{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/rb6vx06m4t/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Birnbrey, Henry (2000)"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2000-11-20 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHenry Birnbrey interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on November 20, 2000 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eHenry Birnbrey was born on November 29, 1923 in Dortmund, Germany. He was the only child of Jennie Jacobson and Edmund Birnbrey. His father had served in World War I, had a small textile business, and was active in the Social Democratic Party. After the Nazi Party came to power in the 1930’s and antisemitic actions increased, Henry’s mother began applying for visas for Henry to leave Germany. \u003cbr\u003e            In April 1938, Henry received a visa to the United States and arrived in Birmingham, Alabama. Henry was one of the “One Thousand Children” or “OTC,” which refers to over 1,400 Jewish children who were rescued from Nazi Germany and Nazi-occupied or threatened European countries, and came directly to the United States between 1934 and 1945. In January 1939, Henry settled in Atlanta, Georgia with the family of Fannie Asman and completed high school. Henry’s father died in early 1939 after being arrested and severely beaten on Kristallnacht. Shortly afterward, Henry lost contact with his mother, who also died.\u003cbr\u003e            After World War II began, Henry enlisted in the US Army in 1943. Henry was deployed to England in 1944 and served with the 30th Infantry division in Europe. He participated in the D-Day invasion at Omaha Beach and fought in the Battle of the Bulge. In the spring of 1945, his division crossed the Rhine Rover in Germany and quickly advanced to Magdeburg, Germany on the Elbe River, where they joined Russian forces in April of 1945. In the months immediately following the end of the war in Europe, Henry worked as an interpreter in counter-intelligence interviews. After a short occupation period, he was sent home to the United States with his division in August 1945.\u003cbr\u003e            After he returned to Atlanta, Henry opened an accounting firm and attended law school at Georgia State University. He became active in Zionist organizations supporting the establishment of the state of Israel and in the Jewish community of Atlanta. He was integral in founding the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and supporting the Greenfield Hebrew Academy. Henry married and had four children. He and his wife also raised two children of a cousin. When his wife passed away, he remarried. Together, their family includes eight children and many grandchildren. Henry remained very active in the Atlanta Jewish community and actively shared his experiences with audiences all over the world, including his hometown. Henry passed away on April 6, 2021.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eHenry describes his childhood and family in Dortmund, Germany. He discusses his involvement with Zionist groups, his bar mitzvah, and how life changed after the Nazis came to power. He explains how his father lost his business and how he came to the United States. Henry shares how he learned of his parents’ deaths. He recounts his service with the US Army in Europe during World War II. He details his experiences liberating a train filled with concentration camps survivors and translating as a counter-intelligence officer after the war. Henry reflects on his perspective of Germany and Germans. He shares what his life was like after the war. He describes Atlanta and its Jewish community in the 1940’s. He recounts the Temple bombing in Atlanta, his activism for the establishment of the state of Israel, and his experiences with antisemitism and racism in the United States.  Henry talks about his adopted family, his first wife and their children, raising a cousin’s children, and remarrying. Henry includes his family’s religious practices. The interview closes with his experiences filing reparation claims after the war and his thoughts on Holocaust denial.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/27987"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Holocaust (topical term)","World War II (topical term)","Refugee (topical term)","Germany (geographic term)","Atlanta (Ga.) (geographic term)","Accountant","Restitution (topical term)","Segregation (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eHenry Birnbrey interviewed by John Kent and Ruth Einstein on November 20, 2000 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry Birnbrey was born on November 29, 1923 in Dortmund, Germany. He was the only child of Jennie Jacobson and Edmund Birnbrey. His father had served in World War I, had a small textile business, and was active in the Social Democratic Party. After the Nazi Party came to power in the 1930\u0026rsquo;s and antisemitic actions increased, Henry\u0026rsquo;s mother began applying for visas for Henry to leave Germany.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; In April 1938, Henry received a visa to the United States and arrived in Birmingham, Alabama. Henry was one of the \u0026ldquo;One Thousand Children\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;OTC,\u0026rdquo; which refers to over 1,400 Jewish children who were rescued from Nazi Germany and Nazi-occupied or threatened European countries, and came directly to the United States between 1934 and 1945. In January 1939, Henry settled in Atlanta, Georgia with the family of Fannie Asman and completed high school. Henry\u0026rsquo;s father died in early 1939 after being arrested and severely beaten on Kristallnacht. Shortly afterward, Henry lost contact with his mother, who also died.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; After World War II began, Henry enlisted in the US Army in 1943. Henry was deployed to England in 1944 and served with the 30th Infantry division in Europe. He participated in the D-Day invasion at Omaha Beach and fought in the Battle of the Bulge. In the spring of 1945, his division crossed the Rhine Rover in Germany and quickly advanced to Magdeburg, Germany on the Elbe River, where they joined Russian forces in April of 1945. In the months immediately following the end of the war in Europe, Henry worked as an interpreter in counter-intelligence interviews. After a short occupation period, he was sent home to the United States with his division in August 1945.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; After he returned to Atlanta, Henry opened an accounting firm and attended law school at Georgia State University. He became active in Zionist organizations supporting the establishment of the state of Israel and in the Jewish community of Atlanta. He was integral in founding the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta and supporting the Greenfield Hebrew Academy. Henry married and had four children. He and his wife also raised two children of a cousin. When his wife passed away, he remarried. Together, their family includes eight children and many grandchildren. Henry remained very active in the Atlanta Jewish community and actively shared his experiences with audiences all over the world, including his hometown. Henry passed away on April 6, 2021.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry describes his childhood and family in Dortmund, Germany. He discusses his involvement with Zionist groups, his bar mitzvah, and how life changed after the Nazis came to power. He explains how his father lost his business and how he came to the United States. Henry shares how he learned of his parents\u0026rsquo; deaths. He recounts his service with the US Army in Europe during World War II. He details his experiences liberating a train filled with concentration camps survivors and translating as a counter-intelligence officer after the war. Henry reflects on his perspective of Germany and Germans. He shares what his life was like after the war. He describes Atlanta and its Jewish community in the 1940\u0026rsquo;s. He recounts the Temple bombing in Atlanta, his activism for the establishment of the state of Israel, and his experiences with antisemitism and racism in the United States. \u0026nbsp;Henry talks about his adopted family, his first wife and their children, raising a cousin\u0026rsquo;s children, and remarrying. Henry includes his family\u0026rsquo;s religious practices. The interview closes with his experiences filing reparation claims after the war and his thoughts on Holocaust denial.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/100/304/small/Henry_Birnbrey.png?1619294799","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Birnbrey_Henry.mp4"]},"duration":4518.014,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/100/304/small/Henry_Birnbrey.png?1619294799","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/100/304/original/Birnbrey_Henry.mp4?1603978026","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4518.014,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Henry Birnbrey [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KENT: Please give your name, and when, and where you were born.\n\nBIRNBREY: My name is Henry Birnbrey. I was born in Dortmund, Germany.\nInterestingly enough, the day I was born [November 29, 1923] was the day that\nthe German inflation reached its peak. My father [Edmund Birnbrey] had found or\ngotten a two and a half dollar gold piece during his service in World War I.\nThat two and half dollars was the cost of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"birth--hospitals, doctors and\neverything involved with it. I am also happy to say that, as far as Jewish\nhistory is concerned, my date of birth also came [on] the day of the famous\nUnited Nation partition [plan] for the state of Israel. My birthday's almost the\nsame as the birthday of the state of Israel.\n\nKENT: Can you describe what your world was like before the war?\n\nBIRNBREY: Before the war, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were middle class people. My father was a merchant.\nHe had a store, a commissary that he operated for a labor union. He also had a\ncircle of customers in another town that he used to sell things to. My father\nhad been a World War I veteran. He was very active in German politics in the\nSocial Democratic party. As a matter of fact, he even had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made campaign speeches\nfor one of the people running for President of Germany. We lived in a nice\napartment. We had help in the house. We were not millionaires--We did not have a\ncar, but a lot of people didn't have a car--but we had people working in the\nhouse. Our city had a Jewish public school, which I attended. In our city, all\nkids went to school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"according to their faith. We had a Catholic school, a\nProtestant school, and a Jewish school, and none of them mixed. In this Jewish\nschool, we had education in the general studies as well as in Judaic studies\nalmost similar to the day schools of today, except we didn't quite have the\n50-50 split of Judaica to general studies. Our synagogue was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonderful,\nmagnificent looking building, which was later destroyed on Kristallnacht. I was\nbar mitvahed in this synagogue. Things went fairly well with us until [Adolf]\nHitler came into power [in 1933]. We saw an immediate change in the population.\nThere was a lot of antisemitism starting almost in the early days of the Nazi\nperiod [1933-1945]. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I witnessed the burning of the books, which was the first\nNazi event in most cities. I happened to be at the square where the books were\nbeing burned on a bonfire. I witnessed even as a child when some Orthodox Jews\nwere taken on the street, had their beards shaven off, and were forced to clean\nthe street with toothbrushes. It was very degrading. It made a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very lasting\nimpression on me as a child. The neighborhood was placarded with these boxes,\nwhich featured the anti-Jewish publication, Der Sturmer, which was a publication\nput out by Joseph Goebbels. It was difficult for a child to walk by there and\nsee all these antisemitic caricatures. In a very short period of time, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neighbors\nwould not associate with us. The children couldn't play with me anymore. It was\na very quick change. In 1936, I was bar mitzvahed. By then, some of our\nrelatives had already made aliyah to [Palestine]. We no longer could afford a\nbig party. I still have a photograph of my bar mitzvah party with ten young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men\ncoming over for lunch. It was nothing like the galas that we have here today. In\nabout 1937, my father was working in a small town near Dortmund. He visited a\ncustomer and told him he couldn't deliver certain piece goods that this customer\nhad ordered. The customer's son, who was a [Nazi] Party member, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tried to force\nmy father to make a statement against the government. [He] kept asking him, \"Do\nyou think the German government is at fault for you not being able to deliver\nthose piece goods?\" My father said, \"No, no, no.\" Nevertheless, this young man\nswore out that my father had spoken against the State and my father was\narrested. We did not know anything about his arrest. We knew that he didn't come\nhome that night. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother [Jennie Jacobson] and I spent about 24 hours at the\ntrain station, looking at every train to see if he was coming in. About two or\nthree days later, we found out that he had gotten arrested. The father of this\nperson who accused him, testified on behalf of my father. The judge was an old\nfriend of my father's. The judge took my father aside and told him, \"What I'm\ngoing to ask you to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is just not come back to this city [and] abandon your\nbusiness here, so that they think I sent you off to a concentration camp.\" My\nfather was spared the misery of a concentration camp, but had to abandon his\nbusiness. From then on, things went downhill fast for us financially. We were\nvery cognizant of what was going on. As children, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affiliated with Zionist\norganizations for the purpose of making aliyah. Some of us were able to go on a\nHakshiva, which was a preparation place for aliyah to [Palestine]. We got very\ninvolved in learning Hebrew and what we had to do if we finally got in to\nPalestine. My mother actually signed me up for a visa to New Zealand, to the\nUnited States, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Palestine, hoping that one of the three would come\nthrough. The week that Hitler invaded Austria, the Jewish organizations got very\nconcerned that this may be a war and that this may cause the borders to close.\nThey got some emergency affidavits to the United States. I left my home on about\n24 hours ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"notice. I was told that I could go to the United States. All I had to\ndo was go to the American Consulate in Stuttgart, which was in southern Germany.