{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/r785h7cj8b/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Filler, Edward"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2009-04-27 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection","Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Archives for Southern Jewish History","William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eEdward Filler interviewed by Sandra Berman and Ruth Einstein on April 27, 2009 and May 4, 2009 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eEdward Filler was born on December 9, 1919. He was one of two children born to a Jewish family that lived in Parksville, New York. His father operated a taxi business, which allowed the family to divide their time between Parksville and Lakewood, New Jersey, where Edward witnessed the Hindenburg disaster. After completing high school during the Depression, Edward attended Franklin \u0026amp; Marshall College. He was in dental school at the University of Pennsylvania when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. Immediately after graduation, Edward entered the army as a commissioned officer with the 195th General Hospital staff. A few weeks after D-Day, Edward landed at Omaha Beach in Normandy, France. His medical group supported the 101st Airborne Division as they fought their way through France and into Germany. Edward was with the troops who liberated the Dachau concentration camp. He spent the last few months of the war with Combat Engineers of the 7th Corps. At the end of the war, Edward arrived at Hitler’s Eagle’s Nest retreat and spent the next few months in Austria. After Japan surrendered, Edward was stationed temporarily in Vienna, Austria. Edward then returned to the United States and began his career as a dentist. Edward passed away in Atlanta, Georgia on December 5, 2010.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eEdward recalls growing up in Parksville, New York and Lakewood, New Jersey. He recollects witnessing the Hindenburg disaster. Edward remembers hearing about Pearl Harbor while attending dental school at the University of Pennsylvania and enlisting as a commissioned officer. He reflects on growing up during the Great Depression. Edward describes what he knew about the persecution of European Jews and the perspectives of Americans before the U.S. entered the war. He outlines his training in Rockford, New York and Carlisle, Illinois. Edward talks about sailing to Southampton, England aboard the RMS Queen Mary and crossing the English Channel on the SS Leopoldville. He recalls what he saw when he arrived at Omaha Beach a few weeks after the D-Day landings. Edward discusses how he treated patients while supporting the 101st Airborne Division as they fought their way through France. He explains how he was transferred to the front with Combat Engineers from the 7th Corps. Edward describes Paris nightlife after the city was liberated. He talks about being on the front lines in Bamberg, Germany. Edward reflects on the antisemitism he encountered in the army. He details what he witnessed when he helped liberate the Dachau concentration camp. Edward describes the anger of survivors, disbelief of his fellow soldiers, and how it impacted him as a Jew of European decent. He considers the Nazi relics and souvenirs he and other soldiers took home after the war. Edward recalls arriving at Hitler’s Eagle’s Nest at the end of the war and enjoying some relaxation in Austria. He shares his perspective of the atomic bombs dropped on Japan. Edward talks about life in Vienna, Austria, where he was assigned to the 42nd Rainbow Division in Vienna. The interview ends with Edward contrasting the patriotism of the “greatest generation” with that of younger generations.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28447"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Filler, Edward (personal name)","World War II (named event)","Pearl Harbor (geographic term)","The Great Depression (named event)","101st Airborne Division (corporate name)","Germany (geographic term)","France (geographic term)","Omaha Beach (geographic term)","Regnitz River (geographic term)","Bamberg, Germany (geographic term)","Anti-Semitism (topical term)","Dachau (geographic term)","Kehlsteinhaus (geographic term)","Grundlsee, Austria (geographic term)","The Greatest Generation (topical term)","Japan (geographic term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eEdward Filler interviewed by Sandra Berman and Ruth Einstein on April 27, 2009 and May 4, 2009 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdward Filler was born on December 9, 1919. He was one of two children born to a Jewish family that lived in Parksville, New York. His father operated a taxi business, which allowed the family to divide their time between Parksville and Lakewood, New Jersey, where Edward witnessed the Hindenburg disaster. After completing high school during the Depression, Edward attended Franklin \u0026amp; Marshall College. He was in dental school at the University of Pennsylvania when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. Immediately after graduation, Edward entered the army as a commissioned officer with the 195th General Hospital staff. A few weeks after D-Day, Edward landed at Omaha Beach in Normandy, France. His medical group supported the 101st Airborne Division as they fought their way through France and into Germany. Edward was with the troops who liberated the Dachau concentration camp. He spent the last few months of the war with Combat Engineers of the 7th Corps. At the end of the war, Edward arrived at Hitler’s Eagle’s Nest retreat and spent the next few months in Austria. After Japan surrendered, Edward was stationed temporarily in Vienna, Austria. Edward then returned to the United States and began his career as a dentist. Edward passed away in Atlanta, Georgia on December 5, 2010.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdward recalls growing up in Parksville, New York and Lakewood, New Jersey. He recollects witnessing the Hindenburg disaster. Edward remembers hearing about Pearl Harbor while attending dental school at the University of Pennsylvania and enlisting as a commissioned officer. He reflects on growing up during the Great Depression. Edward describes what he knew about the persecution of European Jews and the perspectives of Americans before the U.S. entered the war. He outlines his training in Rockford, New York and Carlisle, Illinois. Edward talks about sailing to Southampton, England aboard the RMS Queen Mary and crossing the English Channel on the SS Leopoldville. He recalls what he saw when he arrived at Omaha Beach a few weeks after the D-Day landings. Edward discusses how he treated patients while supporting the 101st Airborne Division as they fought their way through France. He explains how he was transferred to the front with Combat Engineers from the 7th Corps. Edward describes Paris nightlife after the city was liberated. He talks about being on the front lines in Bamberg, Germany. Edward reflects on the antisemitism he encountered in the army. He details what he witnessed when he helped liberate the Dachau concentration camp. Edward describes the anger of survivors, disbelief of his fellow soldiers, and how it impacted him as a Jew of European decent. He considers the Nazi relics and souvenirs he and other soldiers took home after the war. Edward recalls arriving at Hitler’s Eagle’s Nest at the end of the war and enjoying some relaxation in Austria. He shares his perspective of the atomic bombs dropped on Japan. Edward talks about life in Vienna, Austria, where he was assigned to the 42nd Rainbow Division in Vienna. The interview ends with Edward contrasting the patriotism of the “greatest generation” with that of younger generations.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/351/small/Edward_Filler.png?1619297417","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Filler_Edward.mp4"]},"duration":8375.966,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/111/351/small/Edward_Filler.png?1619297417","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/111/351/original/Filler_Edward.mp4?1618227093","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":8375.966,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Edward Filler [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is April 27, 2009. I am with Doctor Edward Filler, who has\nagreed to be interviewed for the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Project\nof the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum. My name is Sandy Berman. I am the\narchivist for the museum.