{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/rf5k933f19/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Kutner, Steve"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2009-05-31 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Kutner, Steve (Interviewee)","Ghitis, Sara (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Jewish Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDr. Steve Kutner was interviewed by Sara Ghitis on May 31, 2009, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eSteve Kutner was born in Far Rockaway, New York on April 6, 1934, to Herman and Hannah Kutner. He had one older brother, Lee. He attended New York Public Schools and graduated from Far Rockaway High School. After high school, he went to New York University on a swimming scholarship. As an undergraduate, Steve studied engineering and later served in the United States Navy and in the reserves. He worked for a subsidiary of Rand Corporation before he attended medical school. He graduated with a medical degree from Vanderbilt University in 1965. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eFrom 1969 to 1999, He practiced ophthalmology at Georgia Baptist Hospital, and in his private practice. He founded Project Vision that worked in Israel and other parts of the world to help restored eyesight to thousands of people. He later founded Jewish Healthcare International, a global philanthropic network that brought vital medicine, supplies, and expertise to numerous countries, including Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, Israel, Cuba, Haiti, and Ethiopia. In 1969, he married Jeanney Miller. They had two son, Rob and David and four grandchildren. He was a member of Congregation Or Hadash. He passed away on July 21, 2016, and is buried at Arlington Memorial Park.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eSteve begins the interview by speaking of his grandparents. He shares that he does not know much about his family history, though they surmise the family is from Poland or Czechoslovakia. He mentions that there was some Yiddish spoken in the family on his father’s side. He discusses that his father had some education in the field of accounting and during the Great Depression he worked as a New York City policeman. He shares that his father would sometimes work two jobs to make ends meet. He shares that his mother was a homemaker and was busy raising him and his brother.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve details being the younger son to a brother who was the favorite. He spoke of feeling in competition with his brother and that he would frequently copy his brother, trying out for the same sports. He mentions he felt that his brother was the child whom his parents thought was ideal. He provides that his parents referred to him as a free spirit, which was something that they could not relate to. Steve shares that he was more like an uncle in the family, whom he admired and aspired to emulate, and was not understood by his parents. He reflects that there were tensions in the family with his uncle and his wife. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve recalls living in a boarding house when he was young, as that was all the family could afford. He recounts how his family celebrated the High Holidays and that he a bar mitzvah, but they did not attend synagogue or honor Shabbat regularly. He describes the preparation for his bar mitzvah and the fact he and the rabbi had a mutual dislike of each other.  He remembers that he worked very hard, but still made mistakes during the ceremony and the rabbi would hit him in the lower back. He reflects that he was happy he got through it, though he never saw that particular rabbi again.  \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve expresses gratitude for growing up in New York City where the school system was excellent and he was able to receive a wonderful education regardless of economic status. He talks about the importance of education to him and his family, especially as he was the first in his family to attend college. He recounts that he knew he wanted to go to college but did not know what degree to get or what he wanted to do with his life, and a school counselor suggested architecture. He mentions that he did not have much of a social life in high school as he was focused on his studies and then working after school at any job he could find.  \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve discusses attending college and the financial challenges during those years. He recalls not being sure what degree to get and starting out in Liberal Arts because he did not have interest in engineering. He details that he switched to engineering and earned a partial scholarship. He recounts earning his degree in mechanical engineering and deciding to he opted for officer training school in the Navy.  He reflects that this experience and his time in aviation and experiences with aerospace engineering started his interest in medicine in aerospace. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve spoke about getting out of the Navy and taking a position with RAND Corporation in California.  He reflects on his decision to return to medical school. He discusses that he was accepted at Vanderbilt University with a partial scholarship to study experimental medicine. He reflects that when he got to medical school, he knew he was home. He describes finding his way to ophthalmology after completing different rotations in medicine. He mentions that he chose ophthalmology because he loved working with his hands, the technology, and the specialty surgery that all came together to be a great fit for him.  \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve recalls that when he was a resident at Grady hospital he always ended up with the most unusual or challenging cases because he was the only one who wanted to take them on. He shares that this gave him what he refers to as a “M*A*S*H” personality, taken from the TV show, and he did what needs to be done to make a difference. He reflects that one of his greatest pleasures over his 25 years in practice was the connections he made with his patients, not just as a doctor and patient, but on a personal level as well.  \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve’s wife, Jeanney joins the interview. He mentions that he met Jeanney on a blind date. Jeanney explains that their courtship was short and unconventional. She details that they met in September and were married in January by Rabbi Rothschild at The Temple, the day of Superbowl III. Jeanney shares that she was an assistant teacher when they married and later went back to school for a master’s degree in special education. They mention that they have a 12 year age difference, but each family was happy with the match They talk about having their first son, Rob. Jeanney shares that they had trouble getting pregnant a second time, and they chose to adopt their second son, David.  \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve and Jeanney talk about their children and that Rob was a late talker and David was an active child.  Jeanney discusses some of the values they worked to instill in their sons. Steve reflects on the importance of raising his children in the Jewish faith. He talks about his own affiliation growing and developing his own Jewish identity. They spoke of the children’s childhood and taking them to Israel every other year and having David’s bar mitzvah in Poland.  \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve and Jeanney talk about the sense of humor that they have and whether the boys share it. He reflects that he shares the sense of humor that his uncle had and that it can be off putting to some people. They express their pleasure at becoming grandparents and the joys that it entails. He recounts that they want to share with their grandchildren the same values that he did with their children. Jeanney recalls that they tried to emphasize the giving of yourself to others and how they are trying to explain this to the grandchildren, but they are still too young to truly understand.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve discusses the beginnings of their affiliation with Israel, his own thoughts of volunteering, and his admiration of Albert Schweitzer. He details how Jeanney wanted to go to Isreal as a family, and he had doubts but wanted to explore opportunities to volunteer.  He details beginning to volunteer at a hospital in Haifa on their first trip to Israel and then returning two years later and going to Galilee. He recounts that he went in with the attitude of learning to work together and not presenting himself as a well-trained American who would tell them what to do. He shares that he felt an incredible comradery with the Israelis. He mentions being in Israel with his family in 1982 when the Lebanese War broke out and what an exciting time it was to be working side by side with Israeli doctors saving lives.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve details becoming involved with volunteer efforts in Ethiopia, not having previously known about the Ethiopian Jews. He shares that he was moved by their plight of being persecuted for their religious beliefs. He describes training for this mission to Ethiopia and how it almost didn’t happen because his father died shortly before he was to leave. He discusses his time in Ethiopia as emotionally difficult as well as rewarding, noting that at the time Ethiopia was under the rule of the dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam. He recounts the challenges of working their and shares the story of a Kes or rabbi that he helped. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve shares how that trip helped to influence him when he returned to Israel and started Project Vision, a non-profit organization. He recalls that one of his first responsibilities was to evaluate the Ethiopians who had made immigrated and he was reminded of his trip to Ethiopia and having a religious or spiritual epiphany. He mentions that he set up an impromptu clinic in his hotel room at night and helped their security guard with an issue. He shares more about the creation of Project Vision. Steve recalls an Ethiopian man who he helped in Ethiopia and met again after immigrating to Israel, but the man still had cataracts. He shares how he ended up doing the operation at his own expense in a private hospital and realizing that he could not do it alone and that was how he founded Project Vision.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e  \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve discusses the mission of Project Vision is to teach others how to do procedures and help with resources to make it a better system. He details the work that Project Vision has done and the various countries they have worked in. He talks about how this idea was broadened and became Jewish Healthcare International (JHI), with Project Vision being its ophthalmological arm. He shares how the program has grown larger with more partners in various countries and the various volunteers that are involved. He expresses pride in the work of the organization and how many people want to work with them because of their level of credibility. He discusses his thoughts about three tenants of Judaism that are reflected by JHI - tzedakah, mitzvah, and Tikkun olam.  \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve shares a story of a young Palestinian boy who had an eye injury and came to the United State to get help. He recounts how one doctor was unable to help him, but that Steve was asked to see if he could help. He discusses how he was eventually able to help the boy. He mentions how the boy later expressed wonder that a Jewish person would help him. He reflects on why he does this volunteer work. He talks about Israel having an important place in his life and his belief that it is the heart of the Jewish people. He shares how they are starting to send assistance teams out to other parts of the world and inviting Jews from all over to join them and work together. He concludes the interview by expressing thanks to his family for allowing him to do this volunteer work.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e             \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Kutner, Steve (1934-2016) (personal name)","Kutner, Jeanney Miller (b. 1946) (personal name)","Kutner, Rob (b. 1971) (personal name)","Kutner, David (b. 1977) (personal name)","Kutner, Lee (b. 1931) (personal name)","Kutner, Herman (1905-1987) (personal name)","Kutner, Hannah Glickman (1909-1985) (personal name)","Glickman, Samuel (1878-1946) (personal name)","Glickman, Jennie (1885-1937) (personal name)","Kutner, Louis (1880-1931) (personal name)","Kutner, Esther Feld (1883-unknown) (personal name)","Kutner, Alfred (1913-1979) (personal name)","Entell, Hanna Kaunitz Weinstein (1918-1999) (personal name)","Miller, Dorothy Frankel (1919-1970) (personal name)","Miller, Albert (1913-2004) (personal name)","Miller, Russell “Rusty” (b. 1950) (personal name)","Rothschild, Rabbi Jacob (1911-1973) (personal name)","Namath, Joe (b. 1943) (personal name)","Shessel, Herb (1924-2017) (personal name)","Aaron, Henry “Hank” (1934-2021) (personal name)","Yitzchok, Levi (1740-1809) (personal name)","Frankel, Louis I. (1886-1969) (personal name)","Nixon, Richard (1913-1994) (personal name)","Schweitzer, Albert (1875-1965) (personal name)","Frank, Sherry Zimmerman (b. 1942) (personal name)","Goodman, Rabbi Arnold (1928-2023) (personal name)","Mariam, Mengistu Haile (b. 1937) (personal name)","Wiesel, Eliezer “Elie” (1928-2016) (personal name)","Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy (abt. 1948) (personal name)","Ben-Shumel, Shumel (b. 1951) (personal name)","New York, New York (geographic term)","Long Island, New York (geographic term)","Far Rockaway, Queens, New York (geographic term)","Bronx, New York (geographic term)","Cincinnati, Ohio (geographic term)","Santa Monica, California (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (geographic term)","London, England (geographic term)","Savannah, Georgia (geographic term)","New Orleans, Louisiana (geographic term)","Haifa, Israel (geographic term)","Gondar, Ethiopia (geographic term)","Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (geographic term)","Odesa, Ukraine (geographic term)","Soviet Union (geographic term)","Kishinev, Moldova (geographic term)","Riga, Lativa (geographic term)","Kyiv, Ukraine (geographic term)","Minsk, Belarus (geographic term)","Palestine (geographic term)","Gaza Strip (geographic term)","Ramallah, West Bank, Palestine (geographic term)","Rockaway Beach Hospital (corporate name)","Congregation Kneseth Israel (corporate name)","United States Coast Guard (corporate name)","New York University (corporate name)","Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) (corporate name)","United States Navy (corporate name)","United States Air Force (corporate name)","Navy Intelligence Officer Program (corporate name)","United States Naval Reserve (corporate name)","RAND Corporation (corporate name)","Vanderbilt University (corporate name)","Emory University (corporate name)","Grady Memorial Hospital (corporate name)","Georgia Baptist Hospital (corporate name)","The Temple (corporate name)","Coca-Cola (corporate name)","Pepsi (corporate name)","National Council of Jewish Woman (corporate name)","Catholic Relief Services (corporate name)","Hadassah Medical Center (corporate name)","American Jewish Committee of Atlanta (corporate name)","Ahavath Achim Synagogue (corporate name)","Project Vision, Inc. (corporate name)","American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (corporate name)","Jerusalem Post (corporate name)","Jewish Healthcare International (JHI) (corporate name)","Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs (corporate name)","Jewish Agency for Israel (corporate name)","Israeli Ministry of Health (corporate name)","Great Depression (named event)","Super Bowl III (named event)","Watergate scandal (named event)","Hurricane Katrina (named event)","1982 Lebanon War (named event)","World War II (named event)","The Holocaust (named event)","Yiddish (topical term)","High Holy Days (topical term)","Bar mitzvah (topical term)","Shabbat (topical term)","Passover (topical term)","Rosh HaShanah (topical term)","Yom Kippur (topical term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)","Torah (topical term)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Ophthalmology (topical term)","M*A*S*H (topical term)","Republican Party (topical term)","Democratic Party (topical term)","Beta Israel (topical term)","Aliyah (topical term)","Berlin Wall (topical term)","Tikkun olam (topical term)","Counsel General of Israel (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDr. Steve Kutner was interviewed by Sara Ghitis on May 31, 2009, in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSteve Kutner was born in Far Rockaway, New York on April 6, 1934, to Herman and Hannah Kutner. He had one older brother, Lee. He attended New York Public Schools and graduated from Far Rockaway High School. After high school, he went to New York University on a swimming scholarship. As an undergraduate, Steve studied engineering and later served in the United States Navy and in the reserves. He worked for a subsidiary of Rand Corporation before he attended medical school. He graduated with a medical degree from Vanderbilt University in 1965.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eFrom 1969 to 1999, He practiced ophthalmology at Georgia Baptist Hospital, and in his private practice. He founded Project Vision that worked in Israel and other parts of the world to help restored eyesight to thousands of people. He later founded Jewish Healthcare International, a global philanthropic network that brought vital medicine, supplies, and expertise to numerous countries, including Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, Israel, Cuba, Haiti, and Ethiopia. In 1969, he married Jeanney Miller. They had two son, Rob and David and four grandchildren. He was a member of Congregation Or Hadash. He passed away on July 21, 2016, and is buried at Arlington Memorial Park.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSteve begins the interview by speaking of his grandparents. He shares that he does not know much about his family history, though they surmise the family is from Poland or Czechoslovakia. He mentions that there was some Yiddish spoken in the family on his father\u0026rsquo;s side. He discusses that his father had some education in the field of accounting and during the Great Depression he worked as a New York City policeman. He shares that his father would sometimes work two jobs to make ends meet. He shares that his mother was a homemaker and was busy raising him and his brother.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve details being the younger son to a brother who was the favorite. He spoke of feeling in competition with his brother and that he would frequently copy his brother, trying out for the same sports. He mentions he felt that his brother was the child whom his parents thought was ideal. He provides that his parents referred to him as a free spirit, which was something that they could not relate to. Steve shares that he was more like an uncle in the family, whom he admired and aspired to emulate, and was not understood by his parents. He reflects that there were tensions in the family with his uncle and his wife.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve recalls living in a boarding house when he was young, as that was all the family could afford. He recounts how his family celebrated the High Holidays and that he a bar mitzvah, but they did not attend synagogue or honor Shabbat regularly. He describes the preparation for his bar mitzvah and the fact he and the rabbi had a mutual dislike of each other. \u0026nbsp;He remembers that he worked very hard, but still made mistakes during the ceremony and the rabbi would hit him in the lower back. He reflects that he was happy he got through it, though he never saw that particular rabbi again. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve expresses gratitude for growing up in New York City where the school system was excellent and he was able to receive a wonderful education regardless of economic status. He talks about the importance of education to him and his family, especially as he was the first in his family to attend college. He recounts that he knew he wanted to go to college but did not know what degree to get or what he wanted to do with his life, and a school counselor suggested architecture. He mentions that he did not have much of a social life in high school as he was focused on his studies and then working after school at any job he could find. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve discusses attending college and the financial challenges during those years. He recalls not being sure what degree to get and starting out in Liberal Arts because he did not have interest in engineering. He details that he switched to engineering and earned a partial scholarship. He recounts earning his degree in mechanical engineering and deciding to he opted for officer training school in the Navy. \u0026nbsp;He reflects that this experience and his time in aviation and experiences with aerospace engineering started his interest in medicine in aerospace.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve spoke about getting out of the Navy and taking a position with RAND Corporation in California. \u0026nbsp;He reflects on his decision to return to medical school. He discusses that he was accepted at Vanderbilt University with a partial scholarship to study experimental medicine. He reflects that when he got to medical school, he knew he was home. He describes finding his way to ophthalmology after completing different rotations in medicine. He mentions that he chose ophthalmology because he loved working with his hands, the technology, and the specialty surgery that all came together to be a great fit for him. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve recalls that when he was a resident at Grady hospital he always ended up with the most unusual or challenging cases because he was the only one who wanted to take them on. He shares that this gave him what he refers to as a \u0026ldquo;M*A*S*H\u0026rdquo; personality, taken from the TV show, and he did what needs to be done to make a difference. He reflects that one of his greatest pleasures over his 25 years in practice was the connections he made with his patients, not just as a doctor and patient, but on a personal level as well. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve\u0026rsquo;s wife, Jeanney joins the interview. He mentions that he met Jeanney on a blind date. Jeanney explains that their courtship was short and unconventional. She details that they met in September and were married in January by Rabbi Rothschild at The Temple, the day of Superbowl III. Jeanney shares that she was an assistant teacher when they married and later went back to school for a master\u0026rsquo;s degree in special education. They mention that they have a 12 year age difference, but each family was happy with the match They talk about having their first son, Rob. Jeanney shares that they had trouble getting pregnant a second time, and they chose to adopt their second son, David. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve and Jeanney talk about their children and that Rob was a late talker and David was an active child. \u0026nbsp;Jeanney discusses some of the values they worked to instill in their sons. Steve reflects on the importance of raising his children in the Jewish faith. He talks about his own affiliation growing and developing his own Jewish identity. They spoke of the children\u0026rsquo;s childhood and taking them to Israel every other year and having David\u0026rsquo;s bar mitzvah in Poland. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve and Jeanney talk about the sense of humor that they have and whether the boys share it. He reflects that he shares the sense of humor that his uncle had and that it can be off putting to some people. They express their pleasure at becoming grandparents and the joys that it entails. He recounts that they want to share with their grandchildren the same values that he did with their children. Jeanney recalls that they tried to emphasize the giving of yourself to others and how they are trying to explain this to the grandchildren, but they are still too young to truly understand.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve discusses the beginnings of their affiliation with Israel, his own thoughts of volunteering, and his admiration of Albert Schweitzer. He details how Jeanney wanted to go to Isreal as a family, and he had doubts but wanted to explore opportunities to volunteer. \u0026nbsp;He details beginning to volunteer at a hospital in Haifa on their first trip to Israel and then returning two years later and going to Galilee. He recounts that he went in with the attitude of learning to work together and not presenting himself as a well-trained American who would tell them what to do. He shares that he felt an incredible comradery with the Israelis. He mentions being in Israel with his family in 1982 when the Lebanese War broke out and what an exciting time it was to be working side by side with Israeli doctors saving lives.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve details becoming involved with volunteer efforts in Ethiopia, not having previously known about the Ethiopian Jews. He shares that he was moved by their plight of being persecuted for their religious beliefs. He describes training for this mission to Ethiopia and how it almost didn\u0026rsquo;t happen because his father died shortly before he was to leave. He discusses his time in Ethiopia as emotionally difficult as well as rewarding, noting that at the time Ethiopia was under the rule of the dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam. He recounts the challenges of working their and shares the story of a Kes or rabbi that he helped.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve shares how that trip helped to influence him when he returned to Israel and started Project Vision, a non-profit organization. He recalls that one of his first responsibilities was to evaluate the Ethiopians who had made immigrated and he was reminded of his trip to Ethiopia and having a religious or spiritual epiphany. He mentions that he set up an impromptu clinic in his hotel room at night and helped their security guard with an issue. He shares more about the creation of Project Vision. Steve recalls an Ethiopian man who he helped in Ethiopia and met again after immigrating to Israel, but the man still had cataracts. He shares how he ended up doing the operation at his own expense in a private hospital and realizing that he could not do it alone and that was how he founded Project Vision.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve discusses the mission of Project Vision is to teach others how to do procedures and help with resources to make it a better system. He details the work that Project Vision has done and the various countries they have worked in. He talks about how this idea was broadened and became Jewish Healthcare International (JHI), with Project Vision being its ophthalmological arm. He shares how the program has grown larger with more partners in various countries and the various volunteers that are involved. He expresses pride in the work of the organization and how many people want to work with them because of their level of credibility. He discusses his thoughts about three tenants of Judaism that are reflected by JHI - tzedakah, mitzvah, and Tikkun olam. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eSteve shares a story of a young Palestinian boy who had an eye injury and came to the United State to get help. He recounts how one doctor was unable to help him, but that Steve was asked to see if he could help. He discusses how he was eventually able to help the boy. He mentions how the boy later expressed wonder that a Jewish person would help him. He reflects on why he does this volunteer work. He talks about Israel having an important place in his life and his belief that it is the heart of the Jewish people. He shares how they are starting to send assistance teams out to other parts of the world and inviting Jews from all over to join them and work together. He concludes the interview by expressing thanks to his family for allowing him to do this volunteer work.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/309/432/small/Kutner_Steve.mp4_1779722283.jpg?1779722284","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Kutner_Steve.mp4"]},"duration":8680.53853,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/309/432/small/Kutner_Steve.mp4_1779722283.jpg?1779722284","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/309/432/original/Kutner_Steve.mp4?1779722277","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":8680.53853,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Kutner, Steve [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e My name is Steve Kutner, K-U-T-N-E-R, and I'm having the pleasure of being interviewed by Sara Ghitis, a professional colleague who originally worked for CNN. Now I would like to give you a little story about my life growing up and just share it with the family. I think it may be interesting. [Classical music begins to play and a placard with Kutner’s name and the date come on the screen.  Photographs of Kutner’s life, family, and work are shown throughout the video] I don't know an awful lot about my ancestors. I have one brother that's two and half years older than I am. Both of our parents are deceased, but growing up, my brother knew my mother's mother and I never met her. She died before I remembered. I don't remember, she died before I was even born. I never knew my father's father, whereas my brother, two and a half years older, did. The only ancestors that I remember in terms of grandparents were my grandmother, my father's mother and my mother's father.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=0.0,85.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you know any names?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=85.0,87.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e My father's mother's name was Esther, which is a beautiful name, and my mother's [father's] name was Sam.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=87.0,95.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Last names?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=95.0,98.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e My mother's maiden name is Glickman, and my father's name was, good grief, it just slipped my mind. That's embarrassing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=98.0,115.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you know what part of Europe they came from in general?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=115.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e No, we really never had an accurate history of the origin of my grandparents or my great-grandparents. Of course, we never knew my great grandparents. Our family never had, always thought, as I was growing up with my brother, we always thought . . . Oh, I'm sorry, my grandmother's, my father's mother's name was Fields. I should have remembered that. But we never had any real history. We really, to this day, don't know the origin of our family. Certainly, we thought that it may have been Poland or Czechoslovakia or something like that. But in those years, people changed their names, and we're not sure of the origin of the name Kutner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=120.0,173.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Did anyone in your family speak Yiddish?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=173.0,176.