{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/r785h7dj9w/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Wagner, Zipora "]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2003-11-16 (created)","2003-11-17 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Zipora Wagner (Interviewee)","Sara Ghitis (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)","Hebrew (other)","Yiddish (other)","German (other)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eZipora Wagner is interviewed by Sara Ghitis in Atlanta, Georgia on November 16-17, 2003.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eZipora “Tsipi” Wagner was born on the island of Rhodes on March 21, 1941. She was the youngest child of Meir and Pesiah Luftig Goldfinger. She had two older brothers, Yehoshua (1924-1991) and Shlomo (born 1927). Before she was born, her strongly Zionistic family enjoyed a comfortable life in Tesin, a border town that is today Czech Republic, where her father was a shoemaker and her mother was a housewife.\u003cbr\u003eWhen Germany invaded Poland in 1939, her family fled to Palestine. They boarded an old paddle steamer called the Pentcho in Bratislava. Along with over 500 other Jewish refugees, they traveled down the Danube on a journey expected to only takes weeks. When the ship reached the shores of Greece after five months of delays and diversions, the Pentcho wrecked and sank. Italian authorities rescued the starving passengers and brought them to the island of Rhodes, where Zipora was born.\u003cbr\u003eFor the next 15 months, the family lived in a sports stadium, guarded by Italian soldiers but aided by the local Jewish community. In January 1942, the Pentcho survivors were transferred to the Ferramonti concentration camp in southern Italy. When they were liberated by the British army in 1943, Zipora’s eldest brother joined the British Brigade. The rest of the family were given visas and continued onto Palestine with the majority of the other Pentcho survivors. In May 1944, they reached Palestine. After a few months in the Atlit internment camp, they moved to Rishon LeZion.\u003cbr\u003eIn Rishon LeZion, Zipora attended school while her family struggled to build a new life. After the war, her eldest brother joined them. In her youth, Zipora witnessed the foundation of the State of Israel and the struggles the new country faced. At 19, while studying to become a teacher, she met Mordechai “Motkeh” Wagner. They married and made a home in Moshav Sde Warburg, where Motkeh had grown up. Zipora taught English in nearby Kfar Saba and the young couple soon welcomed two sons. Over the years, Zipora’s entire family—brothers, husband, sons, and nephews—all served in the series of Arab-Israeli wars that followed Israel’s foundation. \u003cbr\u003eIn 1997, Motkeh passed away. Two years later, Zipora immigrated to the United States. She settled in Atlanta, Georgia, where her eldest son and his young family lived. In Atlanta, Zipora taught Hebrew and Israeli culture at Emory University and actively shared her experiences as a Holocaust survivor and Israeli. After retiring, she enjoyed traveling and spending time with her children and four grandchildren. Zipora passed away from a neurological disorder on January 8, 2022.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eZipora outlines her family history. She considers her family’s identity as Holocaust survivors. Zipora recounts her family’s experience in Europe as World War II began. She explains why her family fled Europe. Zipora details her family journey on the Pentcho. She talks about how her family ended up on the island of Rhodes, where she was born. Zipora remembers her early childhood in an Italian concentration camp. She recounts her family’s arrival in Palestine. Zipora remembers the early years and many immigrants in the new State of Israel. She recalls her education and youth. Zipora talks about her marriage and early career. She recounts the many conflicts that Israel faced. Zipora talks about the loss of her husband and beginning a new life close to her children and grandchildren. Zipora considers why her story as a survivor and Sabra are important.\u003cbr\u003e \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29275"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["1948 War (named event)","1956 War (named event)","1967 War (named event)","1973 War (named event)","1982 War (named event)","1982 Lebanon War (named event)","Aid from non-Jews (topical term)","Al-Aqsa Mosque (corporate name)","Aliya (other)","Allied invasion of Italy (named event)","America—Jews (topical term)","American culture (topical term)","American Jewish Community (topical term)","Antisemitism (topical term)","Arab Jewish Refugees (topical term)","Arab Non-Jews (topical term)","Arab-Israeli conflict (named event)","Arab-Israeli War of 1948 (named event)","As If Nothing Happened (film) (other)","Atlanta (Georgia) (geographic term)","Atlanta Jewish Community Center (corporate name)","Atlit Internment Camp (corporate name)","Auschwitz-Birkenau (Concentration Camp) (corporate name)","Austerity (named event)","Austro-Hungarian Empire (geographic term)","Beit HaKnesset HaGadol (corporate name)","Belgium (geographic term)","Antwerp (Belgium) (geographic term)","Ben-Gurion, David (personal name)","Betar Movement (corporate name)","Bratislava (Slovakia) (geographic term)","British Army (corporate name)","British Brigade (corporate name)","British Mandate of Palestine (geographic term)","England—Jews (topical term)","Cesky Tesin, Czech Republic (geographic term)","Cieszyn, Poland (geographic term)","Congregation Or VeShalom (corporate name)","conscription (topical term)","Conservative Judaism (topical term)","Czechoslovakia (geographic term)","Czechoslovakia—Jews (topical term)","Danube River (geographic term)","Eastern Europe—Jews (topical term)","Eastern Europe (geographic term)","Education (topical term)","Egypt—Jews (topical term)","Egypt (geographic 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She was the youngest child of Meir and Pesiah Luftig Goldfinger. She had two older brothers, Yehoshua (1924-1991) and Shlomo (born 1927). Before she was born, her strongly Zionistic family enjoyed a comfortable life in Tesin, a border town that is today Czech Republic, where her father was a shoemaker and her mother was a housewife.\u003cbr /\u003eWhen Germany invaded Poland in 1939, her family fled to Palestine. They boarded an old paddle steamer called the Pentcho in Bratislava. Along with over 500 other Jewish refugees, they traveled down the Danube on a journey expected to only takes weeks. When the ship reached the shores of Greece after five months of delays and diversions, the Pentcho wrecked and sank. Italian authorities rescued the starving passengers and brought them to the island of Rhodes, where Zipora was born.\u003cbr /\u003eFor the next 15 months, the family lived in a sports stadium, guarded by Italian soldiers but aided by the local Jewish community. In January 1942, the Pentcho survivors were transferred to the Ferramonti concentration camp in southern Italy. When they were liberated by the British army in 1943, Zipora\u0026rsquo;s eldest brother joined the British Brigade. The rest of the family were given visas and continued onto Palestine with the majority of the other Pentcho survivors. In May 1944, they reached Palestine. After a few months in the Atlit internment camp, they moved to Rishon LeZion.\u003cbr /\u003eIn Rishon LeZion, Zipora attended school while her family struggled to build a new life. After the war, her eldest brother joined them. In her youth, Zipora witnessed the foundation of the State of Israel and the struggles the new country faced. At 19, while studying to become a teacher, she met Mordechai \u0026ldquo;Motkeh\u0026rdquo; Wagner. They married and made a home in Moshav Sde Warburg, where Motkeh had grown up. Zipora taught English in nearby Kfar Saba and the young couple soon welcomed two sons. Over the years, Zipora\u0026rsquo;s entire family\u0026mdash;brothers, husband, sons, and nephews\u0026mdash;all served in the series of Arab-Israeli wars that followed Israel\u0026rsquo;s foundation.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr /\u003eIn 1997, Motkeh passed away. Two years later, Zipora immigrated to the United States. She settled in Atlanta, Georgia, where her eldest son and his young family lived. In Atlanta, Zipora taught Hebrew and Israeli culture at Emory University and actively shared her experiences as a Holocaust survivor and Israeli. After retiring, she enjoyed traveling and spending time with her children and four grandchildren. Zipora passed away from a neurological disorder on January 8, 2022.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eZipora outlines her family history. She considers her family\u0026rsquo;s identity as Holocaust survivors. Zipora recounts her family\u0026rsquo;s experience in Europe as World War II began. She explains why her family fled Europe. Zipora details her family journey on the Pentcho. She talks about how her family ended up on the island of Rhodes, where she was born. Zipora remembers her early childhood in an Italian concentration camp. She recounts her family\u0026rsquo;s arrival in Palestine. Zipora remembers the early years and many immigrants in the new State of Israel. She recalls her education and youth. Zipora talks about her marriage and early career. She recounts the many conflicts that Israel faced. Zipora talks about the loss of her husband and beginning a new life close to her children and grandchildren. Zipora considers why her story as a survivor and Sabra are important.\u003cbr /\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/231/922/small/Wagner_Zippora.mp4_1709572475.jpg?1709572475","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Wagner_Zippora.mp4"]},"duration":7123.351,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/231/922/small/Wagner_Zippora.mp4_1709572475.jpg?1709572475","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/231/922/original/Wagner_Zippora.mp4?1709572464","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":7123.351,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Wagner, Zipora [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sara: Today is November 16, 2003. We are at the home of Zipora Wagner. In\nAtlanta, Georgia. Zipora, could you please state your name again, please? What\nis your name?\n\nZipora: I have so many that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"divided [them] into two sections. My official name\non my birth certificate is Felicia, or Felicina in Italian. Goldfinger is my\n[father's] family name. In Israel, I was called Zipora, but everybody calls me\nTsipi. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The transfer from the word Felicina or Felicia was because everybody who\ncame to Israel--Palestine at the time--the officials, the officers, they changed\nour names and gave us Israeli names, Hebrew names, so they just picked the name\nZipora. Could have been any other name. Had nothing to do with the family, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which\nis quite weird.\n\nSara: Where were you born?\n\nZipora: I was born in Rhodes, the island of Greece, 21st of March, 1941. At the\ntime, it was not Greece. It was under the Italian regime, the fascist regime.\nThat's why my birth certificate is in Italian with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the fascistic stamp on it.\n\nSara: What were your parents' names?\n\nZipora: First names?\n\nSara: Their names.\n\nZipora: My father's name was, in Hebrew, Meir; in German [or] Yiddish, Maier\nGoldfinger. My mom's name was Pesiah. Her maiden name was Luftig. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"late elder\nbrother was Yehoshua. My long living brother in Israel was Shlomo.\n\nSara: We are going to talk about the origins of your family, the history of your\nfamily for a bit. Where did your parents come from?\n\nZipora: They were both from a very small ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"town, which was called Tesin, not\nCieszyn, which is a big town, Tesin. During the First World War, [it] was called\nthe Austro-Hungarian area and was somewhere in the border between Poland,\nAustria and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Czechoslovakia at the time.\n\nSara: Do you know what kind of work your family was involved in way back?\n\nZipora: Yes. My mom did not work. Her mom died of breast cancer when my mom was\n17 years old. Her father remarried. Dov was his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name. They all perished in the\nHolocaust. They were all sent to [Auschwitz-Birkenau]. My father was a\nshoemaker, but only special shoes that had to be custom made for people who had\nproblems in whatever problems one can have in his feet. That was his profession.\n\nSara: Do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know if your father made a good living?\n\nZipora: Yes. My mom never worked outside of the home. They had two nannies. They\nhad a nice house in Tesin and the whole family was more or less around.\n\nSara: Do you know anything about your grandparents?\n\nZipora: They were long dead before I was born. As I told you, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grandmother\nfrom my mother's side died when my mom was 17 years old. Her father died in the\nHolocaust. My father's parents and the whole family--two sisters, their\nchildren--they were sent to [Auschwitz-Birkenau] right after the beginning of\nthe Second World War. Nobody was left. I never had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nobody.\n\nSara: Going back to your family, do you know how they lived their Judaism?\n\nZipora: Yes. They were very Zionistic at the time. Their life was good. Nobody\nhad any problems with being Jewish in that place. They spoke German. Although\nPolish was pretty much used, but the town ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"itself was more German like. They went\nto German schools conducted in German, German literature, German sports. My mom\nwas an expert on the soccer players, the teams around them. Theaters, museums,\neverything was German. Betar was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"popular in this city, in this town, and\naround the whole area. My brothers used to go to their meeting with their\nuniforms, the brown uniform, brown shirts, and the hat. This, by the way, saved\ntheir life once. We'll get to it. Maybe that was the trigger that made them want\nto go to Israel and not to America, for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"example.\n\nSara: What do you know about the times when the war started becoming a reality\ngradually? What did your family tell you?\n\nZipora: We need to understand that, in my home, my family never spoke about the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war. Not that it was sort of a taboo; it never came up. The only thing that did\ncome up was, \"Well, everybody was killed in [Auschwitz-Birkenau],\" and that's\nit. I didn't ask. I never wanted to speak German. Whatever I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know is not from my\nparents, but when my parents died in a difference of two years, in a gap of two\nyears between each other, and we were sitting shiva, my brothers started\ntalking, so whatever I know is from them and never before.\n\nSara: Do you know why that was so, that they did not want to share ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their experience?\n\nZipora: Maybe they thought that their experience was not that tragic. Others\nreally--the real survivors who were in those -- in [Auschwitz-Birkenau],\nTheresienstadt, in those places--they were the real survivors. My parents tried\nto run away during the war, so basically, what they went through, compared to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"others was not so tragic maybe. Maybe because the atmosphere in the land of\nIsrael at the time made them want to start a new life. They couldn't -- We need\nto be very straightforward. My mom never spoke Hebrew. The five words that she\nknew were a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"joke, but German was a taboo at the time in Eretz Yisrael. If\nsomebody heard me talk to my mom in German on the street, [they would say,]\n\"Nazi!