\n\nI am very grateful that you have agreed to participate in our project. Today we\nare going to be specifically talking or speaking about your World War II\nexperiences, but I wanted to get a little bit of background on you, find out\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you were born, where you were born and your parents' names.\n\nFILLER: Right. I was born in Manhattan [New York City, New York on] December 9,\n1919. Apparently I stayed there for about a day or two because our home was in a\nlittle town [in] upstate New York called Parksville, New York, population 300.\n\nBERMAN: How do you spell that?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FILLER: Parksville, P-A-R-K-S-V-I-L-L-E. Population 300 and so everybody knew\neverybody. I spent my summers there and I spent my winters in a winter resort in\na town called Lakewood, L-A-K-E-W-O-O-D, New Jersey, N-J. There, my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dad had a\nbusiness that created that wonderful thing of being in a resort all my life. My\ndad formed the first taxi company back-- long time ago-- in 1916 in Sullivan\nCounty, New York. He formed the first taxi company in Lakewood, New Jersey about\nthe same time. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, business was related to vacations and, therefore, we\nwound up in a summer place in Parksville and a winter place of Lakewood, New Jersey.\n\nI was raised there and went to school in Lakewood, graduated Lakewood High\nSchool. From there, I went to Franklin and Marshall College. I was lucky ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had a\npartial scholarship there. It was a wonderful college. It was one of the finest\nundergraduate schools for professional people. Then I was accepted at the\nUniversity of Pennsylvania in dental school and that was in the years of...\nright before the end of the Depression, which was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ended due to the fact that\nWorld War II broke out.\n\nBERMAN: Just to regress a little bit, your father's name was?\n\nFILLER: Charles.\n\nBERMAN: And your mother?\n\nFILLER: Sophie S-O-P-H-I-E. My dad's name was Charles and my dad's company was\nCharles Taxi Company.\n\nBERMAN: Am I correct in saying Lakewood, New Jersey is the place where the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hindenburg ...\n\nFILLER: Exactly, in 1937.\n\nBERMAN: Do you have any recollections about that?\n\nFILLER: I heard a bang and my friends heard a bang. The Hindenburg had just\nexploded in Lakehurst, which is five miles away from Lakewood. It just so\nhappens my closest friend, Don Towbin, who had a [father who was a] doctor,\nwhose name was Dr. [Adolph] Towbin, who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saved the life of the commander of the\nVon Hindenburg zeppelin.\n\nBERMAN: Really?\n\nFILLER: It was a very exciting period for us a few days to have that happen\nthere. We saw the remains of the zeppelin as it burnt down and such. That was\nthe end of zeppelins for years because the Germans had used hydrogen as the\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lifting power and that was a fuel that was easy to catch on fire if it had a\nspark there. That's what happened. They were trying to hook up the Hindenburg to\nthe hanger and it struck some little object that caused a spark. The spark that\nexploded the Hindenburg. The Germans stopped building dirigibles after that.\nOnly lately have they started to build new ones.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Okay, you are at University of Pennsylvania. What year was that?\n\nFILLER: Right. That was... I graduated December 23rd, 1943. That's an\ninteresting question because in order for me to finish my last semester... The\nwar was going on. Apparently they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shy of dentists, so they came to us at\n[the University of Pennsylvania] dental school and said that, \"Look, you fellas\nhave a choice. If you join now before you graduate, we don't know what kind of a\nrating you'll get, but if you sign up before you graduate, we'll pay for the\nlast semester. And when you graduate you'll be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"educated to the point where we're\ngonna give you a commission.\" So, when I graduated, I got a commission as a\nFirst Lieutenant and I got my degree as a dentist at the same time.\n\nBERMAN: That is wonderful, but I wanted to ask you, you were in college when you\nheard about the bombing of Pearl Harbor?\n\nFILLER: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Do you remember exactly where you when you heard?\n\nFILLER: Yes, I do remember the exact ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place. We had just finished a lecture at\nthe medical section of the University of Pennsylvania. After a lecture, we had\nstepped out into the triangle at University of Pennsylvania and I was walking\nwith my friend back to our quarters. At that moment, while we were in the\nsection of the University of Pennsylvania, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we heard that there was an attack on\nPearl Harbor. Then we also were told that President Roosevelt was going to make\na speech in regard to that horrible, horrible thing. At that moment, we turned\nto each other and we said, \"Huh. We are gonna be into a war and that's gonna\nchange our lives.\"\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: What was the mood of the country like before Pearl Harbor and how did it\nchange after?\n\nFILLER: Up until that time... It was the 1930s. Nineteen thirty-two, for\nexample, was when Roosevelt became President and we were in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very deep\ndepression. At that time, business and people were just doing everything they\ncould to make a living and pay their way. In fact, my sister and I wondered\nwhether we'll ever go to college because things were so rough. To give you an\nidea ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since I mention the fact that my dad was in the taxi business, he came home\none day and said to my mother, \"You know, I'll have to cut down on all the cabs\nbecause we only took in fifty cents that day.\" That will give you an idea of the\ndifficulty of families trying to get through raising a family, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sending their\nchildren to school. It was a very slow time, yet it so happened that because I\nlived in a resort area, I did not feel the depth of a depression as much as the\nbig cities where there were thousands and thousands of people that needed to\nearn a living and get jobs and things.\n\nBeing in the country, we had our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own little gardens. We would plant things and\nmy mother used to raise great tomatoes and cucumbers for salads and things. From\na health point of view, we did not suffer really that I felt it. But I knew that\nmy dad was having a tough time because of the things he would tell my mother.\nPeople were very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concerned about making a living and paying their way for their children.\n\nBERMAN: Do you think they were also beginning to be concerned about what was\nhappening in Europe or do you think that was more of a Jewish concern about what\nwas happening in Europe?\n\nFILLER: No, the peculiar thing is that before we got into the war, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was\nvery little talk about concentration camps or Jewish people being sent to camps,\nvery little talk. We did hear at one time that there was a bad week for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[unintelligible].\n\nBERMAN: Kristallnacht?\n\nFILLER: We heard that was a bad thing for the Jewish people. But as far as those\nmajor events, they kept the happenings of the Jewish people in Europe very\nquiet. It was not a big news item as far as I was concerned as a young ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person in\nmy teens and early twenties. The schools did not talk about that at all, which\namazes me. Of course, President Roosevelt did not want to get involved with\nhelping the Jewish people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that time because of the political situation.\nBefore we got involved with the war, we didn't know which way you know America\nwould go.