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e My father's mother spoke some Yiddish. My mother's father didn't speak Yiddish that I remember.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=176.0,186.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's talk about your parents for a moment. Tell me again the names, the full names of your parents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=186.0,195.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e My father's name was Herman Chaim. My mother's name is Hannah. I love both those names to this day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=195.0,206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What was your father like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=206.0,208.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e My father was . . . My brother and I were born during the depression in the 1930’s. My father had some education in accounting and was very bright, however he couldn't make a living in accounting during those times, so he had to take a job. The only job that he could find to make a living for our family of four was to be, since we lived in New York City was to be a New York City policeman. It was a little unusual to have a New York City policeman that was Jewish, even with the large population of Jews in New York. My mother was a homemaker. For most of her life, she was a homemaker. She had to deal with bringing up both of her sons, which wasn't easy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=208.0,259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=259.0,261.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e My brother was two and a half years older, and I used to follow him around and annoy him, some intentionally and some unintentionally. I was called the little one, not because I necessarily was just smaller, it was because I was the little one. I wasn't as good as he was. Because he was sort of the favorite son.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=261.0,283.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember the house where you grew up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=283.0,288.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e We never grew up in a house. We were brought up in the first five years that I remember of my life and our life, we were brought in a boarding house. A boarding house, as most people might know, is where you share the kitchen and you share other things and each family that lives in a boarding house has a room. Even though this was a long, long time ago, I remember this room where all of us slept . . . ate in the kitchen, community kitchen. I remember the boarding house's. The lady at the boardinghouse, her name was Mrs. Baum. The reason I remember that a long time ago is because she was a very, very, very special lady and she loved all of her guests, and she took care of us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=288.0,340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Where was the boarding house?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=340.0,341.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I was born in New York in Rockaway Beach Hospital, which is Long Island. My brother was born in New York, too. We lived in Far Rockaway [New York], which was part of Queens. The boarding house was in Far Rockaway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=341.0,358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e How would you describe the standard of living your father was able to provide?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=358.0,367.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . When you're that age and you're brought up in a boarding house, that's where you think most people are living. We didn't have a lot of friends that were living in a boarding house, but they lived in apartments. Most people, most of our friends in those years lived in apartment buildings, or apartments. That part of New York was, there weren't many fancy houses, or quote, rich people, as we used to call them. It was close to a couple of areas in New York where there was a higher standard of living, a higher quality of living in terms of other people. But we really went to the schools there, the New York City school systems. In fact, the elementary school we went to was probably two blocks away from the boarding house. That's where we ended up going to elementary school. The school system in New York was excellent. We were very blessed with that, and it was free. The only synagogue that we ever had some sort of relationship with was called the White Shul. The White Shul was a block away from the boarding house so if we ever went to the High Holidays or went to shul that was the synagogue that we went to. We were not regular; we were not affiliated per se in terms of being members because my father never really made enough money to officially join a synagogue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=367.0,456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What about the rest of your Jewish upbringing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=456.0,461.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e We really were, I think, traditionally brought up as Jews, my brother and I, as my parents were. Meaning that my parents were very committed that we be bar mitzvah and that we celebrate the High Holidays. But in terms of regular attendance and Shabbat, I had really no feeling for the importance of Shabbat. We never really had a Jewish education. It was a public school education.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=461.0,497.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What about the major holidays, such as Passover? Rosh HaShanah, you said you went?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=497.0,506.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e We celebrated the High Holidays in synagogue. I really don't remember the early years of Yom Kippur in terms of fasting because I never did. I'm not sure who in the family did. My father had a very difficult routine. He worked nights, sometimes all night, for days. It was a very difficult life for us. But we never were really worried about where the next food would come from and the basic necessities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=506.0,538.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Did your father ever share some of his experiences as a policeman? The stories?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=538.0,545.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh yes . . . My father shared a lot of experiences with us, most of which he probably should not have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=545.0,553.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Such as?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=553.0,555.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e He was involved in some arrests that involved very bad folks. He told some stories where . . . Some of those stories were very funny about some of the people out there that they were responsible for taking care of. But it was a little scary. I think my brother and I were, in addition to my mother, were pretty insecure about not just daily living in terms of life and where we lived and all that, but about his safety. But we didn't have a choice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=555.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the advantage of a boarding house compared to an apartment?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=600.0,606.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e The advantage was we couldn't afford to live in an apartment building. A boarding house was less expensive. But I didn't know the difference, neither did my brother. We eventually moved out of the boarding house into an apartment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=606.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What were you like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=622.0,623.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Was I like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=623.0,624.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, what kind of a kid were you growing up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=624.0,628.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e That age, that was a very young age. But mostly what . . . we were, because of my parents, who by the way, there was no one in my family generationally that ever graduated from college, but they went through high school. We were very, very committed to do well in the school system because we felt that was our only chance. That it was absolutely imperative that we get a good education. We had the opportunity, and we worked very hard in the elementary school through the high school, and eventually me when I went to college. We were very focused in that primarily.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=628.0,673.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e From whom did you get that kind of sentiment?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=673.0,707.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I think it was something that was obligatory. It wasn't because someone said it. It wasn't because my parents said, “I absolutely had to go to college.” They said, “This is school and you need to work hard, and you need to do well because it's important for the rest of your life.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=707.0,758.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What about social life as a kid before you went to high school? Did you have many friends?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=758.0,766.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e We had friends. My brother went to the same elementary school. In those days you used to have one teacher for each class. I don't know, it's very different now perhaps. My brother was very strong in math, and he had some other strengths and I had similar strengths. The problem I had is that following him and all these teachers, the teachers used to say, \"Ah, you're Lee,” my brother’s name is Lee, “you’re Lee's brother.\" That means I had to be at least as good as he was, if not better. We both did rather well in elementary school. But it's a long time ago, and I remember my elementary teachers much more vividly and clearer than I do my high school teachers, mostly because it was a smaller number and it was more focused that way. But in terms of growing up, in elementary school, it's young age where all the kids are struggling. Don't forget, in the elementary school and in the New York system, I wasn't going to any fancy private school. I was going to a public system that provided excellent education. Most of the kids were in the same boat one way or another. We became friends and close for that reason. No big social events, you understand. But we were just close because we were happy being together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=766.0,795.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What about your free time? What did you do for fun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=795.0,797.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e In elementary school, in the later years of elementary school before high school, we used to play stickball in the street or handball or maybe something in the playground and stuff like that, but it wasn't anything very social other than that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=797.0,821.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you do anything for fun with your parents as a family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=821.0,827.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e In elementary school, I think we made a few trips by car.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=827.0,834.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Later in life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=834.0,835.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Later, we went to Florida. We went to Disney World. We went to Florida once and that was a big deal. We actually took a plane which was almost unheard of for us because we never thought we could afford that. But he had a lot of stories, he had lot of stories with his colleagues in the police department that were very, very funny. My brother and I used to share some of those with him. It was rather unique to have a Jewish policeman and a family being brought up in that environment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=835.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you look like your mother or your father?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=870.0,873.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I look like my mother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=873.0,878.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e If you could describe your mother's physique, what would you say?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=878.0,883.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e My mother was . . . I'm never quite sure what the color of her hair was, because she'd keep on changing it. In fact, my dad tells a funny story. He used to work the night shift once, a couple times, and he tells the story when we lived in the apartment that one night he came home and it was late, and the apartments pretty much looked alike. He got in bed and he was ready to go to sleep, and he rolled over and he saw the woman next to him was a blonde. My mother used to be brown headed. He thought he got the wrong apartment.  I remember that story. That goes back a long way, but my brother and I loved that. We never asked him what he did to get it straight . . . I remember my mother as being mostly blonde hair. She was a handsome woman. She never had a lot of confidence about herself in terms of . . . a lot of history in terms of not having opportunities. I think she held some resentment in terms of not having opportunity and she felt a little bit down about that. Then, in the depression time, it’s very difficult for her and dealing with her boys, who are very often problematic in terms both physical as well as mental, became the primary challenge of her life, but she succeeded.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=883.0,969.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Your father, if you could describe him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=969.0,971.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e He was very focused, very hard working. He used to have two jobs. Actually, he was the model for me to recognize that he could have a number of jobs. He could work hard. He worked very hard. One of the interesting things about my dad, he used to a part-time job as an accountant at the hospital where I was born. It was part-time. I remember he used to take me there sometimes. I don't know about my brother. I just don't remember that relationship, but he was taking me to the hospital. He took me to the hospital once and I was there waiting for him. While he was working as an accountant part-time, I looked around. I saw some of the doctors and some of nurses. I said, “Boy, this looks like a very cool place. This looks like something that's really interesting. It looks kind of exciting.” I had no interest, really, in terms of being a physician or a doctor. It wasn't because my mother said I had to be a Jewish doctor or anything like that. I didn't have that pressure. But I remember that as probably the first moment in my life that there was some sort of maybe interest in something about medicine. Maybe I was just envious, seeing something that maybe it could happen in my life, but I really wasn't sure. But I was very young.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=971.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e You mentioned the word problematic, that your mother had to deal with the problematic boys.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1050.0,1058.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e My brother and I, we had a lot of sibling rivalry based on what boys or siblings do anyway. But it was more, there was more tension in the family, more stress in the family. My brother was the older brother, and he was the first born and he was the kind of model that my parents wanted in a son or a child. The girl he met in high school was a Jewish girl. That was probably the first girl he may have, one of the first girls he ever dated, and he ended up marrying her and he never went on to college. He enlisted in the Coast Guard and went to the military. I was different. It wasn't the type of different that they really enjoyed. On top of that, both of us used to have a lot of differences in terms of a lot of different things that kids do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1058.0,1124.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e How are you different?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1124.0,1129.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I was more concerned about succeeding in school and moving on. Rather than even thinking about the military, I was thinking about where did I think I wanted to be in my life that would help me succeed. Not just about economically in terms of that security, but also what my passion would be and what I would be happy doing. The type of challenges all kids have when they grow up. That to me was more important because I was very insecure. He found his security in finding his soul mate and starting a family which was wonderful. I just wasn't there. I just wasn’t ready for that. It just wasn’t in my forte","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1129.0,1186.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's go back in time a little, high school, where did you go to high school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1186.0,1191.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I went to Far Rockaway High School in Far Rockway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1191.0,1196.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you do in high school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1196.0,1197.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I did great in high school. My brother in high school, I followed my brother again. My brother in high school became a swimmer and he was on the swimming team. Because he was on a swimming team, I said, “I would like to be on a swimming team.” That's why I just was a real nudnik with my brother. I was always following him in his tracks until a certain point and then we separated after that. But I said, I wanted to be in the high school, too because I didn't want to play football because I wasn't good enough. I was afraid of getting killed. I tried out for the swimming team. I remember the tryout in the swimming team; we were talking about a long time ago. The coach's name is Richie Searer. He said, \"Try out, I'm going to let you try out because your brother is on the team.\" I tried it out and I almost drowned. I just wasn't that great a swimmer. He said, \"Look, the best thing that you can do is you can try the butterfly stroke because you look like you're strong and you got the capability of doing that.\" I said, \"I don't even know how to do that.\" He said, \"Let's teach you.\" He worked with me a little bit and I eventually got on the team, not because I was that good, but probably because my brother. I worked very hard. I worked really hard and I became a lot better. That was my experience in high school. But high school system and the school systems in New York were superb. They had Regents exams, and a lot of, there was competition, but it was very good. I really excelled because I worked very, very hard. I worked, especially in areas where I was interested, I did very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1197.0,1298.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What were those areas?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1298.0,1300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Areas were mathematics, physics, mostly physical science. I wasn't really interested in biology. I was into physiology stuff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1300.0,1309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you start thinking about your professional future while you were in high school? Did you have any thoughts about what you wanted to be later in life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1309.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Not really. I knew I wanted to go to college. I wasn't sure which one or how I could afford it. We did have high school advisors in those days. My high school advisor, after some tests, said that I should be an architect. I said, \"That sounds great, but I'm not sure what an architect is.\" But they were able to pick that up. She said I should be an architect. I said, \"Where do I go to be an architect?\" She said, \"There are a lot of schools, but you have to get an undergraduate degree first. It probably should be in liberal arts.”  Liberal arts to me was just a way into college. Didn't mean very much. Never really thought about doing engineering because engineering was . . . I really didn't understand what it was and I thought liberal arts might be easier. What I didn't realize before I went to college was liberal arts in those days, and maybe even today, meant that you were on a path that wasn't quite sure. It was necessary to have an education, but in those days, if you were in a liberal arts program, it was very competitive because a lot of the students were pre-medical. In order to get into medical school, you had to excel in undergraduate school to get to medical school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1320.0,1399.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e At this stage in your life, aside of study, what did you have? Any extracurricular activities, a social life, dating?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1399.0,1413.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e My social life was limited in high school because I was swimming. I did a lot of studying and I started having part-time jobs to supplement the family. Not anything big deal, but I was working extra jobs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1413.0,1428.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What kinds of jobs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1428.0,1430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I used to serve ice cream at the corner pharmacy, help serve ice cream. I used to shovel snow or do all kinds of other stuff in high school. Anything I could, any job I could find.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1430.0,1445.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the hourly rate in those days?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1445.0,1447.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e The what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1447.0,1448.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e The hourly rate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1448.0,1450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e The hourly rate?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1450.0,1452.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e In those days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1452.0,1453.32283"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e In those days. In those days. In those days. I don't remember, but I could eat all the ice cream I wanted. It wasn't much. I remember the doctors that took care of the family and all this and that. We had a lot of family interaction between my [father's] brother and his sister-in-law. Even though our family was small, we had a lot of family connections, which was very, very good. In terms of social life, dating and things, I didn't have the money. I occasionally took out a girl for a date and everything, but it was the athletes in high school and the big handsome, I just was an ordinary guy. I wasn't concerned about that competition. I wasn't concerned about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1453.32283,1508.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e You said you had a big extended family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1508.0,1512.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e A small extended family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1512.0,1513.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e A small extended family. Who was influential in your life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1513.0,1519.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e The most influential person in my life was my brother's brother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1519.0,1523.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Your brother's?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1523.0,1524.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e My father's brother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1524.0,1526.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What was his name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1526.0,1528.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e His name is Alfred. He used to work for the New York City fire department. He used to drive that long truck in the back, that's called the hook and ladder. He and his wife never had any children. He was very outgoing. He had a pretty good sense of humor. He was very different, but he was sort of a role model for me even though he wasn't particularly a favorite of the family. In other words, I felt he was somebody that I could aspire to in some way in terms of his focus, his dedication. Even though he worked for the fire department, he worked an extra job, and he did this and he'd do a lot of stuff. He and I became . . . He wasn't particularly easy to deal with, like I'm not particularly easy to deal with, but he was sort of a role model in terms of somebody I felt that was appealing to me. On the other hand, my uncle, this uncle, was often in conflict with my father or the rest of the family, in addition to his wife. It was a lot of baggage, a lot of interaction there that was not particularly pleasant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1528.0,1614.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you know what the conflict was about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1614.0,1617.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e It was about . . . They had, my uncle and his wife, without children, and she worked. His wife worked. They had more economic stability. My parents really struggled. There were economic issues in terms of trying to help us. Then my mother was jealous. There was always issues about, we have the kids, and we're trying to bring up these kids, and you don't have any kids, and we need your help. There were a lot of issues about that, which was not pleasant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1617.0,1654.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's go back for a moment and talk about your bar mitzvah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1654.0,1658.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1658.0,1661.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What was it like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1661.0,1664.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e When my mother said I had to be bar mitzvah it was a little bit scary because I wasn't totally convinced that it was necessary. It was necessarily because it was important in terms of the tradition as far as my family. We were born, my brother and I were born, and I think we maintained through the years a lot of family respect, a lot a parental respect, which is based on a lot of things. Maybe a lot it was, some of it was environmental, but a lot is maybe purely genetic. But they instilled with me an obligatory, an obligation of traditional Judaism. Wasn't even sure I understood what that was, but one of us were being bar mitzvahed.  I had no Hebrew school. I didn't go to Hebrew school. I didn't learn Hebrew. They hired a little rabbi that lived about a mile away on top of a little store in Far Rockaway to teach me Hebrew and teach me the parshah and get me prepared. They paid him $50 to prepare me, I remember that. Why do I remember that? $50 was a lot of money. He paid me $50. That means I had to work hard, and it wasn't easy. The rabbi immediately didn't like me. He didn't like me. I wasn't easily to deal with. I didn't learn the way he wanted me to. But in spite of that, I learned the parshah. I learned it. I was thrilled that I was able to finish it in time. My parents had to hire, basically hire a place for the bar mitzvah, which was a very Orthodox synagogue, not the White Shul, but another one, where we knew no one.  I remember the bar mitzvah vividly because I was on the bimah doing my Torah service, and the rabbis then used to stand right behind you, not on the side like we do now, not sitting right behind. I remember I made so many mistakes that every time you made a mistake, the rabbi gave me a hit in my low back. By the time I got done with the bar mitzvah, I almost had to go out in a wheelchair. It wasn't a particularly pleasant time, but I was very happy that I got through it. I didn't particularly like the rabbi after that and never really saw him again, but it was a very happy event otherwise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1664.0,1818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Was there a celebration?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1818.0,1820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Celebration was fine. I remember in our little apartment, my mother had a little horseshoe, and the family was there, and it was very nice. I got my little gifts and all that. That was it. That was my Jewish identity . . . I did it, just like my brother did. After that, out in the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1820.0,1841.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Now you have said a couple of times about yourself that you're not easy to deal with. Could you elaborate on that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1841.0,1851.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e What I mean by that is, I think in many ways, I've always felt that as being a blessing. My parents used to call me a free spirit. I wasn't sure I knew what that meant. But over the years, I recognized that I just walked to a different beat. I thought I was blessed because I had this ability to recognize what limitations we had in terms of economics and otherwise. I had the blessing of being focused and knowing that hard work was the key to succeeding. I didn't have to be a genius to do that, I just had the opportunity of being an American and living here which we took for granted. If you work hard enough that you can succeed. I wasn't quite sure what succeeding meant other than the economic part then, but in succeeding in terms of trying to find my way, including some sort of identity, which at that time wasn't even clear. But I was different and it was more difficult to deal with because I was very focused in terms where I wanted to be.  I would do anything legally, legitimately to make it work, so sometimes that interfered with some people's agenda. I'm the same way today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1851.0,1944.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e You reached college time. How did that work out?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1944.