\" Maybe this was also a reason, but it never came up as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tragedy that I\nneeded to talk about. We didn't study about the Holocaust at the time. It was\nnot -- Everything was new. Pieces of information started coming to Eretz Yisrael\nat the time. Only, what? Five years after, four and a half years after our\nAliya, only then did the State of Israel ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get founded.\n\nSara: Now, you said you had two brothers.\n\nZipora: [Yes.]\n\nSara: What is the age difference?\n\nZipora: A lot. Yehoshua, my elder brother, he died in 1991 during the first Gulf\nWar. [It had] nothing to do with the Gulf War, but also a tragic death. Because\nI wanted to save them from the Iraqi missiles, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brought everybody home to my\nplace. I lived in a village which is more -- I mean, safer. He was diagnosed\nwith liver cancer and died within two weeks. I mean, boom! So, I did rescue him\nfrom the Iraqi missiles. Yehoshua was older. The difference between him and me\nwas 18 years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The difference between Shlomo and myself is 15, maybe 15 and a\nhalf years, so to them, I was always the baby. They basically raised me. My mom\nwas very sick when she gave birth to me. She couldn't take care of me, so they\ndiapered me. To this day, when I bake and bring home yeast cakes and everything,\nShlomo, my brother--he's today ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost 80--he says, \"[unintelligible; 12:05].\" I\nmean, I'm still a baby. How can I do that? That doesn't work for him. His logic\nsees me still diapered.\n\nSara: What we are going to hear now is the story you heard through your brothers --\n\nZipora: Yes.\n\nSara: -- about what happened?\n\nZipora: Yes.\n\nSara: Going back to my question, what do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know about the early stages of the\nwar years?\n\nZipora: Until World War Two, life was very good--not too sophisticated; not --\nThey were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not rich people, but they lived comfortably. [They] kept all the\nJewish rules, and laws, and customs, and tradition. My parents were considered\nrather -- not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orthodox and not wearing black, but more Conservative. To the last\nday of his life, my father would lehani'ach tefillin [Hebrew: bind tefillin] and\ngo to synagogue every day, and of course, Friday and Saturday, and my mom would\ndo everything kosher, strictly kosher. [They were] Betar Zionists. [Ze'ev]\nJabotinsky was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ideal. Whatever he said was really sacred. I remember my\nfather singing [Hebrew lyrics; 14:19]. I mean, both banks of the Jordan River\nbelong to us, so there's no question about it. Look what's happening now with\nthis belief. The war broke out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the 1st of September 1939. It took about two\nweeks for the German troops to invade the town through Czechoslovakia. Two\nweeks. They didn't have even time to digest what was happening. Right away, all\nthe people in the region ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got an order to expel the Jewish people from the whole\nregion, but they didn't use the word 'expel.' They said Jewish people need to\nlive in a different place. They need to pack something small--like a small\nsuitcase, not something heavy--and they will move to a different area, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which\nwill -- because this area will be Judenfrei [German: free of Jews], but they\ndon't have to worry, and this would be done in three or four waves. First, men\nfrom a certain place of the region, and then women and children, and then move\nto another region, another place in the region. In this way, they will\nclean--and they used the word ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'clean'--the area. Already then, my father started\ntalking about leaving for Palestine, Palestina, but nothing looked urgent until\ntwo months later. They were talking. In the marketplace, there were several\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germans with loudspeakers, and they announced that all the men and children from\nthe age of 15--boys from the age of 15--should gather the following day, in the\nmorning, with suitcases, and they would be sent nobody knew where to and nobody\ngot a message from those who left about a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"week before. I mean, they just\ndisappeared. Nobody knew where. And two or three days later, their families\nwould join them. My brother was 15 at the time, or 15 and a half at the time,\nand my other brother was about -- What? I can't remember. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thirteen. So, only my\nfather and my elder brother were supposed to go. They went to hear. It was like\nan assembly. They went to hear what was going on. When they returned, my\ndad--which was very unusual--didn't say a word. He just went into his bedroom,\nclosed the door behind him, and that's it. My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother told the story. He said\nthat all the Jewish men came to the marketplace, and the Germans caught a young\nguy with the payot and the shtreimel, and put him on the stage, surrounded him\nwith ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"logs and wood, and started a fire. They didn't burn him to death, but they\nburned him pretty badly. Their aim was to burn the payess. When they returned, I\nthink it was the first shock my dad went got or went through. Then, an hour\nlater, he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came down, and he said, \"We are leaving. We are not waiting for the\nfollowing week to go away. That is not going to be good. I don't know where they\nwant to send us. We don't know where the others went. You don't hear anything.\nThis doesn't look good. We are going to Palestina.\" But all the borders were\nclosed the following week and it was not simple. You ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't go from now to\ntomorrow. It's not so simple. Following week, they were supposed to be the first\ntransport in this region. My father put tobacco grains in his and my brother's\neyes. When they came to the marketplace with the suitcase, they were sick. They\ncould hardly open their eyes. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were -- Everything was swollen. It was\nterrible, so the Germans told them to go home and they would be sent with the\nother transport. This gave them another month to organize, to flee. Everybody\nhad a suitcase or a backpack. There were two more families that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"joined this\nadventure. It looked like an adventure in the beginning. They paid somebody, a\nPolish person, a Polish guy, to take them over the border towards\nCzechoslovakia. The idea was to get to somewhere in Romania, where it was still\nsafe, get on a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boat via the Danube towards the Black Sea, down the Aegean Sea\ninto Israel. It sounds so simple, right? You just go like this. It was already\nthe beginning of December. It was less than three months, about less than three\nmonths. They left in the middle of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night with this guide leading them.\nGerman troops tried to catch them with hunting dogs. They went in the snow up to\ntheir knees. Whoever is not European doesn't understand what this kind of snow\nis. Of course, I don't understand. I've seen snow three times in my life. My\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother, the younger brother, couldn't take it anymore. He said, \"Leave me here.\nYou just go on. I can't go anymore, so whatever happens, happens.\" They tried to\nhelp him, and they tried to schlep [Yiddish: drag] him, and they made it. They\ncrossed the border. From there, they kept walking, [taking] busses ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also\nhorses, donkeys, with the help of the Jewish community, wherever they could find\nany. Nobody believed them that this was the situation. I mean, [they said,]\n\"Now, you're exaggerating. You misunderstood. No, that can't happen.\" Then, when\nthey came to a place--a small ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"village in Czechoslovakia, very close to the\nRomanian border already, my mom somehow, with her constant denial, which\nbasically kept her sane -- I honestly believe that this was what kept her sane.\nShe -- We always laughed. She said -- She could win the prize ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of naivete. She\nsent my brothers. It was a Betar place, a meeting, and they dressed in brown,\nand they went to the meeting like a youth group. Everything was Nazi like. They\nwent to the youth group meeting, the Betar one. They got there. Of course,\neverything was closed. On the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way back, they were confronted by Nazi youngsters\nwho are walking with their goose step, dressed in brown with stripes, like the\nyoung Nazi youth group movement at the time. My brothers were dressed in brown,\nwhich was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"similar. All of a sudden, those children salute to them. My\nbrother came home and he said, \"I don't -- Why did they salute to us?\"\nApparently, they were mistaken as being in a higher rank than the others because\nthey were in brown. Otherwise, they wouldn't have survived that meeting.\n\nSara: What locality was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this? Where did this happen?\n\nZipora: In Czechoslovakia.\n\nSara: You do not know the town?\n\nZipora: We need -- Everything is documented in Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, but that\nwas my brother. I went with him, but I was just listening. It was [surprising to\nme], but I never really wrote down. I need to bring him over one day. I need to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bring him over and he can tell you amazing stories.\n\nSara: What happened after that?\n\nZipora: They got to a place, to a small village. Those villages were scattered\naround, and somehow they heard that there was a group ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Jews getting organized\nto start going to get to Israel by a boat. How do you get a boat? Well,\neverybody belonged to Betar and they had those documented pieces of paper. They\nchipped in and paid. The Betar ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"movement in London equipped them with something\nwhich we call a boat, but it was -- a boat. I would like to read to you two\nsentences of what my brother said, which is really interesting. In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bratislava,\nnear the Hungarian border, a few hundred Jews got together, chipped in money,\nand with the help of Betar in London, purchased a boat, which was called\nPentcho. They called her Pentcho, the boat. This was the idea: to take a boat --\ndilapidated. I mean, it was a catastrophe. Who could who can dream of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing such\na distance with this boat? Only dreamers. I mean, it's not working. It's not\nready. My father heard about it. They went to this place, chipped in money--and\nlater I'll tell you what kind of money, how they could smuggle out money; it was\nnot really money--and joined ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this -- What? It sounded like a trip, like a\njourney. It's so simple. Nothing. When they ran away and this [extra] month,\nwhich I told you about, gave them leeway to get organized, my mom sewed a\ndress--she had a good figure--with about, I think, 40 or 50 teeny, weeny ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"buttons\nfrom here [the neck] to the bottom. [It was] a long dress. The buttons were gold\npieces, pieces made of gold, which were wrapped in the same fabric of the dress.\nThat's what she was wearing. I remember this. I remember the dress. This was\npart that I remember from Israel, because they used the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gold later on when my\nbrothers were in the Etzel in Israel, and they were caught by the British, and\nwere in prison in Yaffo, in Jaffa. That's how they bribed the British police\nofficers and freed [them]. Otherwise, they would have been sent to Africa.\nBasically, the start ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was from Bratislava near the Danube River going to\nPalestine. According to the engineers, dreamers, the trip should have taken\nabout five and a half weeks. It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took 11 months to come to a piece of land, which\nwas not Israel, and not five and a half weeks. Eleven months, ten months and --\nalmost 11 months. They set off in -- What was it? I think my brother ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said\nFebruary or March 1940 and landed -- not really Rhodes. It was a tiny, mini\nisland, which was called -- I can't even remember the name because nobody lives\nthere. It's stony. It's not a place that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can live. Wherever is it? I can't\nremember the name. I probably didn't write it down, but I would like to read\nsomething about the boat, because the book I showed you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this thick is the story\nof our life. The book is over there, the blue one. I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sorry. Thank you. This is\nthe book written in a nice, innocent Hebrew way by Yehoshua ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Halevy. Everybody\nthere spoke Hebrew better, less, but the Hebrew they used in Eastern Europe.\nThis book is the proof of how Zionistic they were, because everything was done\nin the atmosphere and in the spirit of Jabotinsky. I want -- This is the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boat. I\nwould just like to give you sizes so that people understand. For me, it's hard\nto understand. I mean, I know it, but I can't grasp it. The ferry they bought\nwas 170 feet ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"long--I translated the figures into American sizes--23 feet wide,\nand 16 and a half feet deep. This is what saved their lives, because under the\nknob, there were underwater mines that the Germans spread. Deep boats would\nexplode. This one floated, but nobody knew there were mines there until they\nstarted exploding around ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. They just floated because it was not deep. It was\nlike a real boat. It was like a nothing. There were 518 people on that ferry.\nEach one was entitled to a 20 inch space. [In a] 20 inch space, I can't imagine\nmy brother, who was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tall, sleeping there. How? But there was no space\nperiod. Most of the passengers were young and maybe that's what enabled this\ntrip. When the boat was, like, waving to one side, the captain would shout,\n\"Everybody to the other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side!\" They would run to the other side and that's how\nthey balanced the ferry. Can you imagine? What? How long did it take them? About\nten and a half months, running from side to side, but this was the least of all.