\nHere I was fourteen years old and I had to go by myself to Stuttgart to be\nexamined. In those days, the United States would not admit anyone who had any\nkind of illness--even if it was a cold. Then I had to go from Stuttgart to\nHamburg, where I joined some other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids and we had a mini-Kindertransport to the\nUnited States. I arrived in the United States in April of 1938. I was sponsored\nby the American Council of Jewish Women's Birmingham [Alabama] chapter. I spent\nnine months in Birmingham, Alabama and then moved to Atlanta [Georgia] in\nJanuary of 1939. Meanwhile, in November of 1938 was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infamous Kristallnacht\nin Germany, in which our synagogue was burned down. I did not find out all of\nthe details until much later, but the moment I came to Atlanta, I was notified\nthat my father was dead. Only years later did I piece together exactly what\nhappened to him. As a matter of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact, when I filed a restitution claim for my\nfather's life, the court said that everything I said was a lie. This was a\npost-World War II court. They said I had no evidence, and there was no evidence\nin Germany that he got killed, and my whole tale was a lie. What we found out\n[was] that my father got beaten up very bad on Kristallnacht. It was so bad that\nhe needed to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospitalized. No German hospitals would admit a Jew. At the end\nof January, a Catholic hospital in a suburb finally admitted him. A few days\nlater, he died. I knew that much of the story, but still did not know the whole\nthing. Two years ago, I was back in Dortmund. I've been there a number of times\nsince World War II. I did some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"research on my own. There was a notorious SS jail\nin Dortmund, which was headed by Klaus Barbi--the same person who was later the\n'Butcher of Lyon.' This [was] where he did his experiments. I found the records\nof where my father actually had been there. The only thing [I can say] in\ndefense of the court is they may have been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over-technical or just did it on\npurpose . . . My name is spelled B-I-R-N. On the documents it was spelled\nB-I-E-R-N and the rest the same way. The court could have said there was no\nB-I-R-N Birnbrey there to call me a liar. I found out that he was actually in\nthis jail where all this torture was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"documented since then. He died as a result\nof it. He was one of the about a hundred people in Germany who died on\nKristallnacht or as a result of Kristallnacht. My mother passed away a few\nmonths later. I never did find out exactly how and why, but she died shortly\nthereafter. I lost both of my parents at age fifteen, within the same year, and\nhad to say ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaddish for about 18 months. I have gotten very interested in\ngenealogy and Holocaust research. I've been back to Dortmund a number of times\nsince World War II. Last year, I actually spoke at a high school in Dortmund,\nwhich got a lot of publicity both on television and in newspapers. All of a\nsudden, a lot of people came out of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"woods that used to know us, and wanted\nto reestablish contact, and so on. During World War II, I wanted to get to our\nhometown, but I could not because the British Army was over there and we were a\nlittle south of there. My experience as a soldier I think is worth mentioning.\nFirst of all, we were in the neighborhood of Magdeburg [Germany] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on\nreconnaissance. We [smelled] this horrible odor. We didn't know what was\nhappening. It turned out to be one of the freight trains full of Jews being\nshipped from one concentration camp to another. Therefore, I was able to\npersonally witness this terrible inhumanity that was taking place. All of these\nwere my fellow Jews, and brothers, and everything else . . . They were almost .\n. . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had been reduced to such a non-human state it was impossible to\ncommunicate with them. All we could do was to try to get them food and ask for\nhelp. There was nothing we could do. These people were half dead [and] half\ncrazy. They'd been locked in these cars. They'd lie on the floor. It was just a\nhorrible thing to witness and something I'll never forget as long as I live.\nLater, I saw some smaller ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentration camps that were liberated. I didn't get\nto any of the large ones. Because I was able to speak German, the Army asked me\nto become a counter-intelligence agent. I interrogated a lot of civilians, and\nformer members of the Army, and servicemen during the war. I always like to tell\npeople this because it shows the whole German psyche, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the whole way they feel\nabout things. I never talked to a prisoner who had just been captured fighting\nthe Americans whose first words were not, \"I did not fight on the Western front.\nI only fought out on the Eastern front in Russia. I never fought the Americans.\nI just was against Communism.\" Over and over again, you'd here the same denial\neverywhere you went. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We captured a fellow who was involved in the V-2 [rockets].\n[He had been] one of the scientist in the big V-2 [rocket production]. I did not\nwant to let on that I could speak German while we were talking to him, but I\nknew that every intellectual German who had a college education, knew French and\nEnglish because I was part of the German educational system. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the men\nsaid, \"Why don't we just kill the son of a bitch?\" All of a sudden, [the German]\nspoke in the most perfect English that you ever wanted to hear. Much to my\ndisgust, a week later I read in the newspaper that he was working in Huntsville,\nAlabama with all of the other scientists. My mother was one of ten children. My\nfather had two brothers. We had lots of cousins. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've been very involved in\ngenealogy. Out of my mother's entire family, two first cousins survived. That's\nchildren of the ten siblings that she had. They survived because they made\naliyah to Israel. On my father's side, I found one cousin. Just two years ago,\nby looking in the telephone book in Berlin [Germany], I found the widow of\nanother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cousin. These are all of this entire family that survived World War II.\nMy father's family was all . . . As a matter of fact, I read in a document\nrecently that this was the first town that evacuated the Jews. He was born in\nStettin, in eastern Germany, in Pomerania. They were the first Jewish community\nthat was taken--transported en masse--to Poland. They were all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"killed there. My\nmother's family: most of them died at Auschwitz-Birkenau. I don't know what else\nto add.\n\nKENT: I have so many things to ask.\n\nBIRNBREY: Go ahead.\n\nKENT: What was your understanding of the German psyche, and how and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why that developed?\n\nBIRNBREY: First of all, there was latent antisemitism through the Church that\nhas always been there. Everybody knew it. Martin Luther certainly made many\nantisemitic statements. The Catholic Church was involved in many antisemitic\nacts. But the way that Hitler got into power was probably still because of\ndefeat in World War I. The Germans wanted to get back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their prior greatness\nand so on. Hitler was the vehicle to get them started and, of course, the\nscapegoats were the Jews. [We were] a very easy scapegoat because the church had\npreached it. There's not much to add. [The Jews were] just a very convenient\nscapegoat. One thing you've got to understand and we knew that as children:\nGermans love ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uniforms; they love flags; they love militarism and marching. These\nwere all natural things for them. The Treaty of Versailles made them reduce all\nof this for a while. There was a lot of agitation that would get back to it.\nI'll tell you a story. My father, in one of his political speeches, spoke about\na guy that later became a Nazi hero, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the name of [Albert Leo] Schlageter . .\n. Schlageter became a very big hero in the Nazi lineage. What Schlageter had\ndone [was] he either derailed or bombed a French freight train during the French\noccupation. The right wing made him a national hero and the left wing said that\nhe made things worse on us. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My father made a speech that this guy really hurt\nus; he didn't help us. [My father] got beaten up at this rally by some right\nwing people. The Germans have not changed that much. Things that they're not\nproud of, they like to forget. The Holocaust was not taught in schools until the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Holocaust\" movie appeared on television and children started asking questions.\nThis movie that was produced in America had the biggest impact on Holocaust\neducation in Germany. When I spoke to the school [in Dortmund] last year, I was\nabsolutely shocked at some of the questions that children asked me because it\nwas just never discussed. Just like [the Germans I interviewed after the war]\nsaid, \"My son did not fight on the Western front. He only fought on the Russian\nfront.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They never admit their bad side. It's a disease. There are some people\nthat I am in contact with that are fighting it. There's a very active group of\npeople. They're called the Christian-Jewish . . . I can't think of the exact\nname, but they are doing research and they want to educate the masses. It's an\nuphill battle. What you have [is] the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generation that I'm a part of and might be\nfive or ten years older than me is slowly dying off. They're the generation\nthat's carrying that guilt and they don't want to admit it. It's a tough call.\nIt's a very tough call.\n\nKENT: What was your outlook at the time of liberation and the end of the war?\nYou had no parents . . .\n\nBIRNBREY: I had no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents and I started searching for family. I knew [about]\nthe two cousins on my mother's side and I thought that the cousin on my father's\nside had survived but I didn't know where or how. I advertised on Kol Yisrael,\nwhich is the Israeli radio network. After the third attempt, she showed up. I\nwanted to have nothing to do with Germany for a while. As a matter of fact, I\nwas one of the last people to file a restitution claim for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself. I just didn't\nwant to deal with them, but then I figured, \"What the hell. They owe me,\"\nalthough I didn't get anything. I represented about 75 clients in their\nrestitution cases--most of them were concentration camp witnesses, but I still\ndid not want to go to Germany. Then finally, when my aunt--who was not a blood\naunt, I call her ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'aunt'--told me about the burial of my father and mother and\nexplained it to me, I decided to go to Germany to search for the burial spot.\nWhen I found it, I bought some headstones according to Jewish law. I never will\nforget: when I got there, the guy quoted me a price. I said, \"Fine. It's good.\"\nThen he said, \"But I have to charge you tax on it.\" I exploded. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wife thought\nI was going to have a heart attack. I said in some very unkind language, \"You\nmean you people killed my parents and now you want me to pay a tax?\" I refused\nto pay it. I guess the merchant absorbed it in his price, but I paid only the\noriginal price. Then, I'll tell you something interesting. The city took me on a\ntour of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city. They showed me the new Opera House. I said, \"You know, this\nOpera House is where our synagogue used to be.\" When the mayor asked me how our\ntour went, again I used some very tough language. I said, \"You know, you\nbastards burned our synagogue down and there's not even a plaque marking that\nthis is where the synagogue used to be.\" When I came back a year later, there\nwas a beautiful marker there to remember the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"synagogue that was there. We also .\n. . Interestingly enough, [the synagogue had] hired a Chazzan, a Cantor, who was\na singer in the Cologne [Germany] Opera. Of course, when Jews had to leave these\nkinds of positions, he applied for this job as a Cantor. We used to see on many\nShabbatzim [Yiddish: Jewish Sabbath day] that non-Jews would sneak into the\nsynagogue just to hear him sing for free. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People who wanted to hear his voice or\nhad heard about him came just to hear his voice. Then they'd sneak back out.\nThere was some of those kind of people, too.\n\nKENT: How much time did you spend in Europe after the war?\n\nBIRNBREY: As a soldier, none. I mean I was on occupation duty from May [1945]\nuntil August or September [1945]. I don't remember exactly, but I've been back\nabout seven or eight times since then.\n\nKENT: You went back to the United States in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1945?\n\nBIRNBREY: As a soldier, yes, and I lived here before then.\n\nKENT: How did you continue with your life after that?\n\nBIRNBREY: I opened this accounting office in 1946. Then, under the GI Bill, I\ncontinued and went to law school and became an attorney as well. From day one, I\nbecame very active and involved in Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affairs. First, I was very active\nnationally in the Zionist movements, then with the [Jewish] Federation. I've\nbeen on the board since the Federation began. I'm an original board member.\n\nKENT: What was the Jewish community like in the mid-1940's in Atlanta?\n\nBIRNBREY: It was totally ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different. First of all, we had about 3,000 or 3,500\nJews. There was very little affiliation between the Orthodox and Reform Jews, or\nGerman Jews, or Eastern European Jews. There was very little contact. The only\nmeeting ground was the Federation because both [the Orthodox and Reform\ncommunity] had been involved there for many years. There were no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day schools, of\ncourse. We tried to have a community afternoon school, which I was very much\ninvolved in [and] which succeeded for about five or six years, but fell apart\nbecause of synagogue politics. Most of our Jewish life was at the Jewish\nEducational Alliance, which preceded the Jewish Community Center, which was on\nCapital Avenue. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our life as kids very much revolved around basketball, and\nparties and dances. The only thing that made us a little bit different were our\nactivities on behalf of Palestine. We all went out and solicited names and\npetitions to ask for a Jewish state in Palestine, to ask people to support it.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most [Jewish] people then lived on the south side, in the neighborhood where the\nFulton County Stadium or Turner Field [were]. I lived where that hotel used to\nbe . . . I forget. It used to be a Howard Johnson's. It's something else now. By\nTurner Field, there's a little hotel that faces the expressway. That's exactly\nwhere I lived. Rabbi [Harry] Epstein lived about a half a block from there.\nNearly the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole Jewish community lived in that area. We had four high schools:\na girls' high school and a boys' high school, which was for strictly boys or\nstrictly girls; Tech High School, which was technical training; and Commercial\nHigh, which was co-ed. Commercial High was probably 50 percent Jewish. I know\nwhen I go to some of the high school reunions, it seems like 85 percent of the\nSephardic community particularly attends ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that reunion. We had three Jewish\nsocial clubs. The Standard Club was already in existence there. The Standard\nClub and the Progressive Club were both on Pryor Street. Then we had the Mayfair\nClub. Of course, now we have only the Standard Club. The Progressive Club had a\nvery famous basketball team of natural stature. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Synagogues . . . we had three or\nfour synagogues. Ahavath Achim was here, the Temple, Shearith Israel, and the Or\nVeshalom, and the Anshi S'fard. These were our synagogues in Atlanta. Every Jew\nknew each other. I think we knew the entire Jewish community. Then after World\nWar II, a lot of us veterans got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very involved in veterans affairs only because\nof the Temple bombing. I don't know if you've heard of the Columbians. There was\na real Nazi group that started in Atlanta that was going to wipe out the Jews\nand blacks and all that. All of us veterans went to their big rally one time. We\ndecided to go an hour early and take all the seats so nobody could get in, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which\nensued into a fight. Then the state closed them down and then the bombing of the\nTemple occurred by the same group. We, as veterans, were very involved in that.\nWe also . . . When they had parades on national holidays, very often the Ku Klux\nKlan in full regalia would be part of the patriotic parades.\n\nKENT: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did you substitute for a family then?\n\nBIRNBREY: I was very fortunate. I was placed with a family by the social workers\nof the former Jewish Family Children's Service. I became part of that family and\nstill am with . . . they're my cousins, and my brothers, and sisters. We're ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very\nclose. I've been very fortunate in that respect and where I was taken in and the\nway it worked.\n\nKENT: When you saw that train full of dying Jewish prisoners, how did that\naffect you?\n\nBIRNBREY: It was something I could never get out of my mind. The stench, the way\nthese people--you hate to use this word, but--almost were like animals, the way\nthey were.\n\nKENT: Did you make that connection that that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could have been you if you had stayed?\n\nBIRNBREY: Probably, yes. It was a tremendous shock. The people that were in my\nJeep with me were all non-Jewish and they went to pieces. Later, what happened\nwhen this medical group came over, this head of this medical unit went to a\nvillage and evacuated the entire German population of that village and\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"established a temporary hospital out of that village. I didn't see that; I just\nheard it. I never saw it.\n\nKENT: How did you meet your wife?\n\nBIRNBREY: Interestingly enough, I met my wife at a young Zionists convention. I\nwas President of the Southern region of Massada, which was a young [men's]\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zionist group. She was active in Young Haddassa. We had a convention in\nBirmingham, Alabama. That's where we met and got married. My wife passed away in\n1988. I've since then remarried. We have four children and fifteen\ngrandchildren. I figure that's one way of making Jewish life go on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and continue.\nMy whole activity in those years was involved in Zionist meetings, and Zionist\nconventions, and traveling from city to city to organize young people to support\nthe Zionist movement.\n\nKENT: What is it about the Jewish culture and Jewish religion that is personally\nmeaningful to you?\n\nBIRNBREY: This is a difficult thing for me to explain; ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially to my friends\nand people I go to synagogue with. We belonged to a synagogue in Germany that\nwas considered Reform. Yet, the service--with one exception--was exactly like\nthe service I go to in my Orthodox synagogue, Beth Jacob, where I belong today.\nThe only difference ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was we had an organ. Other than that, it was entirely\nidentical--men and women were sat separately; we wore tallit; the service was in\nHebrew. When I came to the United States, I didn't fit anywhere. The [American]\nCouncil of Judaism in Birmingham was a Reform oriented group and they wanted me\nto start going to a Reform temple, which was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very difficult for me to understand\nand accept. Of course . . . the Reform movement in the South was very different\nfrom the Reform movement outside of the South. The Southern Reform movement was\nprimarily very anti-Zionist. It was a base for the Council of Judaism, which was\nthe anti-Zionist group that adopted the Pittsburg Platform, et ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cetera. Really on\nmy own, I got very interested in and involved in Jewish things. I was the\nco-founder of a Conservative synagogue in Atlanta that no longer exists . . .\nThe more I kept learning, the further I got, I eventually affiliated with the\nOrthodox ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"movement. I've been learning Talmud for thirty-five or forty years now.\nI have a feeling for it. My parents on the other hand--while we were synagogue\ngoers, we did not observe kashrut. We ate a lot of things that were very\nun-kosher . . . but, on the other hand, we were synagogue attenders. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I had\nmy bar mitzvah, for example, it was totally the opposite of what I've\nexperienced in the United States. Kids didn't have the Jewish education they\nhave to day. Kids at a bar mitzvah . . . read from the haftarah and not from the\nTorah. In Germany, I read the entire Torah portion but never did a haftarah. I\nlearned how to read a Torah as a child in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany. This custom was totally\nunheard of in the United States. Through the fact that I've always been\naffiliated in . . . had such a deep interest in Jewish [religion], it's just\nguided my whole life. For twenty or thirty years, my main activity has been with\nthe Greenfield Hebrew Academy.\n\nKENT: With studying the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Talmud for thirty or forty years, how do you fit the\nHolocaust into that? How do you integrate that?\n\nBIRNBREY: You can't. Last week on Friday, I was giving the [parshah] ha-Shavua\n. . . Every Friday at our dinner table . . . every Friday night. I've done it\nforever. Last week we were reading the story of Sodom and Gomorrah. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mentioned\nthat that is the parshah that was read following Kristallnacht. The Jews who\ncould go to service--most of them had their synagogues burned--but those who\ncould go and hear the Torah read, that's what they read. What Sodom and Gomorrah\nreally tells us is that our Jewish life has ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be so exemplary, so special that\nwe don't have any more Sodoms. Of course, Germany was a Sodom also. What\nhappened with Abraham's [nephew, Lot, who chose to move to] Sodom, is he wanted\nto get away from Jewish life. He was affluent. He was looking for a different\nsociety really. Abraham gave him the chance to be with him, but he wanted to\nlive there. I still feel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that somewhere out there, you can't explain the\nHolocaust. There's no way you can explain. Some people went away from Judaism\ntotally and others got closer to it because of it. But when you see how we\nsurvived, and the state of Israel was created, and so on, you've got to feel\nthat perhaps there was a purpose. Perhaps . . . I don't know.\n\nKENT: Your trips back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany have been in recent years. How extensive do you\nthink the remorse and the learning has been?\n\nBIRNBREY: I've asked the same question that you just did and I don't know. There\nare some people who are so sincere. I have one lady in particular whom I hear\nfrom constantly. She's spending her entire ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wherewithal, her entire time, her\neverything on redressing this. Every place that there's even any inkling of\nantisemitism, she's out there protesting. She's out there getting people\ntogether. But it's hard to gauge. It's so hard to . . . The question really is:\nIf Germany had won the war, what would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be the attitude today? Because,\nadmittedly, there are a lot of people who the only thing they're sorry for is\nthey lost the war. Every time we see people, we ask the same question. I can't\ngive you an honest answer. It's very difficult . . . Suppose I meet a person\nyour age. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is he going to say, \"My father was a murderer?\" Does he want to say,\n\"My father was a murderer?\" It's a tough call.\n\nKENT: Let's switch back to your life in America. Tell more about what life was\nlike in Atlanta in the early days, and how you pieced your career together, and\nso on.\n\nBIRNBREY: When I came here, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was being supported by the community, which just\nwent completely against my nature, so I immediately got a job. The first\nSaturday I worked as a clerk in a clothing store near Five Points, I made $2.30.\nI always remember that number. I went to work at eight in the morning and got\nhome about midnight. I was getting five ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"percent of what I sold. I've held jobs\never since and gone to school. What happened is [that] in Germany, some of our\neducation was so far ahead of American education--particularly in\nmathematics--they didn't have a math class to put me in when I was fourteen\nyears old. When ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they gave me tests and credits, the last years of high school, I\nwent to school one or two hours a day, mainly in English courses--English\nliterature and so on. I worked the rest of the day. I always held down part-time\njobs--first in a pawnshop; then in a wholesale dress house. Then I went to work\nfor an accountant and learned a trade, so to speak. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to Georgia State\n[University] at night. Georgia State was where the . . . Tabernacle on Lucky\nStreet is, where the kids go for concerts now. That was Georgia State.\n\nEINSTEIN: The Rialto?\n\nBIRNBREY: No, not the Rialto. Further down, about five blocks away from there. I\nknow some of my grandchildren go there for concerts. That was Georgia State. I\nwent there and took accounting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"courses. When I got back [from World War II], I\ntook an exam and started practicing. The guy I worked for left Atlanta because\nhis parents ran a chicken farm in New Jersey. They were very busy with the war\neffort and they needed all the help they could get. They made him back up there\nand work for them. I didn't have a job, so I just started out on my own.\n\n[Atlanta] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a very small town. I tell my kids, for example, I dated a Jewish\ngirl who lived on a farm, which is [now] the corner of Dunwoody [Road] and Mount\nVernon [Road] . . . I used to go out to the farm to pick her up.\n\nKENT: How would you describe the attitude towards black people in those days?\n\nBIRNBREY: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was a . . . I don't know how to say that. It took many years for\nme to comprehend it. When I first came to Birmingham and I saw the word\n\"colored,\" I didn't know what colored meant. When I saw the two water fountains\nand the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two entrances in every business--the entrance for blacks or colored and\nfor white, and the segregated . . . Let me go back a little further. I landed in\nNew York [City, New York] in April of 1938. A social worker took me on a train\nfrom New York to Birmingham. We stopped a little bit south of Washington [D.C.]\nand I didn't know what was happening. I didn't understand it, but all the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blacks\nhad to go to one side of the train and the whites to the other side of the\ntrain. This social worker took a piece of paper out and tried to teach me about\nthe Mason-Dixon line in two easy lessons. I never could comprehend it until many\nyears later. That was my first experience. This Jewish social worker was trying\nto explain to me what was taking place south of Washington D.C. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first time I\nsat next to a black person was when Jackie Robinson played in Atlanta. We had a\ntriple-A team here in Atlanta and they had an exhibit with the [Brooklyn]\nDodgers. [Robinson] said the only way he would play was if the stadium was\nintegrated. That's the first time I sat next to a black person. Then as an\naccountant, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got involved in the Southern Regional Council. If you read your\nhistory of the integration . . . the black-white problem, you'll find out that\nthe Southern Regional Council is the granddaddy of all the organizations. I was\nthe accountant, but then I was invited to go to board meetings to give the\nfinancial report. The Southern Regional ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Council believed in two things: one, in\nequality between the races and to upgrade the status of the white tenant farmer.