\n\nA peculiar thing from a historical point of view is that the Kennedy family, the\nfather was Ambassador ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to England at the time. He was being sort of... From a\ndecision point of view, he couldn't make up his mind whether [Adolph] Hitler was\ndoing the right thing or the wrong thing. You can see at that time America was\ncaught in between a decision-making situation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only thing is that Roosevelt\nwas friendly with [Winston] Churchill. Because of the friendship between\nChurchill and President Roosevelt, we did feel that we probably would side with\nGreat Britain because Churchill was telling Roosevelt [that] Hitler had big\nplans and that it was to the best interests ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of United States to think about\ngetting involved.\n\nBERMAN: How did the mood change after Pearl Harbor? How would you describe the\ncountry after Pearl Harbor?\n\nFILLER: It was the turning point. That is the turning point of what happened\nduring that period. When the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, within hours,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roosevelt got on the radio and spoke to the nation saying this horrible infamous\nthing has taken place. We have been attacked by the Japanese and we are\ndeclaring war against the Japanese as well as Germany. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was the turning\npoint. He used that to its fullest extent to get all the people to become solid\npatriotic citizens behind the notion that we would be preparing for war,\npreparing for us to get into the war. The strength of our nation ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just opened up\nlike a mushroom would open up. Everybody was behind the effort.\n\nBERMAN: You were able to finish college, graduate with your dental degree?\n\nFILLER: Right.\n\nBERMAN: Then you were in the service?\n\nFILLER: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Do you remember what your first couple of weeks were like, changing from\na civilian into a soldier?\n\nFILLER: Yes. The way it went was. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The moment we graduated, we were on active\nduty. We immediately got orders as doctors at that time to go to a camp called\nCarlisle Medical Training Services in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where they trained\nmedical officers what to expect in the depth of a fighting war. There, they\ntrained us in-- I don't know what they called it-- logistics, battle medical\ntechniques, how to deal with the challenges ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we would hope to conquer, and\nhow we would talk to the people so that we would develop a good rapport of a\nteam, the sections that we would be conquering so to speak. We spent six weeks\nat Carlisle and got training.\n\nThen from there I had orders ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go to Lisle, Illinois to a camp where our main\nduty as a dentist was to get soldiers prepared physically and orally in this\ncase to go overseas. After there, apparently my rating was good and they\ninformed me that, \"Ed, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're selecting you to become a cadre in forming a\ndental group for the 195th General Hospital in Rockford, Illinois.\" They said,\n\"Here are your orders and you'll immediately go there.\" There, I met up with\nother doctors that were assigned to the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"section of the hospital forming a\ndental clinic.\n\nAfter about three weeks, we said... We were trying to find out what our future\nwould be and the rumor was that we were going to get a trip to New York and the\ntrip to New York was to board ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Queen Mary. The Queen Mary was a magnificent\nship, but that was a ship that was a troop ship. They had converted that big\nship into a troop ship and they assigned me to a room and it happened to be a\nroom that Churchill had as his room. The difference was where he had one bed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for\nhimself in the whole room, we had eight tiered beds. We were comfortable but we\nwe were closely fitted in that room. Now the trip to Europe on the Queen Mary\nwas an interesting trip. We left New York Harbor and we headed for Europe.\n\nBERMAN: Just for the purpose of timeline, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what month and year was that?\n\nFILLER: Yes. This was about, I would say, a few weeks after the landing on Omaha\nBeach. We went from there across the ocean. During that trip, we ran into some\nGerman submarines that were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"capable of sinking the Queen Mary, but the beauty of\nthe Queen Mary was that in those days-- I don't know if people know about it--\nthe Queen Mary was the fastest boat on the ocean. It went 35 knots per hour and\nsubmarines go about 21 miles an hour, so we were able to outrun the German\nsubmarines that were chasing us.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We wound up in the Firth of Clyde of Scotland. That was an interesting thing. We\ndebarked. There, we met some Red Cross women that were giving us some drinks of\nchocolate. That was the first good drink we had during our whole trip. When we\nlanded at that beautiful area. We looked up and there was Edinburgh ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the big\ncastle on top of the mountain as a landmark.\n\nFrom that spot, we went right into a train and we left immediately going south\nand we traveled almost all night. We debarked in Southampton, England. In\nSouthampton, England we pitched a tent on the beach and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we wondered where we\nwere heading. Nobody...\n\nBERMAN: What did you feel like at this point? Can you remember how you felt?\nWere you frightened?\n\nFILLER: No, we were not frightened at all. We were doing so many things that\nwere strange to us that we didn't have a chance to think of the dangers that\nlied ahead. We tried to find out ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what was happening, what would happen to us. We\nwere a little concerned, worried. But we were not frightened and we were not\nacting out of sorts. We were just sort of trying to get our bearings.\n\nOn the beach in South Hampton, we were very anxious to know where we were going.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We did not have any idea that when we got on the boats the next morning... We\ngot on the boat called the Leopoldville. It was a [Belgian] boat with a\n[Belgian] crew. An interesting thing happened. We were crossing the English\nChannel and they said, \"This is probably the last decent meal you'll have,\" and\nthey ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"served us a steak. I turned around to the waiter, who... Actually, we were\nbeing served as officers. The big difference between officers and enlisted men\nwas night and day. I must say that we felt right then and there that, here we're\nhaving steak and the poor enlisted men were being served Spam and things like\nthat. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a tremendous difference between an officer and an enlisted man.\nAnyhow, I asked the waiter what kind of steak it is. It was very sweet. He says,\n\"Enjoy it because it's horse meat.\" First time I had a horse steak, but at that\ntime it was pretty tasty and we enjoyed it.\n\nThe next thing we knew, the boat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had stopped and they said, \"Fellas, we just got\nto disembark.\" We had no idea where we were disembarking. The order was,\n\"Disembark but make sure you have all your things that you need, and dress warm,\nmake sure your shoes are tied and everything is very tied to you.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In five\nminutes, we knew why. The boat was about a block from the beach so that we had\nto disembark into the water and head towards the beach. That beach was Omaha Beach.\n\nBERMAN: This was three weeks after the invasion?\n\nFILLER: Approximately.\n\nBERMAN: Approximately three weeks after the initial invasion?\n\nFILLER: Omaha Beach ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was disarrayed. You could see the elements of some terrible\nfighting had to have gone on. We looked up and the beach is about 200 feet of\nsand and then about 200 feet high sand bags. On top of the sandbags, the Germans\nhad their big concrete pillboxes. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had decimated the first and second and\nthird days when our soldiers first arrived. When I crawled up the big sand dune\nto the top, there were our cemeteries. One thousand eight hundred American\nsoldiers had lost their lives those first few days.\n\nThere's an interesting thing that happened to me. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I went over to the area\nwhere all the crosses and the Jewish stars were, one of the officers came to me\nand said, \"Is your name Filler?