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e College was good for me because I needed to leave the house. It was very challenging for me, because I was very anxious about, obviously, like all the kids going to school, and probably more so because our family, I didn't have any familial support because they didn't have the experience. I was going to college. I said, “I have to be here and I have to succeed.” Again, I don't know what that really meant. I made a mistake because I ended up starting in a college, I only applied to one college. It happened to be a college that had a tuition. It wasn't a lot, but it was a tuition, rather than getting into a free school, which I could have in New York. But I didn't have the information. At that point in life, which I was about 17, whatever I was, and even through the high school years, I became very, very insecure about my future and what the next step was going to be because I felt very alone. I felt that the economics weren't there, and it was okay to live at home and go through high school and work a couple of extra jobs. I always felt I wasn't concerned. But once I left the house and I was in college, I was really pretty much on my own. It’s pretty scary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1950.0,2035.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What college was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2035.0,2036.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I went to New York University, which was in the Bronx, that was in New York. That school, I picked that school. I remember picking that school because it had two options for me. One was either in engineering on the same campus or liberal arts, but I wasn't interested in engineering. I wanted to try liberal arts because it was college. In those days I didn't realize getting a liberal arts degree, unless you really knew what you were going to do after it, would be really important. I just said I need to get a degree because that's the next step. I started out in liberal arts. I realized it was very competitive. I realized that I really had to perform at a very high level in courses that I didn't have especially special, it wasn't interest, but even expertise. I didn't have that much comfort as in the high school. It was just different. College is different, no matter how you do in high school, unless you're just naturally brilliant, which I wasn't. I didn't do well in some of the courses. I didn't do well in chemistry, as an example. In chemistry, I realized very quickly that most of my colleagues, most of my classmates in high school, in college, were pre-med. Pre- med kids in college are very competitive. I wasn't used to that educational environment where there was that much competition. I was living there, and then my parents told me, before the six months was up for the first semester, that after the six months they couldn't afford to pay the tuition anymore. Then I said I had to pay the tuition. I had to find a job. I'm not doing well in school. I wasn't a happy camper. I realized that I needed to start thinking about a change, and I think it was a blessing that on the same campus was an engineering school. I said this is the way I have to go, because my strength is in physical science. What am I doing in liberal arts?  I had to go to night school to make up the difference. They accepted me in the engineering school. I started. But years ago, when I switched to engineering and went to the engineering classes, it was a horse of a different color. It was the engineering students had a different . . . It was almost like a cult. They walked around with their slide rule. They had a different pride. A lot of the kids in the liberal arts school were relative nerds and all that. But they were in the engineering school. I loved being there. It wasn't as competitive. The coursework was much more interesting. I excelled. I did well. Not only did I do okay, but I also got a part scholarship swimming in college. I worked part-time at the faculty club where they do the main meal of the day for the lunch hour waiting tables. I’d get my main meal of the day. Then at night, I get an extra job as being a campus policeman. Where I used to go around with the campus cops and be sure everything was secure and at the same time I used to study. What was my life in college? That was my life. I was very focused and worked very hard. I did very well, but no social life, very little money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2036.0,2236.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you get your engineering degree?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2236.0,2243.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. The engineering degree, as it turned out, was the degree that opened a door for a lot of the opportunities in my future life, including medical school. When I was in engineering school, I realized that I was doing well, working hard, and I felt very secure. The reason I felt secure was because an engineering degree opens up all kinds of opportunities. With my degree, I could have worked in the aerospace industry where I ended up. I could've worked in electronic engineering. I could have done thermodynamics. I had eight different job offers when I finished my engineering degree. Could have worked as a piano engineer in Cincinnati [Ohio] with Baldwin Piano Company. I could have gone to Virginia into nuclear engineering, or I could've gone to the aerospace industry. I could have worked in all kinds of jobs and with good money and a terrific opportunity. What did I do? I didn't know what to do. But those days, Sara, those were days of voluntary military, not involuntary, voluntary. I mean involuntarily military. That means that people were being inducted and were being put in the service. Because I don't know what my graduate work is going to be yet, because I knew I wanted to go on to graduate, I didn't know area I wanted it to go into, that I would rather get the military out of the way. I'd rather volunteer and just get it out of way. Then I wouldn't have to worry about it. It would give me some time to get more focused in terms of my interest, see which way I was going to go, save some money and basically provide service for my country. I wanted to enlist in the military and had no idea how to do that or what I wanted. But I knew I had to do it. I wasn't comfortable moving on into a graduate situation that I wasn't sure about, and also with a strong probability of actually ending up in the program and then getting called up. Disrupting that, I just didn't want it. It was almost like a cop-out. I said, I'm going to do it, but I want to do and I want to make sure that if I go in the military, I want to be an officer and a gentleman. Because don't forget, when I finished engineering school, I finished high in the class. I had a lot of opportunities. I was 20 years old, a little squirt. But on the other hand, I had been, I was pretty self-sustaining and felt really good about myself. I felt that I didn't want to be enlisted in the military and be obligated to do something that I wasn't particularly interested in with not a lot of great economic reward. Not because I was . . . because I was better, only because I had the education and I had more to offer. In fact, in the military when I was in college, I was offered the possibility of getting a commission by being in ROTC [Reserve Officers’ Training Corps], that's military training and stuff, so when you get your degree, you go into the service. The Navy, the Air Force said to me that I would be commissioned, if I graduated with an engineering degree, if I committed to flying for the Air Force. I said, \"I'm not going to fly for the Air Force. Why would I want to do that?\" I wasn't interested in aviation or flying then. I said, \"I'm an engineer. Utilize me as an engineering resource.\" They said, \"You've got to sign up as a possible aviator, or you're not going to get commissioned.\" I said, “Okay,” so they dropped me. Then I said, “I'll tell you what. Where do I want to go? What do I want to do? I'll be an officer and a gentleman. I'll go in the Navy. I'll go to officer's candidate school.” It was in Rhode Island for four months. Most people have seen the movie Officer and a Gentleman with Richard Gere. That's the way it was. That was a little problematic. But I was absolutely committed to become an officer, and that's what it's going to take. Then you go up to Rhode Island, and for four months you walk around in a little sailor suit with 73 buttons around here with a little sailor hat and everything. It was sort of a setback, but I met some great people there, and we had a great four months, especially the fourth month when you knew that your goal was in sight, and I became a commissioned officer in the United States Navy. My background was engineering, so I went to aviation engineering, aviation electronics school. Then I decided to go into the aviation part of the Navy. I ended up flying with the Navy for three years and doing that time and doing all kinds of other stuff that actually let start the building blocks of my interest in eventually going into an area in engineering that was going to be related to aerospace. That last year in the service, which was my third year, and don't forget, now I wasn't that young anymore, I was like 23. I finished my service, and then I was not still out of the service, I had years to go in terms of backing up the service. Inactive, but on the other hand still the possibility of being involved as an obligation, seven year obligation. But they couldn't call me back. I got interested in aerospace engineering and in my last year I got interested in the possibility of something maybe related to medicine in aerospace. It just hit me. That was the early days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2243.0,2618.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e By the way, your engineering degree was in what? I did it. In what area of engineering, your original engineering degree?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2618.0,2633.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Mechanical engineering.  Mechanical engineering is the degree that is a general engineering degree. That means it prepares you for anything. You can go into a chemical engineering area. You can do a graduate work in anything you want. It doesn't have to be mechanical.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2633.0,2653.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e How long did you stay with the Navy?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2653.0,2656.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Three and a half years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2656.0,2658.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you go overseas? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2658.0,2663.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2663.0,2663.63636"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e What experiences, specific experiences, do you remember? Stories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2663.63636,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I spent half of the three and a half years in Navy schools. Aviation electronics, aviation countermeasures, electronic countermeasure programs, central intelligence programs, building for intelligence, Navy intelligence, CIC [Combat Information Center], a lot of areas where we were working with the aviation branch of the Navy and also the Navy branch, the sea branch of the Navy. Areas that I really was interested in was celestial navigation and all those things was because of that engineering background I had. I really loved that. At one time, actually, when I was in the service, I was thinking about going career and going up and just going up the ranks. One of my favorite officers in my squadron said to me, “It's best you don't that because there's a level of antisemitism in the Navy that might deter from your ability to attain your goals in the service. Go out into the private area and find your way.” Those . . . are times, and those are a long time ago, but the spots in my life which actually impacted me making decisions. But that was because of the relationship I had with the squadron, people I lived with, or flew with, everything I did with, that I still have relationships with today, some of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2670.0,2762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What rank did you achieve?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2762.0,2764.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I ended up . . . I left the Navy and went into the Navy Reserve after three and a half years as an equivalent, as lieutenant or a captain in the Army. A lieutenant, it's two bars in that rank. That's where I left, but I was in the Reserve. After that, I had to make a decision. What do I do now? I've been in the service. I have the service behind me. Now I was more focused in terms of I had saved some money. I was living the life as an officer and a gentleman. I had more social time. I had time to think. It wasn't an issue about economic security anymore. Not that I was rich, but I had the money, and I was really focused in that area. I inquired into the aerospace opportunities. I got a job on the West Coast in California. I worked for a company that was involved in research and development called RAND in Santa Monica [California]. The computer industry was really revving up in terms of a lot of new innovations with IBM [Information Business Machines] as well as Microsoft. I got very involved with a small group of consultants for the aerospace industry. I worked full-time for RAND, basically a lot of theory, writing papers and doing a lot of stuff that was interesting to me, but I didn't see that as being my future. I was making great money, I was running around and I was taking flying lessons, so I was flying and doing all kinds of other stuff, and I was part of the extension of the free spirit. But what I realized then was I was looking for something else. I didn't see this as being my ultimate destiny. I had no . . . still focus out of that area, and I wasn't really clear about where I wanted to be. I linked onto a small group that were looking for a part-time consultant in mechanical engineering to work on a challenge of rotating human waste in a closed space capsule in the space industry. They were looking for a mechanical engineer. Now I worked with six other fellows, part-time after my regular job, as working on this project for them. All of them had backgrounds in physical science, except for two. One was a musician. One was a mathematician. In math, they had master's degree or PhDs. Three of them, one of them had a PhD in physics. All of them went back to med school to get an MD [Medical Degree], because they said that in the aerospace world, it's going to be invaluable to have the degrees, both in physical science, advanced degrees, as well as a medical degree. If you're going to be interested in this area, and they said, \"If you're interested in aerospace medicine, or that link between aerospace and medicine, you have to get an MD.\" I said, \"That's the way I want to go.\" I applied to med school. I had a couple of courses I had to pick up part-time. I was out there. I was out in California for about a year and a half. The reason I got into med school was because, by then I was 25, and they said to me when I was interviewed, they said, \"Why do you want to go to med school now? You're making great money. You're working in the field. This is where you want to be. Why do you want to go to med school?\" I said, \"I want to get to med school for this reason. I said it's not about the money. This is what I want to be doing. This is what I want to do\". Then they said to me . . . I interviewed a couple of times. But in those years, Sara, you have to understand that the mentality of somebody with a physical science background, normally going into med school was not their mentality in most schools. They were biology majors, or maybe math, or this and that. But to have somebody being an engineer first, or being out and having the service and everything, was not within the framework of what they thought might be an ideal physician, per se. But this particular school was Vanderbilt in Nashville [Tennessee], which was a great school. They had a department of experimental medicine where they were starting to work on areas of correlating computer technology with medicine, like EKGs [Electrocardiogram], cardiology correlation, stuff. They said to me, \"Would you consider coming to the school if we gave you a part scholarship in the Department of Experimental Medicine and you can work on some special projects at the same time you went to your MD degree.\"  I said, \"Sure.\" Off I went to Vanderbilt. Once I got to medical school, I knew I was home. Because the first year is mostly basic science, where you go through all the stuff in physiology, anatomy, and all the stuff you do. That's a struggle for all of us, regardless what we end up doing. But in the second year, when I went out to the wards and went out to the floor and started dealing with patients and people and doing medicine and seeing the link between medicine and actually being a physician, I said, “You know what? I like aerospace, but I love this work. I love medicine, I love dealing with people, and I love being part of life.” That was the revelation when I was in second year. That's when I realized that I wanted to be a physician and I was still interested in aerospace, but I didn't know how that was going to fit in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2764.0,3110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e How did ophthalmology happen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3110.0,3113.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Ophthalmology happened because when you decide where you want to be in terms of doing anything, you can go into family practice, which is good. But family practice, you don’t do surgery. But I found in medical school that I liked surgery, I like working with my hands, I like the technology, I liked the link between technology and what the subspecialty of surgery and ophthalmology could possibly bring to me. It's a process of elimination. You go through everything. I delivered hundreds of babies when I was in med school. When I went to my internship, I went through three months of obstetrics up in Boston [Massachusetts]. Delivered my neighbor's baby four years ago because of the background I had and all that. But I wanted to . . . I loved medicine, I loved people, and I had to make a decision. I ended up in ophthalmology because of a process elimination. I eliminated obstetrics, eliminated pediatrics. It's not because I didn't love doing, love the kids and all that. I eliminated one thing after, I didn't want to be just an internist just doing medicine, I didn't just want to be doing general surgery, I wanted to do something else.  I ended up with two choices. One was either orthopedics or ophthalmology and I chose ophthalmology. Ophthalmology to this day was the best specialty I could have chosen because to me ophthalmology represents all kinds of options. The eye is the window of the body. The eye opens up opportunities that can include whatever you wanted to include medicine, the initial diagnosis, continuity of care, caring about the patient in general, as well as doing microsurgery and integrating laser technology and all the rest of the technology that ophthalmology had to offer. It was an ideal fit for me. I got in the program at Emory, which was sought after. Before I even graduated from medical school I was ready to go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3113.0,3233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Is that how you came to Atlanta?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3233.0,3235.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Came to Atlanta because I had the graduate program offered to me at Emory in ophthalmology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3235.0,3241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e In what year was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3241.0,3242.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e 1966.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3242.0,3246.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you think of challenges in your practice as an ophthalmologist? Any special challenges?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3246.0,3256.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e A lot of challenges because you go through a graduate program and that's like getting a driver's license. You get a driver license then you learn how to drive. Hopefully you don't kill yourself or somebody else along the way. But what I found, what I found about my nature then and my personality was I guess not much different than being a free spirit. What I found was as a resident at Grady, which is a county hospital. It was a teaching hospital, but it was a very clinical hospital with a lot of people that had unusual, challenging problems, including trauma. Devastating problems related to this field or in general. I was always taken to these challenges. The residents, my residents in the same program, used to send me the worst possible cases. The worst challenges or the worst cases that they just didn't want to deal with, or they didn't want to. I ended up turning into something that I say today is even developing a M*A*S*H personality. The M*A*S*H personality is that, send me to the front line, bring him on, and I'll work with the team, and we'll go ahead and either save a life or do what we can to make a difference. I just had that same whatever it was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3256.0,3339.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e When you say M*A*S*H, you're talking about the TV series?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3339.0,3342.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, TV. A M*A*S*H personality. I ended up in my first year doing the most cases, in terms of the worst cases the resident ever did. I was trained in that area, in those three years, even though I had regular training, I was ready to do everything else routinely. I was already at almost a different dimension when I came out. That's where I ended up in my practice over all the years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3342.0,3368.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you think of a high moment in your career as an ophthalmologist before you started your philanthropic work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3368.0,3378.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, brother, I had a lot of high spots. First of all, my patient population, because I ended up working across the street from Georgia Baptist Hospital, was average or low socioeconomic, which was most of my graduate program. I went to Boston for a year as an internship and that was, everything said, it was terrific. But where I learned obstetrics, I learned pediatrics, I learned general surgery and everything else, which was important for me as part of my specialty. But the highlights were dealing mostly with the majority of my patient population that had needs for my expertise professionally but needs to be having less stress about the economics. To me, even in the early years . . . it was just something that I never felt, in many instances, charging people money that were normal customary fees, that I knew they couldn't afford. That was a problem for me. I was making a lot of money. I was doing a lot of trauma cases, and the money was just more than I could ever imagine. I was very successful, but the greatest success over the years of my practice, which is a long time, I was in practice a long time, was the greatest challenges and also the ability to connect with my patients. Not just ophthalmologically but connect with them in terms of people. People to people, and I took care of families generationally where I took care of the kids and I watched the kids grow up and took care of their kids. That was one of my greatest [pleasures].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3378.0,3496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e For how many years did you have a private practice?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3496.0,3499.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I was in practice for almost 25 years. I was already doing volunteer work before the end of that practice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3499.0,3508.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember meeting Jean for the first time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3508.0,3511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3511.0,3514.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e How was it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3514.0,3516.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e It was a blind date. I got her address and went to the wrong house. Finally, she came out and I was at the right house and I said, “This looks good.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3516.0,3534.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Who set you up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3534.0,3537.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Hanna Weinstein made the blind date. She was a friend of Jeanney's mother, her family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3537.0,3546.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e At what stage in your life were you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3546.0,3548.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I was in my last year of residency at Grady. I was working part-time at the Weinstein Clinic in Peachtree Street.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3548.0,3556.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, you said this looks good. You liked what you saw?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3556.0,3560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e First look looked pretty good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3560.0,3561.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What did you see?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3561.0,3563.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I saw a beautiful young lady with long blonde hair and a short skirt, and she was very beautiful. I said, “I'm interested.” [Interviewee laughs]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3563.0,3575.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Jeanney, what did you see?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3575.0,3578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e I had a sinus infection. I'd just returned from England with our family. My mother had been diagnosed with cancer. I figured, what could it hurt? I couldn't feel any worse. I said, \"Okay, I'll go out with him.\" I was home from college. All my plans were on hold because my mother was sick. I went, “whatever,\" which is not what we said in those days. I said, \"Okay.\" This guy comes to the door. I didn't know anything about what ophthalmologists were, but I thought I've got nothing to lose.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3578.0,3609.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did you go?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3609.0,3610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e We went to Shoney's and we had strawberry pie for our first date. I thought he was kind of neat. He actually kissed me goodnight and he said, “I think you have a fever.” That was . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3610.0,3628.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Was he right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3628.0,3629.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. That's why I said I couldn't feel any worse. I had a sinus infection, having come back from England. I'd put all my plans on hold. I was going to see a guy I'd met that summer. I had just graduated from college, and I'd meet a guy working that summer in Philadelphia [Pennsylvania]. I was going to go see him in a few weeks. This guy is persistent. He called me the next day. I have to tell, I think my children may know this story, but this is the second date. He picks me up to go to his house while he takes a nap and then gets dressed to go on a date with someone else. I did it, so I must have thought he was kind of neat. About two weeks later he called and asked me if I wanted to marry him. I said \"Okay.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3629.0,3675.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e She was easy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3675.0,3678.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Is this a figure of speech, the two weeks later?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3678.0,3681.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I think it was longer than that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3681.0,3683.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e No, it was two weeks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3683.0,3685.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What happened in those two weeks before you asked?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3685.0,3689.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e It had to be a lot. I think part of it was I felt very comfortable with her. I felt that I was very comfortable with her mother. I didn't really know her dad very well then, but her mother was there when I first picked her up. I felt it was someone that I was very serious about and I would like to continue it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3689.0,3724.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What made you say yes after two weeks?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3724.0,3728.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e I have no idea, but some of the best decisions I've made in my life have been snap decisions without much thought. I think I must have gone out with him a few times. At that point, I was really at a crossroads. I had not planned to come back to Atlanta ever. I'd planned to stay in Philadelphia, go to Boston or go to London [England]. Atlanta wasn't in my plans. When my mother got what we knew was terminal cancer, it changed all my plans, I really didn't have any. All I can think of now is that we must have had a good two weeks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3728.0,3766.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e When did you get married? How much?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3766.0,3770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e This was in September. It was the end of September when we came back from England, and we got married in January. We had a date, but Rabbi [Jacob] Rothschild needed to change it because he was going to Israel, and it was right before we printed out the invitations. It was a small wedding because my mother was sick. We didn't really realize it, but it was Super Bowl III, the date of the wedding. It wasn't such a big deal in those days. However, this was the Joe Namath upset game, which we couldn't have predicted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3770.0,3799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Did a lot of guests not show?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3799.0,3801.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e They left early. It was a 12 o'clock wedding, and some of them were annoyed, and they left early. It was a simple wedding in the chapel at The Temple and a small wedding, and we didn't really know that. We missed that Super Bowl.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3801.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the date of your wedding?