\nThey thought if they didn't get the white tenant farmer in a better position,\nthis thing would never end. The Southern Regional Council was the sole\norganization that was responsible for the first black policeman in Atlanta. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\nwas at those meeting when it took place. Eleanor Roosevelt was on our board of\ndirectors. That's another story. When I was sixteen or fifteen . . . I can't\ntell you when it was. Wait a minute; I can tell you exactly when it was. It was\nafter Hitler invaded Poland, which was in September 1939. About a month or two\nlater, I became a delegate for Fulton County, Atlanta ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Junior Red Cross to\ngo to the American Red Cross Convention. Here I was, sixteen years old [and] two\nyears in the country, invited to a tea party by Eleanor Roosevelt. I was in the\nRose Garden of the White House. I had breakfast with the Vice-President [John\nNance] Garner--Cactus Jack Garner. It was the thrill of a lifetime for somebody\nin my position. It's something I never will forget. Then I met Eleanor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roosevelt\nlater with the Southern Regional Council. I got very involved in that and very\ninterested in that. Actually, that opened my eyes to what was going on much more\nthan anything else. The Southern Regional Council was mainly supported by some\nof the more liberal churches and had a very fine staff. They had blacks and\nwhites working together. This was way before integration took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place. At first, I\njust didn't comprehend the whole thing. Of course, we participated in it. When\nyou got on the bus, there was a pecking order: first, ladies--white ladies,\nwhite men; black ladies; black men. You stood in line [but] you got on the bus\nin that order, no matter who was first and who was last. That was just the way\nit was.\n\nKENT: What was your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opinion about it personally?\n\nBIRNBREY: As I said, at first, when I lived in Birmingham, I don't think I\nreally comprehended it. World War II is when I really started feeling it. I got\ndischarged from the Army. I was sent back from Fort Jackson to Atlanta. Five of\nus took a taxicab. There were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three rednecks--I'm using that term purposely.\nThey were genuine rednecks--myself, and a black soldier. We stopped at Costa's\nDrug Store in Athens [Georgia]. We wanted to get a bite. Costa wouldn't let that\nblack soldier in. Those rednecks nearly killed the guy in the drug store. They\nwere so upset. The same people who were probably brought up being ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against blacks\nsaw a fellow soldier being denied service. They were vicious, violent about it.\nBut the Army was segregated. Every outfit was completely segregated so I've got\nto admit I didn't experience it or really have a feeling until the war was over,\nI think.\n\nKENT: Was there any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rationale given in the Army about why it was segregated?\n\nBIRNBREY: The Southern senators and congressmen ran every military committee in\n[the United States] Congress. [Carl] Vinson, for example, ran the Armed Services\ncommittee forever. Senator [Walter] George . . . The Southern Democrats ran the\nCongress in those days. I think [Dwight D.] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eisenhower was the one who\ndesegregated it after World War II, when he was President.\n\nKENT: How would you describe the attitude toward Jewish people or Jewish culture here?\n\nBIRNBREY: When I came to Birmingham, I was the first Jewish person to come out\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany to Birmingham. I became a centerpiece. Every Sunday, I was talking in\nchurch and I could even speak English hardly. There was a lot of interest in it.\nI did not experience a whole lot of antisemitism. There was always some. I mean\nI experienced some in the Army, some in Atlanta, some in business even, but on\nthe whole, not a heck of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot.\n\nKENT: Can you describe what kind of philosophy or worldview you picked up from\nyour parents?\n\nBIRNBREY: Probably very little. I was too young to be involved in those things.\nI think whatever I picked up I picked up on my own later, I'm afraid to say.\n\nKENT: How would you describe your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"personality and nature as a teenager?\n\nBIRNBREY: When I first came over, obviously your first objective is to\nassimilate, to be like everybody else. Only through my exposure to these other\nthings--in particular the Zionist youth groups--did I change any. My first goal\nwas to be like everybody else--learn ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how to Jitterbug, to play basketball . . .\nAll these things were important. This happened to the many Jews who assimilated\nin prior generations because their first goal was to make a living. That's why\nmany Orthodox people gave up the Shabbat, gave up this, and gave up that. It's\nbecause your first goal is to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survive. I guess I wasn't any different.\n\nKENT: Sounds like you were unusually outgoing and confident to join all the\ncommittees, and start programs, and be a delegate. How is that you could be like that?\n\nBIRNBREY: I don't know. It's just some people . . . Everybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looks for things\nto get their kicks I guess. It could also be being with people who are\ninterested in that sort of stuff, who had an interest.\n\nKENT: How did you go about learning to be a father and to be a family man, since\nyour own childhood was cut short like that?\n\nBIRNBREY: I may not have learned it yet. I don't know.\n\nKENT: I'll interview your kids on that one.\n\nBIRNBREY: Yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'll have to ask them. I don't know, but I think that's\nsomething everybody has to learn. Necessity is the best teacher.\n\nKENT: Describe your adoptive family--who they were and what that was like for you.\n\nBIRNBREY: This was a widow who had two children. She happened to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be . . . In\nthose days, her family was the largest Jewish family in Atlanta as far as\nnumbers. She was related to almost everybody in town. Because of her\npersonality, her house was always the center of family meetings and\nget-togethers. I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accepted.\n\nKENT: Which family?\n\nBIRNBREY: Her name was Fannie Asman, but you wouldn't know her by that name. You\nknow the Lichtenstein's that are involved in the Federation [and] the\nAlterman's? All of these people were family. Meyer Balser was a cousin. I\n[could] go on and on. They used to go to her house to . . . meet. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She just sort\nof had that kind of personality. [Fanny] had a daughter and a son. The son went\ninto [military] service when I did. When he came out, he made aliyah to Israel,\nfought in the War of Independence, and then became a professor at Hebrew\nUniversity. We're just like brothers. The daughter lived all over the United\nStates and retired to Atlanta about five years ago, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basically because of me.\nShe's a widow now. It was a very interesting household. I guess I was just very\nlucky that it happened to me.\n\nKENT: What was it like to go to Germany as a soldier, considering what had\nhappened just a few years earlier?\n\nBIRNBREY: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This question was asked of me all the time by non-Jews. They couldn't\nunderstand. [They wondered,] \"How could you fight against the homeland?\" To me\nit was an absolute pleasure to do this. I was turned down for military service\nbecause, under the law, I was an enemy alien. I had a German passport. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had to\nfile a Presidential appeal to get into the Army. I had no question that's what I\nwanted to do, that's what I ought to do, and that's where I ought to be. I was\nat Normandy. \u003cPoints off camera\u003e That's my original Normandy invasion map. I had\nto do it. Even today every once in awhile, non-Jews can't understand it. [They\nask,] \"How could you fight against your homeland?\" To me, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was not even a\nquestion. I met a number of boys who had come over from Germany and we were all\nin the service. We were all glad to be there.\n\nKENT: Talk about your wife and kids. What are they like?\n\nBIRNBREY: My wife passed away in 1988. By profession, she was a journalist ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but\nnever practiced it when we started having children. She was also a musician. She\nplayed in the Birmingham Symphony and then in Atlanta, she played in some\namateur symphonies. She actually had as much or more of this Jewishness than I\ndid in terms of observing, and practicing, and so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on. My oldest daughter made\naliyah to Israel in 1976. She opened up a bookstore in Jerusalem. It became very\nfamous. It's still written up in all the tour books. When my wife got sick, she\ncame back to Atlanta. She's been here ever since. She and her husband are in the\nlibrary manufacturing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business. They manufacture library supplies. They have\nthree children. Their oldest son is now at a Yeshiva and wants to become an\nOrthodox rabbi. They're very involved in the Jewish High School. They're in\nleadership positions there and [are] also involved in the Hebrew Academy. My\nson-in-law is assistant lay rabbi in the synagogue. When the rabbi goes on\nvacation, he takes over, reads the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Torah, and so on. My number two son is in the\naccounting firm with us. He has four children. He went to the University of\nGeorgia. My oldest daughter, incidentally, went to Washington University in St.\nLouis [Missouri] and the Hebrew University. My number three child is another\nson. He's a CEO of a big . . . regional real estate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"company. He has three\nchildren. My youngest daughter is an artist. She's married to an attorney. They\nboth live a very Orthodox life. They also have five children. I'll tell you an\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting story on Judaica. When the Coca Cola Company had the split off with\nCoca Cola and Coca Cola Enterprises many years ago, it was one of the major\nstock issues in this country. [My son-in-law] handled that whole stock issue.\nThey were his client. When all this was going on, they had an emergency meeting\non Shabbat. Because of him, they changed it to a Sunday. [That] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shows it can be\ndone. You can lead a Jewish life and Jewish existence and pursue your affairs.\nThen on top of the four children, we adopted--not adopted, we signed an\naffidavit for--the children of a Cuban cousin during the [Fidel] Castro thing,\nso we took in two more children.\n\nBIRNBREY: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When Castro came in power, one of my cousins wanted out. He couldn't\nget out. When he wanted help for the children, I said, \"Without any question,\nwe've got to take them because I remember my own parents . . .\" When I tried to\nget an affidavit for my mother in Birmingham, nobody would sign an affidavit. I\nwent as a fourteen-year-old kid, trying to get people to sign an affidavit and\nnobody would sign anything. Next thing I knew, she died. Without any hesitation,\nwe took in these two girls. They're living in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta. Then in 1990, I got\nmarried again. This woman and her husband were best friends with my first wife\nand myself. Her husband died also. The children had known each other for thirty\nyears. They were always good friends. She has four children also; so now we have\neight children, eight [daughter- and son-]in-laws, and twenty-five grandchildren\nbetween the two of us . . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I forget what your question was.\n\nKENT: Just who was in your family. What would you say you've accomplished in\nyour work in the last fifty years that you are proud of?\n\nBIRNBREY: I don't know. I guess most of it's what I've done for the Hebrew\nAcademy in terms of helping it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grow [and] a number of things I've done for the\nFederation. I've held every office over there at one time or another. I never\nwas President but I was acting President while the President was overseas for\nthree months. I started a lot of policies at the Federation that are still in\nexistence. I chaired the first committee for what is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now the Jewish Vocational\nService. I chaired the first committee for what is now for the Retarded\nChildren. I chaired the committee that began the Jewish Educational Service. I\nchanged the policy at the Federation of gifts in kind. A number of things are\nstill here that I began, but most of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"activity has been for the Hebrew Academy.\n\nKENT: I've got an abstract question. Do you ever think back to the 1930's? If\nyou had been an older, more influential Jewish leader in Germany, would you have\ndone anything differently? Do you ever imagine yourself in those days?\n\nBIRNBREY: No, I don't think so. I can't address it. I know I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably wouldn't\nhave been an accountant or an attorney. At the age of fourteen, you have to go\ninto an apprenticeship in Germany unless you go to a higher school of learning,\nwhich was impossible for Jews. My father had taken me to a guy who manufactured\nbarrels. I was supposed to learn how to make barrels. This happened a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"week\nbefore I came to the United States.\n\nKENT: How much discussion was there after the war about your particular life and\nwhat happened to your family? Did you process the past at all?\n\nBIRNBREY: I did not for a long time. I was like many other people. I couldn't\nget myself to file a restitution claim. I did not speak about it much until much\nlater, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the children started asking questions. At that point, I got involved\nin genealogy and put together a book on our family, which is also at the\nFederation . . . There should be two. One was on the genealogy. Of course, it\nwas the result of a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"research that I had done. Then I figured, you've got\nto talk about it and you've got to let people know. It's . . .\n\nKENT: How do you suppose your particular past has affected or colored your life\nas compared to anyone else your age?\n\nBIRNBREY: I'm more vigilant. Everything that's Jewish [related] bothers me. When\nthings happen in Israel, I go to pieces. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first few nights of this latest\nepisode, I couldn't even sleep. I'm serious. I just take it too hard.\nThat's--fortunately or unfortunately--my lifestyle.\n\nKENT: Another abstract question: If you were an influential Jewish leader, what\nwould your suggestions be? Would you make any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"changes or take different approaches?\n\nBIRNBREY: You mean to the Israeli situation?\n\nKENT: On that topic.\n\nBIRNBREY: No. I have learned over life, that you can't change people. You can't\nchange things. There will always be people who feel like you and there will\nalways be people who feel the other way. You just can't . . . You have to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lead\nby example and hope that people will follow you. But to change things other than\nby example, it's beyond us.\n\nKENT: Did you try to teach or raise your children any particular way, with any\nparticular values, to give certain messages?\n\nBIRNBREY: Yes. Our Jewish existence has always been a major part of raising our\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids, without any question. I always tell people: when my son was about to be\nbar mitzvahed, we got a phone call from a family wanting us to do a carpool\nbecause the kids had to go to synagogue so many Shabbitzim before the bar\nmitzvah. I said, \"We don't carpool to a synagogue. Either we all go or nobody\ngoes.\" We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always went to synagogue as a family. We didn't send a kid because he\nhad to go. Friday night is I guess where I set the limit. I don't ride and all\nthat on Shabbat. Friday night has always been special in our family. For many\nyears, Friday night we always had anyone with children, grandchildren, sitting\naround our table on Friday night. When my kids were in high school, Friday night\nwas where I drew the line. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've encouraged all of them to get involved with the\nJewish community and all of them are, thank G-d. I feel good about it. Nothing's\never 100 percent. Not everyone does it to the same degree. I'd be lying if I\ntold you that, but we did influence them greatly on that. Our house was kosher\nand all the kids knew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. Now, three out of the four of them still observe kashrut.\n\nKENT: How much has anger been a part of your life, or has it?\n\nBIRNBREY: I don't know. I can't tell.\n\nKENT: Tying it in with that long process of doing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reparations and getting\ndenials . . .\n\nBIRNBREY: During the time I was filing those claims, I was pretty angry. You\ncould tell by some of the correspondence I had with some of the courts. I had a\nclient who had stomach problems that was directly related to his time starving\nin the camps. The German court turned down our claim because he didn't go to a\ndoctor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"twice a year to check on it after thee doctors told him, \"There's nothing\nwe can do.\" The letter I sent to the court is one of those letters you don't\nsend to the court. I said, \"Suppose if somebody lost an arm. Would he be denied\ncompensation because he didn't try to glue it on every year?\" I made these\ncomments all the time. In those days, the courts were just looking for any\nnit-picking thing to deny a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"claim--just like [how they said] I was a liar. I\nmean, my father's dead and . . . I forgot to mention this and I'm sorry. The\nhospital, on the death certificate, did say that he died from heart failure.\nThat became exhibit number one and that's why I was turned down basically. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This\nwas normal as was proven later. [They claimed that] the Germans didn't kill\nanybody; people died from heart failure.\n\nKENT: Or shot while trying to escape . . .\n\nBIRNBREY: Yes.\n\nKENT: Is there anything else you would like to mention that we haven't covered\nor asked about?\n\nBIRNBREY: No, not that I can think of. Like I said, these things have to be\ndocumented. When you read Holocaust ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deniers, they . . . When our generation is\ngone, there's going to be no one left to speak for it. I believe in it and I\nappreciate it.\n\nKENT: What's your understanding of why people would deny this--not old Germans\nas you've already remarked on that generation? Why would other people deny this?\n\nBIRNBREY: It's purely antisemitism because largely you can't deny it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's no\nthinking person that can deny that with any honesty. It has to be a different\nmotivation altogether, which is antisemitism and nothing else. I mean, there's\nDeborah Lipstadt that made a fool out of Irving. I'll tell you an interesting\nthing. I have a client who is a history ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"professor at Emory [University]. He and\nI were discussing this trial and I was shocked at his answer. He was telling me\nthat he didn't understand it because Irving is a respected historian. He used\nhis books all the time. Of course, during the trial we found out that he can be\na respected historian; nevertheless, he didn't even finish high school. How the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"historian community can look at him as a respected historian baffles me. This\nwas the discussion I had with an Emory history professor.\n\nKENT: How much interaction have you had with other survivors and people of that generation?\n\nBIRNBREY: Quite a bit. Yes, I know most of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community of survivors in\nAtlanta. A lot of them do business with me. A lot of them I see socially. Of\ncourse, everybody has a different story to tell. There's no two alike.\n\nKENT: How does it make you feel that you fortunately got out early as opposed to\nwhat a lot of these other folks had to go through?\n\nBIRNBREY: I feel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very lucky about. I just always regretted that I could never\nbring my parents here. I desperately tried to get affidavits. I have letters\nfrom my mother in which she desperately signed up for countries I'd never heard\nof in those days.\n\nKENT: Do you have any kind of belief or conviction of why you managed to survive\nlike you did?\n\nBIRNBREY: No.\n\nKENT: Just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/transcript/20575/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"luck?\n\nBIRNBREY: Just luck, faith, or bashert [Yiddish: destiny], or whatever you want\nto call it.\n\nKENT: Any last things you might want to mention?\n\nBIRNBREY: No.\n\nKENT: Thank you for that story.\n\nBIRNBREY: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4500.0,4530.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDortmund is a city in northwest Germany. In 1933, the Jewish population was 4,108 (out of 540,000). By 1939, emigration and persecution had reduced it to 1,222.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe cost of paying for World War I and the resultant reparations severely damaged the German economy. A period of hyperinflation plagued Germany between 1921 and 1924. To combat the inflation, the government began printing exaggerated amounts of money. The result was that German bills became essentially worthless—paying for even small items could require huge stacks of money.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April 1947, the U.N. General Assembly set up the Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP). This committee recommended that the British mandate over Palestine be ended and that the territory be partitioned into two states. On November 29, 1947, the U.N. General Assembly passed the partition plan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) [German: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands] is Germany’s oldest political party. It advocates the modernization of the economy but also stresses the need to address the social needs of workers and society’s disadvantaged. During the Weimer Republic, it was part of several coalition governments. The SPD was outlawed soon after the Nazis came to power in 1933, but was revived in 1945. Today, it is one of the country’s two main parties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA synagogue was first built in Dortmund in the mid-nineteenth century and a new synagogue, considered one of the most beautiful in Germany, was consecrated in 1900. The synagogue was one of the largest in Germany with a seating capacity of 1,200-1,300 and was the cultural center of the Jewish community. In 1958-1965, an opera house was built on the site. In 1998, a stone memorial plaque for the synagogue was erected on the site.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bar mitzvah [Hebrew: son of commandment] is a rite of passage for Jewish boys aged 13 years and one day. At that time, a Jewish boy is considered a responsible adult for most religious purposes. He is now duty bound to keep the commandments, he puts on tefillin, and may be counted to the minyan quorum for public worship. He celebrates the bar mitzvah by being called up to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue, usually on the next available Sabbath after his Hebrew birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmid an economic depression and increasing political instability in Germany, Adolf Hitler and his party, the National Socialist German Workers' Party [German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; also known as the NSDAP or Nazi Party) rapidly rose to power. In 1932, the Nazi party was elected to fill more seats in the Reichstag (parliament) than any other party. In 1933, democratically elected President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany, a position responsible for leading the Reichstag. As Chancellor, he began transforming his position into a dictatorial one. When the President died in 1934, Hitler declared himself head of state and effectively became absolute dictator of Germany under the title of Fuhrer (German: Führer).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeginning on May 10, 1933, Nazi-dominated student groups carried out public burnings of books they claimed were “un-German.” The book burnings took place in 34 university towns and cities, including Dortmund. Works of prominent Jewish, liberal and leftist writers ended up in the bonfires. The book burnings stood as a powerful symbol of Nazi intolerance and censorship.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the Written Torah and the Oral Law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere were many locally organized antisemitic actions against Jews in Germany and in Austria after the Anschluss. Jews were increasingly singled out for abuse in public forums, often forced to perform humiliating tasks such as scrubbing the streets on their hands and knees in the middle of a crowd of onlookers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDer Sturmer [German: Der Stürmer] was a \"tabloid style\" newspaper published by Julius Streicher from 1923 almost continuously through to the end of World War II. Der Sturmer played a significant role in the Nazi propaganda machinery. It often ran obscene materials such as antisemitic caricatures and propaganda-like accusations of blood libel, pornography, anti-Catholic, anti-capitalist, and anti-communist propaganda, in order to appeal to a larger spectrum of readers, but especially targeting the working class.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJosef Goebbels was the Propaganda Minister in the Third Reich.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAliyah (Hebrew: ascent) is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to Israel. It is one of the most basic tenets of Zionism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShortly after coming to power in 1933, the Nazis began to set up a series of concentration camps across Germany. Those were mostly local initiatives: facilities that the SA, SS, and police established on an ad hoc basis, where they would detain and abuse real and imagined enemies of the regime. By 1934, there were over 100 of these early camps in operation. Both Jewish and non-Jewish Germans perceived to be opponents of the regime were systematically persecuted. Political opponents (Communists, Social Democrats, liberals) were some of the first victims. Jews, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jehovah's Witnesses, clergy who opposed the Nazis, and any others whose behavior—real or perceived—could be interpreted as being in opposition to Nazi political and racial ideologies were also persecuted and incarcerated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter Hitler came to power in 1933, thousands of Jews resident in Germany attempted to obtain visas to any country that would take them. However, many did not have the family, financial or professional connections to make this possible in the face of immigration restrictions around the world. This was particularly true of young persons. German Jewish organizations prepared guides on how and where to obtain visas; but it was evident that many prospective emigrants needed training in agricultural or technical skills in order to qualify. This, in turn, led to the establishment of \"training\" centers all over Germany. Between 1934 and 1938, at least 29 centers were established. Some were run by Zionist organizations and focused on training persons for agricultural work in Palestine, but others trained people in various skills necessary to immigrate to any country. The centers had an average capacity of 40-50 young men and women, and trainees remained for anywhere from 3-6 months. Some even attended more than one camp.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement that supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890’s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter a succession of threats and the pressure of military feints, Germany forcibly annexed Austria into the German Third Reich on March 12, 1938.  The Austrian chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg was deposed and the Nazi puppet Arthur Seyss-Inquart was put in charge. German troops marched into Austria, Hitler did a triumphant entry parade into Vienna and Austria ceased to be its own country. After World War II, it became its own country again.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Kindertransport’ is the name given to a series of rescue missions that assisted Jewish children in leaving Nazi-occupied Europe. The United Kingdom took in nearly 10,000 predominantly Jewish children from Nazi Germany and the occupied territories of Austria, and ex-Czechoslovakia. The children were placed in British foster homes, hostels, and on farms. Similar to the Kindertransports, Henry was one of the “One Thousand Children” or “OTC,” which refers to over 1,400 Jewish children who were rescued from Nazi Germany and Nazi-occupied or threatened European countries, and came directly to the United States between 1934 and 1945. The rescue efforts in the United States were strictly non-governmental. The children were rescued through the organized efforts of private American citizens and organizations in the US and Europe. Most of the children came through official programs run by private refugee agencies such as the German Jewish Children’s Aid (GJCA), The Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (colloquially known as “the Joint”), and the Society of Friends (Quakers).