\n\nSara: So, they arrived to a place, to a dry place ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eventually?\n\nZipora: Yes.\n\nSara: To a tiny island?\n\nZipora: Which was only stone. They didn't have what to eat during those ten and\na half months. No country along the Danube would let them board and that was the\ntragedy, because they were equipped for about five weeks. But after five weeks,\nthey couldn't move on because they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stopped, so all the food was gone, all\nthe water was gone, and people really starved. Even archbishops from Romania,\nfrom Hungary sent boats with food to help them--noodles with worms, whatever,\nbut something. When the boat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finally broke down near Rhodes, nobody drowned\nbecause everything was stony. Those young people helped the others survive. They\njust pulled them out of the water, brought them to safe and dry land, and that\nwas -- It was very close to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rhodes and that's where they got stuck. All of them\nwere very thin, very ill, very thankful to the Turkish fishermen [and] Greek\nfishermen who helped them all the way. But still, there was no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food and it's not\na week two, three, four; it's ten and a half months. When they got there, my\nbrother and his friends said, \"You know what? The boat is broken anyway. Let's\nuse the boards and let's make a big S.O.S. on the ground and burn it so maybe it\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will attract some attention,\" and that's what they did. The second day when they\nlanded was Yom Kippur. Everybody fasted. [There was] no other choice. Everybody,\nchildren and everybody [fasted]. After three days, a German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Italian fascist\nplane saw them, saw the fire, and saw the S.O.S. Do you know what S.O.S. stands\nfor? Because here, when I use S.O.S. for students, they have no clue what I'm\ntalking about. S.O.S. is 'save our souls.' Here, it's not part of the American\nculture, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apparently. After maybe five hours, an Italian war ship arrived and\ntook everybody, 518 people, and brought them ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Rhodes. Rhodes, again, at the\ntime, was fascistic. There was a community, a Jewish community there. None of\nthem survived. I know that here there is a synagogue with -- I need to meet\nthese people because they are probably not people from that time. Maybe earlier\nor later, but nobody survived from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rhodes. The Jewish community really embraced\nthe survivors. Of course, they were in camps, closed, but they were really, like\nadopted by the Jewish families there. They could go on with their life, like\nZionistic life. I forgot to say that during those ten and a half months on the\nboat, the elder people who were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doctors, architects, engineers, professors,\nhighly educated people kept teaching the children. It was like a school, but\nthat's how they could go on. In Rhodes, this basically went on. The children\nwent to the schools that the Jewish community there provided them with. I was\nborn ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. I was born there in a hospital which exists to this very day. It's\ncalled Saint Helena and when I was in Rhodes in -- I can't remember -- the\n1960s, I could see my name over there in the book. The whole group of survivors\nwas forced to leave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rhodes because the Germans gave the order to send all the\nJewish people from Rhodes to [Auschwitz-Birkenau]. But we were not from Rhodes.\nWe didn't belong there, so the Italians, lucky us, transferred us to southern\nItaly and that's why ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we survived. Again, nobody from the original Jewish\npopulation in Rhodes survived the war, nobody.\n\nSara: What was the place in southern Italy?\n\nZipora: Ferramonti. It was a concentration camp held, led, kept by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Italian\nsoldiers, who were humane, helpful, and compassionate.\n\nSara: How old were you at that time when you went to Italy?\n\nZipora: I think it was about nine to ten months. I have a picture here, even here.\n\nSara: How long did you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stay there?\n\nZipora: One and a half years. We were in Ferramonti for one and a half years. We\ncould go on with our lives. The Italian police officers would open the gates\nwhen the British and Americans would bomb the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"area. They would let us out, run\nto the mountains and forests, and when everything was safe, we could go back.\nWhen the liberating forces from North Africa invaded Italy, the Italians opened\nthe gates and left the place. We all went to the mountains. When the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first\nBritish trucks came into Ferramonti, this could be declared as, \"Now we get to\nget freedom.\" My brother, my elder brother was at the time already 17 or\nwhatever. Yes, 17 and a half, almost 18. He joined the British military on the\nspot. That's why he came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Palestine one and a half years after us. He remained\nin Europe fighting with the British military, but the British Jewish units.\n\nSara: The Jewish Brigade?\n\nZipora: The Jewish Brigade.\n\nSara: How did you make it to Israel from Ferramonti?\n\nZipora: Because we were Betar, we got legal certificates, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was amazing at\nthat time. They took us all to Bari [Italy]. There, of course, I got lost. I was\nadventurous at the time. We were supposed to take a boat--now, a real one--to\nAlexandria in Egypt, and from there with a train, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's what we did. I\nremember the trip from Alexandria to Israel.\n\nSara: How old were you?\n\nZipora: Two and a half, maybe two and four months. The only thing I remember was\nwhen the train would stop and we would get off, one of the British soldiers--we\ncalled them 'Kalaniyot' because they had red caps--would take me to -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just a\nlittle bit. That's what I remember.\n\nSara: Do you remember your arrival in Israel? Do you know --\n\nZipora: Yes. I just need to say something about when the British came into the\ncamp, into Ferramonti. They gave us chocolate. We didn't know what -- I didn't\nknow what chocolate was. I spit it out. The only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing I lived on was cabbage. I\ndon't eat cabbage to this day and I never knew why. Only when sitting shiva, did\nI hear that we lived on cabbage and then I said, \"Oh, now I understand why I\ndon't eat kruv [Hebrew: cabbage].\" Yes. We came to Atlit, which was the big\nabsorption place. [We] lived in tents. The only thing I remember was me sitting\non a potty. I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dysentery. I was very sick for about three or four months.\nAfter four or five months, they sent -- They just dispersed us whatever.\n\nSara: On what date did you arrive in Israel?\n\nZipora: May 1944. There was nothing there. In Atlit, there was nothing; just a\nbig a huge camp of tents.\n\nSara: Who were the other people in the camp?\n\nZipora: Like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us, survivors, people who smuggled in, illegal immigration, people\nwho came -- You see, not a dime, not a penny to their name. They hardly had\ntheir skin on them. That's what everybody looked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like.\n\nSara: When you were dispersed, where did you end up?\n\nZipora: In Rishon LeZion, which was quite developed at the time. Nobody knows\nwhy we ended up in LeZion. It's not that the whole group went together to one\nplace. No, they just sent us. You couldn't choose. I mean, not that you couldn't\nchoose; you could go wherever you wanted, but why would you? They sent five\nfamilies to this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place, ten families to that place. I don't think that there was\nsome system in how to disperse us.\n\nSara: Who were the ones doing administration, the management?\n\nZipora: There were -- At the time, Eretz Yisrael was not a complete desert.\nThere were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish people there. What? Sixty or 70,000 Jews lived in Palestine or\nEretz Yisrael at that time. They were appointed by the British Mandate to take\ncare of the Jews who arrived illegally or like us, but we were the minority,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"legally and help us get absorbed in the population. That was their job and\nthat's what they did. It was pretty much organized. [There were] doctors,\nnurses. We were sent to schools right away. I remember myself going to a two and\na half year old ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kindergarten.\n\nSara: What did your parents do?\n\nZipora: Well, that was the story. Nobody -- My mom didn't speak Hebrew. My\nfather spoke Hebrew from home, but the Hebrew they spoke in Eastern Europe, and\nit was quite funny. It was quite funny. He tried to go on with his occupation.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's why I remember my mom taking out this old dress from a big box. I saw her\nstarting working with scissors. I said to her, \"Was machst du? Das ist so alt.\nNiemand trägt will dich sehen,\" [German: What are you doing? This is so old.\nNobody wants to see you.] which means, \"Nobody wears this thing. I don't want to\nsee you, to see ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this.\" She did not react. Then, she started cutting the buttons and\nI saw pieces of gold. They sent several pieces of gold to the [United] States.\nSome of the survivors from Theresienstadt and [Auschwitz-Birkenau] ended up in\nin America. My father ordered machines so that he could go on with his\noccupation. It was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"total flop because in 1945, 1946, 1947, who could afford\nhand-made shoes and custom made shoes? It was -- The idea was bad to start with,\nbut they -- Who understood? Then, he was--because he knew Hebrew, and he learned\nhow to write, and he always was a good speller--employed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by -- not military, but\nit was the pre-military organization. He worked in the shekem [Hebrew], which\nwas like a canteen, writing down what went out, what came in. That's how they\nmade a little money. My older brother sent money from Europe via the British\nBrigade and my younger ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother worked. They did not go on studying. I was the\nonly one who went to school.\n\nSara: What are your memories of your school years?\n\nZipora: Good. I learned in a wonderful public school--everything in Israel is\npublic--in a wonderful public school [called] Haviv in Rishon LeZion. It was a\nwonderful school. Everything [was] conducted in Hebrew, of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course. I never\nwanted my parents, especially not my mom, to come to school. I was ashamed she\nnever spoke Hebrew.\n\nSara: How old was your mother at this time?\n\nZipora: My mom was 41 when she gave birth to me. She was very sick in the\nbeginning. That's why my brothers literally raised me. They came to school when\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I needed my brother to come to school in the year [for] reports and everything.\nI said [to my mother], \"You don't understand Hebrew. You can't come.\"\n\nSara: What was your mother's illness?\n\nZipora: Nothing specific. She was not mentally ill. She was physically ill. She\nwas so vulnerable to everything. In the beginning, they thought maybe malaria,\nbut it wasn't. She got the flu. She got whatever you wanted. Just name it, she\ngot it. She couldn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get used to the climate. She couldn't get used -- It was\ntragic. It was a crisis. You come from a home that had everything to a place\nthat had nothing. We lived in Rishon LeZion in an apartment. The whole apartment\nwas the size of my living room now. The roof was made of tin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with holes. I\nremember running with small buckets, just keeping the keeping the water away.\nThe side was a little kitchenette. Nobody knew what running water was, or a\nbathroom, or a toilet, G-d forbid. Everything was outside. We would go and have\na shower I think twice a week. I remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outside, it was freezing cold. That's\nhow I grew up, but I never knew any better. I remember my brother returning from\nItaly in the British Brigade. I remember the street and I remember a tall, young\nguy dressed in British uniform walking down the street. My parents would run to\nhim and I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"standing there. I never recognized him. We all lived in one little\nroom. They tried to work immediately. I mean, both of -- My elder brother was\nthe head of Etzel in the south and he schlepped my younger brother along.\n\nSara: Etzel was Irgun?\n\nZipora: Yes. Irgun Zeva'i --\n\nSara: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Le'Umi.\n\nZipora: -- Le'Umi, which was Betar, very Zionistic. He was a very important\nfigure in that in that time, my elder brother. That's how we basically lived\nuntil the declaration of the State of Israel.\n\nSara: When you became a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teenager, what were some of the activities you did? What\nwas your life like? Describe that time in your life.\n\nZipora: I think I had a pretty nice, active youth life. It was good. We went --\nI was --I went with the youth group, which was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called Maccabi, and I was a group\nleader there. We went on trips. We went hiking. We taught the little children.\nWe made jokes of the British soldiers. When they would call for curfew, we would\nrun. I remember myself running ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"along the walls, just ignoring them. It was a\ngood life. We had nothing. I was responsible for three times a week buying from\nthe Arabs ice, a big ice cube, and put in the ice box. We had -- Nobody had\nanything. It's not, \"We didn't have;\" nobody had. That's how we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived. I was\nvery happy. I was really happy.\n\nSara: Do you remember the day when the partition was announced?\n\nZipora: I remember the day when [David] Ben-Gurion announced the State of Israel.\n\nSara: What do you remember?\n\nZipora: I remember all of us. I think it was Saturday ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night--either Friday or\nSaturday. We all gathered around the big synagogue together, Beit HaKnesset\nHaGadol [Hebrew: The Great Synagogue] in Rishon LeZion, [Unintelligible; 58:46]\nStreet, singing, and dancing, and celebrating. Four hours after that, the war\nbroke out. Four hours and my brothers were gone. They immediately ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"joined the\nHaganah and became high rank officers. The war lasted nine months; I think\naround nine months. I remember the airplanes bombing. I remember the British\nleaving in haste. Just leave. You know, one day they're here, the other day\nthey're not there anymore. It was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big chaos.\n\nSara: You were a youngster --\n\nSara: Day two interview with Zipora Wagner.\n\nZipora: Wagner.