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3817.0,3819.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e January 12.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3819.0,3821.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What year?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3821.0,3822.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e What I like to say is when you find out what Super Bowl it is, just subtract three, and that's what year we got married or how long we've been married. But I do know it was 1969. I have finally done the math and figured that out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3822.0,3837.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Your first home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3837.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e The first home was a . . . Actually, I was living as a resident in a little duplex in Virginia Highlands, small duplex by myself. The rent was $95 a month. I was very comfortable and we had no other place to live so we moved into the duplex. We stayed there for a little while and then Jeanney said that we need to move on to a little house, or something a little bigger than this, or a little nicer than this. I said, “Okay.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3840.0,3874.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you working, Jeanney, when you first met or got married?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3874.0,3877.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e That first year, I had a job as an assistant teacher in a Title III program in the Atlanta Public Schools, so I had job for that year. I decided to go to graduate school after that in social psychology for some who-knows-what reason. But I didn't finish that and went back to school and got a master's in special education. I didn't really plan things out too well in those days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3877.0,3908.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What did your parents think of Steve when you first introduced him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3908.0,3914.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e My mother, I think, instantly fell in love with him, and he was so wonderful to her. When we met in the fall of 1968, let's see, we knew that the ovarian cancer was terminal in those days, and she did die in November of 1970. She had good times and bad times. He was really so good to her and all of that. She adored him, that was probably a key factor. My dad liked him, too. My brother, not so much. Wait, I'm sorry, that was the other guy. Let me back up a bit. My brother liked him. I think my brother was in college at that point. Is that right, so he was away. I did have an uncle who sat him down and asked him if he was going to be able to keep me in the style of which I was accustomed, which didn't make any sense to him.  I think Steve was terrified. But the most important is one of my friends told everybody that I was marrying a grown man because he is a few years older than me. Twelve.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3914.0,3969.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Twelve years older.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3969.0,3971.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e Which we don't like to talk about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3971.0,3972.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I wasn't terrified with the interview of her uncle. I thought it was ridiculous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3972.0,3981.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, when you introduced Jeanney to your parents, how did they react?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3981.0,3989.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I think my parents were relieved that I was going to marry a Jewish girl. Very relieved. I think that they liked her. But I'm not sure my parents, other than that, could have liked anybody I married. I just wasn't really sure about that. There was some conflict there, potential problems with that, because it was like a generation gap.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3989.0,4022.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e You moved from that first house to another house which was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4022.0,4028.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e We moved to a condominium at Old Ivy, where we lived for a couple of years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4028.0,4036.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Your first child?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4036.0,4039.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e Our first child, Rob, was born [when] we lived at that house, in the condominium and we moved about nine months later to a house in West Wesley where we lived for 27 years. But we had two Basenjis then, we had Basenjis and they were really sort of our first children. Rob would probably take exception with that because he always thought that the dogs came first.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4039.0,4065.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What was it like to become a father?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4065.0,4069.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e It was terrific becoming a father. The interesting thing about Rob's birth in 1971 was that I was two years into practice. Actually, she was in the last trimester, last three months. I had to take a special course to pass my boards to be certified. We decided there was probably enough time for me to go to . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4069.0,4095.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4095.0,4097.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e New York, to take my board tests, a refresher for a week. But on one condition, that her obstetrician agreed to have her move in with her the last week when I was up there. That week I was there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4097.0,4114.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e They were friends of ours, so that we'd gone on a trip with them, which may have been where Rob was conceived.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4114.0,4119.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Herb Shessel. She moved in and I said, okay, I felt better about it now. I was there, but in the middle of the course, I get a call saying, \"She's in active labor, and she's having this baby.\" I never finished the course. I flew home, and Herb said, \"I've got to give her an epidural because I want you to be here at the hospital.\"  Rob was born at the hospital where I was on staff. I showed up when she was in the O.R. [Operating Room] She was ready to go and I was there when Rob was born in the operating room with her, delivery room.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4119.0,4154.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e The hospital was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4154.0,4156.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Georgia Baptist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4156.0,4161.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e His name, his full name is?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4161.0,4164.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e His full name is Steven Robinson Kutner. He's named after his dad.  Robinson was one of my grandmother's family names. If I'd kept my mouth shut, I could have named him after Hank Aaron. I wanted to name him Robinson Aaron. But once I said it was after Hank Aaron, Steve thought that was kind of silly. But Aaron is such a nice Hebrew name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4164.0,4184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Was he named after someone in particular?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4184.0,4188.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e Robinson is one of my grandmother's family names, so we knew we were going to call him Rob. That was my mother's mother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4188.0,4195.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Does he have a Hebrew name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4195.0,4197.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e Levi Yitzhak, which was suggested to me, and I didn't know who the real Levi Yitzhak was of whatever place he's from, which I'm not pronouncing. But he was named for my maternal grandfather, Louis Isaac, with his Hebrew name, who was also still alive. No wait, he wasn't alive, he had just died.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4197.0,4217.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Steve, you have a Hebrew name too, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4217.0,4222.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Schlug Schlemmer, Schlemmer Shlomo. You asked me that before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4222.0,4226.99"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e That might be Yiddish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4226.99,4230.33333"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Might be Yiddish, but yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4230.33333,4233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What was Rob like as a kid?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4233.0,4240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e Rob was late talking and walking, and it was kind of embarrassing in the play group. He was the only one who didn't walk and talk, but he likes to tell this story, and he was two before he talked. One of the first things I taught him was, I would say . . . He watched the Watergate hearings, and I would say, \"Where is Mr. [Richard] Nixon?\" He was supposed to answer, \"Mr. Nixon is in disgrace.\" He would say that sentence, and people laughed, but I don't think he understood it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4240.0,4266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e At two.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4266.0,4270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Then came David. A few years later? F Five. Five.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4270.0,4277.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Five.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4277.0,4277.31646"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Five. Five. We were having trouble getting pregnant again and we did a few tests, but they didn't have the kinds of things then that they have now. Once I realized that a child is not him or me, but his own person and I understood that about Rob, I was ready to adopt and we were fortunate. Steve had friends who were OB-GYNs. They found us a beautiful baby boy. We'd let Rob have the pleasure of calling my dad to tell him he had a brother. He said, \"Where is he? Where did you get a brother?\"  Rob said, \"A uterus.\" That's how David entered our family. They told us, the social worker, “You should start telling him he's adopted as soon as he gets home, right away.” We put that job to Rob to start telling them. We got wonderful books, and we told him from when he was six weeks on, old, thereafter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4277.31646,4327.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What kind of a kid was David?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4327.0,4331.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e I have a grandson, Miller, and that's the kind of kid David was. That's his son. That's his son. That's his son.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4331.0,4334.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e That's his son.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4334.0,4334.78125"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e That's his son. That's his son. David was . . . One of my early memories. We took them to Israel when Rob was about eight and David was three. I know this is going to be seen by everyone, but to want to throw a child out of a moving car in Israel, all I can think of is he must have been pretty awful. We went for a month, and it was hard for him. But he was a hyper-spaz, was that what we called him? He was an active little boy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4334.78125,4359.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e He was . . . I carried for the month we were there. I carried him around on my shoulders most of the month. Maybe brought on my back trouble now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4359.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e I know Rob taught him “I will not hit” in Hebrew. The problem was David was actually hitting in English. We were at the park one day and he was waiting to go down the slide, and he wasn't going fast enough and the kids behind him were yelling at him in Hebrew, so he turned around and slugged one. We acted like we didn't know it, but that was David.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4371.0,4392.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What values did you try to pass along to your children, to teach them to live by? You were raising them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4392.0,4403.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e There were two things that were very important. I taught them that they had to drink Coca-Cola, that Pepsi-Cola was a communist drink, and that Pepsi had participated in the Arab boycott. The other thing was that Democrats help people and Republicans are greedy pigs.  I hope that I conveyed those two lessons. I'm not so sure that David caught on to that second one.  David may drink Pepsi sometimes, but I try to ignore that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4403.0,4426.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Those were values?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4426.0,4430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e Supporting Israel was a value because if Pepsi had not supported Israel, then there was no point, that was a good reason not to support Pepsi. Also, you support Atlanta, which is where Coca-Cola was from, so that was important. Being a Democrat is a lifelong value to me, and I think everything I stand for is something the Democratic Party stands for, so I did try to convey that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4430.0,4453.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Aside of that, Steve, any other values you can think of?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4453.0,4458.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I think they at least had the values of knowing that we had an affiliation to the Jewish world in those early years, because Jeanney was a member of The Temple, and I really was unaffiliated. With our marriage, we were married by Rabbi Rothschild at The Temple, I became a member in The Temple. I got into the pipeline. With that came automatic associations to the Jewish community or the Jewish friends and everything. We had more of a beginning of a Jewish identity, which they were the beneficiaries of in those years.  I think in 1978, Rob was seven and David was two.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4458.0,4516.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e David was born in 1977.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4516.0,4518.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e He was one. Jeanney and I made our first trip to Israel. I made the first trip of Israel with her. Jeanney was a volunteer in the community. She was very involved in the National Council of Jewish Women. I really had no, any connections of being a volunteer or that mentality in those years. Those were the first ten years of my practice. She said, \"We have to go to Israel.\" [It was] 1978. It was an organized tour with the National Council and I said, \"I'm not going to Israel. It's too dangerous. I have no special interest in Israel.\" On the other hand, even though I was in practice for about eight years then, nine years, I was starting thinking about the possibility of doing some volunteer work. I was doing very well in practice, and I was started thinking about that. In the early years, and I didn't mention that because it was out of context, I always was smitten with Albert Schweitzer. I used to see Schweitzer when I was going to the movies and I'd say, “God, look at that. That's unbelievable. How can anybody do that?” It was just something I always remembered. I always thought about, but even in practice for nine years as an ophthalmologist in my field, as well as orthopedics and others, but mostly in ophthalmology, I used to get a lot of calls from non-Jewish groups to go to Korea, go to Africa, Catholic Relief to be a volunteer in ophthalmology. I said I never felt comfortable with that, but something I'd like to maybe consider doing. I made a deal with Jeanney. I said, “If we go to Israel in 1978, okay, but I want to see whether there may be an opportunity for me to be a volunteer and do something in Israel.” Not really thinking that that was possible because the Israelis were well-trained, different level, and I didn't know much about them, but it wasn't like going to Africa. I said, at least I'd like to look into that. That was our first trip to Israel in 1978. After that, as far as the boys were concerned and we were concerned, a lot of things changed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4518.0,4647.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Steve, you are a very funny guy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4647.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Take after my son.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4650.0,4651.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e So is Jeanney, I just discovered. Did your kids inherit some of that from you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4651.0,4664.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4664.0,4665.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . Sara, if they thought they were going to have a normal childhood, that was dispelled when, as I mentioned, David was three, 1980, Rob was eight, and we whisked them off to Israel for a month. [We] started doing that thereafter every year or two so that they thought going to Israel is like going to the beach. At one point when he was a little older, David said, \"Why don't we ever go anywhere normal?\" But that was their childhood. We went to Poland for David's bar mitzvah when he 13. We had taken him to Israel maybe five or six times by then, by the time he was bar mitzvah. Rob always . . . we didn't know what kind of sense of humor he had. He did spend first grade in the hall, which he knew that wasn't normal, but he thought things were funny that no one else did. Now he makes a living thinking that, but it was a little hard then. David, I guess, tried to be like his big brother. I don't know that he really understood what was going on, but he just knew he lived in a crazy family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4665.0,4726.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e We were talking about your sense of humor. Outside of this recorded interview. Could you tell again where you think you get it? Where it comes from?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4726.0,4741.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I think, we talked about my uncle before, and my uncle and the family. Everybody was uptight because of a lot of reasons we discussed, but I think my uncle had a sense of humor. My uncle, Alfred had a sense of humor, and I think that growing up, a lot the family thought that, for better or for worse, that I was sort of like that. I was like him in terms of people or that sort of thing. I think maybe that's where it came from. After that, it was just that sort of thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4741.0,4774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e But you like to tease people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4774.0,4777.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e I think teasing is probably integrated with my upbringing in New York in terms of a certain level of sarcasm. One of my greatest weaknesses is that sometimes I don't analyze the way people receive some of the things I put out. A lot of people are literal, so when you say something, they really believe it and some of them will never change. It's hard to control that because you are who you are and you'd sort of like to share that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4777.0,4806.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you ever get in serious trouble?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4806.0,4809.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Serious trouble?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4809.0,4810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e With your sense of humor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4810.0,4813.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Probably, because I think people just didn't hear it the same way as I was trying to express it. Then I would have to take a couple of steps back and make it right. It's hard to say. But I think first impression very often of me is quite different than after you get to know me. I'm working on that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4813.0,4844.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e You're grandparents now. What's it like to become a grandma?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4844.0,4852.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e Everything they said it would be. It's been absolutely wonderful to have the pleasure but not the total responsibility. You knew my dad and Miller and Allee, David's kids, are both named after him, which is so terrific. He was alive when Miller was born but it was in his last sort of his last days. But Miller is just a little David and Allee Belle too is in some ways. It's just a pleasure having little ones to have around. When Rob and Sheryl had their first baby last October, that sort of completed the circle for us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4852.0,4893.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e If you could talk to your grandchildren who are so young now, what would you say to them at this moment?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4893.0,4907.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Obviously the grandchildren are, our oldest grandchildren are three and five or three and six. Is that right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4907.0,4918.40078"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e Five. Three and five. What we tried to instill in our children was not all about economics, but also not to take things for granted. Tried to instill as best we can in terms of the values, the character that we were the beneficiaries of. Actually . . . that we received the blessings of. We tried to do the same thing for them, and it's not easy. It's not easy. I always felt for years, and we had this discussion before, for years and years that the hard work or the struggles or the difficulties in early life, in those years, and the extra hard work and the understanding that hard work is something that you can do and you can attain anything you ever want out of life from that is very, very important. We always have tried to emphasize that with our children. A lot of it, in terms of how they turn out, is luck, and a lot is in terms in hoping that you're doing your best. What Jeanney and I tried to instill in our kids, which I think we feel comfortable, at least I do, I think Jeanney feels comfortable that our children are instilling in their kids, is that we're always there for them, regardless. We always will be there for them. Education is critical, and hard work is tough but important, and sometimes there's some things that are not pleasant, but it doesn't mean we don't love them, and that's what it's all about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4918.40078,5021.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Would you like to add?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5021.0,5023.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER, JEANNEY:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, we're starting a Kutner Family Foundation that we want to instill in our kids and our grandkids, giving and doing and participating. We don't have the structure ironed out yet, but where they make decisions of where to give money, time, and effort. We try to teach them that early on. I don't know if he's talked about his 1987 trip to Ethiopia. The kids and I took him to the airport and then we were on our way to the State Bar in Savannah [Georgia] and we cried for half an hour. That may have been the earliest that they knew about him going away and doing things for other people that would take him away from them. They didn't get to see it as much because he was in Ethiopia. They did get to see him do his work and serve other people in Israel a lot during their childhoods. They knew that they always knew that. David used to make rounds with them in the hospital, but that was his work and not giving. We really tried to show them that you give to others all the time. We're trying to think of ways, and we've talked about it, to do that with our grandkids, even at their young ages. They don't really know what their grandpa is doing when he travels all over the world or to New Orleans [Louisiana] or anywhere and helping other people. That's sort of the late motif of his life and we're trying to find a way to show them that, not just say give money, but to show them what he does and what service is. I will say, I have a little bit of a damper when David was a little older and I would go to services every week and he'd say, \"If you're trying set an example, forget it.\" But that was just David. I guess that's his sense of humor. But we still try to lead by example and show them what our lives are about. As much as it's about what you said, “Hard work,” it's about doing for others and having more than just your family and yourself be important in this world and what you do for other people. I know I've talked a lot about this with Calley [Swords Kutner] and we're just trying to find ways to show little kids, it's hard. I know Allee, she invokes the word “share” but that's really because she wants her brother to give her whatever he's doing. But it's a good philosophy to know that you should share at an early age, and I think Sasha will be like that too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5023.0,5156.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e My volunteer work began really when we made our first trip to Israel in 1978. We had a terrific program with National Council of Jewish Women. It was well organized, so I got a chance to see the country. I also made a connection. My connection was with a hospital in Haifa, the northern part of Israel, at one particular hospital. That's where I started my volunteer work in ophthalmology, working with the state of Israel. In 1978, the Israelis, although well-trained, in the northern and southern part of the country, were still relatively neglected or behind the times in terms of education, in terms of technology or resources. I recognized this and I was able to develop a terrific relationship in this hospital so that two years later, in 1980, I went back. I had developed a volunteer relationship with the chief and his residents and the other staff in the hospital because of what his needs were to make his department better for the area. This hospital is part of a big HMO [Health Maintenance Organization] in Israel that is significantly involved in servicing close to 500,000 Israelis and it's called the West Galilee. It's the northern part of the country. In our trip, I realized I loved the country, I loved the people, I felt very comfortable there. I particularly liked the North, in the West Galilee. It's a beautiful part of the country. Not that others aren't. But in 1978, the central part of the country was pretty well on top of the technology and the practices, mostly in Hadassah, in Jerusalem, and then the central, we call it the central part. But the Negev, which is the desert, or the Galilee, the western and north Galilee were considered not quite as well-educated, for a lot of reasons. I focused everything I could to work as a volunteer in Israel in the north, because I liked the north and the opportunities were there. I asked to the department chief where he felt that I could fit in. I wasn't going to come to Israel and say, “I'm a well-trained American doctor, and I'm here to tell you how to do business.” I realized, even though I was a Jew, and I had some Jewish identity by then, not as much as after I got involved in Israel, but I had a Jewish identity, that being a Jew and the Israelis mostly being Jewish, even though there are Israeli non-Jews, obviously, that the Israelis are a different culture. There was a culture gap, there was some language gap, and there was something lost in translation. We had to be very clear, I wanted to be clear, that whatever we did together was going to be together. The magic of becoming a volunteer anywhere in the world is that you're going to have partners, and if you have partners you have to try to learn as much as you can about each other so you can be most effective. What you have to have is the same thing in marriage, and that's called something mutual respect. Sometimes that's not easy. In the early years of me being volunteer there, basically I said to him, \"Where do you think I can be of most value to you and other ophthalmologists in the region?\" He said, \"Look, we don't have some of the technology. We don't have some of equipment. We need teaching in certain areas, and that is where you can fit in.\" That's where I fit in. I was able to bring some resources to the hospital in terms of expertise that they didn't have and different techniques that they didn’t have. The magic about the Israelis was that if you taught them when I started doing some procedures that they knew of and read about in the literature and knew it was important for them to learn, when I start doing some of them, they said, “Slow down, you're operating too fast.” I did that, but once they started doing them and I was actually working with them instead of doing it for them, that was it. They just took off and flew. That was quite magic. That was a significant role, and it was important. But I think the most important thing that I developed in those early years was that it was something we say in Hebrew, which is called Kesher, and that's called bridging or connecting. I felt an incredible camaraderie with the Israelis, the professionals as well as the other people we met, not only because they were Jews, but because they are hardworking people that were helping people. Mostly focusing on people that really didn't have the best access to healthcare, even in those days. That was the beginning of the whole idea of being a volunteer and my connection to Israel. After that, and I was in full-time practice, so we're talking about I was in practice nine, 10 years then, so I was really almost my prime. After that, we made it a point to get back to Israel and bring the kids and go back as much as I could. My patient population was very, very patient with me, and I was alone in practice. They knew what I was doing, and they were very supportive. I had hundreds and thousands of people that just said, “I know you're going to be away for 10 days or two weeks, and we're just going to wait.