\" I said, \"Yes.\" He says, \"Well, we have a Filler\nhere ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you might be related to.\" I said, \"What is his name?\" They gave me the\nname of a David Filler. I said, \"I don't think there's a David Filler in our\nfamily.\" He said, \"Will you do me a favor? We have the address of this David\nFiller. Please send a letter that you were here on the bank where their son\ndied. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he died as a hero.\" I did that for that...\n\nThen our group, which was 195th General Hospital that I was with, we formed a\nmarching group and we marched quite a number of miles to a little town called\nIsigny [Isigny -sur-Mer, France]. We set up our hospital there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the grounds of\nthat Insigne. We were told that we were there to support the 101st Airborne.\nThat was the ones that landed first. They landed actually several days before we\ndid. Our job was to take care of them physically.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We, as the 195th, followed the 101st Airborne from there. We destroyed the town\nof St. Lo, and Carentan, and the cities that were along the beach there, and\nthen marched towards a city called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mourmelon-le-Grand. The period between the\ntime we landed and getting to Mourmelon-le-Grand was about, I'd say, two or\nthree months, because we had to fight our way all the way into France ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heading\ntowards Germany. We lost a lot of men, but as a hospital, we were about the\nsafest of all the fighting people there in the U.S. Army. In Mourmelon-le-Grand,\nwe set up another hospital and still supporting the 101st Airborne, by the way.\nI got friendly with the 101st Airborne people. They were really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very brave\nfellas and they had lost two dentists.\n\nThe medical colonel there said that he wanted [me] to switch over from general\nhospital to the 101st Airborne. You'd get $100 more for a month salary and they\ngive you all the decorations of 101st Airborne had got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up until that time. I\nsaid, \"No.\" He said, \"Well, look, long as you're visiting...\" They were camped\nright next to the hospital of the 101st Airborne. He says, \"We have an officer\nthat knows you.\" He came to me. He said, \"Ed, look, do me a favor. I have to go\nup to a place that they're fighting. They're having a little trouble. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's my\nbinoculars and a few personal things. Hold them because I'm gonna try... I'll be\nback in a few days.\" Within a day or so I expected him to be back. [They] said,\n\"A terrible thing has happened. He got caught in a place called Malmedy and the\nGermans ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"captured them and killed them all.\" I have his binoculars to this day.\nThat was the beginning of the battle of Bastogne.\n\nMourmelon-le-Grand was the camping ground for the 101st Airborne. About 90\npercent of the 101st Airborne were on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the front line and they were captured. It\nwas [General George] Patton that freed them and saved us, because if they had\nbroken through, they would've come through our hospital and probably destroyed\nus. The Germans ran out of oil in their tanks and that was a big deciding factor\nof the Germans being stymied there at Bastogne, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[where] they were pinning down\nthe 101st Airborne. Then Patton broke through a few days later and liberated the\nsurviving 101st Airborne. That was that part. From there, I don't want to get\ninvolved with too many details.\n\nBERMAN: Can I just ask one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question before we go on? How did you get ready for\ndealing with patients that were in battle? I mean, you went to training, but can\nanything really prepare you for that?\n\nFILLER: No, you have the background of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knowledge of a medical person. Things\nwould come up that you would have to almost originate and invent ways of taking\ncare of things, because in battle, things would happen so quickly that you just\nsay... What would you do if ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a soldier was shot, and he's bleeding, and basically\nyou want to stop the bleeding? You put tourniquets on them and you had to...\n\nIn those days, it was right before penicillin was invented. Near the very end of\nthe war we were able to have penicillin, but during the earlier [part of the]\nwar, we had the sulfonamides. We would sprinkle wounds [with sulfonamides] to\nprevent infection, and we'd tie ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tourniquets and stop the bleeding. You couldn't\ndo too much more than that except send these wounded soldiers back-- if you're\non the front line-- to an [evacuation] hospital and then an evac hospital would\nsend back to an [operation] hospital. That was up until that time.\n\nA big change happened to me at this particular point. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At that particular time, I\ngot orders saying the Medical Corp decided on a rotation program. Those medical\nofficers that were right at the front line with the battle people, with the\ninfantry, those doctors and dentists that were up there were going to rotate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and\ncome back to places like the hospital or evac hospital. I would replace one of\nthose dentists up at the front line. I looked at my orders and-- at this moment\nI was still a First Lieutenant-- it said, \"Lieutenant Filler, you are assigned\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Combat Engineers. They are in front of the infantry.\" I said that I had\nnothing to say about it. I packed my gear. I had what they called a foot locker,\nand put all the things I had with me in.\n\nI checked with the Adjutant General, I says, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"How do I get to the Combat\nEngineers?\" He said, \"Ed, the best thing is we're going to assign a jeep to you.\nYou'll have a driver and you have another PFC [Private First Class] who is an\nexpert machine gunnist and they will finally get you to the headquarters of the\nCombat Engineers.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got in the jeep and we headed for the Seventh Corp, which\nthe combat engineers that I was assigned to were a part of.\n\nWe got to this General Taylor to find out where my outfit is. He says,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Lieutenant, here is the rule about finding your outfit. Every seven days, the\nposition of every unit in the U.S. Army, that position is sent back to\nheadquarters, to INS headquarters in Paris. The best thing I would say ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to you\n[is that] when you have this opportunity, you go back to Paris to INS\nheadquarters and they will tell you where your unit is.\"\n\nWe drove all the way back there and I'm leaving out a lot of the details in that\ntrip back there. We drove through Darmstadt [Germany], and Heidelberg [Germany],\nand things like that back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, and went to headquarters. They said, \"We'll\nknow within a seven-day period. Why don't you relax and enjoy yourself and see\nwhat Paris is all about?\" He said, \"There's a USO there. Go down there and\nthey'll take care of you and they'll assign you a quarters and so forth.\" I took\nadvantage of it. [I] went to the USO and they assigned a young lady to show me\nParis, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I did, and I went through...\n\nI don't know if anyone ever talks about what Paris is like in those days but\nthere's an area called Pig Alley, where all the night clubs are, Bal Tabarin and\nsome famous nightclubs. I went to one of them and when I went into one of them,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"someone said, \"Ed.\" I looked and two paratroopers from the 101st Airborne were\nsitting there. [They] said, \"Why don't you join us?\" I joined them. They were\ndrinking champagne.\n\nThis was interesting for the relaxation area of the war because it's almost like\na leave for those fellows ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were on leave in Paris. Paris was a very free\ntype of a city. In this particular Bal Tabarin, there's beautiful ladies and\nthey'd come over and ask if you want to dance with them. I'll tell you a quick\nthing, which is history, so to speak. This one young lady came over to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our table\nand said, \"You're alone and your two friends have two friends sitting on their\nlap. Why don't you dance?