to commemorating the 6,000,000 Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Approximately 100 Holocaust survivors living in Atlanta, Georgia founded Eternal Life-Hemshech in 1964. Hemshech is a Hebrew word that means “continuation.” Their purpose was to \"perpetuate the memory of their beloved families along with all of the six million Jewish victims of the Holocaust.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Georgia Commission on the Holocaust is a secular, non-partisan state-agency administratively attached to the Georgia Department of Community Affairs. The Commission was established by Executive Order by Joe Frank Harris in 1986. Governor Zell Miller re-established the Commission upon taking office and charged it with creating education programs for the citizens. Then in 1998 by act of the Georgia General Assembly the Commission became a permanent state agency. The Commission consists of fifteen members who are appointed by the Governor, Lt. Governor and Speaker of the House. Its mission is to preserve the memory of the Holocaust and promote public understanding of the history through education and reflection.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish Educational Services (JES) was an organization that served the Atlanta, Georgia Jewish community. JES was eventually absorbed into the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta’s Center for Jewish Education and Experiences (CJEE). CJEE in turn became Tribe360, which closed its doors in the early 2000s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private university in Atlanta, Georgia. It was founded in 1836 by a small group of Methodists and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory. 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He was the “Man of the Year” for B’nai B’rith, Jewish War Veterans, and the Jewish Theological Seminary. He was the President of Ahavath Achim Congregation and B’nai B’rith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDeborah Lipstadt is an American historian and author of the books Denying the Holocaust and The Eichmann Trial. She is the Dorot Professor of Modern Jewish and Holocaust Studies at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. Lipstadt was an historical consultant to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. President Clinton appointed her to the United States Holocaust Memorial Council, on which she served two terms. She was a member of its Executive Committee of the Council and chaired the Educational Committee and Academic Committee of the Holocaust Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/annotation_set/58/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColumbine High School is a public high school in Littleton, Colorado, in the Denver metropolitan area. It was the site of the Columbine High School massacre. On April 20, 1999, two twelfth grade (senior) students went on a shooting spree, killing 12 students and one teacher and wounding more than 20 others before turning their guns on themselves and committing suicide. At the time, it was the worst high school shooting in U.S. history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4890.0,4920.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/index/47148","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Herbert Kohn [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/index/47148/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family 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How did it affect them emotionally?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1590.0,1727.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/index/47148/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1590.0,1727.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/index/47148/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1727.0,2557.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/index/47148/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was when it really came to the forefront--Kristallnacht [German: night of broken glass], November 9, 1938. I was there...","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1727.0,2557.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/index/47148/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=1727.0,2557.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/index/47148/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2557.0,2707.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/index/47148/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We left in May to England. We were able to get out...","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2557.0,2707.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/index/47148/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"England","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust survivor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immigration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Refugee","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2557.0,2707.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/index/47148/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American South","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2707.0,2828.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/index/47148/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or, you can come down South. 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The schools were segregated. Actually, the black population was only one year out of slavery...","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2828.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/index/47148/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"African American","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Discrimination","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Segregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=2828.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/index/47148/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grandparents","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3810.0,4663.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/index/47148/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just want to talk about my grandmother and my grandfather on my mother's side, who were left when I left Germany, escaped from Germany in 1939...","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3810.0,4663.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/index/47148/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust victims","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=3810.0,4663.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/index/47148/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4663.0,5068.158"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/index/47148/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, lots of changes have come about right here in Atlanta, for instance, which I can talk about...","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4663.0,5068.158"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678/index/47148/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Survivor speakers","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/29082/file/96678#t=4663.0,5068.158"}]}]}]}