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5156.0,5533.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e When did your involvement with Ethiopia start?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5533.0,5537.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e In the 1980’s. I was, by the way, in 1982 in the Lebanese War, we were touring with the kids, and the Lebanese War broke out and I was called to the north to work with my colleagues in the Lebanese War.  I worked side by side with them up in Haifa at the hospital and worked with the trauma team.  Those that I had four years’ experience with as a volunteer several times, I was working with in the operating room as one of their colleagues, as part of the family. I say that right now and I get goosebumps because it's just very, very special. Very, special. We were saving lives. We were saving lives regardless of who the people were. Whether they were Lebanese, whether they're Lebanese Christians, whether we had an overflow in the army coming in, flying in the helicopter, it was all M*A*S*H. It was like a M*A*S*H thing I talked about, all M*A*S*H. I was working all night with them and Jeannie was doing clothes with the kids and everything, staying with friends. Just a unique kind of exciting thing. My parents, when you talk about free spirit or being really meshugana, really nuts, my parents at that point thought I was really nuts. “What are you doing there with your family during the Lebanese War?” We didn't go into the details because we didn't want them to even know. “Why are you going to Israel now?” That's always been the mentality, but it was just a different generation. I was in active practice in the 1980’s and very, very busy, but made it a point to get to Israel every couple of years. But in 1987, Sherry Frank, who was the director of the American Jewish Committee, we've been friends for a long time, friends of Jeanney, asked me to go to a breakfast meeting one morning. There was a humanitarian organization for dealing with the Ethiopian Jews.  I didn't know a thing about the Ethiopians Jews. I wasn't even sure where Ethiopia was. She said, \"You've got to hear this breakfast meeting.\" I went to her. This is a 7:30am breakfast meeting, I said, \"Do I have to do this?\" She said, \"You have to do it.\" The bottom line is that I went to the meeting and they showed some pictures of the Ethiopian Jews. In 1987, I realized that there were Jews in Ethiopia and in Africa that were black Jews that had an absolutely amazing unique tradition as well as history that I was totally unaware of. I didn't realize their dream of eventually coming to Israel because they always felt that even though we were born in Ethiopia that Israel was their home, they were called the [Beta Israel], their destiny was Israel. I was overwhelmed with that. Then I was very sensitized with the presentation of their plight. The plight was they were persecuted in a region of Ethiopia called Gondar, which is a central province, and where they lived, and how they practiced Judaism, and they're very Orthodox. I was very taken with that. The director, after the presentation said to me, she said, \"Listen, we take missions in every, about twice a year, once a year. We've never had a Jewish ophthalmologist go in and be part of the mission.\"  I said, \"What's the mission?\" She said, \"We take a group in, and we go and visit the villages where they live, and we try to bring in books and provide clothes and medical support and all that stuff. But we've never had . . . a Jewish doctor, go in as part of the mission. Would you consider going?\" Now, this is the spring of 1987, and the mission was in the summer of 1987. I was so taken with this that I just said, \"Count me in. I'll just be a volunteer.\" The next several months were pretty tough because I'd already lost my mom. My mother had died several years before then. My dad was alone in Florida. He was well, as far as we could tell. But the next several months were tough, because I didn't really know the members of the group. There were 26 of us on the mission. I didn't know most of them. I was sort of briefed about what we would be doing, but it wasn't entirely clear. But I started getting training in tropical medicine. I took a course in tropical medicine, other than ophthalmology, and started all this stuff. Because I was going to be one of the team leaders in this group. We were members of the AA [Ahavath Achim] synagogue then, and I was trying to prepare for this, and I had blocked myself out and I ready to go. About ten days before I left for the mission, my last parent died suddenly. Sudden death in Florida. We were in the movies when I got news with the kids. My parents always wanted to be, not cremated, but they wanted to donate their bodies to medical schools. We . . . had a memorial service and I went down there for a memorial service. But then the challenge really came because it was a week away [from] when I was leaving and I didn't know what to do. I didn't know whether we should have shiva. I went to a memorial service in Florida with Jeanney and then we came back and I said, “What do we do now? Do We have to have shiva. I'm ready to leave. Should I go? Should I not go? What's the right thing to do?” I was in incredibly great distress. I didn't know whether I should go. I couldn't get an answer. I couldn't get relief.  Jeanney said, \"Do what you think is best.\" My brother says, \"I can't help you.\" There was no one I could turn to, to really make this decision.  It wasn't a decision about whether physically to go. That wasn't the issue. The issue whether it was the appropriate thing to do in terms of the situation, in terms of Jewish values or character. I was in terrible distress. Finally, I went to Rabbi [Arnold] Goodman at the AA. We were relatively new members. But on the other hand, I felt comfortable with him. I respected him. I didn't know what else to do. I said, I would just go to the rabbi. I got an appointment and I went. I said, \"We don't know much about each other, but this is the situation.\" He summed it up quickly. That's when Rabbi Goodman and I really connected for the first time.  He says, \"I know what you're going through. I know what the situation is.” He said, “But what you need to do is go on this mission, because that would be the ultimate mitzvah and thing to do for your dad. He would be honored if you did this for him in his honor.\" That made the difference. It was a very difficult time. It was very emotional. When Jeanney talks about going off to the bar and going off to the beach and dropping me off at the airplane, for me, on the airplane going overseas to England to meet 26 other people, 25 other people I had never met before. Not just Jews, by the way, students and African Americans, everything in a host group, was very emotional. I remember praying on that airplane, that flight, going from Atlanta to England, Gatwick. I remember praying that I could get some sleep because I was so distraught. I actually made a prayer and I slept well. An answer to a prayer. It was very emotional times. When I got there, I met everybody and it was really incredible. The people were great. We got briefed and all that. Then it was a long trip to the capital of the country. We flew from Addis [Ethiopia], which is the capital north, on a twin-engine plane. Over the country. The country of Ethiopia was magnificent. We saw Bahir Dar [Ethiopia], the seventh wonder of the world, the falls, the whole thing. Then landed on a little grass strip up there and then developed groups of M*A*S*H groups. When I talk about M*A*S*H, we got our backpacks, we bought in clothes, we brought medicine, we brought in all kinds of stuff. Then each day we went out in a bus to a different Jewish village. In the region of Gondar there was a lot of scattered Jewish villages. Some were not just Jews; they were mixed villages. It's a beautiful area, beautiful country. We stayed in a little motel on top of the mountain in the city of Gondar, which is mostly Italian, because the Italians took over in World War II, and the Italian structures. [We stayed] in a little motel called the Go Bar Hotel, it was an old Hilton little, small hotel, little rooms, stuff like this. We gathered all our stuff, and we went out with the team. Each day we went to a different village with all our stuff. One of the first experiences we had . . . those were the years that Mengistu[Haile Mariam] was the dictator, and we were under curfew and under security. Curfew and also security oversight. Our security guard, his name was Mohammed. The first day I met Mohammed, Mohammed was limping around.  I said, \"What's wrong?\" He said, \"I have this terrible knot on the bottom of my foot. Maybe you can look at it.\" I said \" I'll look at it. I'll look at it tonight.\" I said “Fine.”  We had a curfew. Every day we had to leave the village. Whenever we started working in the morning, we have to leave at 4:30 so we get back for the curfew. We ate Pepsi's and granola bars when we were there because we didn't want to eat the other food because it was so spicy and they didn't have enough food anyway. Each day we went to a different village. The first village which was called Ambabu was a village of about 2,000 people.  Some people, hundreds and hundreds if not thousands sometimes, the people used to walk, two or three days to be seen by the doctors or seen by the team. We couldn't see all of them. There's no way we could see all of them. We broke out into different groups, and some delivered this, and then people lined up to get examined and all that. We saw hundreds and hundreds of people in one day. But at 4:30, we had to get onto our bus and go back to the motel.  At 4:30 we were like, it was an endless number of people, endless. At 4:30, we weren't even near done. It didn't make any difference how tired we were or how bad we smelled. Then we left. One of the most emotional times of that whole experience for me, which is, I had several emotional experiences, but one of the emotional times, and I have a picture of this, is that they were clawing on, and we were trying to get back in the bus, people were pulling us down, trying to prevent us from getting on the bus. We fought our way onto the bus, and then I was sitting in the back, and I looked out the back as the bus drove out of the village. I saw hundreds of people chasing the bus. We all cried. I'm crying now. Just one of those moments. We left them behind. But each day we went to a different village, and it was a different story. There was one village that's called Amba Atonius that we went to. It was about 300 Jews. In order to get there, we took the bus and you had to climb with your backpacks over the top of the mountain. We got on top of the mountain, then the Ethiopian kids used to come up the path and help us carry our stuff down to the village. We got to this village and they're all lined up. Now, what you have to understand about the Ethiopian Jews, then, in 1984, they had the first exodus to Israel. A lot of the younger people, not the older, but the younger people were able to get out and go over the mountains and go to Sudan and get flown out to Israel. A lot the families that were left behind didn't even know whether they made it. They didn't know if they were still alive. One of our responsibilities was to connect as best we can with some of the families we saw and then take pictures and notes or everything and then carry them into Israel. After this mission we went to Israel and we made the connection. That was the other connection. But this village was exciting because we were able to see everybody. But in this queue was one young man who was called the Kes, K-E-S. The Kes is equivalent of the priest or the rabbi. He's the rabbinical leader of the village. This is an all-Jewish village. He was on the line, and I was examining the people. I was doing everything. I wasn't just doing eyes. I was taking insects out of ears and all kinds of other stuff. Everybody, we had it all organized. He was standing on line, I looked at him and I said, \"What's wrong?\"  I'd looked at his eyes and everything. I said, \"What's wrong?\" He says, \"I feel okay. My eyes were okay, but I can't read the siddur. I can't read the Bible, or the Torah.\" I said, \"How old are you?\" He said, \"I'm 48 with translation. I said, \"Let's try something.\" I realized right then that he was 48 and he maybe needed a reading glass. That was the first time we had that experience. I took one, I think Anna was one of the patriots, one of our volunteers.  I said, \"Let me borrow your reading glasses.\" I took her reading glasses off and I put them on his face. He had his siddur with him. I put them on his face, and he holds up the siddur, and he starts reading the siddur with the glasses. He starts crying and all of us start crying. We had a total meltdown. Now the interesting thing about this is that this is just one highlight. There's a lot of stuff, but the interesting thing about this is that I never forgot that. I never forget that. When I eventually ended up in Israel going back, where the beginning of my, really, volunteering in terms of Project Vision, a non-profit I started in the 1990’s. One of my first responsibilities was to evaluate the Ethiopians that had made Aliyah that were in the absorption centers in the country, and I was in the north, so that's where I screened them. I never forgot that some of their problems would be related to their inability to see, as well as other stuff, but inability to see. I never forget that. Basically, that mission, in this particular day in Abba Antonius, I described something that happened to me that I describe as something called a messianic moment. A messianical moment. I read Elie Wiesel once and he described a messianic moment as being like an epiphany, a religious or spiritual epiphany in your life. All of us can have this in one way or another, in any sort of way. You can touch a child, you could do this, you can do that, whatever you want to do. Whatever it is in your live, where you feel that you have a special, very blessing connection spiritually to creation, or God, as you define it, whoever that is. That I describe as a messianic moment as described by Elie Wiesel. What happened to me on this particular day is I was finished with this moment with this Kes. I was heading back at curfew, going up the mountain with an Ethiopian child carrying my stuff. The kids are beautiful, absolutely magnificent, carrying, and everybody's happy. I've got all these notes and pictures of everybody we're taking to Israel, and get on top of this mountain, and it's like 4:30, a quarter to five on this mountain. The kids say goodbye. I'm up on top of this mountain by myself, with my stuff. The rest of the people are walking down the path, and some are coming up and I’m on the top of this mountain.  I look up, I look at the village, and I look at the bus, and look up at the sky. The sky opens up and the sunshine comes through. I have a messianic moment. It sounds corny, but you know what, it was just one of those times. We experienced through the rest of the mission. There was a lot of stuff and a lot of things that happened that were interesting. I ended up every night when we got back after working in the villages, there were about a hundred people waiting for me from Gondar village that weren't Jews that wanted to see a doctor.  I set up a clinic in my hotel room, and I was seeing people until nine, ten o'clock at night, whatever, held a clinic. One of the patients was Mohammed with his boil on the bottom of his foot, his wart, which I took an hour and a half to carve off. After that, Mohammed was our friend. No worry about curfew, no worry about this, no worry about that, he's one of the buddies. That was the trip. But that trip in terms of this moment and the times and what we accomplished and the people we met was like the real catalyst.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e How much time did you spend on that particular trip?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=6644.0,6648.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e About eight days. Eight days, including Israel, maybe about 10.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=6648.0,6657.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Project Vision, was it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=6657.0,6661.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Project Vision evolved because, on that trip, I basically maintained my volunteer interest for Israel. However, I was exposed to some of the Ethiopian Jews in a small village up there that was supported by an American organization called the American-Jews Joint Distribution Committee, it's called the Joint, that I didn't even know existed. When they heard I was on that trip, they wanted me to help them in Israel with some of the Ethiopian olim, new immigrants. They said, “Would you consider going to an ophthalmological evaluation of the Ethiopians when I went back the next time?” That was in the north. I was still alone. There was no organized Project Vision. I was still alone. I went up there and I did screenings at a couple of absorption centers up there. Another story that comes out of that is that I found an old man in Kiryat Yam, which is an absorption center there, an Ethiopian man. [He] had made Aliyah about a year before or more. I actually had seen [him] three years before in the village. [He] was blind in the villages with cataracts. When I saw him in the absorption center, he was still blind. I was just infuriated. I said, “How can you be in Israel and still be blind?”  The system then was such that the Ethiopians or the other immigrants or the populations at risk were put on a waiting list for elective procedures. The Ethiopians were marginalized because they said they couldn't do the surgery because they had to have general anesthesia, there was a language issue, and all that stuff. I said, “What, we're going to have to change this. We would have to change it. We have to work with our Israeli colleagues. We would have to do something to change this because it's not working.” The bottom line is that I ended up operating on this man myself with an Israeli colleague outside the approval of the system. A magic moment because we were able to do them in a private hospital. I had to pay to do the surgery myself to get to use the hospital facilities. It was $150. I was working with my Israeli colleagues already that wanted to do this, others not part of the establishment. We were to do the procedure local. He had a facilitator there, his translator. We said, “Take him back to the absorption center, bring him to the clinic the next day.” We did an implant, took his cataract out and he went back. He came back to the clinic the next day and we had a small clinic then. He came back to the clinic, everybody, we had like the nurses and everybody, like 10, 15 people there, took his bandage off. He opens his eye, he looks around, he has no idea where he is. None. But we knew he could see. All of us went mishugana. All of us were nuts, because we knew he could and they could see us.  Then he says to me, the translator, which I knew had to be really crazy, he says to the translator in Amharic, which is their language, he says, \"This is one of the beautiful doctors that worked on me.\" I said, \"You can't be seeing that well, because I'm not beautiful.\" Anyway, the birth of Project Vision was this, that I was very, very committed to really try to help make change with a lot of other people in Israel. I decided to do this. We had to get some help. Just about that time, I was . . . Judy Itzkovich, Judy Siegel, who's the health writer for the Jerusalem Post, heard about my being around and heard about this story. We got some pictures about this, the operation, and she said [she wanted] to interview me. I was interviewed, and she wrote an article called The Visionary Volunteer, and that went out to the world. After that happened, I got a lot of calls from a lot of people, a lot doctors, and I said, “Listen, I can't do this alone. I need to do something.” That was the birth of Project Vision. It was a non-profit, humanitarian, it was mostly focused on Ethiopians, and it went out to everything else. That was the birth of Project Vision. We were able to raise some money and make some significant donations to impact a lot of people, not just the Ethiopians. That's a story in itself. Put an eye-mobile into the country and all kinds of stuff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=6661.0,6936.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e How does it work today? What is Project Vision today?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=6936.0,6940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Project Vision today has become the ophthalmological arm of Jewish Healthcare International.  Project Vision was mostly focused to try and enhance infrastructure, not to do the work for the Israelis, but to teach them how to do it and give them the resources to make it a better system. It's not like a mission group where you go in and do the surgery and then leave. But we're there to work and teach and donating stuff. That was actually the focus of Project Vision. Part of that time, in 1995, the Joint said, we need help in Romania with the Holocaust survivors. I didn't want to go, but I went because Jeanney's great grandfather was born there and we found his grave. The story of Romania is a story in itself. That's what Project Vision was all about. Then they realized, the Israelis realized, in 1990, when all the Russians came in, that they were having multiple problems with multiple diseases, not just ophthalmologic. That's the time that I got the idea of replicating the model of Project Vision into multi-specialty, not just doctors, nurses, or everything, to take that model and go where the needs were greatest. To help build infrastructure in the non-Jewish community. [To go] where the service providers are, the medical schools, the hospitals. The Jews are miniscule in size, but there was a Jewish presence. If you improve the quality of healthcare in a community that has great needs, like in Odesa [Ukraine], with a population of 1.4 million people with 30,000 Jews, if you build it and establish relationships with the professionals in those communities, wherever they are in the world. Next year we'll be in Africa with the foreign ministry of Israel, and not just the FSU [Former Soviet Union], or work in projects in Israel where the greatest needs are. If you do that, the beneficiaries are the people. Part of the people are those in greatest need, including the Jews. That was the birth of the idea of JHI [Jewish Healthcare International]. Project Vision became the significant ophthalmological arm as a specialty of Jewish Healthcare International. Now, we still have some independent projects, like in Romania, which is not just JHI, but it still is the ophthalmological arm. We have a lot of ophthalmic programs where Project Vision works in partnership with JHI in that capacity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=6940.0,7100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What's going on more specifically with JHI, which stands for?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7100.0,7106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Jewish Healthcare International.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7106.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Could you explain what is being done by that organization?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7110.0,7117.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e As I said before, the Israelis brought the idea to me because they were overrun with these challenges of the Russians. The organization started mostly with the goals and mission and vision of what I just said. We wanted to identify those areas in the world that were at greatest risk with falling medical infrastructure and our partners with the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and also the Foreign Ministry of Israel, and also the Jewish Agency of Israel. Now we have a lot of other partners, but in terms of the ministries, the Ministry of Public Health and the Ministry for Health in Israel, they said that in the former Soviet Union that's where the infrastructure crashed the most after the wall came down in 1989. That's where we started our programs. But our program, our focus of JHI [is] to build, is to enhance infrastructure on a platform of continuing medical education. We now are in four or five sites in the former Soviet Union.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7117.0,7189.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Which are?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7189.0,7189.84848"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e The sites started out with Odesa in the Ukraine and Kishinev in Moldova. That's where we started. I assure you, when we started, we didn't know what we were doing. They didn’t know what we were doing. They didn't even know why we showed up. We had to break through culture difference. We had to break through the language issues. We had to build that whole process over a period of years. First couple of years were the most difficult. I was still in practice. I was just moving out of practice. But eventually, they understood that this was a Jewish organization that was there to provide, not just think or be responsible for the Jewish population, but for the people. When you deal on professionals, and certainly our experience with medical professionals, you deal with a level that is beyond borders. It's relationships that are professional. They make an accountability commitment to do the right thing, which they do. That’s what we've done. JHI started there and we built different programs, we hired project coordinators to develop teaching seminars, virtually teaching involving the community, not just us. All our missions are about eight days, and we always go in with specialties that link the same specialty in Israel as the specialty we have in diaspora. This is not restricted to the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7189.84848,7287.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What cities do you cover now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7287.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e We are in Ode\n\nsa in Ukraine, still in Kishinev, Moldova. We're in Riga in Latvia. We just had a program in partnership with the Chicago Federation in Kyiv in Ukraine. We're in Minsk in Belarus, which is a partner of the Atlanta Federation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7290.0,7306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What about your volunteers? Who are your volunteers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7306.0,7309.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e The volunteers are all the specialties that we sent in, not just doctors. [They] come from Federation communities within North America. They are recommended by the Israelis. They're recommended by our other partners that are not just restricted to the foreign ministry or anything else, or the Joint, or The Jewish Agency. That's where they come from. They also come from the people on both sides of the ocean that have been on our missions and say, “you've got to get part of this program.” Not only has it proved to be successful in its goals, primary goals, but the by-products of this have been working side by side with a colleague from the state of Israel in a similar specialty that you've never known before providing Tikkun olam, helping repair the world, trying to improve the system so you can help people, so you could help the Jewish people, and we have that responsibility. It has enhanced Jewish identity because a lot of the Israelis are secular, not because you have to be religious. But you have this feeling of being very proud to be a Jew there, just working as a Jew side by side. We have nine Jews that go, that in many instances get more out of it than they do because they, “We didn't know the Jews did stuff like this.” It's that sort of thing that is . . . and these connections in terms of Kesher continue because then people go back, and they go back to Israel. They get home hospitality or they have relationships. Now, the impact in JHI over all these years has been that we have expanded so that now we've become as an organization. My dream for JHI was it to be an organization that would be one of the principal Jewish addresses in the world where anybody with a need, any type of a need, for better access to care or special needs for surgery or medication or whatever it is, could always call us through some of our partners. If we were able to do it with our connections and everything resource we had, we would make a difference in their lives. We would save one life at a time if we had the capability. That's where we are, and it's growing from there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7309.0,7451.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e How many health professionals have participated as volunteers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7451.0,7456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Probably close to 300, including the Israelis. We have a data bank now of probably about 500 or more. When Katrina hit, we had about 60 or [70] calls from our Israeli colleagues that had been on our missions wanting to come and help, coming here and help us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7456.0,7476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you involved with the Katrina effort?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7476.0,7478.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e We're still there, we volunteer. We were never a domestic organization, mostly international. We have active projects in Israel still, related to ophthalmology and other things, with the Ethiopians too. We were never domestic, but we've got an interesting story about Katrina. After Katrina hit, the Foreign Ministry of Israel, the Counsel General in Atlanta, who was the Foreign Minister of Israel in the Southeast, his name was [Shmuel Ben-Shmuel]. He got a call from two lieutenant governors of two of the states down there that were hit the hardest saying that we need medical support. Is there any medical organization that you know of that might be able to send volunteers to help us? They called us through the foreign minister of Israel and said, “Hey, we need help.” They said, “That's really not our mission, but we think we can do it.” We got some grants. We had people calling us to be volunteers that didn't even know JHI existed saying, we can go and help Katrina. We can be there in 48 hours. Just tell us what to do. We're still there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7478.0,7545.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Steve, we're going through some tough economic times. Is the funding at risk?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7545.0,7555.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e The funding now is not as good for everybody, especially a lot of our partners, but we have an incredibly small budget. We actually have a staff of four, of which there's about one and a half full-time paid people. When I became the medical director or the founder of JHI, I said right from the beginning that we can't afford to pay me, and ever since then I've been a volunteer. I'm not paid. We have another person in the team of four that gets paid half-time, we have a director that gets paid half-time. She does more than full-time. Our budget is probably around $500,000 to $600,000 for doing all this stuff. Now we have, when you talk about budget, you always talk about gifts in-kind. You can't measure the number of professional hours that our people have put in in terms of being away from their practices or how you do that. If you add all this stuff in with donations of equipment and time, it's about $900,000, a million dollars for our budget. For the stuff that we do and what we've accomplished and we're going to continue doing, it's an incredibly small budget with an administrative fee. Now, our headquarters in Atlanta, that's where JHI was begun. We have other Federation partners. We have a great board of governors. We have great board for JHI. The organization is not about me anymore. I'm the medical director, and I take on some special projects or have some other ideas, because I know most of the people, but this is way beyond me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7555.0,7654.