\" I danced with this gal for a few minutes and then it\nwas getting late. She said, \"By the way, its almost midnight and I want to know\nwhether you're coming home with me.\" I said, \"No. I had no idea. I'm trying to\nget back to my outfit.\" She said, \"There's noting to worry about because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the\nyoung ladies have been examined by doctors.\" She showed me a list of all the\ncredentials that had been stamped and that she was certainly a person who didn't\nhave to worry about disease and things. But I wasn't interested in that at all\nat the moment.\n\nI left her and went back to the table. I said, \"Hey, fellas, I'm heading back to\nmy room and getting some sleep. I've been traveling a lot.\" I said goodnight to\nthem all. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The moment I left this young lady, a colonel came over to this little\nFrench girl. She was a Tahitian French girl. Anyhow, why she found her target so\nto speak. I went back to the room.\n\nThe next day, I went back to headquarters trying to find out where my outfit\nwas. They said, \"Yes we know where your outfit is. They said, \"Do you want to\nleave now? You can stay a couple ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more days. Your directions and orders are such\nthat it gives you leeway to spend more time in Paris.\" I said, \"No, no, I want\nto get back to my new outfit.\" They assigned the jeep, the driver and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"PFC,\nwho was the machinegunnist, to the same jeep that I had come in on. We took off\nand went into Germany. We got to the town Bamberg and things like that.\n\nHere's the interesting thing about... Here we are in Germany and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I turn around\nto the sergeant [who was driving the jeep] and I said, \"The only instructions\nthey gave me in Paris is follow the green arrow. Have you done that before?\" He\nsays, \"Oh, yes. That's the technique.\" He says, \"We get into a town. First town,\nwe look for trees on the roads and we look for a green arrow.\" That's what we\ndid. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After we went through Darmstadt, and Heidelberg and all, we struck the\ngreen arrow on the road. There, we followed the green arrow. We went about, I'd\nsay, about 20 miles following the green arrow. It was mostly forest there on the road.\n\nFinally, the arrow pointed into the depths of the forest. They said, \"Look, here\nwe go off to the main road. It means something.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Went in off the main road about\n20 feet, and I get off the jeep, and there on a big log is a colonel sitting. I\nsaluted the colonel. He saluted me. He says, \"What are you doing here?\" I says,\n\"Lieutenant Filler here for duty.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He says, \"Boy, we didn't expect you so fast.\nNormally we figure it would take a month or so before a replacement.\" He said,\n\"We had just lost our dentist and we figured it would take quite awhile.\" He\nsays, \"Glad to have you here. I'm Colonel Schilinger and...\"\n\nBERMAN: Colonel what?\n\nFILLER: Schilinger. West Point graduate. Real military. Fine looking young\nfella. He said, \"Make yourself at home. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Go to the Adjutant General here. He'll\ncheck you in,\" and, \"Glad to have you in our outfit.\" He says, \"We're the best\nCombat Engineer group. You know what our assignment is? We're gonna make the way\nfor the rest of the army to follow us.\" That's what our duty was, to build\nbridges across the rivers. Within a few days, we left that spot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Combat\nEngineers were building bridges. We'll skip a lot of details. A lot of fighting\nwas going on. In order to advance, we had to fight our way actually.\n\nBERMAN: Did you have a weapon?\n\nFILLER: As a medical officer, I did not carry a weapon. I had a Geneva Cross on\nmy helmet ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and on my sleeve, but I did not carry a weapon.\n\nBERMAN: I have heard that medics were particularly prime targets for the enemy\nbecause if they could get rid of the medic then they could you know hopefully\nnot have anybody helping the troops. Did you feel like you were a target?\n\nFILLER: A target? Yes, we were. I was a target ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with that concept that the enemy\nremoving a medical officer would do a lot of harm to the troops, which makes\nsense logically to think that they depended upon us.\n\nThat reminds me of an interesting thing. Up until the time I joined the combat\nengineers, I was with medical officers. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our dental group at the hospital, we\nwere five doctors. We had Colonel Simpkins. He was the top of our clinical\ngroup. He was a specialist in head and neck surgery. He was from Seattle\n[Washington], a real nice fellow. Then we had a major that was trained in minor\nsurgery. Then we had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the First Lieutenants that didn't have the background, but\nwe were with a group of regular medical men in a hospital. There, we were just\nfriends. We were friendly with each other and we helped each other out.\n\nOnce I left the hospital and now, I'm with engineers. I was one of the few\nmedical people with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several battalions. Each battalion consisted of 1,000 men.\nHere I was with part of the 65th Battalion and then the 77th Battalion, which\nwas made up of a regiment of Combat Engineers. Now, they're all treating me\ngreat. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, they're all my friends. [They said,] \"Ed, we might need you one\nday.\" The atmosphere for me, as one of the few medical officers, was all these\nCombat Engineers and they were a combination of engineers and fighting men.\n\nThey were well-trained fighting men because they had fought their way all the\nway to here. In fact, when we were driving on the jeep and through ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Darmstadt,\nsome of the buildings were still on fire because they had just conquered that\narea maybe a day or two before we had gone through. Here I was [in] a whole\ndifferent atmosphere. I said, \"You know? I'm in the war now. I'm really a\nsoldier and exposed to death.\" I mean, Colonel Schilinger said, \"Ed, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"play it\nsafe here. Obey all the rules. Keep your helmet on. Don't dare go anyplace\nwithout your helmet.\" He says, \"You're a target the way we all are targets. We\nbuild bridges. The Germans don't want us to build bridges and get across the\nrivers here.\" It was a whole different atmosphere for me.\n\nThe next thing that we did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was have to cross the [Regnitz] River, which was a\nbig wide river in this town of Bamberg, where I set up the medical clinic. We\nhad lost the physician, so I was the commander now of this medical group.\n\nBERMAN: Did you lose him to the war or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did you lose him because he was reassigned?\n\nFILLER: That is an interesting question. Dr. Scheringe... I'll tell you what\nhappened. It's an odd, unbelievable thing. We were camping out and the Germans\nwere throwing these V2 bombs over. We were told that when the motor stops,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's when we know the bomb is going to land. When the motor stops, we would\ntake safety measures and sort of protect ourselves.\n\nScheringe was lying right next to me. We were going to sleep. Scheringe said to\nme, \"Ed, I'm getting up and going the latrine for a second.\" The latrine was a\nbig ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"groove in the ground. He went away about 20 feet. While he was away, one of\nthose V2 bombs was going overhead and the motor stopped. We all said, \"Well it\nsounds like it's far away.\" It wasn't that far away because a piece of shrapnel\ncame zooming by and landed on Schreinge's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sleeping bag. Scheringe comes back and\nsays, \"Why'd you mess up my thing for?\" I said, \"I didn't mess your thing up\nfor.\" Look over there and there was a piece of shrapnel.