\n\nSara: During those years, your teenage years, the years of your youth, a lot of\nrefugees from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war started arriving in Israel. Can you talk about the impact\ntheir arrival had, how the atmosphere was affected?\n\nZipora: Those new immigrants, who came from all over the world, not only Eastern\nEurope, but also Morocco, Iraq, Tehran, Yemen. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They lived in what we call\nMadura, which was like a transient place made of tents, pretty much like Atlit,\nbut a different atmosphere, because in Atlit, we knew it was temporary, three\nfor five months at the most. Madura lasted several years. There was no way, no\nmeans to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"absorb them. I remember having a friend, a Yemenite one. Her name\nis--she's alive, of course--Harut. Herut [in Hebrew means] freedom. Of course,\nit should be Herut, but we called her 'Harut.' The way she lived was, well,\nprobably the way we lived in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlit, but she -- I remember her from first grade\nto fifth living under such circumstances and conditions. I would bring her home\njust to be with me. She was extremely bright. I remember my mom not very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happy\nabout the idea because A, my mom was ashamed; B, because my mom didn't know how\nto digest the idea of seeing somebody -- She was not black, but she was dark. I\ndon't remember the word \"schvartze\" [Yiddish: black] used at home. I hear it\nmore here in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta. I guess my mom was rather ashamed of the conditions we\nlived in. But compared to her conditions, it was like a palace. You had a roof\nover your head and not a tent. In 1951, this huge wave of immigration from\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Morocco, Tunis, Libya, came to Israel. This was so difficult. The children were\nso much different from us. It was so difficult to integrate with them.\n\nSara: For instance?\n\nZipora: First of all, they were walking with knives. I remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"using, or\nhearing, using and hearing the terminology, the phrase \"Maroco sakin\" [Hebrew:\nMoroccan knife].\n\nSara: Which means?\n\nZipora: Morocco and the knife. These two words went together. They were inferior.\n\nSara: In what sense?\n\nZipora: All senses: culturally, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"financially, socially, everything. I don't\nremember having Moroccans in Maccabi. They were not good students.\nThey--according to European ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"culture--misbehaved. Of course, later when you grow\nup, and you read, and you learn, you understand that what happened to them was\nthat you pulled the ground [out from] underneath [them]. You come from a\ndifferent culture. All of a sudden, the man is not the man anymore. He's not the\nhead of the family. He doesn't have work. He's unemployed, or if he is employed,\nis employed in what? In--excuse me--shitty work. No money, no financial means,\nand we looked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down on them, literally. This explains what happened in the 1960s\nand 1970s.\n\nSara: Did your family become aligned politically?\n\nZipora: Always Betar, Herut. We were always right wing, always. I am right wing.\nI'm not a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fanatic, but I am right wing and I am pretty proud of it. I think that\nwe deserve everything we have. Whatever we have, we fought, we shared our blood.\nIt doesn't mean that we need to kill Palestinians and it doesn't mean that we\nneed to put up a house in the back of their garden. You don't want to see a\nstranger in your backyard. I don't believe in Shtei Gadot La'Yarden, two banks\nof the Jordan. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hardly know how to get, how to manage with the little we have.\nI don't need more, but there is a problem. There is a problem. That's our place.\nThere is no other place for us. Would you live in Eritrea, which was an idea\nbefore the foundation of the State of Israel? Maybe we'll go to Africa. My\nbrothers, when they were caught by the British soldiers, when they were members\nof the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Etzel, they were in Jaffa in the big tower, which is called 'haShaon'\n[Hebrew], the clock, because it had the clock like the Big Ben on that. I\nremember going visiting them and, when they were transferred to Jerusalem and\nthe next step was Eritrea. The idea was maybe the Jewish state should be founded\nthere. Well, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no. On the other hand, we need to understand that the Palestinians\nhave a right to have their own place and that some places need to be shared like\nthe [Temple Mount]. It's so difficult for me to say that, and I'm pretty sure\nthat my father turns around in his grave. He turns in his grave. But there is no\nway. Al-Aqsa is there. Next month -- No, at the end of this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"month, I'm going to\ntake my two-one students to a restaurant which speaks Hebrew only, and they have\nto order in Hebrew. Everything will be conducted in Hebrew, and then I bring\nthem home, and I want to show them a movie about Jewish fanatics who planned to\nblow up al-Aqsa. I couldn't believe it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"true until my ex-students in Israel\nwere who are in the Shabak, in the Mossad came and tell me. I mean, they told\nme. I said, \"You're crazy. No.\" Yes, there are fanatics and that's why the\nsituation is so bad. You have fanatics from this side, you have fanatics from\nthat side, and they dictate to the rest of us, which is the majority, how to\nlive, and that's a catastrophe. That's a tragedy.\n\nSara: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Getting back to your story. You remember the arrival of Jews from Arab lands.\n\n Zipora:[Yes.]\n\nSara: Tell me a little more about the refugees from Europe, from the war. What\nimages come to your mind?\n\nZipora: You know the word Meshuga [Yiddish: crazy]?\n\nSara: Yes.\n\nZipora: You know what it means in Yiddish, 'Meshuga afn gantsn kop [Yiddish:\ncrazy in the whole head]?'\n\nSara: [Yes.]\n\nZipora: That's what I remember. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember old people, not young people. I don't\nremember children. I remember old people walking in the street, talking to\nthemselves, crying, crazy, insane. That's what I remember. Maybe this was the\nreason I never wanted my mom to walk with me in the street and speak German. It\nwas -- This is behind ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us. You turn a leaf; finished. Since I didn't have any\nmemories, it was not hard for me. I started my life with no memories, but my\nmom, she never overcame this tragedy. I remember it was like a yard [where] we\nlived in Rishon LeZion. It was like a yard, which was a hut, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"structure, and each\npart was rented out by a very rich Jewish family that lived in the area forever,\nand everybody came from Europe. Everybody was more or less our situation, but I\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember one family with one kid. I remember the mother. Her name was Lena and\nshe was a dressmaker. I always envied her daughter because she was always\ndressed nicely and I was dressed with whatever my mom could, I don't know, get,\nmaybe sew. I remember getting packages from America twice a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year [at] Rosh\nHaShanah and Pesach, with nuts. I remember a skirt like, greenish. It was more\nlike the Maccabean, the Betar color. I would wear it for my youth group\norganization. Everybody looked at me. They said, \"[Unintelligible; 1:11:27].\nYou're trying to dress up,\" and it wasn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even mine. I got it in a package. I\ndon't know even who sent it.\n\nSara: This was also the time of Tsena?\n\nZipora: Yes. I think that I even have in this house my first ID card with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nstamps--it was 1955, 1956, 1957--with the stamps of food. We were given, for\nexample, two eggs a week, one kilogram [or] 2.2 pounds of wheat a month. And\nwhenever you got your portion, it was called manot [Hebrew: rations]. A manna\n[Hebrew] is a portion. Whenever you got your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"portion, your identity card was\nstamped. I think you still have it here. It's unbelievable. I look at myself in\nthe mirror, I say, 'It's unbelievable. I lived all through this?'\n\nSara: Do you remember being hungry during that time?\n\nZipora: No, but I remember eating very simple food. That's why, to this very\nday, food doesn't mean ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much to me.\n\nSara: What was a simple meal for you?\n\nZipora: Noodles with cottage cheese on top, cinnamon and sugar. I think that\nthis is what I basically grew up on. Today, kill me if I touch noodles. Those\nnoodles [were] the thick ones; not the thin ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ones, not the fine ones. My mom\nwould cook it, and put sugar on it and cinnamon--a little bit of cinnamon--and\ncottage cheese--one spoon of cottage cheese. I remember playing with my friends\n[when] I was five, six, seven, ten years old outside. I would hold a bowl. My\nmom would put in it two spoons of sugar, and this much ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of cocoa, and mix it, and\nthat's what I would -- That was my chocolate. This was my sweet part of the day.\nWe didn't really have much, but it's -- I remember my father on Erev Yom Kippur,\nthe days before Yom Kippur, when you clean everything. He would take the hen,\nthe rooster, and make Kapparot around my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"head and I would say, basically, \"You\nshould get rid of this hen because he is my Kapparot.\" No, you couldn't afford\nthat, so everybody paid, slaughtered, went to the butcher, and he slaughtered\nthe rooster, and we would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eat. I don't remember. For me, basar [Hebrew], meat is\nonly chicken. I don't remember ever eating red meat until I grow up, ever. Eggs\nwere something special, but my mum cooked well and she was a good baker. What\nshe did and what I know is from her. She -- I don't know how. She was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"magician.\n\nSara: Tell me about high school. Where did you go?\n\nZipora: I finished the eighth grade. We didn't have middle schools at the time.\nBasically, I started with middle schools when I was already a teacher, and it\nwas my one of my projects. I finished the eighth grade in Rishon LeZion Hovevei\nZion. Then, I started in Rishon LeZion, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Gymnasia Harealit, which is to this\nvery day, one of the best high schools in Israel. After two years with -- I had\nto work in order to finance my studies. Of course, it's public schools, but in\norder to buy books, and transportation, and whatever, I needed to work. My\nparents could never give me any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money. It was -- Then, I went to a Seminar,\nwhich is called Seminar Levinsky, exists to this very day in Tel Aviv. I was\nthere four years. I graduated as a teacher, putting the emphasis on English. In\nmy first year, I got married, but because I studied instead of serving in the\nmilitary, I owed the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"military. I owed the military, so they told me where to\nwork and I was a teacher. There was a shortage. We were so short of teachers at\nthe time, so I taught English in Kfar Saba and that's how I basically paid my\ndebt to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"military.\n\nSara: You were talking about getting married?\n\nZipora: Yes.\n\nSara: Tell me about that.\n\nZipora: Which aspect of what?\n\nSara: Who was your husband?\n\nZipora: He was in agriculture. First of all, he was in the military when I met\nhim. He was a sports instructor, very young, cute. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived in a village which\nwas founded by German speaking people, so German and Yiddish was not strange to\nhis ears. His parents were Polish. They spoke Polish at home. [They were] not\nHolocaust survivors. They came to Eretz Yisrael even before the First World War.\nI met him near my home when he was with his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soldiers in Rishon LeZion. We became\nfriends. I invited him home and my mom said to me in German, \"Does he have a\nhome?\" I said, \"Well, I guess so, because he goes home once a week, or once in\ntwo weeks, or -- Where do you think he goes to?\" She said, \"I don't know.\" Once,\nwhen he came with his motorcycle--that was his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transportation--I said to him,\n\"Where do you live?\" He says, \"Sde Warburg.\" I said, more or less, \"Where is\nthis?\" He explained to me. When he left, we opened the map of Israel and, G-d\nhelp me, this place was not on the map. Mom said, \"He doesn't have a home. You\ndo not go out with a homeless.\" The next ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time when he came, I said, \"Look, my\nmom wouldn't let me go out with you because you have no home.\" [He said,] \"What\ndo you mean I don't have a home? So, where do I come from?\" I said, \"I don't\nknow, but this place you mentioned doesn't exist on the map.\" So, he rented a\nJeep, which was like today renting a huge limo, and brought this Jewish princess\nwith high ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heeled shoes--pointed ones in 1960--to go to his moshav [Hebrew:\nsettlement], village was not even paved. I was thinking -- with my heels, \"But\nthis place exists.\" It was there.\n\nSara: What was your husband's name?\n\nZipora: First name?\n\nSara: Yes, his first name.\n\nZipora: His name was Motkeh, Mordechai. Everybody called him 'Motkeh.'\n\nSara: When did you get married?\n\nZipora: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1961, August 1961.\n\nSara: What kind of a wedding did you have?\n\nZipora: My parents had nothing but when I decided to get married--I mean, when I\ntold my mom that that was the story. She said to me, she and my\nsister-in-law--my brother was already married at the time--they both looked at\nme and they said, \"We don't know if you know what love is. Would you wash his\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"socks?\" Can you understand the innocent way of thinking? [They asked,] \"Would\nyou be able to wash his socks?\" I said, \"Well, I'll try. I think so.\" Forget we\ndidn't have washing machines. When we decided to get married, his parents didn't\nhave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much, but they had food. They had the henhouse, so they had eggs. They had\nchicken to eat. They had vegetables. They didn't need those manot in Tsena time.\nIt didn't mean anything to them. My father said, \"You will have a big wedding.\"\nMotkeh said to him, \"Look, my parents can't afford it.\" My ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father said, \"She is\nmy only daughter and I lived to see this day in my life.\" I had a big wedding in\nYaffo. The place exists to this very day. I remember black people in the\nwedding. I remember my husband going to them, and congratulating them, and\nasking them which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side they belong to. They said, \"No side, but we see food and\nso much music. So, is that okay?\" Yes, it was okay. It was a big wedding. I\nthink, at that time, more than 250 people, which was huge. How did we gather 250\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people? Nobody really Goldfinger or -- It's only people that we learned to know\nfrom Israel and those who were on the boat, on the Pencho. Yes. Then, I moved in\nKfar Saba. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I worked in elementary school and then in high school. We decided --\nAt the time, the Minister of Education decided to think of structuring our\neducational system according to America, to the States, and try middle school,\njunior high school. I think that the place I moved, I worked, was one of the\nfirst places in Israel trying this new system of junior high ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school.\n\nSara: How did you decide to go into teaching?\n\nZipora: I think that was -- This was in my blood, I think, forever, and ever,\nand ever. Yesterday, one of my students, one of my majors were here. I said,\n\"So, Noa, what do you want to do? She said, \"Well, I guess I'll be a teacher.\" I\nsaid, \"Don't be ridiculous. Teachers are always underpaid. You don't want to be\na teacher.\" She said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Tsipi, if you were to relive your life, what would you\nbe?\" I said, \"I always wanted to be a doctor, but I guess I would be a teacher\nagain.\" It's not something I can change. I will always be a teacher. It's\nwritten here. The way I speak, the way I explain how to get to me, the way I\nexplain what I buy at Kroger's, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how I find things. I don't know what it is,\nbut people who don't know me--especially in Israel--say, \"Oh, you're a teacher,\nright?\" [I ask,] \"How do you know?\" [They answer,] \"The way you explain,\" which\nprobably makes sense.\n\nSara: You went through several wars.\n\nZipora: Yes.\n\nSara: First one was in 1956?\n\nZipora: The first one was in 1948.\n\nSara: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1948, which --\n\nZipora: The first one in 1948, when the Arabs started to shoot, to fire at\nRishon LeZion, I remember my father taking all our neighbors, and we would lie\nin his workshop--he was trying to do shoes--and we would put mattresses because\nit was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cement on top of us because they would shoot at Rishon LeZion. This was\nthe war. This was after the British left. Because the beginning was when I\nremember playing with the British seek-and-hide, but this was the beginning.\nThen, several of my brothers' friends were killed. I don't remember my father\nserving, being in the military, but he was -- He worked for the military.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Probably you call it a civilian who works for the military, but he was old. I\nmean, old. He couldn't serve in the military. My brothers were in the military.\nDo you know what [unintelligible; 1:26:50] are? It's lice. That's a Yiddish\nword. It's lice that is not in your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"head, but only here, wherever you have hair\nbesides your head. That's what I remember from the war with my brothers. They\nwould come back. My mom wouldn't let them in. Like, they needed to go through\ndisinfection in order to get rid of the [unintelligible; 1:27:20]. It was\nterrible. I remember visiting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Latrun on the way to Jerusalem after the big fight\nover there. My brother was there. My younger brother fought in the south. Years\nlater, he would take us to those mountain kibbutzim and explain what they went\nthrough there. This was a 1948. Nineteen fifty-six, I was still in Rishon\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"LeZion. I didn't know Motkeh at the time. My first boyfriend was a paratrooper,\nand he took part in that war, returned as a hero. That was the first time we\ntook Sinai. That was the first time I went to see Sinai. I don't remember much\nof that time. The next one was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1967, the Six Day War. My husband was in the\nmilitary. I already had two babies. Roy was three and a half years old, almost\nfour, and Erez, my other one, was a month old. The men were recruited about five\nmonths before the war. That's why the war started, because you couldn't just\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shut up the country. They shut the country. How can you be recruited, all the\nmen in the country? They took my--they, the military, the government--took the\ntractor. They wanted -- They took all the cars away. They needed them for the\nwar. We had a farm. My husband grew carnations and chrysanthemums. I was a\nteacher, but I had to go on. I remember, in the middle of the night, taking the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tractor. I have a license for driving a tractor. I took the tractor and hid it\nin the middle of the grove--we had orange trees, citrus trees--so that they at\nleast leave me with a tractor. I would go and take the workers from the Arab\nvillages, and the Yemenites from the Yemenite part of Kfar ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Saba. When the war\nreally broke out, we were lying in trenches that we dug. I asked my parents to\ncome. I had two babies, so I ask my parents to come from Rishon LeZion and they\nlived with me. We would sit in the evenings, when there were no fighting, no\nshooting, listening to the radio, and only hearing the Arab countries saying,\n\"We invaded Tel Aviv; we invaded ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kfar Saba; we invaded Haifa.\" Nobody invaded\nus. Then, when they entered the old city and conquered the Kotel, I remember my\nmother crying. She said, \"Well, this was worth it.\" She didn't mean the war. She\nmeant running away from home there. This was worth it. We lost a lot of friends.\nI ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lost many students during the war. It was not an easy one. Nineteen\nseventy-three was a catastrophe. The war broke out at two in the afternoon. My\nhusband took ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his uniform, and his Uzi [semi-automatic gun], and ran. I don't\nknow where he ran to. Nobody really know where to run to. You saw a car, a\nmilitary car, you jumped on it. Wherever it went, [you said,] \"Just take me.\"\nSeveral days later -- I went to work. It looked like life, except for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this kind\nof war went on because schools went on. Then, the principal of the school called\nme out of the class and said, \"You need to go home.\" I said, \"He died?\" He said,\n\"Who are you talking about?\" I said, \"My husband.\" He said, \"No, his brother,\nand you need to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home, and locate your husband, and help the family.\" This\nhappened to every second home. It's not only me. To this day, I don't know many\nfamilies in Israel who did not suffer a loss in any of the wars. I don't know\nany family who didn't have a personal tragedy. That's why ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said that when\n[Anwar El] Sadat came, and we decided to make peace with Egypt, I said -- There\nwas like, \"What do the people in Israel think? What do the citizens think? Do we\nneed to, do we have to return Sinai or not?\" I said, \"I don't have the\npermission to answer. You need to ask my mother-in-law because she lost a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"son.\"\nI think that -- I mean, for years, Rosh HaShanah, Pesach, every big holiday she\nwould reserve a chair for Danny. Danny will return. She never got to terms with\nhis death. It was very bad. I asked her and she said, \"Yes. Yes. If this is an\noption for peace, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then yes.\" We need to remember this, because maybe the time\nhas come to look for options. But that's beside the story. In 1982, 1983, the\nLebanon War, both my husband and Roy, my elder son, were recruited. I remember\nthen--I'm not a historical ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person; I think I paced too much in my life--but\nthen, when we didn't hear from him for five days, I went nuts. I said, \"We need\nto find --\" I remember looking during the 1973 war, when I needed to find my\nhusband in order to bring him home and be with his parents. My brother couldn't\nfind his son. When I did locate Motkeh, I said to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him, \"Listen, now we need to\nfind Ronnie. Where is he? Thank G-d everything is okay there. But where is he?\"\nHe was an officer. I remember my husband pulling some strings and we located\nRonnie. He was in the valley, in the Jordan Valley. Everything was okay, but you\nare looking for the children. You are looking for the children. It's\nunbelievable. Last week, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"screened the movie \"As If Nothing Happened\" to my\nstudents. [I said,] \"You guys need to see this thing. It's real life in Israel\ntoday--real life--and it doesn't matter whether it was in 1973 or it is now.\" In\n1983, I started to look for my son. I even came to [Chaim] Weizmann, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who I know\npersonally. We helped him when his son got wounded during the war. He helped me\nlocate Roy. I don't think that Roy -- Roy doesn't talk about this. He says, \"I\nwas in Lebanon. I was responsible for missiles. Don't ask me because I can't\nanswer.\" That's basically what I know about my kids' ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"military life.\n\nSara: Both your kids served?\n\nZipora: They served four years, four and a half years. They served their three\nyears plus one and a half more because they were needed.\n\nSara: Tsipi, at some point, you lost your husband, I understand?\n\nZipora: Yes. He got -- I'm sorry.\n\nI don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cry often. He got a stroke when he was 60 and in a coma. When he\neventually died, I thanked G-d. I said, \"Thank G-d.\" He was tough. I don't know\nwhat to say.\n\nSara: How did you cope?\n\nZipora: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Me? When he got the stroke, the first two weeks looked like better. They\ncleaned his brain. They drained the blood. He regained consciousness, but he\ncouldn't speak because they had tubes in his throat, so our communication was in\nwriting. Then, I don't know what happened. He ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deteriorated. Both my sons were in\nIsrael at the time. I mean, I called them in because we didn't know what would\nhappen. Then, my other younger one, they rushed him to another city, in Ichilov\n[Hospital] in Tel Aviv. On the way, the tube was moved out of his throat, and he\ndidn't have air, didn't get oxygen, and he went into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coma. Basically, the coma\nwas not the result of over the stroke. The coma was the result of not getting\nenough oxygen. It's not like in the States, that you can sue hospitals. No\nlawyer -- I brought all the evidence. Of course, the hospital did not have the\ndocumentation to this event, although my son was there, going with the doctor.\nNobody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted to take the case.\n\nSara: Now you live in Atlanta?\n\nZipora: Yes After the second year, I mean the second memorial day to my husband,\nwhen the children came, it was -- He passed away on December 2, 1997. Roy said\nto me, my son here, he said to me, \"Mom, we need grandma not in remote ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"control.\"\nShe was my first. Danielle was my first granddaughter. I said -- It didn't take\nme even five seconds to react. I said, \"You know what? You've got to deal. Find\nme where to live. Find me a place. Find me a job because I need to work,\notherwise I'll get nuts. And I'll come for a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year.\" Jody, who was born in\nAtlanta and learned at Emory [University], she sent my CV [curriculum vitae].\nShe wrote a beautiful CV. In the beginning, I didn't even recognize my own CV. I\ngot about five or six positive answers, which of course, I didn't know what to\nchoose from. For example, the Hebrew Academy sounded so sophisticated. They\nsaid, \"This looks, sounds ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonderful.\" She said, \"No, you don't want little\nkids.\" [She] said, \"Academy. You don't want little kids.\" That's how I ended up\nat Emory and I'm very happy here.\n\nSara: What makes you happy about it?\n\nZipora: First of all, I needed a break. To start with, I needed to regain my\nsanity. I think that the older we get, the more we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understand how much family is\nimportant. In Israel, except for my brother and my two sisters-in-law, and their\nchildren, their family, I have nobody. And tons of friends. Real friends, that's\nthe only thing I miss here. My other son lives in Belgium with his wife, going\non with my late husband's business [of] diamonds and jewelry. Roy lives here. I\nam stuck in Israel, very happy with my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work, very happy with my friends, but no\nfamily. That was tough, so when Roy suggested that I come here, I said,\n\"Agreed.\" Honestly, I came for a year and now it's the end of the fifth one. I'm\nvery happy.\n\nSara: Tell me about your grandchildren.\n\nZipora: I guess you don't want to see pictures. You have so many pictures around\nyou. Danielle is seven years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old in two months, seven and a half. She was born\nin Belgium. Roy came to Atlanta about 14 years ago to help one of my husband's\nfriends in jewelry and in diamonds. Roy helped him and then he returned to\nEurope. When we came to visit him here, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met Jody and we liked her a lot. When\nRoy said that she might become his bride, Motkeh said, \"Okay. She's a good\nJewish girl. That's okay.\" Nobody asks about money. She doesn't have any money.\nShe followed him to Europe. They started together, with the other son of mine, a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business. Three months later, my husband got the stroke and the skies fell on\nus. They stayed in Europe for another year. Danielle was born there. When she\nwas a month old, they moved back to Atlanta. Roy is now a computer engineer,\nself-employed, and Jody makes a mensch [Yiddish: person of integrity] out of\nhim. I'm very happy with her. She's wonderful. She's vegetarian, but wonderful.\n\nSara: They have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another child?\n\nZipora: They have Roni. We call -- Why did she call her Roni? She can't even\npronounce the name properly, but she loves the name. She calls her, \"Roni,\" but\nshe doesn't want it Roni. She wants 'Ronnie.' Only Roy and I can say 'Roni.'\nWhenever she says, \"Roni, I ate my share of maca-roni!\" That's what Roni is:\nRoni Macaroni. We call her 'Nezek' [Hebrew: damage]. Nezek ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in English is like\nmischief. Whatever she touches, something goes wrong. She is so cute. She's so\nlively. She's such a Wagner. Unbelievable. She is so attached to me that she\nknows she's my life. When I ask her, \"What are you?\" [She says,] \"Your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life.\"\n\nSara: Your other son?\n\nZipora: Lives in Belgium, in Antwerp. He's married to an Israeli. They have\nplans of going home, but now, not under these circumstances--not safety wise;\nlike economically wise. They have two boys. The first one, Tal, is six years old\nand he's -- Tal was born four ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hours after my husband passed away. I was working\nat school. I told my colleagues that my daughter-in-law in Belgium was in labor,\nand they should call me, even if I am in class, to tell me that everything is\nokay. I remember my principal and two of my colleagues standing outside of the\ndoor. I said to my -- I was teaching ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English and they were 18 years old, my\nstudents. I said, \"Wait, I became a grandma.