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e But are you the medical director and founder? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7654.0,7661.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7661.0,7661.36364"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you consider your most important accomplishment?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7661.36364,7665.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e You mean for the organization?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7665.0,7666.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e In general.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7666.0,7667.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e In general, I think the most important accomplishment is that our dream was to have accomplished what we have up to this time. Now being recognized as having that accomplishment and also being challenged by different parts of the world and different people in the world that really recognize that and want to take us as partners. Not just for economic reasons but because we have that level of credibility and also history. To me that would be a great legacy for me personally as well as all of us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7667.0,7715.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e You have talked a lot about being a more committed Jew at this time in your life. What does being Jewish mean to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7715.0,7726.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Being Jewish to me now certainly includes tradition or involvement with your synagogue and all that, because the synagogue is a place where all of us have a different connection to how we define God. But to me, when you talk about JHI right now, we are driven by three characteristics that define what I think epitomizes Judaism. One is Tzedakah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7726.0,7760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Which translates?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7760.0,7761.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Translates into giving charity, economically. Mitzvot is acts of loving kindness. The third is Tikkun olam, and that even though we as Jews are responsible for one another, we also within our capabilities have an obligation to help repair the world or help anybody else regardless of where they come from. For us and for me, I always, when I talk to people or you or anyone else, I always say those as Jewish values. can't be any better.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7761.0,7797.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e I remember a Palestinian boy came to Atlanta with a medical condition and you took care of him. Could you tell that story?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7797.0,7809.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e First of all, in Israel, we work with the Palestinians. We work with Israeli Arabs all the time. That's just part of the course of the project. In Romania, with the Vision Project, we were told by the Jewish community there that you only have to take care of the Jews, and they said, “How am I going to tell who's Jewish and who's not Jewish? What's the difference if they show up? They're people and they're important.” The Palestinian boy is interesting because a member of our synagogue came to me and said that there's a child that came from Gaza, a Palestinian boy, who had a terrible eye injury about five, now it's seven years ago. He was hit in the eye with a rock, and he developed a real complication. He lost his vision. He's in terrible pain. He has been, he was adopted by the Palestinian Relief Group. Palestinian Relief Group has a lot of complicated medical people. Palestinians and others, Arabs, that actually can't get serviced in Israel because of security reasons or because of their family security reasons, even though Israel does a lot of medical help, a lot of help, even in terrorist attacks to help the Palestinians or the Arabs. This particular child was adopted by the or supported by the Palestinian Relief Group. He was sent to, and in order to do that you have to have a sponsor in some country and America was one, and Atlanta was the city. This child was sponsored to come and be seen by a specialist to help him with his eye problem. Now this child had not been to a school in five years because he was so self-conscious about how he looked because he is blind.  He was 10 years old and this happened when he was five. I was in synagogue one day and one of the congregants came to me and said, “Look, my hairdresser is a sponsor for this child that came from Gaza to Egypt with a sign on his neck with his name, only in Arabic because that's all he speaks.” Air France flew him with the sign on the neck by himself to Paris [France]. Then in Paris, he flew to Atlanta, where there were two sponsors there, two people to take care of him, one of which was her hairdresser. Her hairdresser took her to . . . it wasn't a hairdresser, she did facial stuff, facials and stuff. She said her hairdresser took her to this doctor, who wasn't me. The doctor looked at him, and I don't even know the doctor, who it was. The doctor looked at him and said . . . after this child had made this whole trip, was here for two or three days, he looked at the child and said, \"I can't help you. I can't help you see. I don't do this. I don't do this kind of work. Your eye is too far gone, and we'll have to send you back.\" The congregant came to me and told me the story and he said, \"Would you see this child to see whether you might be able to help.\" I said, \"It sounds to me like we really can't help him, but I'll be glad to see him.\" I saw him in consultation. When I saw him, I realized that he had excruciating pain. He was really disfigured. I told him and his sponsor, I said “I can't restore his vision. But I can relieve his pain, and I can get him to look better. We can cosmetically help him, and is he willing to do that?” He's 10 years old, so he said whatever the sponsor says. The sponsor, he said to me \"We need you to help. What can you do?\" I made some calls at the hospital, where I was the chief of ophthalmology at Georgia Baptist.  I said, \"I've got this case, and we've got to do this case. There's no money.\" The sponsor said, \"What about your price?\" I said, \"It's free.\" At the end of the day, what happened was that I got the team I worked with at Georgia Baptist, and we operated on him. I reconstructed his orbit. I removed the eye. I rebuilt his orbit, and I put a prosthesis in. We did it under general anesthesia, no charge. But before I did this procedure, Sara, I said to the sponsors, \"I need to get a consent to do this.\" They said, \"We have the power of attorney.\" I said, \"No. I need a consent from their parents or their family in Gaza. I want them to know that I'm a Jewish doctor, I'm Jewish surgeon, and I want to be sure it's okay. There's no issue with that.\" They called the Palestinian Relief Group, and they called the parents, and the parents said, \"Go for it.\" We did it, and he did great. I have pictures of that with his bandage and all that stuff, and I used to see him in the kitchen here after the surgery to be sure he was okay before he went back. What it did was it, he ended up with a little shell in his eye that matched his other eye. He was immediately relieved of pain. The fellow that does the prosthesis, we call it the prostheses, the fellow does the artificial eye, usually charges about 1,600, $1,800 for this, waived the fee, matched up his eyes. [He] took the bandages off, put his eye [in] and he looked at himself and he started crying. He was here with a Mansur, before he went back and he said, the Mansur said to me in Arabic, he said . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7809.0,8151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . The consul? The Israeli consul?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=8151.0,8153.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e No, his caretaker was here with him, because I used to see him here. I said, \"He's doing great, he looks great.\" He said to me, \"The child said to me he never could believe that a Jewish doctor would help him like this.\" That meant everything. We sent him back and he's in Ramallah [Palestine] right now. He's doing good. That was the story. That's what it's all about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=8153.0,8179.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Why was it important for you to do this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=8179.0,8182.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Why?  Because first of all, it was an obligation, and it was the right thing to do. The bottom line, Sara, is that it was my ultimate pleasure to be able to help any human being, regardless. That's what it's all about. In the connection to Judaism, I think it just goes back to the values of Judaism. For me, I was always . . . my history in terms of being brought up without really an identity and then a revelation in terms of an identity. Then a connection, an enhancement of Jewish identity, and then in terms some level of observance. But really, the thing to me is that the things that we do are, to me it's an ultimate blessing of being a Jew or being a person or somebody in the world that can make a difference regardless of who they are because they have a special need. We've been blessed with the talent of education, the blessing of the education, all the blessings and opportunities we've had to put us in a position to make a difference and that's what it's all about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=8182.0,8248.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e One final question, what place does Israel have in your life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=8248.0,8254.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e Israel has an incredibly important place in my life. To me, Israel is the heart of the Jewish nation, Jewish people.  It's important, and the survival of the Jewish people in terms of the heartland, the heart of the Jewish people is critical for us in terms of work we do anywhere. We've always been partners with the Foreign Ministry of Israel. One of the branches of the Foreign Ministry of Israel does purely non-sectarian work throughout the world, humanitarian work. You may have heard of the Israelis working in Zimbabwe, a lot of the work in Africa, in Kosovo. They have trained teams go in all the time. But it's always been with Israelis. For the first time, within six months ago, they said to us and said, “Look . . . you've been partners, but now, we want to go into Africa, whether it's Ethiopia, or Kenya, or Ghana, or its Latin America, wherever it is, as well as doing programs in Israel itself. We want to go in with Jews, and non-Jews, but Jews that join Israelis and go in as partners to do this work that we have experience doing together.” Now, to me, we go in, and that's one of my dreams, or our dreams, because now, it’s not about Israel doing great stuff itself, because it makes itself sort of isolated or it has something. To me, this gives more power and strength about what the Jewish world is all about. It strengthens the Jewish people. Now it sends a message that we go in together, regardless of where we are anywhere in the world, carrying the flag of Israel than the flag the Jewish People. And that's the importance of Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=8254.0,8366.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you have any additional thoughts for your loved ones, having told your story?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=8366.0,8377.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I think as far as my loved ones are concerned, my loved ones are not restricted just to my family. Because to me, my definition of family is everybody in the world that . . . the people we've met, the people that work with us, the people who believe with us. The people, anybody we've touched, it's all about loved ones in terms of family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=8377.0,8396.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGHITIS:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you want to tell?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=8396.0,8397.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/transcript/94039/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eKUTNER:\u003c/strong\u003e To immediate family, I thank them for the opportunity of putting up with me and some of my visions and my dreams and sometimes when maybe I wasn't there for them. But I'm proud to be put in this position and I hope they understand that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=8397.0,8420.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSara Ghitis (b. 1934) was born in Peru and later immigrated to the United States. She is a former producer at CNN and the founder of Oral Histories and Life Stories. She was an interviewer for Steven Spielberg’s Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Project; The Mathausen Project, Vienna; Survivors of Forced Laborers Documentation Project, Berlin. She’s a docent at the Breman Jewish Heritage Museum and has been involved with AJFF for several years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=0.0,85.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCNN is an American cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Turner Broadcasting System, a division of Time Warner. Edward “Ted” Turner III founded the 24-hour cable news channel in 1980 in Atlanta, Georgia. CNN was the first to provide 24-hour news coverage and was the first all-news television channel in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=0.0,85.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLee Kutner (b. 1931) was born in Queens, New York to Herman and Hannah Kutner. He is the older brother of Dr. Steve Kutner. He grew up in Far Rockaway, New York. He lives in Tulsa, Oklahoma and is a member of Temple Israel in Tulsa.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=0.0,85.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJennie Glickman (1885-1937) was born in Austria and later immigrated to the United States. She was married to Samuel Glickman, and they had two children, Arthur and Hannah. She was the grandmother of Dr. Steve Kutner.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=0.0,85.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouis Kutner (1880-1931) was born in Russia and later immigrated to the United States. He lived in New York City and worked as a salesman. In 1905, he married Esther Feld and they had three children, Herman, Ruth, and Alfred. He was the grandfather of Dr. Steve Kutner.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=0.0,85.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSamuel Glickman (1878-1946) was born in Romania and later immigrated to the United States. He became a U.S. citizen in 1901 and operated a candy store. He and his wife, Jennie had two children, Arthur and Hannah. He was the grandfather of Dr. Steve Kutner.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=0.0,85.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEsther Feld Kutner (1883-unknown) was a New York native. In 1905, she married Louis Kutner and they had three children, Herman, Ruth, and Alfred. She was the grandmother of Dr. Steve Kutner.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=87.0,95.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century. Although the terms “Yiddish” and “Yid” are sometimes used to refer to Jews, Yiddish is a reference to a person's language and not necessarily their ethnicity, religion, or culture.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=173.0,176.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHerman Kutner (1905-1987) was born in New York City to Louis and Esther Kutner. He worked as a police officer. He was trained as an accountant and also worked as an accountant. In 1929, he married Hannah Glickman and they had two sons, Lee and Steve. In 1971, they moved to Florida where they lived until they passed away.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=195.0,206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHannah Glickman Kutner (1909-1985) was born in New York City to Sam and Jennie Glickman. In 1929, she married Herman Kutner and they had two sons, Lee and Steve. In 1971, they moved to Florida where they lived until they passed away.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=195.0,206.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew York City is located in New York state. It is also known by the nicknames the Big Apple or NYC. It is the largest city by population and metropolitan area in the United States. It is made up of five boroughs sitting where the Hudson River meets the Atlantic Ocean. The city was settled in 1624 and in 1664 it was named for the Duke of York, later King James II of England. The city is a global center for everything from finance to arts and fashion to international diplomacy as the home of the United Nations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=208.0,259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA severe worldwide economic downturn known as the Great Depression began in the United States in 1929. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century with far-reaching effects around the globe, especially in Europe. In Europe, World War I had a long-term impact on the economy and financial stability. Postwar inflation spiraled into hyperinflation by the 1920’s and European banks struggled to stay open. Exasperating the situation were skyrocketing unemployment rates. The Great Depression had immediately visible political and social ramifications in Europe, including increased antisemitism and nationalism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=208.0,259.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA boarding house is a house (frequently a family home) in which lodgers rent one or more rooms on a nightly basis and sometimes for extended periods of weeks, months, or years. The common parts of the house are maintained, and some services, such as laundry and cleaning, may be supplied. It normally provides \"room and board\", with some meals as well as accommodation. Boarding houses were common in most US cities throughout the 19th century and until the 1950s. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=288.0,340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRockaway Beach Hospital was a community hospital in the Far Rockaway neighborhood of Queens, New York. The hospital opened in 1908 and later became known as Peninsula General Hospital. The campus included a hospital and long-term care and rehabilitation center. The facility closed in 2012.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=341.0,358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLong Island is a densely populated island in the southeastern part of the New York metropolitan area. Historically, Long Island has been populated by descendants of 19th and early 20th century immigrants from Europe, including significant populations of ethnic Irish, Jewish, and Italian immigrants. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=341.0,358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFar Rockaway is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. It is on the eastern part of the Rockway peninsula and sits along Rockaway Beach.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=341.0,358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eQueens is a borough of New York City, located on Long Island and bordered by Brooklyn in the west. It is the largest by area of the five New York City boroughs. Nearly half of its residents are foreign-born, it is the most linguistically diverse place in the world, and it is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=341.0,358.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe White Shul, officially Congregation Kneseth Israel, is an Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue located in Far Rockaway, in Queens. The congregation was established in 1922 as Talmud Torah Kneseth Israel and was nicknamed \"The White Shul\" after its white marble building.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=367.0,456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe High Holy Days are the two holiest times of the Jewish calendar: Rosh HaShanah (Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=367.0,456.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabbat (Hebrew) or Shabbos/Shabbes (Yiddish) is the Jewish Sabbath and is observed on Saturdays. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Shabbat begins at sundown on Friday night and is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. It is closed the following evening with the recitation of the havdalah blessing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=461.0,497.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandments; plural: b’nai mitzvah] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty-bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=461.0,497.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=497.0,506.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh HaShanah [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh HaShanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippur may revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=497.0,506.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur [Hebrew: day of atonement] is the most sacred day of the Jewish year. Most of the 25-hour fast day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=506.0,538.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalt Disney World Resort is a vast entertainment complex located southwest of Orlando, Florida. It opened in 1971 starting with Magic Kingdom. It currently features four major theme parks: Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Disney’s Hollywood Studios, and Disney’s Animal Kingdom, along with two water parks (Blizzard Beach and Typhoon Lagoon), numerous resort hotels, golf courses, and a variety of dining and shopping options. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=835.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Coast Guard is the maritime security, search and rescue, and law enforcement service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It was founded in 1915. The Coast Guard operates un the U.S. Department of Homeland Security during peacetime. However, during war time, it can be transferred in whole or part to the U.S. Department of the Navy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1058.0,1124.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFar Rockaway High School was a public school in New York City. It was open from 1897 to 2011. The school closed in part do to declining student scores.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1191.0,1196.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA nudnik is a Yiddish-derived slang term for a person who is a boring, persistent, or annoying pest. It refers to someone who is annoying, usually though persistence rather than malice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1197.0,1298.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRegents are statewide standardized examinations given in core high school subjects in New York State. For students to graduate, they are required to have earned appropriate credits in a number of specific subjects by passing year-long or half-year courses, after which they must pass at least five examinations. For higher-achieving students, a Regents with Advanced designation and an Honors designation are also offered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1197.0,1298.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlfred Kutner (1913-1979) was born in New York City and was the youngest child of Louis and Esther Feld. He worked as a fire fighter in New York City. In 1937, he married Ruth Kapiloff and they did not have any children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1528.0,1614.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Parashat ha-Shavua [Hebrew], popularly referred to as a parashah or parshah and also known as a Sidra, is a section of the Torah used in Jewish liturgy during a particular week. It is a custom among religious Jewish communities for a weekly Torah portion to be read during prayer services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1664.0,1818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTorah [Hebrew: teaching] is a general term that covers all Jewish law including the vast mass of teachings recorded in the Talmud and other rabbinical works. “Sefer Torah” refers to the sacred scroll on which the first five books of the Bible (the Pentateuch) are written, but it is often shortened simply to \"Torah\" in casual speech and writing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1664.0,1818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew for “platform.” The bimah is a raised structure in the synagogue from which the Torah is read and from which prayers are led.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1664.0,1818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1664.0,1818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew school can be either the Jewish equivalent of Sunday school (an educational regimen separate from secular education, focusing on topics of Jewish history and learning the Hebrew language), or a primary, secondary, or college level educational institution where some or all of the classes are taught in Hebrew.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=1664.0,1818.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew York University or NYU is a private research university in New York City, New York. It was established in 1831 by the New York State Legislature. As of 2019, it is the largest private university in the United States by enrollment.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2036.0,2236.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Bronx is a borough of New York City. The borough covers 42 square miles and the only borough not primarily on an island. Yankee Stadium, the New York Botanical Garden and the Bronx Zoo are in the Borough. During the 19th and 20th century, the Bronx has been home to various immigrant groups.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2036.0,2236.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard Gere (b.1949) is an American actor. He started to in films in the 1970’s including role Looking for Mr. Goodbar, Days of Heaven, and American Gigolo, which established him as a leading man. He is also known for the films An Officer and a Gentleman, The Cotton Club, and Pretty Woman. In 2002, he won a Golden Globe Award for playing Billy Flynn in the musical film Chicago. Gere is a practicing Tibetan Buddhist and active supporter of the Dalai Lama.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2243.0,2618.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn Officer and a Gentleman is a 1982 American romantic drama film starring Richard Gere, Debra Winger, and Louis Gossett Jr. It was directed by Taylor Hackford. The film was a commercial and critical success. Louis Gossett Jr. won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, making him the first African American actor to win in that category.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2243.0,2618.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Air Force is one of the eight branches of the U.S. military whose core mission is aerial surveillance and reconnaissance, air supremacy, global integrated intelligence, rapid global mobility, global strike and command and control. Originally created in August 1907 as part of the U.S. Army Signal Corps, it was founded as a separate military branch in September 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2243.0,2618.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Navy was founded in March 1794 and is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is designated as the navy of the United States in the Constitution. The Navy originates from the Continental Navy, which was established in 1775 during the American Revolutionary War. The Navy is part of the Department of the Navy, which also includes the coequal United States Marine Corps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2243.0,2618.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) is a college-based program for training commissioned officers of the United States Armed Forces. ROTC officers serve in all branches of the United States armed forces. Army ROTC students who receive scholarships are obligated to fulfill a service commitment after graduation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2243.0,2618.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States military conscription, commonly known as \"the draft\", has been employed by the federal government in six conflicts: the American Revolutionary War, the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. In 1940, the Selective Training and Service Act was enacted and became the country's first peacetime draft. From 1940 until 1973, during both peacetime and periods of conflict, men were drafted to fill vacancies in the U.S. Armed Forces that could not be filled through voluntary means. As of January 1973, active conscription in the United States ended and the U.S. Armed Forces moved to an all-volunteer military. However, all male U.S. residents ages 18 through 26 must register themselves with the Selective Service System.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2243.0,2618.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Baldwin Piano Company was once the largest US-based manufacturer of keyboard instruments and was known by the slogan, \"America's Favorite Piano.\" The company was founded in 1890 by Dwight Hamilton Baldwin. As 2001, the company became a subsidiary of Gibson Brands, Inc. In December 2008, Baldwin ceased production in the United States and moved its piano manufacturing to China.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2243.0,2618.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCincinnati is located in the state of Ohio. The city was incorporated in 1820 and today is the third largest city in the state. It is located on the northern side of the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers, the latter of which marks the state line with Kentucky.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2243.0,2618.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Navy Intelligence Officer Program is a specialized role that requires a high level of intelligence analysis and operational planning. Intelligence Officers collect, analyze, and disseminate critical intelligence to support Navy and joint operations. They work in secure facilities and are responsible for understanding adversary capabilities and intentions, briefing commanders on threats and opportunities, and integrating intelligence into operational planning.