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Birmingham Chapter of the National Council of Jewish Women (CJW) was organized in 1898 in Birmingham, Alabama. The group hosted weekly study groups for members, joined in civic and philanthropic projects, and lobbied against child labor and for prison reforms.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBirmingham is a city located in the north central region of the U.S. state of Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta is the capital of the U.S. state of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called ‘Kristallnacht,’ which means ‘Night of Broken Glass,’ because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows. Thousands of German and Austrian Jews were arrested after Kristallnacht and deported to concentration camps in Germany. In Dortmund, 600 Jewish men were arrested and sent to Sachsenhausen. Most of those arrested were released within a few weeks, but often only if they promised to immigrate immediately, leaving their property behind.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1945 and 1947, the Allied governments enacted various legislation dealing with reparations to be paid to the victims of Nazi oppression. The Jewish Agency presented the first official claim to the Allied governments in September 1945. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference) was established in October 1951 to help with individual claims against Germany arising from the Holocaust. The Claims Conference initially recovered $100 million from West Germany, with direct compensation to Holocaust survivors paid in installments. In 1952, the government of West Germany reached an agreement with the state of Israel and the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany to pay reparations for material losses and injuries incurred during the Holocaust. Three separate German laws, known as the West German Federal Indemnification Laws, were adopted in 1953, 1956, and 1965. They further provided for compensation in the form of one-time payments and monthly pensions to Holocaust survivors. In the years since, other agreements for reparations have also been reached.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Steinwache is a memorial museum in Dortmund, Germany. Originally, it was a police station built in 1906. In 1928, a prison was added next door. The Gestapo took over the prison in 1933. Over 66,000 people were imprisoned and tortured there between 1933 and 1945, earning it an infamous reputation. The structure survived the war intact and was opened as a memorial in 1992. In addition to a permanent exhibition, it also houses an archive.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNikolaus “Klaus” Barbie (1913—1991) joined the SS in 1935. He began working with the Security Service [German: Sicherheitsdienst, or SD], which served as the Nazi regime’s intelligence network. In 1936, he was assigned to Dortmund, Germany, where he monitored the activities of religious and right wing political groups. In 1940, Barbie was assigned to intelligence work in Amsterdam. In the Netherlands he is believed to have participated in the roundup and deportation of Jews. In November 1942 he was sent to Lyon, France. As the local Gestapo chief, Barbie earned the nickname “the Butcher of Lyon” for his brutal actions towards Jews and members of the French Resistance. In all, it is believed that Barbie was responsible for the execution or murder of over 4,000 individuals and for the deportation of 7,500 Jews, most of who perished in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Barbie returned to Germany at the end of the war and assumed a new identity. In June 1947, he surrendered himself to the U.S. Counter-Intelligence Corps (CIC) after the Americans offered him money and protection in exchange for his intelligence services. In 1949, Barbie and his family were smuggled by the Americans to South America. Assuming the name of Klaus Altmann, Barbie settled in Bolivia and continued his work as a U.S. agent. He became a successful businessman and advised the military regimes of Bolivia. Barbie also served as an officer in the Bolivian secret police, participated in drug-running schemes, and founded a rightist death squad. In the early 1980’s, a liberal Bolivian regime came to power and agreed to extradite Barbie to France in exchange for French aid. Finally, on May 11, 1987, Barbie went on trial for his crimes against humanity and was sentenced to spend the rest of his life in prison. He died of cancer in a prison hospital in 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough murder did not figure in the central directives, Kristallnacht claimed the lives of at least 91 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaddish [Hebrew: holy] is a hymn of praises to G-d found in the Jewish prayer service that is recited aloud while standing. The Kaddish is one of the most important and central elements in the Jewish liturgy. Mourner's Kaddish is said at all prayer services and certain other occasions. Following the death of a parent, child, spouse, or sibling it is customary to recite the Mourner's Kaddish in the presence of a congregation daily for 30 days, or 11 months in the case of a parent, and then at every anniversary of the death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMagdeburg is a central German city on the Elbe River.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn April 13, 1945, the 30th Infantry Division encountered about 200 starving and ill Jewish prisoners who had escaped from a nearby transport. Two tanks were sent out to find the train. When they located the train, they found approximately 2,500 prisoners in about 50 rail cars. Three trains left the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on April 10, 1945, intended for Theresienstadt concentration camp near Prague, Czechoslovakia. This train got as far as Farsleben, near Magdeburg, Germany before it was abandoned by most of the SS troops guarding them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ‘V weapons’ were the V-1 and V-2 rockets that were used by Germany at the end of World War II.  They were the world’s first cruise missiles. The V-2 rocket was more sophisticated than the V-1 and was really the world’s first ballistic missile. The area of destruction of a V-2 was 800 to 1,200 yards wide. It was developed during World War II in Germany as a “vengeance weapon,” designed to attack Allied cities in retaliation for Allied bombing of German cities. The first V-2 attacks were launched against Paris and London on September 8, 1944. Nearly 1,000 V-2s fell on London and the surrounding area (as well as in Belgium) after September 1944. In total the rocket weapon killed or wounded over 6,000 people and seriously injured and maimed another 18,000.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenry interviewed Walther Johannes Riedel (1903-1974), a German engineer who headed rocket engine development at Peenemunde in 1944 and was Director of the Development Facility at Karlshagen. In 1947, he began working with Wernher von Braun in the United States as part of Operation Paperclip, a program that helped Nazi scientists to resettle in the US in exchange for their research work. Von Braun and Walther Reidel worked at the newly formed Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStettin, Germany is today known as Szczecin, Poland. Szczecin is a major seaport near the present-day German border. The town is in the historical region of Pomerania, on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe, split between Germany and Poland. The city became part of Poland in 1945; previously it was part of Prussia. In January of 1940, the Nazis decided to make Pomerania \"Judenfrei\" (free of Jews) by deporting Pomeranian Jews to towns in the Lublin and Nisko area in Poland. Pomerania was deemed \"Old Reich\" territory and the plan was to resettle ethnic Germans there. On February 12-13, 1940, approximately 1,300 men, women, children, elderly and sick Jews were marched in below freezing weather to Lublin. The Jews of Stettin were the first group of Pomeranian Jews to be expelled.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed ‘Auschwitz’ by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin Luther (1483—1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, and monk. Luther is one of the most influential figures in Christian history. He was the seminal figure in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation, a movement that reformulated certain basic tenets of Christian belief and resulted in the division of Western Christendom into Catholics and Protestants. His anti-Jewish statements and writings—including a 1543 treatise titled “On the Jews and Their Lies”—had a significant influence on German antisemitism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 11, 1918, fighting in World War I came to an end following the signing of an armistice between Germany and the Allies that called for a ceasefire. The war formally ended with the signing of the Versailles Treaty (or treaty of Versailles) on June 28, 1919. The treaty forced Germany to forfeit 13 percent of its European territory (more than 27,000 square miles) and one-tenth of its population (between 6.5 and 7 million people), as well as all of its colonies outside of Europe. The treaty also demanded the demilitarization and occupation of the Rhineland. The army was limited to 100,000 men and conscription was not allowed. Navy vessels were restricted to less than 100,000 tons and a submarine fleet was forbidden. Moreover, Germany had to accept complete responsibility for initiating World War I and pay for all material damages. For Germans, the treaty appeared unfair and excessive.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlbert Leo Schlageter (1894—1923) was a right-wing German nationalist. His activities sabotaging French occupying troops after World War I led to his arrest and eventual execution by French forces. Schlageter became a popular figure in Nazi propaganda.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe left–right political spectrum is a system of classifying political positions, ideologies and parties, from equality on the left to social hierarchy on the right. In Germany after World War I, the left consisted of the Communists (KPD) and the Social Democrats (SPD). The parties on the left were strong supporters of progressive taxation, government social welfare programs, labor unions, equality and economic opportunity for women. They were less nationalistic, militaristic and antisemitic than the parties on the right. The right consisted of the German Nationalist Party (DNVP) and the National Socialist Party (NSDAP, or Nazi), which were strongly nationalistic and in support of a large military.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHolocaust is an American television miniseries broadcast in four parts in April 1978 on the NBC television network. The miniseries followed a fictional German Jewish family’s experiences during the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGermany’s military engagements in Europe during World War II are generally divided into two separate headings—the Western Front and the Eastern Front. The Western Front included Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany. The Eastern Front included conflicts against the Soviet Union, Poland and other Allies. The war on the Eastern Front was the scene of the largest military confrontation in history and was particularly brutal.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKol Yisrael is Israel's public domestic and international radio service. It was originally an underground Haganah radio station that broadcast from Tel Aviv. It started consistently broadcasting in December 1947 under the name Telem-Shamir-Boaz, and was renamed to KolHaHagana (\"Voice of the Haganah\") in March 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShowing proper respect for the dead is intrinsic to Jewish law. Setting a tombstone at the gravesite has been a custom among Jews since Biblical times. The tombstone should be made from stone or granite and follow the customs of the cemetery as far as sizing and style. It is customary to engrave the deceased’s name, his or her father’s name or relationship to other family members, the Hebrew date and year of passing on the tombstone, as well as the Hebrew letters תנצב''ה, which translates to, \"May his (or her) soul be bound in the binding of eternal life.\" Markers typically also include the date of birth and the heading פ\"נ  [Hebrew: Here is buried].\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the years between 1933 and 1939, Nazi Party leaders began to persecute Jews through a series of antisemitic legislation that included more than 400 decrees and regulations restricting all aspects of their public and private lives. The anti-Jewish policies brought radical and daunting social, economic, and communal change to the German Jewish community. The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service was passed in April 1933 and excluded Jews from civil service. Germans also began boycotting Jewish businesses in 1933 and Jews were soon effectively expelled from almost all professions and commercial life.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCologne is a 2,000-year-old city spanning the Rhine River in western Germany, approximately 53 miles [85 kilometers] southwest of Dortmund.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe chazzan (cantor) is the official in charge of music or chants and leads liturgical prayer and chanting in the synagogue.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter Germany's defeat in the Second World War, the four main allies in Europe—the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France—took part in a joint occupation of the German state. The Allies agreed to a joint occupation of the nation's capital, Berlin, with each country taking charge of a sector. Upon British insistence, France joined Great Britain and the United States in the occupation of West Germany and West Berlin, while the Soviet Union managed the affairs of East Germany and East Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, also known as the ‘G.I. Bill,’ was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans. It provides low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business, as well as educational assistance to service members, veterans, and their dependents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Federation was formally incorporated in 1967 and is the result of the merger of the Atlanta Federation for Jewish Social Service founded in 1905 as the Federation of Jewish Charities; the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Federation founded in 1936 as the Atlanta Jewish Welfare Fund; and the Atlanta Jewish Community Council founded in 1945. The organization was renamed the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta in 1997.