\" I said, \"So, is everything okay?\nWhat was born,\" because nobody at the time -- He called me out and he just\nlooked at me. He said, \"I have a message from the hospital.\" I said, \"Which\nhospital,\" because two people were at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital. They didn't answer. They\njust looked at me and then I knew. Four hours later, Tal was born. The rabbi in\nthe hospital where my husband was laying, he said, \"That's exactly the time of\nthe spirit to come, to go from Israel to Belgium, which is a four hour ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"flight.\"\nI would not agree to the idea to have him called his first name, Motkeh,\nMordechai, or whatever. I said, \"That's not fair; not fair to him, not fair to\nme. I don't want,\" so his middle name is Motkeh, so I have Tal. I have a little\none, who is one year and three months old. His name is Guy. They are as cute as\na ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"button. I'm going to see them at the end of December--next month--and I'm\ntaking Danielle with me. That will be her first visit to the place she was born.\n\nSara: Tsipi, you have a rich life --\n\nZipora: Right.\n\nSara: -- lots of experiences. Based on what life has taught you, what would you\nwant to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell not only your grandchildren and your loved ones, but for the\ngenerations to come?\n\nZipora: To start with, we are not allowed to forget what happened. Maybe because\nof what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened, I'm not a very observant person, unlike my parents. My father\nwas highly religious. But we're not allowed to forget. The newer generation in\nIsrael tends to not want to know. We teach them. That's part of their\nmatriculation tests. You cannot get your matriculation paper at the end of high\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school without taking a test on Jewish history, whose major part is the\nHolocaust. But the impact of the Holocaust, I don't know if the younger\ngeneration understands. I don't know. I'm not sure. We are not allowed to\nforget. I think that we need to make our priorities accordingly, because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my\npriorities changed. You know what? They keep changing. Even today, they keep\nchanging. When a student tells me that her parents are both hospitalized, and\nshe doesn't know what to do because she has tests and midterm tests, and what\nwill she do, and attendance policy -- I said, \"That's not important now. First\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all, you need to take care of your parents. And then we'll talk.\" The\nsituation, it is really so tough today. First of all, you need to live. I don't\nknow what to do, but first of all, you need to live. You need to survive. This\nis something we need to learn. Now, not living in Israel, so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often, I open my\neyes in the morning, listen to the Israeli news on my Israeli channel, and G-d\nhelp me, I think, 'What am I doing here? I need to be there.' When Roy hears\nthis, he says, \"And what will you do there, for example? What? They'll record\nyou. What do you think you can do there?\" I don't know, but if everybody thinks\nlike ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, there won't be a State of Israel anymore. I know I can't help there.\nMorally, we need to help the State of Israel--morally, financially, but mainly\nmorally. The idea that the State Department would warn people not to go to\nIsrael -- Most of the planes of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sending students to Israeli universities, those\nplanes are now at a stop because we are considered a dangerous place. So, what?\nYou abandon Israel? I don't know. I think that family is so important. We need\nto understand that, first of all, you have to be with your family ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and understand\ntheir point of view. Not always do you agree with your family, but you have to\nunderstand. When my children, sometimes to this very day, argue with me about\ndifferent opinions, I say, \"Look. This is your way of life. What I went through\n-- cannot change me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, please forgive me if you take me to a fancy restaurant\nand it doesn't mean anything to me. It didn't mean anything to me. I'm not a\ngood [unintelligible; 1:52:14]. It doesn't mean too much to me?\" Of course,\neverybody likes nice stuff, but I would not get indebted to life for\nmaterialistic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stuff. I'm beyond this point. Of course, I want to live\ncomfortably, but I will not enslave my soul for this. I don't know many people\nwho understand this, but in Israel, they do. I think that every Jewish guy needs\nto serve in the Israeli military at least a half a year, at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"least a little bit\nto feel that he is part of the Jewish nation. You don't have to serve in the\nfront. If you're up to [that], you serve as a civilian recruited to the military\nservice in hospitals, in military hospitals. But if you do not share some ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our\ndaily life, you do not understand what we are going through, and then, how can\nyou be part of us? I think that every guy needs to serve in the Israeli\nmilitary--I know it's impossible, but several months--to get the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feeling and\nthen they get matured like this. That's important. You take an Israeli, 22 year\nold person, and a 22 year old person here and you see the difference. Military\nlife, that's something to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you and the atmosphere of Israel, that's something to\nyou. That's important. Not talking about now that it is so dangerous. I'm\ntalking in general, like those thousands of volunteers that used to come to the\nkibbutzim. This was so important. Of course, they brought drugs with them. They\nintroduced us to drugs, by the way, but they became part of us. They returned to\ntheir ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"homes, enriched with something they will never, ever forget for the good,\nnot for the bad side of the point.\n\nSara: Is there anything else you would like to add? We are about to end this\ninterview. Any final words?\n\nZipora: First of all, I really appreciate and thank you for giving me the\nopportunity to talk to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you. I know that I need to know more, but I hope you\nunderstand that I grew up in an atmosphere of, \"We do not talk about the\nHolocaust and we need to live a new life.\" Although I am considered a Holocaust\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivor--firsthand Holocaust survivor; I was in a concentration camp--I don't\nfeel like one. I think that I'm lucky compared to those who really suffered and\nsurvived. There aren't many of those anymore. They, we disappear rapidly. If\npossible, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whoever you can lay your hands on, and go on with this sacred mission\nof yours, and interview, and have documented their experience will help the\nAmerican Jewry be American Jewry, because this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"integration is so dangerous.\nRemembering, knowing helps. My children never knew about my experience until I\nstarted talking about it here in Atlanta. In my several lectures that I held in\nthe JCC, the Marcus JCC, and at Emory, Roy was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sitting looking at me. He said,\n\"I don't believe my ears.\" I want to make up and talk about it. If you know of\nany, I would like to meet those people whose synagogue is in North Druids Hills\nsomewhere. I would like to meet with them--very interesting. I would like to see\nwhat else I can do in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"order to show the movie, which I made into the American\nsystem, show the book, and say, \"We are only a few who made this exodus, but\nthere were others who made it and so many others who didn't, and we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/transcript/65334/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need to know\nabout it.\" We need to know about it. Otherwise, there is no justification to our\nliving here. Thank you so much.\n\nSara: Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=7110.0,7140.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePalestine was a geopolitical entity under British administration. It was carved out of Ottoman Syria after World War I, and consisted of the territories of modern-day Israel and Jordan. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 to 1948. It was formalized with the League of Nations’ consent in 1923 and contained two administrative areas. The land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British rule until 1948, while the land east of the Jordan was a semi­autonomous region known as Transjordan under the rule of the Hashemite family. It gained independence in 1946 as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRhodes is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea, off the southwest coast of Turkey. It is the largest island of the Dodecanese archipelago and serves as the capital of the Greek Islands. In 1912, Rhodes had been seized by Italy and it remained under Italian control until 1943. When Italy surrendered to the Allies, it came under German control. After the war, Rhodes returned to Greece. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April 1941, the Germans and Italians, supported by Bulgarian and Hungarian troops, invaded Greece. By June, the mainland and islands were under zones of German, Italian, and Bulgarian occupation. The fate of the nearly 72,000 Jews living in Greece depended on the policies of the occupying force. While Jews in German and Bulgarian zones were sent to Treblinka and Auschwitz-Birkenau, Jews in the Italian occupied zones enjoyed relative safety until September 1943. When Italy surrendered to the Allies, all of Greece came under German control. By the time Germany withdrew from Greece in October 1944, over 80% of Greece’s prewar Jewish population had been murdered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCieszyn [German: Teschen] is a border town in southern Poland on the east bank of the Olza River. Today, it lies opposite Tesin [Check: Český Těšín] in the Czech Republic, but in 1938, the towns were merged into one. At that time, there were about 2,800 Jews in the town (about 1,500 in the Polish part and about 1,300 in the Czechoslovakian one). There was also a large number of Poles, Czechs and Germans. Germany occupied the town around September 13, 1939 and immediately began persecuting the Jewish population. In October, most of the men were deported and the remaining Jews were gradually transported to forced labor camps and ghettos in surrounding areas. After the war, only 44 Jews from the Polish part and 53 from the Czech part survived.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAustria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe ruled by the Habsburg monarchy between 1867 and 1918. At one time, it included what is modern-day Austria and Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and parts of Poland, Czech Republic and Romania. After its defeat in World War I and revolutions in various former territories, it was split into separate entities. Austria and Hungary remained, but the rest of its territory was divided amongst Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Italy and Romania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, also called First World War or Great War, was an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuschwitz-Birkenau was a network of camps built and operated by Germany just outside the Polish town of Oswiecem (renamed “Auschwitz” by the Germans) in Polish areas annexed by Germany during World War II. Auschwitz was a complex of camps: the Main Camp (Auschwitz I), Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and Monowitz (Auschwitz III). Many smaller sub-camps were attached to the complex, which drew their labor from the Main Camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people (approximately 1.1 million of which were Jews) to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex between 1940 and 1945. Camp authorities murdered 1.1 million of these prisoners. Auschwitz II, also known as Birkenau, was about 2-1/2 miles away from the main camp. It had the largest total prisoner population. This is the camp with the big brick gate and the railroad tracks leading to the ramp and where the four gas chambers and crematoria came to be located.  The Monowitz camp also known as Auschwitz III or Buna, was about 4 miles east of the Auschwitz Main Camp. It was a complex built to house slave laborers for the German chemical firm IG Farben.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II officially began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on Friday, September 1, 1939.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Betar Movement is a revisionist Zionist youth movement founded in 1923 in Riga, Latvia by Vladimir Jabotinsky. It was one of the most militant and nationalistic of the Jewish youth movements in Europe. Chapters sprung up across Europe. After World War II, and during the settlement of Mandate Palestine, Betar was traditionally linked to the original Herut and then Likud political parties of Jewish pioneers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShiva, literally “seven,” is the week-long mourning period in Judaism for first-degree relatives: father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister and spouse. The ritual is referred to as “sitting shiva.” Immediately after burial, first-degree relatives assume the status of “mourner.” This state lasts for seven days, during which the family members traditionally gather in one home and receive visitors.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Theresienstadt (Terezín) \"camp-ghetto\" near Prague in the present-day Czech Republic was opened in late 1941 and existed until May 1945. It served as a ghetto, an assembly camp, and a concentration camp. In the course of its existence, approximately 140,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and about one third of the Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia were sent to Theresienstadt. Roughly 33,000 died in Theresienstadt itself due to starvation and disease. Nearly 90,000 Jews were deported from Theresienstadt to other ghettos, concentration camps, and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEretz Yisrael [Hebrew: land of Israel] is an expression used to designate the land of Israel, as G-d promised it to the Jewish people, according to Biblical tradition. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAliyah [Hebrew: ascent] is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the Land of Israel historically, which today includes the modern State of Israel. Also defined as \"the act of going up\"—that is, towards Jerusalem—\"making aliyah\" by moving to the Land of Israel is one of the most basic tenets of Zionism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWith international pressure mounting, in 1945, Britain, unable to find a practical solution, referred the problem to the United Nations, which in November 1947 voted to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states in May 1948 when the British mandate was scheduled to end. After the British began the withdrawal of their military forces from Palestine in early April 1948, Zionist leaders moved to establish a modern Jewish state. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many survivors felt there was no future for Jews in Europe. Israeli statehood represented hope to survivors who longed for a homeland where Jews would not be a vulnerable minority. On May 14, 1948—the day the British Mandate over Palestine expired—David Ben-Gurion, the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, announced the formation of the state of Israel. The next day, forces from Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq invaded and war began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Gulf War (1990–1991), including Operation Desert Storm/Operation Desert Shield, was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTefillin, also called “phylacteries,” are a set of small black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the Torah, which are worn by observant Jews during weekday morning prayers. They are worn around the arm, hand and fingers and on the forehead in a process called lehani’ach tefillin [Hebrew: bind tefillin]. The Torah commands that they should be worn as a “sign” and “remembrance” that G-d brought the children of Israel out of Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\").\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVladimir (Ze’ev) Jabotinsky (1880-1940) was born in Russia. He was a Revisionist Zionist leader, author, soldier and founder of the Jewish Self-Defense Organization in Odessa (Ukraine). He split from the mainstream Zionist movement in 1923 to form his own Zionist movement, which was militant in nature, openly training Jews in warfare and the use of arms. The Revisionist youth group was called Betar. In the 1930s Jabotinsky became deeply concerned about the situation of the Jewish community in Eastern Europe, particularly Poland. He warned the Jews that there “were living on the edge of the volcano” and warned them to leave for Palestine as soon as possible. Jabotinsky died of a heart attack in New York City on August 4, 1940, during a visit to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe East of the Jordan [Hebrew: Smol Ha'Yarden] also known as Shtei Gadot La'Yarden [Hebrew: Two Banks to the Jordan] is a Zionistic poem written by Ze'ev Jabotinsky. It became one of the most known songs of the Betar youth movement. The song’s four stanzas each end with the refrain: \u003cbr\u003eThere are two banks to the Jordan River. This is ours, and this is ours as well.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePayess or payot [Hebrew: sidelocks or sidecurls] are worn by some men and boys in the Orthodox Jewish community based on a Biblical injunction against shaving the “corners” of one’s beard. They generally take the form of long, curled sideburns.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA shtreimel is a fur hat worn by many married Orthodox Jewish men, particularly (although not exclusively) members of Hasidic groups, on Shabbat and Jewish holidays and other festive occasions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the early stages of World War II, Romania tried to remain neutral, but foreign powers and events created heavy pressure on Romania. In June 1940, a Soviet ultimatum demanded territories in its northern border regions. In order to avoid war with the Soviet Union, the Romanian government and army retreated from Bukovina, Hertza, and Bessarabia. Soon after, Romania joined the Axis military campaign.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hitler Youth [German: Hitlerjugend] was a youth organization of the Nazi Party in Germany. It existed from 1922 to 1945. It was modeled after its adult counterpart, the Sturmabteilung (SA), and was paramilitary in organization. It was for males 14 to 18 years of age. There was another section for young boys called Deutsches Jungvolk and a girls’ section called Bund Deutscher Madel [German: Association of German Girls]. The Hitler Youth were viewed as future “Aryan supermen” and were indoctrinated as such. The Hitler Youth put emphasis on physical and military training. The organization emphasized sports as a means of preparing boys for service as soldiers in the armed forces or, later, in the SS. They had uniforms like the SA with similar ranks and insignia. It also served to indoctrinate students with the National Socialist worldview.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYad Vashem is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pentcho was an 85 year old paddlewheel steamer hired by the Revisionist Zionist movement to bring Jewish refugees to Palestine. Around 400 Jews left Bratislava, Slovakia on May 18, 1940 and proceeded down the Danube River. A few weeks later, the Pentcho picked up around 100 Jews in Sulina, Romania, bringing the total to 510 Jewish refugees. By the beginning of October, the Pentcho had reached the shores of Greece. While they were allowed to pick up provisions in Piraeus and Rhodes, they were not allowed to stay. On October 9, the ship’s boiler exploded. The ship broke in two off of the deserted island of Kamilonissi. The passengers and crew were able to get ashore and off-load their supplies before the ship finally sank. On October 18 and 19, Italian authorities picked up the refugees and brought them to the island of Rhodes. There, they lived in the soccer stadium. The local Rhodes Jews, known as Rhodeslis, brought them food, blankets, and supplies. Then, in January 1942, the refugees were transferred to the Ferramonti internment camp in southern Italy. They remained there until the Allies captured Italy. Most of the Pentcho’s passengers arrived in Palestine in June 1944. Eleven passengers had died on the journey or in Rhodes and another 25 immigrated to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIrgun (also known as Etzel, which is the Hebrew acronym for \"Irgun Tzvai-Leum\" or \"National Military Organization) was a Zionist paramilitary group that operated in Mandated Palestine between 1931 and 1948. It was an offshoot of an earlier and larger paramilitary organization called Haganah (Hebrew: Defense). Both organizations were founded on Revisionist Zionism, founded by Ze’ev Jabotinsky, and believed that every Jew had the right to enter Palestine, only active retaliation would deter the Arabs, and only Jewish armed forces would ensure the Jewish state. Most of the Irgun members were absorbed into the Israel Defense Forces upon the establishment of the State of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBratislava [German: Pressburg] is the capital of Slovakia. It is located along the Danube River by the border with Austria and Hungary. Prior to World War II, the largest Jewish community in Slovakia lived in Bratislava. After the annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938, hundreds of Jewish refugees fled to Bratislava, the capital of the newly established Slovak Republic. Under Jozef Tito’s fascist, authoritarian regime, Slovakian Jews were increasingly persecuted and disenfranchised. However, until Slovakia joined the Axis in late 1940, they were not concentrated in camps or deported. Until then, Bratislava’s port was a departure point for several illegal immigration boats sailing to Palestine. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYehoshua Halevy (also spelled Jehoshua Halevi) was a Holocaust survivor born in Berehevo, Czechoslovakia in 1917. He wrote a book called \u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eHabaita\u003c/em\u003e [Hebrew: home] about his experiences on the Pentcho. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur [Hebrew: day of atonement] is the most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the early 20th century, Rhodes was home to various ethnic groups, including Jews, whose presence dates back 2,300 years, with Kahal Shalom Synagogue being established in 1557. At its peak in the 1920s, the Jewish community was one-third of the town's total population. The Jewish community on the island was severely impacted by the Holocaust. In the summer of 1944, 1,673 Jews, known as Rhodeslis, were loaded onto boats and sent to mainland Greece. There, they were loaded onto cattle cars and sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Only about 150 survived. Few Jews live on the island year-round today.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFerramonti di Tarsia, also known as Ferramonti, was an Italian concentration camp located in the town of Tarsia, in southern Italy. Construction began in June 1940. Ferramonti primarily held Jews, as well as non-Jewish foreign nationals and some Italian antifascists. In all, 3,823 Jews from Germany, Italy, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. were detained there between June 1940 and September 1943. In January 1942, 494 Pentcho survivors arrived in the camp. Although living conditions were difficult and the food supply was inadequate, prisoners were treated relatively well by camp staff. Prisoners were allowed to receive mail, barter with local peasants, participate in cultural activities, organize schools and synagogues, and families were allowed to stay together. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe British Army liberated Ferramonti on September 14, 1943, following Italy’s surrender to the Allies. About a week earlier, the Italian guards had opened the gates and fled. Many prisoners, afraid of Wehrmacht troops entering the camp, fled into the nearby mountains. Until 1945, the camp was used to house displaced persons, most of whom were preparing for emigration to Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJewish battalions from the British Mandate of Palestine began fighting with the British Army as early as 1940, but it was not until September 1944 that the Jewish Brigade Group (also known as the “Jewish Brigade” or “Israeli Brigade”) was formally established. The Jewish Brigade fought under the Zionist flag and served in Italy in 1945. After the war, Brigade members helped establish displaced persons camps in Europe and became active in organizing the emigration of Holocaust survivors to Palestine. The Jewish Brigade was disbanded in the summer of 1946. Many Brigade members joined the Haganah, a paramilitary organization in the British Mandate of Palestine, which became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAfter World War I, Britain took over Palestine. Although protested by the Arab states, the League of Nations authorized the British mandate over Palestine, which continued throughout World War II. Beginning in 1929, Arabs and Jews openly fought in Palestine. Britain attempted to limit Jewish immigration as a means of appeasing the Arabs. Jewish immigration had already been restricted by a series of official reports (known as White Papers) issued in 1922 and 1930 by the British government. The Arab Revolt of 1936–1939 further caused Great Britain to dramatically limit the numbers of immigrants allowed into Palestine in subsequent years and throughout the Holocaust. In 1939, a third White Paper was issued, which limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 for the first five years, subject to the country's \"economic absorptive capacity,\" and would later be contingent on Arab consent. At the end of World War II, Britain continued to strictly limit Jewish immigration to Palestine. Jewish resistance organizations managed to smuggle hundreds of thousands of survivors from Europe into Palestine via “illegal” immigrant ships. The British intercepted most ships, however, and began to intern the immigrants they caught in camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKalaniyot [Hebrew: anemones] was a song that became popular in the days leading up to the establishment of the State of Israel. It was used as a code during the British Mandate to refer to British soldiers, alluding to their red berets.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLocated on the Mediterranean coast, about 15 miles south of Haifa, Atlit served as a detention camp for Jewish refugees from Nazi Europe who arrived on Israel’s shores during the British Mandate. Established in the 1930s, the camp was set up by the British to appease the Arab population. Surrounded with barbed wire, the men were separated from the women. They had to strip, were sprayed with DDT, and entered showers—all reminders of Europe.  Many thousands of Jews were interred at Atlit, some staying for as long as two years. In November 1940, the British decided to send 5,000 refugees to Mauritius, an island on the southeastern coast of Africa. The Haganah placed a bomb in the hold of the ship to keep it from sailing, but the bomb was stronger than intended, and when it exploded, 216 refugees were drowned. The survivors returned to Atlit and were released a few months later.  The camp was temporarily shut down between 1942 and 1945, when it was reopened to handle Holocaust survivors. After 200 detainees broke out of the camp on October 10, 1945, the British began to send refugees to Cyprus instead. Atlit later became a detainee camp for Arabs, and later for Egyptian prisoners of war in 1967. Today, the site houses a museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRishon LeZion is a city in central Israel 7 miles (12 kilometers) south of Tel Aviv. It was the first Zionist colony in Eretz Yisrael and the city’s name translates to ‘First in Zion.” It was founded in 1882 by ten Hovevei Zion (Lovers of Zion) pioneers from Kharkiv, Ukraine. The world’s first Hebrew kindergarten and elementary school were opened there in the 1880s. By 1948, Rishon LeZion had 10,500 inhabitants and has since grown to be Israel's fourth-largest city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHaviv elementary school is the first Hebrew school in the world. It was established in 1886 in Rishon LeZion and is still active to this day.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaccabi World Union is an international Jewish sports organization that promotes the physical strength of Jews while fostering a sense of nationalism among Jewish athletes. Founded in 1921, it is the oldest continuously active Zionist organization. Every four years, the Maccabi World Union holds the Maccabiah, a series of athletic competitions similar to the International Olympics. Its youth organization, Maccabi Hatzair, was established in 1929.