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2670.0,2762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Combat Information Center (CIC) in the U.S. Navy is a crucial tactical hub on warships, serving as the center for mission operations. It functions as a nerve center where all available sources of combat intelligence are gathered and disseminated to commanding officers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2670.0,2762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCelestial navigation is the practice of determining one's position on Earth by observing the positions of celestial bodies such as stars, planets, and the moon. This technique allows navigators to accurately fix their location without relying solely on estimated positional calculations, known as dead reckoning. Historically, it was essential for ancient sailors to navigate the oceans. It changed how humans perceived and mapped the world. Today, celestial navigation is still used in various fields, including marine navigation, aviation, and even space exploration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2670.0,2762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2670.0,2762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNashville is the capital city of Tennessee and was founded in 1779. It was named for Francis Nash, a general of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. The city is home to Vanderbilt University and the legendary country music venues like the Grand Ole Opry, Ryman Auditorium and the Country Music Hall of Fame.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2764.0,3110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVanderbilt University is a private research university located in Nashville, Tennessee. It was founded in 1873 and named after businessman Cornelius Vanderbilt who provided a $1 million endowment to the school.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2764.0,3110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMicrosoft Corporation is an American multinational technology company that is headquartered in Redmond, Washington. It was founded in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. The company came to dominate the person computer operating system market with the MS-DOS and later Windows. Microsoft is now one of the largest software company’s by revenue and one of the most valuable global brands.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2764.0,3110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInternational Business Machines Corporation or IBM is a multinational technology company that is present in over 175 countries. The company was founded in 1911 and is one of the world’s oldest and largest technology companies. It has been responsible for various technological innovations such as the automated teller machine, the floppy disk, the hard disk drive, and the UPC barcode.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2764.0,3110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSanta Monica is a city in Los Angeles County, California. The city is situated along the Santa Monica Bay and is a popular resort town. The city is home to several entertainment headquarters including Skydance Media, Hulu, Universal Music Group, and the Recording Academy. The city began as a Spanish encampment and was incorporated in 1886.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2764.0,3110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe RAND Corporation, doing business as RAND, is an American non-profit global policy think tank, research institute, and public sector consulting firm. The company was founded in 1948 and is involved in research and development in several fields and industries. The company’s research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the Cold War space race, the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, and the U.S.–Soviet nuclear arms confrontation. After World War II, the U.S. Air Force created Project RAND to focus on long-range planning of future weapons. Project RAND eventually lead to RAND.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2764.0,3110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Naval Reserve, officially known as the United States Navy Reserve, provides strategic depth and operational capabilities to the Navy and Marine Corps, allowing members to serve part-time while maintaining civilian careers. The Navy Reserve was founded in 1915. The mission of the Navy Reserve is to deliver operational capabilities and strategic depth to the Navy and Marine Corps, supporting military operations from peacetime to wartime. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=2764.0,3110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOphthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and surgery of eye diseases and disorders.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3110.0,3113.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eObstetrics and gynecology is the branch of the medical care that focuses on pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period (obstetrics), and the female reproductive systems (gynecology).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3113.0,3233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoston, Massachusetts is the capital and largest city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The city was founded in 1630 by Puritan settlers. During the American Revolution, the city was the location of various key events including the Boston Tea Party, the Boston Massacre, and the siege of Boston.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3113.0,3233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthopedic surgery or orthopedics is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal trauma, spine diseases, sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, tumors, and congenital disorders.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3113.0,3233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Emory University School of Medicine is the graduate medical school of Emory University, a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. The University School of Medicine was formed in 1915 from the merger of the Atlanta Medical College, the Southern Medical College, and the Atlanta School of Medicine. The school is located on the university’s main campus in the Druid Hills neighborhood. The medical school offers a full-time Doctor of Medicine degree program, master’s programs in Anesthesiology and Genetic Counseling, and degrees in Physical Therapy and Physician Assistant training.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3113.0,3233.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta, Georgia is the capital and largest city in the state of Georgia. During the American Civil War it was a strategically important city for the Confederacy until it was captured in 1864. The city was almost entirely burnt to the ground during General William Sherman’s March to the Sea. After the war, the city rebounded and became a national industrial center.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3233.0,3235.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eM*A*S*H is an American war comedy drama television series that aired on CBS from September 17, 1972, to February 28, 1983. It was the first original spin-off series adapted from the 1970 film of the same name, which, in turn, was based on Richard Hooker's 1968 novel MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors. The series, follows a team of doctors and support staff stationed at the \"4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital\" in Uijeongbu, South Korea, during the Korean War (1950–1953).  The series included comedy and tragic drama, which was do to the various writing staff of the show and the various sources contributing to the stories, such as actor Alan Alda and surgeons who served in the Korean War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3256.0,3339.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGrady Memorial Hospital is the largest hospital in Georgia, and the fifth-largest public hospital in the United States. It is considered one of premier public hospitals in the Southeast. The 961-bed hospital was founded in 1890.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3256.0,3339.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWellstar Atlanta Medical Center, formerly known as Georgia Baptist Hospital, is a hospital in Atlanta, Georgia operated by Wellstar Health System. It has 460 beds and over 700 physicians. The hospital is a Level I Trauma Center, and an Advanced Primary Stroke Center. It houses a Neurointensive Care Unit and a Level III Neonatal ICU.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3378.0,3496.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJeanney Miller Kutner (b. 1946) is an Atlanta, Georgia native and daughter of Albert and Dorothy Frankel Miller. She has worked as an attorney and has been very involved in the Jewish and Atlanta community. In 1969, she married Dr. Steve Kutner, and they have two sons, Rob and David.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3508.0,3511.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHanna Kaunitz Weinstein Entell (1918-1999) was born in Vienna, Austria. She was the youngest of five children. She married a Czechoslovakian farmer 14 years her senior in order to get a passport and fled Austria in the 1930s via Shanghai, China and thence to the Philippines. There she divorced her first husband and met Dr. Alfred A. Weinstein, a captain in the U.S. Army. During the war, Dr. Weinstein was taken captive by the Japanese and Hanna worked in the underground which provided food for prisoners of war. When Dr. Weinstein was released, he and Hannah married. They moved to Atlanta. Hanna was a member of The Temple, and was a volunteer with the United Jewish Appeal (UJA), the National Council of Jewish Women, the William Breman Jewish Home, and the Louis Kahn Group Home. Hanna helped to settle many newly arrived immigrants in Atlanta for the Jewish Family Services and National Council for Jewish Women. Dr. Weinstein died in 1964, and Hannah married Max Entell.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3537.0,3546.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShoney's is an American restaurant chain headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee. As of April 2024, the company operates 58 locations in 14 states in the South and Midwest. The company was found in 1947, by Alex Schoenbaum and became a licensee of Big Boy Restaurants in 1952. In 1954, the company name was changed to Shoney's, and the company began franchising the business. Thirty years later, Shoney's dropped the Big Boy affiliation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3610.0,3628.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhiladelphia is Pennsylvania's largest city. It has a deep connection to the founding of the United States because it is home to Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were signed. It is also home to the Liberty Bell and other American Revolutionary sites. The city was founded in 1682 by William Penn.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3629.0,3675.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDorothy Frankel Miller (1919-1970) was a native of Atlanta, Georgia. In 1940, she married Albert Miller and they had a son, Russell and daughter, Jeanney Kutner. She was a life-long member of The Temple.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3689.0,3724.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlbert Miller (1913-2004) was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and served in the Army during World War II. He was a member of The Temple. In 1940, he married Dorothy Frankel Miller, and they had two children, Russell and Jeanney Kutner.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3689.0,3724.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLondon, England is the capital and largest city of both and the United Kingdom. The city dates to 47 AD when it was settled by the Romans and has retained its medieval boundaries. The city sits on the River Thames, and the City of Westminster is the site of the national government and parliament. Today it’s one of the world’s major global cities with a strong influence on world art, architecture, culture, entertainment, fashion, finance, tourism, and technology.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3728.0,3766.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoe Namath (b. 1943) is an American former professional football quarterback who played in the National Football League for 13 seasons. He played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide and the team won the national championship in 1964. He played most of his professional career for the New York Jets. During Super Bowl III in 1969, he guaranteed the heavily underdog Jets would win the game against the Baltimore Colts, and they did. The Jets victory is considered one of the greatest upsets of all times. He was inducted into the Football Hall of Fame in 1985.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3770.0,3799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSuper Bowl III was the American football championship game played on January 12, 1969, at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida. It was played between the New York Jets and Baltimore Colts. The Colts were heavily  favored and the Jets pulled off a 16-7 victory. The Jets’ quarterback, Joe Namath famously guaranteed the win and helped secure his team’s legendary status.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3770.0,3799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsrael, a Middle Eastern country on the Mediterranean Sea, is regarded by Jews, Christians, and Muslims as the biblical Holy Land. Its most sacred sites are in Jerusalem. In 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, declared “the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as The State of Israel.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3770.0,3799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Jacob Mortimer \"Jack\" Rothschild (1911-1973) served as rabbi of Atlanta’s oldest Reform congregation, The Temple, from 1946 until his death in 1973 from a heart attack. A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he forged close relationships with the city’s Christian clergy and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for civil rights.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3770.0,3799.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or “Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,” is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902. The Temple’s next location on Pryor Street was dedicated in 1902. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The main sanctuary is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1500 families. As of 2022, its Senior Rabbi is Peter S. Berg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3801.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVirginia-Highland (often nicknamed \"VaHi\") is an affluent neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia, founded in the early 20th century as a streetcar suburb. It is named after the intersection of Virginia Avenue and North Highland Avenue, the heart of its trendy retail district at the center of the neighborhood. The neighborhood is famous for its bungalows and other historic houses from the 1910s to the 1930s. It has become a destination for people across Atlanta with its eclectic mix of restaurants, bars, and shops as well as for the Summerfest festival, annual Tour of Homes and other events.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3840.0,3874.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTitle III in public schools is a federal grant program that specifically targets Limited English Proficient (LEP) children and immigrant youth to help them attain English proficiency and meet the same academic standards as the English-speaking students.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3877.0,3908.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRussell “Rusty” Miller (b. 1950) was born in Atlanta, Georgia and is the youngest child of Albert and Dorothy Frankel Miller. He lives in Columbia, South Carolina. He and his wife, Kathy have three children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=3914.0,3969.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the 1970s, Old Ivy Road in Atlanta was a quiet, residential road in the rapidly developing Buckhead area. Surrounded by lush, wooded areas, it served as a connecting route between Peachtree Road and Piedmont Road, primarily featuring older homes and setting the stage for the residential density that would grow in the decades to follow.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4028.0,4036.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRob Kutner (b. 1971) was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. He is the oldest son of Steve and Jeanney Miller Kutner. He attended Westminster School and Princeton University. He is an Emmy winning comedy writer. He has written for television for programs such as Dennis Miller Live, The Daily Show, The Tonight Show with Conan O’Brien, and Conan.  He has also written for animated television, movies and has written numerous humorous books. In 1998, he married Sheryl Zohn.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4039.0,4065.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Basenji is a breed of dog native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is a primitive breed used for hunting and tracking. It has the unusual characteristic of emitting a sound similar to the singing of the zip line, due to the rare morphology of its larynx. Some ancient Egyptian reliefs depict basenjis alongside other breeds of dogs: podencos, greyhounds, and others. It is a small to medium sized dog with short hair that can be black and white, brown and white, or brindle and white.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4039.0,4065.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Herb Shessel (1924-2017) was born in Dallas, Texas. He attended Southern Methodist University and Texas University Medical School. He had an OB-GYN practice in Atlanta, Georgia and delivered the first baby born at Northside Hospital. In 1946, he married Madelyn Greenblatt, and they had three children. He and Madelyn were members of The Temple.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4119.0,4154.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry Louis Aaron (1934- 2021) was an American professional baseball right fielder and designated hitter who played 23 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), from 1954 through 1976. Considered one of the greatest baseball players in history, he spent 21 seasons with the Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves in the National League (NL) and two seasons with the Milwaukee Brewers in the American League (AL). At the time of his retirement, Aaron held most of the game's key career power-hitting records. He was a three-time Gold Glove winner, and in 1957, he won the NL Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award when the Milwaukee Braves won the World Series. Aaron was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in 1982 and the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 1988. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2002. After his retirement, Aaron held front office roles with the Atlanta Braves, including the senior vice president.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4164.0,4184.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish babies are given Hebrew names shortly after they are born. A brief ceremony is performed, which often includes friends and family members of the new baby. Ashkenazi Jews often select a name that commemorates a deceased relative of the baby in order to honor that person’s memory. Sephardic Jews often follow the custom of naming their children after living relatives. Blessings are recited for the baby’s well-being. The traditional wish is offered—that this child may grow into a life of study of Torah, of loving relationships, and the performance of good deeds. Boys are usually named at the same time as they are circumcised. Girls can be named any time in the first few weeks.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4195.0,4197.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLevi Yitzchok of Berditchev (1740-1809) was a Hasidic master and Jewish leader. He was the rabbi known as the “defense attorney” for the Jewish people and known for his compassion for every Jew. He was one of the most beloved leaders of the Eastern Europe Jewry. Some consider him the founder of Hasidism in central Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4197.0,4217.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLouis I. Frankel (1886-1969) was born in Romania and later immigrated to the United States. He became a U.S. citizen in 1922. He owned and operated a grocery store. He and his wife Alberta had two children, Dorothy and Leo. He was the grandfather of Jeanney Miller Kutner.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4197.0,4217.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Watergate scandal, or simply Watergate, was a political scandal in the United States involving the administration of President Richard Nixon. On June 17, 1972, operatives associated with Nixon's 1972 re-election campaign were caught burglarizing and planting listening devices in the Democratic National Committee headquarters at Washington, D.C.'s Watergate complex. Nixon's efforts to conceal his administration's involvement led to an impeachment process and his resignation in August 1974.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4240.0,4266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRichard Nixon (1913-1994) was the nation's 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961, after he came to national prominence as a representative and senator from California. He served as the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office in the wake of the Watergate Scandal. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as the 36th vice president under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1961. His presidency saw the reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, detente with the Soviet Union and China, the Apollo 11 Moon landing, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4240.0,4266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Kutner (b. 1977) is originally from Atlanta, Georgia. He is the youngest son of Steve and Jeanney Miller Kutner. He attended Woodward Academy and graduated from the University of Alabama. As of 2021, he worked as Regional Manager for U.S. Brick. In 2001, he married Calley Swords and they have two children.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4270.0,4277.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties of the United States. It was founded in 1854 by anti-slavery activists who opposed the potential expansion of slavery into the western territories of the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4403.0,4426.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States. It was founded in 1828 and is the world’s oldest active political party.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4403.0,4426.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Arab League boycott of Israel is a long-standing, multi-tiered economic blockade initiated in 1945 to hinder the development of the Jewish state. It bans direct trade with Israel boycotts companies doing business with Israel, and targets firms working with blacklisted companies. While enforcement has waned over time, it persists as a policy tool.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4403.0,4426.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommunism is a political theory derived from Karl Marx. It advocates for replacing private property and a profit based society with public ownership and communal control of most major means of production and natural resources. It’s an ideology that falls on the far left of the political spectrum. A communist is frequently used as a political pejorative or slur, particularly by conservatives and anti-communists to criticize opponents, policies, or government expansion. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4403.0,4426.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePepsi is a carbonated soft drink manufactured by PepsiCo. It was created in 1893 by Caleb Bradham as “Brad’s Drink” who owned a drugstore in North Carolina. It was renamed Pepsi-Cola in 1898, then Pepsi in 1961. Pepsi’s major competitor is the soft drink Coca-Cola, which leads in beverage sales. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4403.0,4426.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCoca-Cola or Coke is a carbonated soft drink manufactured by the Coca-Cola Company. It was created in the late 19th century as an alcohol-free or temperance drink by John Stith Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia. Coca-Cola leads in beverage sales when compared to its major competitor, the soft drink Pepsi. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4403.0,4426.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Section of the National Council of Jewish Women was established in 1895. The group initially worked to assist newly arrived immigrants and later helped families fleeing Europe after World War II. The organization’s volunteers continue to provide services to various groups and individuals. Additionally, they do advocacy work on various issues from women’s suffrage, reproductive rights, healthcare, antisemitism, and immigrant issues.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4518.0,4647.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLudwig Philipp Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965) was a German polymath from Alsace. He was a theologian, organist, musicologist, writer, humanitarian, philosopher, and physician. In 1952, he received the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize for his philosophy of \"Reverence for Life\", becoming the eighth Frenchman to be awarded that prize. As a music scholar and organist, he studied the music of German composer Johann Sebastian Bach and influenced the Organ Reform Movement.  Several movies have been made about him including the 1957 Oscar-winning documentary Albert Schweitzer, and the 2009 biopic Albert Schweitzer starring Jeroen Krabbé. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4518.0,4647.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCatholic Relief Services (CRS) is the international humanitarian agency of the Catholic community in the United States. It was founded in 1943 by the Bishops of the United States, the agency provides assistance to 130 million people in more than 110 countries and territories in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=4518.0,4647.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSavannah is the oldest city in the state of Georgia. It is a coastal city, separated from Charleston, South Carolina by the Savannah River. The city and the colony of Georgia was founded in 1733 when General James Oglethorpe and settlers arrived. During the Revolutionary War the city was the southernmost commercial port and during the Civil War it was the sixth most populous city in the Confederacy. City officials negotiated a peaceful surrender of the city in 1864, saving the city from destruction by General Sherman’s army. The city is known for its historic district with its 22 parklike squares, which was based on a design known as the Oglethorpe Plan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5023.0,5156.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew Orleans, Louisiana sits on the Mississippi River near the Gulf of Mexico. The city is nicknamed the \"Big Easy\" and is known for its live-music scene and cuisine that reflects the French, African and American cultures that influenced the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5023.0,5156.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKesher (קֶשֶׁר) is the Hebrew word that translate to connection, tie, bond, or knot. It is frequently used in Jewish education, community organizations, and synagogue names to symbolize building relationships, strengthening Jewish identity, and connecting with Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5156.0,5533.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Negev is a desert and semi-desert region of southern Israel. The region’s largest city, and administrative capital is Beersheba in the north. At the southern end is the Gulf of Aqaba, and the resort city of Eilat. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Egyptian forces occupied the region. The Negev became the focus of an Israeli push to secure its borders. The end of the war is considered to have occurred in March of 1949 when Israeli soldiers raised their flag in the newly secured southern Negev around present-day Eilat.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5156.0,5533.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJerusalem is located in western Asia and is one of the oldest cities in the world. It is considered to be a holy city for the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both Israel and Palestine claim Jerusalem as their capital. The status of the city remains one of the core issues in the on-going Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Old City of Jerusalem was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5156.0,5533.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hadassah Medical Center is a medical organization created in 1934 that operates two university hospitals in Ein Karem and Mount Scopus in Jerusalem, as well as schools of medicine, dentistry, nursing, and pharmacology affiliated with the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Their mission is to reach out to everyone, regardless of the patient's race, religion, or ethnicity. The hospital was founded by Hadassah, a North American women's Zionist organization, which continues to fund much of its budget today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5156.0,5533.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Galilee Panhandle, also called The Finger of Galilee, is an elongated geopolitical area in northern Israel. It includes the northernmost area of Upper Galilee, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The area is narrow strip of land that runs from the Israeli-Lebanese border in the far north to an imaginary line below the Jule Valley, roughly between kibbutzim Malkia and Gonen, in the south.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5156.0,5533.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsrael's healthcare system is based on mandatory universal coverage through four Health Maintenance Organizations: Clalit, Maccabi, Meuhedet y Leumit. All residents must join one to receive medical services, funded by taxes and monthly premiums.  In 1995, the national health insurance law came into force, making membership of one of the four existing health service providers mandatory for all Israeli citizens and residents.  Prior to the enactment of the health insurance law, the only health maintenance organization that accepted patients without discrimination on the basis of age or medical status was the health service provider Clalit Health Services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5156.0,5533.