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eReform Judaism is a division within Judaism especially in North America and Western Europe. Historically it began in the nineteenth century. In general, the Reform movement maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and compatible with participation in Western culture. While the Torah remains the law, in Reform Judaism women are included (mixed seating, bat mitzvah and women rabbis), music is allowed in the services and most of the service is in English.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Community Center was officially founded in 1910, as the Jewish Educational Alliance. In the late 1940’s it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the ‘Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium served as the home ballpark to the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1966 to 1996. The stadium was built in Downtown Atlanta in what had previously been a residential area and the center of much of Atlanta’s Jewish community from the late nineteenth century through the first half of the twentieth century. The neighborhood was razed in the early 1960's to make way for Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium and its parking lots. In 1997, Centennial Olympic Stadium, which was built to serve as the centerpiece of the 1996 Summer Olympics, was converted into a baseball park to serve as the new home for the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball (MLB). Turner Field was located less than one block from the site of the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium and was in use until 2016.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHoward Johnson's is an American chain of hotels and motels located primarily throughout the United States and Canada. It had also once been a chain of restaurants for over 90 years and its name was widely known for that alone.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoys’ High School was founded in 1924 and is now known as Henry W. Grady High School. Girls' High School was founded in 1872. In 1947, the school became co-educational and renamed Roosevelt High School. The school closed in 1985.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTech High School in Atlanta, Georgia was only for boys interested in the applied sciences (electricity, automobiles, aviation, skilled manufacturing, etc.). Tech High and Boys’ High merged in 1947 to become coed Grady High School. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCommercial High School began as a department of Girls’ High School in Atlanta, Georgia in 1889 for girls who wanted to learn business skills. They taught bookkeeping, typing, math and history. In 1910, it became Atlanta’s first coed high school. It closed in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa and the Middle East and their descendants.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mayfair Club opened in 1938 at 1456 Spring Street in Midtown Atlanta. The two-story club was a focal point of Jewish life in the city for more than 25 years. The club was founded in 1930 and first met at the Biltmore Hotel. Eleanor Roosevelt, Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir, mayors Ivan Allen and William Berry Hartsfield, senators Herman Talmadge and Richard Russell, and Governor Carl Sanders visited the club. Fire destroyed the Mayfair Club on December 4, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Progressive Club was a Jewish social organization that was established in 1913 by Russian Jews who felt unwelcome at the Standard Club, where German Jews were predominant. At first the club was located in a rented house until a new club was built on Pryor Street including a swimming pool and a gym. In 1940 the club opened a larger facility at 1050 Techwood Drive in Midtown with three swimming pools, tennis and softball. In 1976 the club moved north to 1160 Moore’s Mill Road near Interstate 75. The property was eventually sold as the club faced financial challenges and the Carl E. Sanders Family YMCA at Buckhead opened in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Standard Club is a Jewish social club that started as the Concordia Association in 1867 in Downtown Atlanta. In 1905, it was reorganized as the ‘Standard Club’ and moved into the former mansion of William C. Sanders near the site of Georgia State Stadium (formerly Turner Field). In the late 1920’s the club moved to Ponce de Leon Avenue in Midtown Atlanta. Later, the club moved to what is now the Lenox Park business park and was located there until 1983. In the 1980’s, the club moved to its present location in Johns Creek in Atlanta’s northern suburbs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAhavath Achim was founded in 1887. In 1921, the congregation constructed a synagogue at Washington Street and Woodward Avenue. The final service in that building was held in 1958 to make way for construction of the Downtown Connector (the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through Atlanta). The synagogue moved to its current location on Peachtree Battle Avenue in 1958.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple, or ‘Hebrew Benevolent Congregation,’ is Atlanta’s oldest Jewish congregation. The cornerstone was laid on the Temple on Garnett Street in 1875. The dedication was held in 1877 and the Temple was located there until 1902, when it moved to Pryor Street. The Temple’s current location in Midtown on Peachtree Street was dedicated in 1931. The Reform congregation now totals approximately 1,500 families (2015).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1904, Shearith Israel began as a congregation that met in the homes of congregants until 1906 when they began using a Methodist church on Hunter Street. After World War II, Rabbi Tobias Geffen moved the congregation to University Drive, where it became the first synagogue in DeKalb County. In the 1960’s, they removed the barrier between the men and women’s sections in the sanctuary, and officially became affiliated with the Conservative movement in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOr VeShalom was established by refugees of the Ottoman Empire, namely from Turkey and the Isle of Rhodes. The Sephardic/Traditional congregation began in 1920 and was based at Central and Woodward Avenues until 1948 when it moved to a larger building on North Highland Road. The current building for Or VeShalom is on North Druid Hills Road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCongregation Anshi S'fard is an Orthodox synagogue located in Atlanta. It was founded in 1911 to provide a home for Hasidic worship and fellowship for Jews from Poland, Galicia and the Ukraine who had settled in Atlanta. In 1913, a wooden building at the corner of Woodward Avenue and King Street was secured. A few years later the congregation moved to the corner of Woodward and Capitol Avenues. After 1945, Anshi S’fard moved to its present location on North Highland, in the Morningside area. It is the oldest Orthodox congregation in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Temple on Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia was bombed in the early morning hours of October 12, 1958. About 50 sticks of dynamite were planted near the building and tore a huge hole in the wall. No one was injured in the bombing as it was during the night. Rabbi Jacob Rothschild was an outspoken advocate of civil rights and integration and friend of Martin Luther King Jr. Five men associated with the National States’ Rights Party, a white separatist group, were tried and acquitted in the bombing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Columbians Incorporated were the nation's first neo-Nazi political organization, which arose in Atlanta during the summer of 1946. Describing themselves as a \"patriotic and political\" group, its founders applied for a charter as a nonprofit organization from the state, which they received in August 1946. The group pursued a campaign of intimidation against the city's minorities, patrolling those neighborhoods most vulnerable to racial transition, and threatening with violence those residents who dared cross the city's \"color line.\" Although they attracted some support from Atlanta's working-class whites, the Columbians were uniformly condemned by the city's press and targeted for arrest by its political establishment. After two incidents in October 1946 involving violence and demonstrating by members of the group, elected officials, members of the press, and local ministers all condemned the organization as a public menace requiring immediate attention. In November state officials moved to revoke the group's charter. By summer 1947, the group had dissolved, following the conviction of its leaders on charges of usurping police power and inciting to riot. Although the Columbians' existence may have been brief, their appearance nonetheless dramatized the racial tensions that characterized the postwar South. George Bright, one of the men tried in the 1958 bombing of the Temple in Atlanta had once belonged to the Columbians.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or Knights of the Ku Klux Klan today) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-black secret society, whose methods included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860’s and is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMasada, Young Men's Zionist Organization of America, grew out of the Zionist Brotherhood, a group founded in 1928 by young Jewish men in Cleveland, Ohio. The Brotherhood's purpose was twofold: to interest young men in Zionism, and to encourage and enhance Jewish culture in America. The Brotherhood was affiliated with the Zionist Organization of America (ZOA). In 1929, the group assumed the name Masada, and in 1930, the ZOA recognized Masada as part of its movement and supported the formation of chapters throughout the country. The Zionist Organization of America was instrumental in mobilizing the support of the U.S. government, Congress, and the American public for the creation of Israel in 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America, is a volunteer organization founded in 1912. It supports health care and medical research, education and youth programs in Israel, and advocacy, education, and leadership development in the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBeth Jacob is an Orthodox synagogue on LaVista Road in Atlanta founded in 1942 by former members of Ahavath Achim who were looking for a more Orthodox congregation. Beth Jacob is now Atlanta’s largest Orthodox congregation. The congregation first met in a rented grocery store on Parkway Drive. It moved to a permanent location on Boulevard when it purchased and renovated a two-story apartment building. In 1956, it converted the Tabernacle Baptist Church on Boulevard to a synagogue. It built its current synagogue building on a five-acre lot on LaVista Road in 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA tallit is a prayer shawl fringed at each of the four corners in accordance with biblical law. The wearing of tallit at worship is obligatory only for married men, but it is customarily worn also by males of bar mitzvah age and older.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Council for Judaism (ACJ) is an organization of American Jews committed to the proposition that Jews are not a nationality but merely a religious group, adhering to the original stated principles of Reform Judaism. The ACJ was founded in June 1942 by a group of Reform rabbis who opposed the direction of their movement, including the issue of Zionism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pittsburgh Platform is a pivotal 1885 document in the history of the American Reform Movement in Judaism that called for Jews to adopt a modern approach to the practice of their faith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eConservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. They also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis and bat mitzvahs).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Talmud [Hebrew: study] is the legal code spanning 1,000 years and based on the teachings of the Bible, the Talmud interprets biblical laws and commandments. It also contains a rich store of historic facts and traditions. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKosher/Kashrut is the set of Jewish dietary laws. Food that may be consumed according to halakhah (Jewish law) is termed ‘kosher’ in English. Kosher refers to Jewish laws that dictate how food is prepared or served and which kinds of foods or animals can be eaten.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe haftarah is a portion from the Prophets read after the reading from the Torah on Sabbaths, festivals, and fast days. On Sabbath days, the haftarah is selected because it relates to the day’s Torah portion. On holidays and special Sabbaths, the haftarah is selected to coincide with the calendar.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTorah [Hebrew: teaching] is a general term that covers all Jewish law including the vast mass of teachings recorded in the Talmud and other rabbinical works. ‘Sefer Torah’ refers to the sacred scroll on which the first five books of the Bible (the Pentateuch) are written.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Katherine and Jacob Greenfield Hebrew Academy was the first Jewish day school in Atlanta, and was founded in 1953.  As of mid-2014 the Greenfield Hebrew Academy (grades pre-K through 8) and Yeshiva High School (grades 9-12) merged into one college preparatory day school now called the Atlanta Jewish Academy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eParshah ha-Shavua (popularly known as just ‘parashah’ or ‘Sidra’) is the weekly Torah readings scheduled to correspond with the Hebrew calendar.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSodom and Gomorrah were two notoriously sinful cities in the biblical book of Genesis, destroyed by sulfur and fire because of their wickedness. Only the family of Abraham’s nephew, Lot—who was deemed the only righteous resident of the city—was allowed to escape Sodom before its destruction.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFive Points refers to the downtown area of Atlanta. It was the central hub of Atlanta until the 1960’s, when the economic and demographic center shifted north toward the suburbs.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInitially intended as a night school, Georgia State University was established in 1913 as the Georgia Institute of Technology's Evening School of Commerce. A reorganization of the university system of Georgia in the 1930’s led to the school becoming the Atlanta Extension Center of the University System of Georgia and allowed night students to earn degrees from several colleges in the university System. In 1947, the school became affiliated with the University of Georgia and was named the ‘Atlanta Division of the University of Georgia.’ The school was later removed from the University of Georgia in 1955 and became the Georgia State College of Business Administration. In 1961 the name was shortened to Georgia State College. It became Georgia State University in 1969.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTabernacle is a mid-size concert hall on Luckie Street in downtown Atlanta, Georgia. The Tabernacle building has a rich \u0026amp; storied history. It opened in 1910 as The Broughton Tabernacle, serving a large Baptist congregation. The congregation relocated during the mid eighties and the building lay vacant until the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games, when it was converted into a House of Blues club. After the Olympics, the building continued to operate as a music venue under a variety of different owners. The Tabernacle is currently operated by Live Nation and hosts many music concerts and comedy tours.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Rialto Theater was built in 1916 and was the Southeast’s largest movie house with 925 seats. In 1962, the original Rialto was torn down and a larger Rialto was erected on the same site and remained open until 1989. Georgia State University renovated it into the Rialto Performing Arts Center in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mason-Dixon Line was surveyed between 1763 and 1767 to settle a borderline dispute between Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia (then Virginia), setting their borders officially.  Until about the mid-eighteenth century it was regarded as a cultural boundary between the North and the South but after Pennsylvania abolished slavery in 1780, it became the demarcation line for the legality of slavery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1949, the Brooklyn Dodgers played a series of exhibition games in Macon and Atlanta, Georgia. The tour met vocal opposition from Ku Klux Klansmen, who vowed to keep an integrated team from facing the all-white Atlanta Crackers. Nevertheless, Robinson was met by enthusiastic fans and drew the largest crowds ever assembled at that time for a sporting event in the state. On April 10, more than 25,000 spectators—10,000 over capacity—filled the Ponce de Leon Ballpark for the last of three games against the Crackers. Many of those were African Americans from Cairo and other parts of South Georgia, who came in busloads to see the local hero play.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTriple-A (AAA) or Class AAA is the highest level of play in Minor League Baseball in the United States. The Atlanta Crackers and Brooklyn Dodgers were Triple-A teams in the 1940’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJack Roosevelt Robinson (1919-1972) was an American professional baseball player born in Cairo, Georgia, who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball in the modern era.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Southern Regional Council (SRC) is a reform-oriented organization with headquarters in Atlanta. The SRC is considered the successor to the Commission on Interracial Cooperation, with which it merged in 1944. The SRC sponsored the formation the Georgia Council on Human Relations (GCHR), in 1956, focused primarily on school desegregation in its early years. The GCHR worked to keep Georgia's schools open in spite of threats by the state legislature to close the schools rather than integrate.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) was the wife of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She supported the New Deal policies of her husband and became an advocate for civil rights. After her husband’s death in 1945, Eleanor continued to be an international author, speaker and politician and activist.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Junior Red Cross is the student's wing of the American Red Cross, also known as The American National Red Cross, a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief, and disaster preparedness education in the United States. It is a students' movement organized within schools that began in the late nineteenth century. In 1939, the American Red Cross opened its annual convention for members of the American Red Cross and Junior Red Cross on April 24 in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe White House Rose Garden is a garden bordering the Oval Office and the West Wing of the White House in Washington, D.C., United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Nance Garner III, known among his contemporaries as \"Cactus Jack\", was an American Democratic politician from Texas. From 1933 to 1941, he served as the 32nd Vice President of the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e‘Redneck’ is a derogatory slang term referring to poor, uneducated white farmers deemed to be insufficiently liberal, especially from the Southern United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAthens is a city in northeast Georgia, known for its antebellum architecture and as the home of the University of Georgia. It is approximately 70 miles (112 kilometers) northeast of Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCarl Vinson (1883-1981) was an American politician from the state of Georgia. He was a Democrat and served for more than 50 years in the United States House of Representatives. He was known as \"The Father of the Two-Ocean Navy\". In 1931, Vinson became chairman of the House Naval Affairs Committee. Following World War II, the House Naval Affairs Committee was merged with the Military Affairs Committee to become the House Armed Services Committee. Vinson served as ranking minority member of the committee for two years before becoming Chairman in early 1949 and held this position, with the exception of two years in the early 1950’s, until his retirement in 1965. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalter Franklin George (1878—1957) was an American politician from the state of Georgia. He was a long-time Democratic United States Senator and was President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1955 to 1957. He served as Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee from 1941 to 1946 and generally supported Roosevelt's handling of World War II. After the war, George emerged as a leading opponent against efforts to end racial segregation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the 1930’s, Southern white Democrats constituted a powerful block in Congress. Southern members of Congress who had opposed race reforms in the 1910’s and 1920’s soon became influential enough to thwart such “interferences.” Accruing seniority, many ascended to powerful positions on Capitol Hill during the 1930’s. Benefiting from the longevity conferred by their party, which held a virtual lock on elective office in the South, many served long terms in secure districts, earning important leadership posts and perpetuating the disenfranchisement of African Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) was the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981, establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, committing the government to integrating the segregated military. It abolished discrimination \"on the basis of race, color, religion or national origin\" in the United States Armed Forces. The executive order eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe “Jitterbug” (initially called the “Hop”) first became popular in the 1920's, although its popularity was limited primarily to Harlem. The name “Lindy” was appended to the “Hop” in 1927, supposedly in commemoration of Charles Lindbergh's famous flight across the Atlantic. In the 1930's when white dancers discovered the Lindy, the name “Jitterbug” often was used to describe the dance. It was accompanied by jazz music, which by the 1930's was also called ‘Swing.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFannie Schoenberg Asman (1885—1947) was born in Latvia and had one son, David, and one daughter. In 1940, she lived on Washington Terrace in Atlanta, Georgia and had five boarders, including Henry.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Lichtenstein family refers to descendants of Morris Lichtenstein (1868-1926), who was born in Russia, immigrated to the United States in 1890, and settled in Atlanta in 1892. In 1913, he entered the insurance and loan business and organized the Mutual Savings Company later known as the Morris Lichtenstein \u0026amp; Company, General Insurance \u0026amp; Loans. Other interests were the Montefiore Relief Association, the Morris Lichtenstein Free Loan Society, the Jewish Educational Alliance and the Federation of Jewish Charities. Lichtenstein was chairman of the Free Loan Fund that was founded in the 1890’s and renamed the Morris Lichtenstein Free Loan Fund as a tribute after his death. The Free Loan Fund was an important source of capital for Jewish merchants. It became a functional department of the Federation of Jewish Charities in 1912, the forerunner of the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1] The Alterman family refers to descendants of five brothers who, along with their father Louis Alterman, founded the grocery business, which operated the Big Apple and Food Giant grocery chain that once commanded nearly one-third of Georgia's retail grocery business. The family has long been active in a wide variety of Jewish community organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAtlanta native Meyer Balser (1908-2004) was a business and civic leader. He served as chairman of the Red Cross and Community Chest (predecessor to United Way) campaigns. He was twice named ‘Man of the Year’ of Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company, where he was a leading insurance agent for many years. He received numerous accolades and awards for his leadership in Atlanta’s Jewish community including the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and the Atlanta Jewish Federation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter the formation of the State of Israel in 1948, war broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the announcement of independence. Fighting continued until February 1949, when Israel and its neighboring states of Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria agreed to formal armistice lines.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHebrew University of Jerusalem is Israel's second oldest university, established in 1918, 30 years before the State of Israel. Hebrew University has three campuses in Jerusalem and one in Rehovot.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn ‘alien’ is someone who is living in a country but is not a citizen or national of that country. They become an ‘enemy alien’ during times of conflict with the country where they retain citizenship from. During World War II, Japanese, Italians, and Germans who had not become American citizens were legally considered enemy aliens and were subjected to many restrictions, which often included internment. Although Jewish-Europeans like Henry were political refugees, they were still considered enemy aliens.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNormandy is a region of northern France. The Normandy landings (codenamed ‘Operation Neptune’) were the landing operations on June 6, 1944 (termed ‘D-Day’) of the Allied invasion of Normandy (known in its entirely as ‘Operation Overlord’) during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva [Hebrew: sitting] is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a Talmudic college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Georgia, founded in 1785, also referred to as UGA or simply Georgia, is an American public research university in the city of Athens in the U.S. state of Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Washington University (GW, GWU, or George Washington) is a private research university in Washington, D.C. It was charted by an act of the United States Congress in 1821. GWU is consistently ranked as one of the most prestigious and expensive universities in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (1926-2016) was a Cuban Communist revolutionary and politician who governed the Republic of Cuba as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976 and then as President from 1976 to 2008. He was leader of the Cuban Revolution, an armed uprising in Cuba that overthrew the government of Fulgencio Batista on January 1, 1959.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1996, historian and Holocaust denier David Irving sued Emory University Professor Deborah Lipstadt and her publisher, Penguin Books, seeking damages over Lipstadt's 1994 book, Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, which he claimed had generated waves of hatred against him. In April 2000, the courts ruled in favor of Lipstadt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/annotation_set/227/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a top-ranking private university in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=4380.0,4410.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/index/47328","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Henry Birnbrey [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/index/47328/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life in pre-war Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=60.0,163.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/index/47328/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you describe what your world was like before the war? ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=60.0,163.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/index/47328/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Weimar Republic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=60.0,163.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/index/47328/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rise of Nazi Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=163.0,749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/index/47328/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Things went fairly well with us until [Adolf] Hitler came into power [in 1933]. We saw an immediate change in the population. There was a lot of antisemitism starting almost in the early days of the Nazi period.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=163.0,749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/index/47328/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Book burning","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish life","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nazi Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=163.0,749.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/index/47328/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Army","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304#t=749.0,923.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/31668/file/100304/index/47328/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My experience as a soldier I think is worth mentioning. First of all, we were in the neighborhood of Magdeburg [Germany] on reconnaissance. We [smelled] this horrible odor. We didn't know what was happening. 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