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Ben-Gurion (1886-1973) was one of the primary founders and the first Prime Minister of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Arab-Israeli War of 1948 broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the announcement of the independence of the state of Israel on May 14, 1948. In Israel, the war is remembered as its War of Independence. In the Arab world, it came to be known as the Nakba (“Catastrophe”) because of the large number of refugees and displaced persons resulting from the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Haganah [Hebrew: defense] was a Jewish paramilitary organization that operated in the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948. Later, most of its members became the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). After the 1920 and 1921 Arab riots, the Jewish leadership in Palestine believed that the British had no desire to confront the Arabs who were attacking Jews. Haganah was originally created to protect Jewish farms and kibbutzim and to actively confront the Arabs. In the wake of the 1929 Arab riots the group grew and got more organized, acquiring military equipment and skills that turned them into a capable underground army. After the war, the Haganah carried out anti­British operations in Palestine such as the liberation of interned immigrants from the Atlit detainee camp, and attacking British installations. They also organized underground immigration into Palestine. Two weeks after Israel became a state, the Israel Defense Forces were created to succeed Haganah. All other paramilitary organizations were outlawed. This led to conflicts between David Ben­Gurion, the prime minister, and the Haganah leadership. Famous members of the group included Yitzhak Rabin, Ariel Sharon, and Moshe Dayan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEritrea is a northeast African country on the Red Sea coast. It shares borders with Ethiopia, Sudan and Djibouti. Once part of the Ottoman Empire, by the 20th century, it was under Italian control. Eritrea once had a small community of Yemenite Jews who arrived in the late 19th century. In the 1930s, European Jews emigrated to Eritrea to escape Nazi persecution. After the State of Israel was founded in 1948, many of the Yemeni Jews in Eritrea emigrated to Israel. Today, Eritrea is an independent country, but only a handful of Jews live there\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTemple Mount or the Noble Sanctuary is a walled-in area in the Old City of Jerusalem. It is one of the most contested religious sites in the world. The Temple Mount is the holiest site in Judaism, as it is believed to be the site where G-d gathered the dust to create Adam and where Abraham offered his son Isaac as a sacrifice. It is also believed to be the location of both Jewish Temples. Muslims believe that the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven from the Temple Mount, called Haram al-Sharif [Arabic: the Noble Sanctuary]. Christians also view the site as sacred, believing it is where Jesus prayed and chased away merchants and moneychangers. Today, there are about multiple structures from various periods on Temple Mount, but the site is dominated by three seventh century structures: the Dome of the Rock, Al Aqsa Mosque, and the Dome of the Chain. The Western Wall—a remnant of the Second Temple—stands in the southwest side. Israel has controlled the area since 1967. A restricted amount of non-Muslim visitors are allowed to visit the site, but only Muslims are allowed to pray at the site. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe al-Aqsa mosque, also known as the Qibli Mosque or Qibli Chapel, is housed on Haram al-Sharif [Arabic: the Noble Sanctuary; also Temple Mount] near the Dome of the Rock. Muslims believe that the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven from Haram al-Sharif. The present day silver-domed mosque was originally opened in 1035 on the site of an earlier mosque. It has undergone various renovations and additions over the centuries. In modern times, the site has become a particular point of tension in the Arab-Israeli conflict.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShabak is the acronym for The Israel Security Agency, better known as Shin Bet. It is responsible for monitoring threats within Israel, while Mossad is responsible for foreign security threats.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh HaShanah [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh HaShanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippurmay revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePesach [Hebrew: Passover] is the celebration of Israel’s liberation from Egyptian bondage. The holiday lasts for eight days. Unleavened bread, matzo, is eaten in memory of the unleavened bread prepared by the Israelites during their hasty flight from Egypt, when they had not time to wait for the dough to rise. On the first two nights of Passover, the seder, the central event of the holiday, is celebrated.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTsena [Hebrew: austerity] was a policy imposed in Israel from 1949 to 1959. Food, clothing, household items and other goods were rationed to prevent an economic crisis in the new state.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKapparot [Hebrew: atonement] is a custom performed on the day before Yom Kippur. Kapparot consists of swinging a chicken above one’s head three times while saying a prayer. The chicken is then slaughtered and given to charity. The custom is rooted in the idea that one’s sins can be transferred to the chicken and its donation is one last good deed performed before Yom Kippur, which is literally the Day of Atonement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eErev [Hebrew: the day before or eve of] Yom Kippur is typically busy with preparations that traditionally begin early in the morning with the \u003cbr\u003ekapparot (atonement) rite. Two feasts—one in the morning and one at night—are eaten. In between, prayers are said and many immerse in a \u003cbr\u003emikvah (ritual pool). Just before sunset, when Yom Kippur begins, candles are lit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGymnasia Harealit was a high school built in 1939 in Rishon LeZion. Today (2024), it is known as the Gimnasia Realit or the Gimnasia Realit E. Karary\u003cbr\u003e The campus includes the Gymnasia Harealit High School and Dorot Junior High School.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMilitary conscription exists in Israel for all Israeli citizens over the age of 18 who are Jewish (both genders), or Druze and Circassian (male only); Arab citizens of Israel are not conscripted. Arab citizens can enlist if they want to but are not required by law. Other exceptions are made on religious, physical, or psychological grounds. As of 2020, the normal length of compulsory service was two years and six months for men (with some roles requiring an additional four months of service), and two years for women (with some roles requiring an additional eight months of service). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Levinsky College of Education was founded in 1912 in Tel Aviv by the Hovevei Zion movement. It was the first Hebrew teacher training institute. It merged with another college, the Wingate Center of Physical Training, which was founded in 1944 for training in academic studies, physical education, sport, movement and health. Today (2024), it is known as the Levinsky-Wingate Academic College.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKfar Saba, officially Kfar Sava, is a city in central Israel. In 2019, it had a population of 110,456, making it the 16th-largest city in Israel. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSde Warburg is a small village in central Israel, about 10 miles (16 kilometers) north of Tel Aviv and 2 miles (3 kilometers) north of Kfar Saba. It was established in 1938 by German immigrants.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Kroger Company or Kroger is an American retail company that operates grocery stores and multi-department stores throughout the United States. The company was founded in 1883 in Cincinnati, Ohio by Bernard Kroger.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA kibbutz [Hebrew: gathering, clustering; Plural: kibbutzim] is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. The first kibbutz, established in 1909, was Degania. Today, farming has been partly supplanted by other economic branches, including industrial plants and high-tech enterprises. Kibbutzim began as utopian communities, a combination of socialism and Zionism. In recent decades, some kibbutzim have been privatized and changes have been made in the communal lifestyle.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLatrun is a hilltop that overlooks the road between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. It is home to a monastery and a depopulated Palestinian village. Because of its strategic location, the British Mandate built a number of police forts and a detention camp. After their withdrawal, the fort was handed over to Jordan’s Arab Legion. The Arab Legionnaires blocked the road to Jerusalem and used the fort to shell vehicles traveling on the road below. Between May 25 and July 18, 1948, it was the site of heavy fighting between the Israel Defense Forces and Arab Legionnaires. In the 1949 armistice, Jordan retained control of Latrun. In the 1967 war, it was occupied by Israel and two Israeli villages now call the area home.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe second Arab-Israeli war, also known as the Suez War, broke out on October 29, 1956 when Israel invaded Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula. In 1956, the President of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser, nationalized the Suez Canal, a vital waterway connecting Europe and Asia that was largely owned by French and British concerns. France and Britain responded by striking a deal with Israel—whose ships were barred from using the canal and whose southern port of Elat had been blockaded by Egypt—wherein Israel would invade Egypt; France and Britain would then intervene, ostensibly as peacemakers, and take control of the canal. In five days the Israeli army captured Gaza, Rafaḥ, and Al-ʿArīsh—taking thousands of prisoners—and occupied most of the peninsula east of the Suez Canal. In December, after the joint Anglo-French intervention, a UN Emergency Force was stationed in the area, and Israeli forces withdrew in March 1957. Egypt dropped the blockade of Elat. A UN buffer force was placed in the Sinai Peninsula.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Six-Day War, also known as the June War, or 1967 War was a brief, but bloody, Arab-Israeli conflict that took place June 5–10, 1967. It was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states. It ended with Israel capturing the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Western Wall, or Kotel, is located in the Old City of Jerusalem at the foot of the western side of the Temple Mount. It is the remnant of the ancient wall that surrounded the Jewish Temple’s courtyard, and is arguably the most sacred sit recognized by the Jewish faith outside of the Temple Mount itself. It has been a site for Jewish prayer and pilgrimage for centuries, the earliest mention being in the fourth century. On June 7, 1967—the third day of the Six Day War—Israeli paratroopers took over the Old City, giving Israel sole control of Jerusalem, which it had previously shared with Jordan. A photo taken by David Rubinger of three paratroopers standing in silent awe in front of the Kotel that morning became an iconic symbol of the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Yom Kippur War was fought by the coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel from October 6 to 25, 1973. The Arabs launched a surprise attack on Yom Kippur, the holiest day in Judaism. Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed ceasefire lines to enter the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights, which had been captured by Israel in the 1967 Six­Day War. The Israelis managed to halt the Egyptian offensive and then forced them back to the pre­war lines. After the cease fire, the Israelis withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMuhammad Anwar El Sadat (1918-1981) was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace for his diplomatic efforts that culminated in a peace treaty with Israel in 1979. His moderate policies and relationship with the West generated considerable domestic opposition. Sadat became the first Arab leader ever to visit the state of Israel in 1977. On November 9, 1977, Sadat had offered to travel to Israel during a speech to his parliament. Israel’s Prime Minister Menachem Begin issued an official invitation and, on November 20, 1977, Sadat addressed the Israeli Knesset. The gesture was significant for breaking an Arab policy of not dealing publicly with the Jewish state created in 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1982 Lebanon War was a war that began on June 6, 1982, when the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) invaded southern Lebanon. The invasion followed a series of attacks and counter-attacks between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) operating in southern Lebanon and the IDF that had caused civilian casualties on both sides of the border. The military operation was launched after gunmen from the Abu Nidal Organization attempted to assassinate Shlomo Argov, Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom. The war is considered to have ended when Israeli forces withdrew from Southern Lebanon in 1985.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jordan Valley is a valley in the Middle East in southwestern Asia, located along the Jordan River and along Jordan’s western border with Israel and the West Bank. It is considered strategically important to Israel’s national security as a defensible border not just from neighboring Jordan and Syria but also from Iraq, whose closest border to the Jordan Valley is only about 215 miles (350 kilometers) away.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAs If Nothing Happened is a 1999 Israeli film. It fictionalizes the experience of one family, waiting to learn if their son was a victim of the Beit Lid terrorist attack of January 22, 1995, during which two suicide bombers killed nineteen Israelis.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEzer Weizman (1924-2005) was the seventh President of Israel, first elected in 1993 and re-elected in 1998. He resigned from the presidency in 2000 following a controversy over money he received from businessmen. Before the presidency, Weizman was commander of the Israeli Air Force and Minister of Defense. He had one son, Shaul Weizman (1951-1991), who was seriously wounded while serving in the Suez Canal area in the War of Attrition.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZipora is referring to the War of Attrition [Hebrew: Milhemet HaHatasha; known in Arabic as the “War of Bloodshed”], which was a series of confrontations between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, the Palestine Liberation Organization and their allies from 1967 to 1970. The conflict was a result of the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, during which Egypt lost the entire Sinai Peninsula. Unable to secure Sinai, Egyptian forces hoped artillery barrages would force Israel to withdraw from the Suez Canal. Israel, instead responded by building a system of fortifications along the eastern bank of the canal. It ended with a cease-fire in August 1970. While both sides claimed victory, Israel continued to control Sinai.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (Ichilov) is the largest teaching \u003cbr\u003ehospital and general hospital serving Tel Aviv, Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in Atlanta in 1953, the Katherine and Jacob Greenfield Hebrew Academy (GHA), originally known as The Hebrew Academy, was the first Jewish day school in the country to be accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. In 2014, GHA merged with Yeshiva Atlanta high school to become what is now Atlanta Jewish Academy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Jewish Community Center was officially founded in 1910, as the Jewish Educational Alliance. In the late 1940s it evolved into the Atlanta Jewish Community Center and moved to Peachtree Street. It stayed there until 1998, when the building was sold and the center moved to the suburb of Dunwoody. In 2000, it was renamed the “Marcus Jewish Community Center of Atlanta.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922/annotation_set/1298/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDruid Hills is an affluent neighborhood in the city of Atlanta, Georgia. It is home to a number of synagogues, but Zipora seems to be referring to Congregation Or VeShalom. Congregation Or VeShalom was established in Atlanta, Georgia by refugees of the Ottoman Empire, namely from Turkey and the Isle of Rhodes. The Sephardic congregation began in 1920 and was based at Central and Woodward Avenues until 1948 when it moved to a larger building on North Highland Road. Or VeShalom’s current synagogue is located on North Druid Hills Road.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/125568/file/231922#t=7050.0,7080.0"}]}]}]}