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHaifa is the third-largest city in Israel. It is home to the Baháʼí Faith's Baháʼí World Centre and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a destination for Baháʼí pilgrimage. Over the millennia, the Haifa area has been conquered and ruled by the Canaanites, Israelites, Phoenicians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Hasmoneans, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, Ottomans, and the British. During the Battle of Haifa in the 1948 Palestine war, most of the city's predominantly Arab population fled or were expelled. That year, the city became part of the then-newly-established state of Israel. The city is a major seaport located on Israel's Mediterranean coastline in the Bay of Haifa. It is also home to two academic institutions, the University of Haifa and the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology the oldest and top-ranked university in both Israel and the Middle East. Haifa Bay is a center of heavy industry, petroleum refining, and chemical processing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5156.0,5533.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1982 Lebanon War was a war that began on June 6, 1982, when the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) invaded southern Lebanon. The invasion followed a series of attacks and counter-attacks between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) operating in southern Lebanon and the IDF that had caused civilian casualties on both sides of the border. The military operation was launched after gunmen from the Abu Nidal Organization attempted to assassinate Shlomo Argov, Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom. The war is considered to have ended when Israeli forces withdrew from Southern Lebanon in September 1985.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHilton Hotels \u0026amp; Resorts, formerly known as Hilton Hotels, is a global brand of full-service hotels and resorts and the flagship brand of American multinational hospitality company Hilton Worldwide. It was founded in 1919 by Conrad Hilton.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMengistu Haile Mariam (b. 1937) is a former Ethiopian politician, revolutionary, and military officer who served as the head of state of Ethiopia from 1974, and 1977 to 1991. He helped to overthrow the centuries old monarchy and attempted to make the country into a communist state. His bloody consolidation of power between 1977 to 1978 was known as the Ethiopian Red Terror. However, it was the catastrophic famine of 1983-1985 that brought his government the most international attention. He fled to Zimbabwe in May 1991, which brought an end to his rule and the Ethiopian Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA siddur is a Jewish prayer book, containing a set order of daily prayers.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eProject Vision, Inc. is a non-profit organization that provides consulting, training, and support to communities in Israel and internationally that have limited access to eye care. It was founded by Dr. Steve Kutner, he was inspired to starting the organization after a 1987 trip to provide eye care for refugees.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAliyah (Hebrew: \"ascent\") is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the Land of Israel historically, which today includes the modern State of Israel. Also defined as \"the act of going up\"—that is, towards Jerusalem—\"making aliyah\" by moving to the Land of Israel is one of the most basic tenets of Zionism. The opposite action, emigration from Israel, is referred to in Hebrew as yerida (\"descent\"). The State of Israel's Law of Return gives Jews, their children, and their grandchildren automatic rights regarding residency and Israeli citizenship.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbsorption centers are where new immigrants start their process of integrating into the country of Israel. They have temporary living quarters, Hebrew classes and offer services to help find jobs, etc. The stay is generally six months. They are managed primarily by The Jewish Agency.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEliezer \"Elie\" Wiesel (1928-2016) was a Romanian-born American writer, professor, political activist, Nobel laureate, and Holocaust survivor. He authored 57 books, written mostly in French and English, including Night, a work based on his experiences as a Jewish prisoner in the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps. In his political activities, Wiesel became a regular speaker on the subject of the Holocaust and remained a strong defender of human rights during his lifetime. He also advocated for many other causes like the state of Israel and against Hamas and victims of oppression including Soviet and Ethiopian Jews, the apartheid in South Africa, the Bosnian genocide, and the Armenian genocide. He was a professor of the humanities at Boston University, which created the Elie Wiesel Center for Jewish Studies in his honor. He helped establish the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. Wiesel was awarded various prestigious awards including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986. He was a founding board member of the New York Human Rights Foundation and remained active in it throughout his life.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eElie Wiesel interpreted the \"messianic moment\" not as a distant, magical event, but as an immediate, human-driven responsibility to create a better world through memory and action. He believed that true redemption arises from one person connecting with another, taking action to prevent the \"absence of future,\" and fighting indifference in the post-Holocaust world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003eKes \u003c/em\u003eor \u003cem\u003eKahen \u003c/em\u003eis a spiritual leader and traditional priest of the Beta Israel, the Ethiopian Jewish community.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBeta Israel (meaning House of Israel) is a Jewish community that has existed in Ethiopia for at least 15 centuries. Beta Israel claim descent from the son of the Queen of Sheba and King Solomon, but m\u003c/span\u003eost likely, the Beta Israel arrived in Ethiopia as merchants or artisans between the first and sixth centuries. Until the 20\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e century, Beta Israel was spread out in more than 500 small villages across northern and northwestern Ethiopia. This fragmentation makes the community’s history difficult to trace.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGondar is a city in northern Ethiopia. The city is north of Lake Tana on the Lesser Angereb River and southwest of the Simien Mountains. Gondar previously served as the capital of both the Ethiopian Empire and the subsequent Begemder Province. The city holds the remains of several royal castles, including those in the Fasil Ghebbi UNESCO World Heritage Site. Gondar has been called the \"Camelot of Africa.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSherry Zimmerman Frank (b.1942) is a native of Atlanta, Georgia. Sherry has been involved and led numerous organizations including serving as Executive Director for the Southeast Region of the American Jewish Committee (AJC) for 25 years. She was also President of the National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW), served on the board of Ahavath Achim (AA), and was Vice President of the Epstein School. While at AJC she helped found many groups including the Atlanta Black/Jewish Coalition, ACCESS, and Faith Alliance of Metro Atlanta (FAMA). In 2019 her book, A Passion to Serve: Memoirs of a Jewish Activist, was published, offering a detailed and engaging look at her fifty years of activism and community service. She attended Stephens College in Columbia. She was married to Leonard Frank, and they had four children. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim Synagogue (often referred to as \"AA\") was founded as an Orthodox congregation in 1887 in a small room on Gilmer Street. In 1901 they moved to a permanent building at the corner of Piedmont Avenue and Gilmer Street. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. It joined the Conservative movement in 1952. The final service in the Washington Street building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958. As of 2022, Ahavath Achim is the largest Conservative synagogue in the Atlanta area and its current Senior Rabbi is Laurence Rosenthal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShiva, literally “seven,” is the week-long mourning period in Judaism for first-degree relatives: father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister and spouse. The ritual is referred to as “sitting shiva.” Immediately after burial, first-degree relatives assume the status of “mourner.” This state lasts for seven days, during which the family members traditionally gather in one home and receive visitors. At the funeral, mourners traditionally wear an outer garment, a ritual known as “kerish.” This garment is worn throughout shiva. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRabbi Arnold M. Goodman (1928-2023) served as senior rabbi of Ahavath Achim in Atlanta, Georgia from 1982 to 2002. He came to Atlanta from Minnesota where he had served as rabbi of Adath Jeshurun in Minnetonka since 1966. He currently serves as its senior rabbinic scholar. Upon his retirement, the synagogue honored them by designating its adult education program as Beit Aharon: The Rabbi Arnold and Rae Goodman Learning Institute for Adult Studies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew word “mitzvah” refers to precepts and commandments as commanded by G-d. It is used in rabbinical Judaism to refer to the 613 commandments given in the Torah at Mount Sinai and the seven rabbinic commandments instituted later for a total of 620. In its secondary meaning, the Hebrew “mitzvah” refers to a moral deed performed as a religious duty.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLondon Gatwick Airport is one of several international airports that serves Greater London and southern England. It is located near Crawley, in West Sussex (30 miles south of Central London), England.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Jewish Committee of Atlanta is a regional branch of the American Jewish Committee (AJC). AJC was founded in 1906 to safeguard the welfare and security of Jews worldwide. It is one of the oldest Jewish advocacy organizations in the United States. AJC Atlanta founded the Atlanta Black-Jewish Coalition in 1982 to build relations between the communities, focusing on education, outreach, and advocacy. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAddis Ababa is both the capital city of Ethiopia and the regional state of Oromia. It is the largest city in the country and the eleventh-largest in Africa. Addis Ababa is a highly developed and important cultural, artistic, financial, and administrative center of Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMeshugana is Yiddish slang for a person who acts in a crazy or nonsensical way. It can also be used as an adjective to describe such a person, or as a noun meaning nonsense. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBahir Dar is the capital city of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. The city is one of the leading tourist destinations in Ethiopia, with a variety of attractions in the nearby Lake Tana and Blue Nile River. The city is known for its wide avenues lined with palm trees and a variety of colorful flowers. In 2002, it was awarded the UNESCO Cities for Peace Prize for addressing the challenges of rapid urbanization.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Blue Nile Falls is a waterfall on the Blue Nile river in West Gojjam, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. It is known as Tis Abay in Amharic, meaning “great smoke.” It is situated on the upper course of the river, about 19 miles downstream from the town of Bahir Dar and Lake Tana. The falls are one of Ethiopia's best-known tourist attractions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn May 1936, Bahir Dar was occupied by the Italians, who gave it modern urban features. The Italians abolished the communal family ownership of land known as \"Rists,\" and they instituted private ownership. They also allocated land for administration, the army, an airstrip and port facilities. The city’s physical and social appearance considerably changed. The city also became a melting-pot of different people and cultures. The Italians gave Bahir Dar political importance by making it the administrative center of the Lake Tana southern territories. They were also interested in the agricultural development of Lake Tana and the Blue Nile and in exploiting their waters for hydroelectric power.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=5537.0,6644.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Jerusalem Post \u003c/em\u003eis a popular English language newspaper and website. It was founded as The Palestine Post by Gershon Agron in Jerusalem in 1932, during the British Mandate of Palestine. In 1950, it changed its name to The Jerusalem Post.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=6661.0,6936.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJudy Siegel-Itzkovich (abt. 1948) is the health and science reporter at The Jerusalem Post. She has been writing for the paper since 1973 and has published over 31,000 news stories, features, and columns as a Post journalist. She attended Brooklyn College and has a Master’s degree graduate of Columbia University in New York. She is the first Israeli reporter to receive an honorary doctorate from Ben-Gurion University and has received numerous awards, such as the Hadassah Women’s Organization Women of Distinction Award in the Knesset.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=6661.0,6936.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmharic is the official working language of Ethiopia, spoken by over 58 million people, making it the world’s second most spoken Semitic language after Arabic. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=6661.0,6936.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOlim is a Hebrew word that means immigrant, particularly on aliyah to Israel. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=6661.0,6936.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (commonly called “the Joint”) is a worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. After World War II, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania. Long: A worldwide Jewish relief organization headquartered in New York. It was established in 1914. Before World War II, it sent funds to subsidize medical care, schools, vocational training, welfare programs and emigration efforts to beleaguered Jews in Europe. During the Nazi era they tried to get Jewish refugees out to anywhere that would have them including the United States, Palestine, and Latin America. When war broke out they helped thousands of Jews in Poland with shelters and soup kitchens, hospitals, and educational and cultural programs. When the United States entered the war in 1941, the Joint shifted gears since it was not allowed to operate legally in enemy countries. They used international connections to channel aid to Jews in conquered Europe. Wartime headquarters were set up in Lisbon, Portugal from which the Joint mounted rescue operations for desperate refugees including sponsoring a program to get 15,000 Jews from Europe to Shanghai, China. After the war, the Joint provided desperately needed supplies and necessities to survivors. More than 227 million pounds of food, medicine, clothing and other supplies were shipped to Europe to survivors inside and outside of DP camps in Eastern Europe, Hungary, Poland and Romania. Today the organization continues to help Jews in various places around the world including the former Soviet Union, Ukraine and at risk locations in Israel.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=6661.0,6936.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish Healthcare International (JHI) is a non-profit organization that was found by Dr. Stephen Kutner. The organization sends volunteer healthcare professionals from North America, Israel, and worldwide to underserved communities. The organization’s mission is to provide training, education, and direct medical care.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=6940.0,7100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Holocaust was the systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=6940.0,7100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the years leading up to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and for just over a decade after, a large number of Jews emigrated from the Soviet Union and post-Soviet countries. The majority of these immigrants made \u003cem\u003eAliyah \u003c/em\u003ewhile others moved to Western countries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=6940.0,7100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOdesa, also known by the Russian spelling Odessa, is the third largest city in Ukraine and is a major seaport and transportation hub located on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. In response to the bombing of Odesa during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the city center was declared a World Heritage Site and added to the List of World Heritage in Danger by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. During the 19th century, the city was the fourth largest in the Russian Empire and was part of the Soviet Union until its collapse and Independence of Ukraine in 1991. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=6940.0,7100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Berlin Wall [German: Berliner Mauer] was a 160 kilometer (99 mile) guarded concrete barrier that encircled West Berlin from 1961 to 1989, separating it from Soviet-controlled East Berlin. Built by the German Democratic Republic (GDR) to prevent its population escaping to the West, it became a physical symbol of the Cold War’s ideological split between East and West. In the 1980s, increasing political and social destabilization in the GDR led to mass demonstrations and calls for reform. On November 9, 1989, a declaration of freedom of travel was announced. When border guards opened one of the crossings, a flood of East and West Berliners gathered to celebrate and began physically dismantling the barrier. The fall of the Berlin wall is considered a watershed event that led to German reunification in October 1990 and was followed by the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7117.0,7189.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Union of Soviet Socialist Republic/USSR was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. It was made up of fifteen national republics. It was a communist state with the capital in Moscow. The nation had it foundation in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks established the Russian Soviet Republic. In 1922, the Bolsheviks and Vladmir Lenin proved victorious in the Russian Civil War and formed the Soviet Union. After Lenin’s death in 1924, Joseph Stalin came to power. Under his rule the country saw rapid industrialization and forced collectivization, which resulted in economic growth but also famine that killed millions. Stalin also conducted the Great Purge, which removed actual and perceived opponents. After the World War II, the Cold War began with the Eastern Bloc of the Soviet Union confronting the Western Bloc, which was led by the United States and eventually NATO. In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union’s last leader Mikhail Gorbachev sought to implement various reforms. Additionally various Soviet satellite countries overthrew their Marxist-Leninist regimes. By 1991, a coup attempt against Gorbachev failed and the Soviet Union collapsed with various republics of the Soviet Union remerging as independent nations.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7117.0,7189.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Israeli Ministry of Health is the government body responsible for formulating health policy, planning, supervising, licensing, and coordinating healthcare services for all residents. It manages public health, operates government hospitals, and oversees HMOs (\u003cem\u003eKupat Holim\u003c/em\u003e) to ensure medical accessibility and quality.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7117.0,7189.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Jewish Agency for Israel, also known as Sokhnut [Hebrew: the agency], is the largest Jewish nonprofit organization in the world. Previously called the Palestine Zionist Executive, it was designated in 1929 as the \"Jewish agency\" provided for in the League of Nations' Palestine Mandate. The Jewish Agency played a central role in the founding and the building of the State of Israel and continues to serve as the main link between Israel and Jewish communities around the world. Since 1948, the Jewish Agency for Israel has been responsible for bringing 3 million immigrants to Israel.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7117.0,7189.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the government department responsible for implementing Israel's foreign policy, managing diplomatic relations with more than 159 countries, and promoting economic, cultural, and scientific ties. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7117.0,7189.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKishinev (officially: Chişinău; Yiddish: Keshenev, formerly Kishinyov) is the capital city of the Republic of Moldova, a small country between Ukraine and Romania. It is situated along the Bâcu (Byk) River, in the south-central part of the country. Kishinev is in the historical region of Bessarabia, which was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1818. After World War I, it was in the Kingdom of Romania. At the turn of the twentieth century, the city was home to over 50,000 Jews, who lived alongside Russians, Ukrainians, Romanians, Poles, Germans, Armenians, Greeks, and Roma people. The city and particularly the Jewish population suffered greatly during World War II. After the war, the Jewish population numbered 5,500 survivors who had lived in smaller towns before the war and returned from evacuation in eastern areas of the USSR resettled in Kishinev. The city is known for institutions such as the National Museum of Fine Arts, Moldova State University, Brancusi Gallery, and National Museum of History of Moldova. Though the city's buildings were badly damaged during the Second World War and earthquakes, a rich architectural heritage remains. In addition, it has numerous buildings designed in the postwar Socialist realism and Brutalist architecture styles.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7189.84848,7287.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDiaspora is the dispersion of ethnic or religious groups that have left their place of origin and are scattered around the world. The individuals continue to maintain strong cultural, emotional, or political ties to their origin. The term has been used to refer to the Jewish exile outside the Land of Israel and the subsequent dispersion of the Jewish people throughout the world. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7189.84848,7287.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRiga is the capital, the primate, and the largest city of Latvia. The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea. Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member. Riga's historical center is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th-century wooden architecture.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7290.0,7306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThere are Jewish federations in most major cities. Their function is to fundraise for the Jewish community centrally and disperse it throughout the Jewish community (locally, nationally and internationally) rather than each Jewish institution trying to raise money individually.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7290.0,7306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKyiv (also known by the Russian spelling, Kiev) was the capital of Ukraine when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. Over 160,000, or 20 percent, of the city’s population was Jewish. Nearly 100,000 Jews had fled Kyiv by the time German forces entered the city on September 19, 1941. The 60,000 who remained were killed in a series of massacres carried out by the Germans and their auxiliaries over the next few months. The most notorious massacre began on September 29, 1941. Over the course of two days, 33,771 Jews were killed in a ravine near Kyiv called “Babi Yar,” in what was one of the largest mass murders at an individual location during World War II.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7290.0,7306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA Jewish Federation (often known as the \"Federation\" or the \"Fed\") is the secular primary Jewish nonprofit organization found within most metropolitan areas (or sometimes states) in North America that host a substantial Jewish community. The national umbrella organization for the federations is the Jewish Federations of North America. The Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta was formally incorporated in 1967 as a merger of three precursor organizations: the Atlanta Federation for Jewish Social Service (founded in 1905), the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund (founded in 1936), and the Atlanta Jewish Community Council (founded in 1945). It is a regional branch of the Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA). The Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta raises funds, which are dispersed throughout the Jewish community. Services also include caring for Jews in need locally and around the world, community outreach, leadership development, and educational opportunities.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7290.0,7306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMinsk is the capital and largest city of Belarus. The city was historically known as Mensk or Menesk, the name appears to derive from the Russian work menyat, which means to barter or to exchange. The city dates back to 1067 and in 1793 became part of the Russian Empire. In 1922, it because the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, later known as the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Minsk became the capital of independent Republic of Belarus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7290.0,7306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKesher\u003c/em\u003e (קֶשֶׁר) is the Hebrew word that translate to connection, tie, bond, or knot. It is frequently used in Jewish education, community organizations, and synagogue names to symbolize building relationships, strengthening Jewish identity, and connecting with Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7309.0,7451.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTikkun olam is a concept in Judaism that refers to actions that can be taken by children and adults that improve the world. It is often synonymous with the idea of social action and pursuit of social justice.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7309.0,7451.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHurricane Katrina was an extremely destructive and deadly Category 5 hurricane that struck the Gulf Coast of the United States in August 2005, causing catastrophic damage from central Florida to eastern Texas. Subsequent flooding caused largely as a result of fatal engineering flaws in the flood protection system around the city of New Orleans, precipitated most of the loss of lives.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7456.0,7476.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Counsel General of Israel is the head of the consulate in the U.S. city where the consulate is located. They oversee the consular services and are primarily focused on administrative and service-related aspects of diplomacy. There are Israel consulates in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7478.0,7545.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShumel Ben-Shumel (b. 1951) is an Israeli career diplomat with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He served as a paratrooper in the IDF and graduated from the Tel-Aviv University. He serviced as Counsel-General in Atlanta, Georgia from 2002-2006. From 2013-2017, he was the Israeli Ambassador to Australia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7478.0,7545.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTzedakah\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: philanthropy and charity] is an ethical obligation that the \u003cem\u003eTorah\u003c/em\u003e mandates, also known as a \u003cem\u003emitzvah\u003c/em\u003e. Many Jews give \u003cem\u003etzedakah\u003c/em\u003e before \u003cem\u003eShabbat \u003c/em\u003eand festivals (such as \u003cem\u003ePurim\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eShavuot\u003c/em\u003e). Its intention is to show the Jewish people's determination to improve the world.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7726.0,7760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMitzvot\u003c/em\u003e are the commandments given by God in the Torah, serving as both divine instructions and acts that connect humans to God.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7761.0,7797.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine is an area in the eastern Mediterranean region. Today, the region is made up of modern Israel and the Palestinian territories of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Beginning in 1920, Great Britain ruled Palestine under a mandate created by the League of Nations. The British were to facilitate the establishment of a modern Jewish homeland. In April 1947, the U.N. General Assembly set up the Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP). This committee recommended that the British mandate over Palestine be ended and that the territory be partitioned into two states. On November 29, 1947, the U.N. General Assembly passed the partition plan. Individuals from Palestine are known as Palestinian.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7797.0,7809.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Gaza Strip or Gaza is the smallest of the two Palestinian territories. It located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Egypt borders it on the southwest and Israel on the east and north. The territory came into being when it was controlled by Egypt during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and became a refuge for Palestinians who fled or were expelled during the 1948 Palestine war. In 1967, Gaza was captured and occupied by Israel, which established a decades-long occupation. The Oslo Accords of the mid-1990s established the Palestinian Authority (PA) as a limited governing authority of Gaza. In 2006, Hamas defeated the secular Fatah party in the election and took over governance of the territory. The territory has been an area of on-going conflict with Israel for decades including the current Israel-Hamas War started on October 7, 2023, when Hamas attacked various areas in southwest Israel.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7809.0,8151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is possible that Kutner is referring to the Palestine Children’s Relief Fund (PCRF). PCRF was founded in 1991 by concerned humanitarians in the United States and is volunteer non-profit organization. The organization provides free medical care to injured and ill children who are not able to receive care from their local heath care system. The organization has also established two pediatric cancer departments in Palestine and a PICU and pediatric cardiology department in Ramallah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=7809.0,8151.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432/annotation_set/2597/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRamallah is a city in the central West Bank, Palestine. It serves as the administrative capital of Palestine, as well as capital of the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/170530/file/309432#t=8153.0,8179.0"}]}]}]}