\n\nHad he been lying there; he could've been killed. That saved him. But that was\nso nerve wracking to Scheringe that, several weeks, later he had a nervous break\ndown. They sent him back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for what they call recuperation, recreation. I became\nthe lone doctor with the group at that particular time.\n\nBERMAN: Trained as a dentist, were you responsible for all of the medical care then?\n\nFILLER: When I was... Yes. He was a captain and at the time I was a Lieutenant,\nbut I believe I was promoted to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Captain during that time, as I recall. As a\ncaptain, I was in charge. I was the highest-ranking officer as far as the\nmedical group with the Combat Engineers in that particular large group of\nengineers that we were with.\n\nAnyhow, so now we're in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bamberg, setting up a clinic. I took over this small\nhouse. A mortar shell came in and started burning part of it, but we put that\nfire out. We were only 600 yards from the [Regnitz] River, where the engineers\nin our group were building a bridge so that tanks could go forward. This was the\nfront line actually. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We lost 21 men in building that bridge. Finally, they lined\nup these howitzers-- what they call 150 mm howitzers-- and saturated the other\nside of the [Regnitz] River so that the Germans retreated and we were able to\nfinish the bridge.\n\nThese bridges that the combat engineers built ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were made of pontoons. It's like\nboats that you put together. [They] tied them together with metal cables and\nover that they would throw a framework. These frameworks and these boats were so\nwell tied together and so well engineered that these big tanks could go across.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You asked what we did when we got in this particular area. What I would do, I'd\npick the lowest valley. From a logistic point of view, you pick a medical site\nin a low valley so that if a wounded soldier would try to get to you, they would\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go downhill as a means of getting to you.\n\nOne of the youngsters that found its way to that particular house I set up as\nthe medical clinic was a German boy. He must've been only about 14 years old.\nThe Germans by this time during the war were using youngsters. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This boy stumbled\nin and what he had was a fractured leg. At this time, I was the only doctor. My\nbackground was that we'd have to put a splint on it. I splinted the leg. Even\nthough he was an enemy actually, he was in no shape to do us any harm. We sent\nhim back to an evac hospital with a splint on his leg. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I, as a medical officer\nin an emergency, did what I thought was the right thing under an emergency\nsituations. The best thing was to give him survival treatment and send him back\nto an evac hospital. He eventually wound up in a hospital further back in the lines.\n\nAn interesting thing is, from the point of view, a few days we built the bridge\nthis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tremendous tank pulled up alongside my aid station. He says, \"Ay, captain.\nYou want a pancake?\" I said, \"What do you mean a pancake?\" He says, \"Yeah, we\nhave a little stove in our tank and you can have a pancake.\" I said, \"Yeah, I\nhaven't had a pancake in a long time.\" Sure enough, I hop into this great big\n40-ton tank and I had a pancake. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said to me. \"Boy, I got to give you credit.\nYou guys are setting up the roads so that we can go forward.\"\n\nThe next day-- the bridge was completed at that time-- he says, \"We're leaving.\"\nHe says, \"We'll see you someplace in front.\" Interesting thing about this tank,\nif you know anything about tanks, they're ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tremendous things. When he pulled the\ntank away, the rear tip of his tank caught the corner of my building, my little\naid station. He took a piece off but he didn't know it. That tank is so big that\nhe didn't even feel it. He went on across the bridge to protect us, carry the\nwar forward. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Little things happened that were of interest to us.\n\nIn that particular house... From a history point of view, that house had\nbelonged... I found out from the things I read while I was in the house-- it was\nabout a week or two-- [that it] had belonged to a young lady who had given\nherself to Hitler to produce an offspring. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What Hitler would do is pick out a\nyoung woman and line her up with an SS elite officer so she would produce a\nyoungster. She had, the way I read the different things in the house... produced\na youngster for the Reich, the future generation that Hitler intended ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to conquer\nthe world by. She was sent to a recuperation... what they call a hotel, a garden\nor there was...\n\nWhat she had done, she had left the Mein Kampf book that Hitler had written\nbehind in the house. I looked in the Mein Kampf book and it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"signed by Adolph\nHitler. It was all in German. I had taken two years of German in college so I\ncould read a little bit, but I wasn't fluent. It so happened when I got back\nhome years later, because I had this book... One of my close friends was raised\nin Berlin. He translated Mein Kampf for me. The last chapter ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Mein Kampf... If\nany of the people that you interviewed before have ever read Mein Kampf, the\nlast chapter explicitly showed the intentions of Adolph Hitler. He intended to\nconquer the world to set up cities based upon the architect that he had as his\npersonal architect, had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drawn magnificent buildings that are going to be part of\nthe future generation of the earth.\n\nBERMAN: Today is May 4, 2009. I am here again with Doctor Edward Filler. It is\nthe second part of his interview for the Ida Pearl and Joseph Cuba Community\nArchives of the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Collection ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Breman\nMuseum. Thank you very much for coming back again. My name is Sandy Berman. I am\nthe archivist for the museum.\n\nI would like to regress a little bit. You had mentioned to me that there were\nsome incidents you could relate to being a Jewish soldier in World War II, some\nthings that came to you since our last meeting.\n\nFILLER: Yes, I knew that last time I was here, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we got as far as Bamberg,\nGermany. But we got there so quickly that I neglected to say that it wasn't as\npleasant for Jewish people and Jewish soldiers as it might have seemed.\n\nWhen I joined the 195th General Hospital, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we formed a group of doctors in the\ndental section. It was made up of actually five of us. These four other doctors\nwere gentile [non-Jewish] men. I was the Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"addition. They accepted me very\nwell, but when we got to Normandy, France we were going to add one more doctor\nto our staff. This doctor that was added was Dr. Green. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know whether the\nfact that his name was Green sort of triggered off a reaction with all the other\nmembers of our group, but the moment he entered our clinic all the doctors, I\ncould tell, resented Dr. Green. To me, it was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surprising, because as a\nprofessional group, I thought that over the years they all have been exposed to\nmany Jewish doctors. But here we were after landing on Omaha Beach and forming\nthis hospital, you would think that anyone that was going to be added to our\nstaff would be very welcomed. But ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Green, from the moment he entered the\nclinic room, was not welcomed as he should've been.\n\nWhat happened was the first patient we got that needed some dental treatment was\na patient that had gingivitis. Colonel Simpkins says, \"Oh, here's a good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patient\nfor you, Dr. Green. How will you treat this patient?\" Dr. Green took this\ngentian violet, which is a very highly staining type of medication and used to\ntreat gingivitis, which is an old, accepted treatment. It left a terrible stain\nin the mouth of this particular ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soldier. Don't you think that all the other\ndoctors criticized Dr. Green to the point that he was mortified? In a few days,\nafter he was with us, he asked if he could be relocated.\n\nTo me, that was a horrible thing. I said to myself, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Through all my friends in\nthe clinic, [do] the other doctors think I'm Jewish or not?\" My name, Filler, is\na name that could be of any background. I wondered how they would ever treat me\nwhen they found out I'm Jewish. It so happened that they liked me for some\nunknown reason ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they never criticized me. I was accepted as a good part of\nthe group until later on, as we would get to, I was transferred to the combat engineers.\n\nThat was another experience and that took place ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shortly after Bastogne. I was\ntransferred to the Combat Engineers. There, I was transferred to a group of\npeople that were not connected in any way to the medical profession. I thought\nto myself, \"How am I gona be accepted with Combat Engineers?\" When I reported to\nthe Adjutant ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that recorded all new members of officers that were going to be\npart of the headquarters of the engineers, I knew immediately that he knew from\nchecking my record that I was Jewish. His attitude, I could feel, was also an\nattitude almost similar ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the attitude of the doctors' way back in the 195th\nGeneral Hospital. I said, \"My gosh, how am I going to get along with all these\nnew people that have nothing to do with medical people?\"\n\nIt turned out that after a few days of real combat situations, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Adjutant\nGeneral said, \"You know, Ed, at first I wasn't gonna send these papers in, but\nyou're part of us.\" He says, \"And the papers are to increase your position as my\nFirst Lieutenant to a Captain.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He says, \"You're part of us. You've been tested\nunder true battle and even though I gave you the impression that I resented you\nat the very first day I met you, things are gonna be real fine between us.\"\n\nBERMAN: I have a question. Do you think that we, as Jews, sometimes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get the\nwrong impression? That maybe the Dr. Green was not just a likeable fellow or\nmaybe that he was the new guy, so it was easy to not... Or do you think it was\ndefinitely antisemitism?\n\nFILLER: I think it was a matter of Dr. Green was a a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"typical Jewish boy. I think\nthat's what they resented. He had a lot of Jewish little ways about him that\ngentiles, I think, resent when they meet Jewish people. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's certain Jewish\npeople that do have certain mannerisms. When those mannerisms are readily felt\nby people that meet them, I think it's more that than the Jewish race. In other\nwords, I think that the characteristics of a person ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has a lot to do with the\nbeing accepted by gentiles. That's a big factor.\n\nI would say that once a gentile person meets a Jewish person and gets to know\nthem, if the Jewish person happens to have some of these typical Jewish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"habits,\nI think if the person is a likeable person, they accept him. Sometimes it's not\nthe fault of the gentile person taking a bad attitude toward that Jewish person.\nI think it's a combination of many things.\n\nDuring my whole experience being with the gentile ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people a great deal during the\nwar, once I entered the Combat Engineers, there was only one other Jewish person\nin the entire battalion and regiment. In my group, we a young fellow named\nLeonard Bernstein, typical Jewish fellow. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could tell that the staff resented\nhim a little bit, but Bernstein had gone through a lot of battles, and exposures\nto being killed, and the staff accepted him. But he was the only Jewish boy in a\ngroup of thousands, actually ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this case, that was part of the Combat Engineers.\n\nThey were mainly gentile engineers and specialists in different fields. In the\nengineers. You didn't have to be an officer to be a very needed person. The\ntraining and background of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these young fellas were very varied in building\nbridges and handling structures that engineers are supposed to be able to do.\nThe fact that they were needed by all the members of this group that I was now\ngoing to be with, they were all compatible people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now and they blended together\njust like fabric is knitted together.\n\nBERMAN: Let us move on then to where we left off the last time. You had just\ngone with the group of engineers to Bamberg.\n\nFILLER: Right. There, our main duty in Bamberg was to build a bridge ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"across the\n[Regnitz] River so that the the infantry and the tanks could go across. We had\nto fight initially to gain access to that particular section of the [Regnitz]\nRiver. It took three full days of battle to push the German ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soldiers away from\nthat part of the [Regnitz] River before we could actually build a bridge across\nthe river.\n\nBERMAN: Being a physician or a dentist, were you actually in combat?\n\nFILLER: I had set up... I was exposed to the dangers but we would always set up\nour clinic or aid station about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"600 yards in the back, beyond behind the actual\nfighting that was going on, so we were safe. However, at Bamberg, the peculiar\nthing was that the sentry had lost the Medical Captain and he was going to be\nreplaced any day by a new ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Medical Captain. I was in charge. The building that I\nselected just received a mortar shell and it set it on fire. We were near enough\nto get hurt, but as we would say, all the staff says, \"Boy are we lucky to be\n600 hundred yards back here beyond the exact hand-to-hand type of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fighting.\" We\nwould feel rather safe and the... It was a nice feeling to say, \"Well we're not\nexposed to as much as the the poor fellas up 600 hundred yards ahead of me.\"\n\nThat's the way we usually were set up. We would always be 600 hundred yards, or\n700 hundred yards, or 500 yards behind. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a good reason for that because\nwe were trying to be safe enough to take care of the injured. If we were in a\nbattle situation where we could be killed any second, that would make things\nmuch harder for us.\n\nThe only thing that would happen is that if we knew someone was injured-- say in\nbuilding that particular bridge, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we lost 21 men-- we would send an aid-men up to\nbandage someone or give them first aid and get em back to the aid station. From\nthe aid station, we would do what we had to do to protect the wounded. Then we\nwould send them back to what we called an evac hospital. From the evac hospital,\nthey would take care of them and send them back to a general hospital. That was\nthe routine.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: You lost 21 men building the bridge to Bamberg. Where was your next...\n\nFILLER: The next thing is we broke through there. We went on to the area of\nNuremberg and that was an interesting thing for us. In Nuremberg, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had gotten\nto an area that was part of the city of Nuremberg, and apparently the military\nhad bombed the area thoroughly, and the German residents that lived there were hiding.\n\nWe had complete access to this particular ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"store. One of my aid men said,\n\"Captain, could I crawl into that destroyed jewelry store?\" I says, \"It's\ndangerous because there are a lot of snipers around here.\" He said, \"But it's\nworth it. Look at all that stuff on the ground.\" I said that it isn't worth it.\nHis name was Cerutti. A wonderful sergeant, Sergeant Cerutti. I said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Is it\nworth it to expose yourself to a sniper?\" He said, \"But it might change my life.\nI see those sparkling things on the ground.\" I said, \"Look, if you want to take\nyour chance, I can see that it might be worth your while.\" He crawled into this\nstore that was a jewelry store, came back and says, \"Look, I survived ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and look\nwhat I have. I have 3 beautiful diamonds.\" He says, \"What can I do?\" I said,\n\"You'd better hide them and never show them to anybody until you get home.\"\n\nI'll jump way ahead. The end result of this... Because when I get back to\ntalking about this incident again about Cerutti... After the war was over--\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cerutti survived the entire war-- Cerutti called me from Saint Louis, Missouri\nand said, \"Ed, are you ever gonna come out my way?\" I said, \"I'd love to see you\nagain.\" He said, \"Well, if you ever have a chance, please come out.\" I said,\n\"What are you doing now?\" He said, \"Guess what? I have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two stores and I'm\nmarried. And I'd just love you to meet my wife and my successful stores.\"\n\nWe're back to Nuremberg [Germany] now. We kept advancing. The war had turned in\nour favor at this point and we were advancing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very well. The next thing, as we\nleft Nuremberg toward Munich [Germany], the major, who I became very friendly\nwith at this time, said, \"Ed, guess what? We just discovered something.\" I said,\n\"What is that?\" [He said,] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"We just broke through the wall of what we thought\nwas a factory. We thought that with the smoke coming out of the chimneys that\nthis was a factory that manufactured something that the Germans used for\nmilitary purposes.\" He says, \"Come with me.\" We drove up, went through the\nbroken wall, and that was Dachau.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The wall that we had broken through was about 15 feet high, 8 feet thick, and\nthe moment you got on the other side of that wall was a fence. The fence was a\nmetal strung fence. When I looked around, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I saw one body against the fence and\nit was a dead individual inmate of that camp. The fence had been electrified by\nthe SS Germans. When you went beyond that fence was a river moat so that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you had\nto go through three different defenses to get out of Dachau. [It was] almost\nimpossible for those inmates to survive getting out of Dachau [with] a moat,\nelectrified fence and a tremendously big, tall wall.\n\nOnce we got in, there were thousands of inmates. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of them were skeletons.\nThey wore these striped -- they looked like pajamas, very thin. In the cold\nweather, I don't know how they survived the cold weather. This little French boy\nran over to me, he must have been about 10 years old, and in French he said,\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Oh, Captain, you saved my life.\" He bent down and kissed my boots. Then I\nwalked a little further and there were human bones, hands and legs on the side\nof this big mastiff dog that was being fed human parts. Of course, from there I\nwalked around the camp ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it was pitiful.\n\nA freight train had just come in. I went over to the freight train and the\ninformation was that they had been traveling from Poland for about seven days.\nIn each freight car were about 40 people. In the corner was a little basket ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of\npotatoes that was supposed to feed 40 people in each car, but, of course, in\nseven days I'd say 95 percent had died from starvation, and from cold weather,\nand whatever. We found a few of these people that were breathing and we put\nblankets around them and we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saved the few that were still alive. It must've been\nat least 20 or 30 freight cars that had pulled into that track. The railroad led\nright into the camp so that over the months and years that Dachau existed, they\nused this to bring people from all over ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe to this camp and unload them.\n\nBERMAN: This is the end of the war already. Did you get a feeling for who--\nbesides the people on the freight car who were coming in from Poland-- most of\nthe inmates were? Were most of the inmates Jewish? Not Jewish?\n\nFILLER: This was April 27, 1945. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The people that were in... like the little\nFrench boy, his parents were political people. Then there was a small section of\nGypsies. Then there were mostly Jewish people that they brought in from\ndifferent parts of Europe. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Since it was near the end of the war, they were\nbringing in fewer people because they had already brought in millions of Jewish\npeople to all those other camps and so that the number of available Jewish\npeople, and gypsies, and political people were getting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fewer and fewer. But, at\nthis particular point, there was still in Dachau thousands that were still alive.\n\nThe hatred that these inmates [felt] was severe. For example, I took a picture\nof ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a SS Captain that a group of inmates came over to me and said, \"Please kill\nthis captain for us.\" I said, \"I'm a medical person and I can't do that. But I\nwill get an MP [military policeman] to get over here and take care of this\ncaptain.\" I went to get someone of a MP staff. When I came back, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had beaten\nthis captain to death. The anger that the inmates had generated over the many\nmonths and years that they were there was just unimaginable.\n\nBERMAN: Were there still a lot of SS or camp guards left when you got there?\n\nFILLER: When we got there, apparently the SS didn't think that we were going to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"break in that soon. When I got in, the SS were putting bodies on these racks.\nThey looked like bread racks, loaves of bread that they put in big baking\nfurnaces. These furnaces were made by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siemens Corporation.\n\nIt so happens that, back in America, when I see ever anything by Siemens, I\nnever bought it. It so happens that the Siemens Corporation recouped. A lot of\ndental equipment is made by Siemens. I did not buy anything that was dental\nequipment because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the big metal sign that they had on each of these cremation\nfurnaces was so embedded in my mind that, to me, it was just a horrible thought.\n\nI can see the bodies two-stories high that were piled up. They would put these\nbodies on these rolling big shovels like that would go into the furnace. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What\nthey would do is take the ashes, and put them into potato bags like, and give\nthe potato bags to the farmers for fertilizer. Along the side of these bags of\nfertilizer bags, were eyeglasses, shoes, clothing that they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would take from all\nthese people that they were getting ready to cremate them. Of course, in Dachau\nwere rooms where they used gas to gas them. They would take the dead bodies and\npile them up like in the building where they cremated them. They were...\nSometimes they were two-stories high.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: How did the American soldiers deal with the German soldiers who were\nstill there?\n\nFILLER: I did not mention that when we got into Dachau, the few SS that were\nstill there and were slow in getting out of the camp and trying to save their\nlives, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was the only place that I did take a carbine and carry a gun because\nI had no way of knowing the reaction of the SS that were still there.\n\nIt was one interesting thing that I discovered. I was going through some of the\nbuildings. All of a sudden out, of one of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rooms was this beautiful young\ngirl who ran through and passed me. I found out that this was a building where\nthe German SS had used as their recreation room. They had taken for... from any\nplace they would find a beautiful girl and save that girl's life. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[They] said,\n\"You come with us to this building and maybe we can save your life.\" They\naccumulated these lovely young women for their own recreational purposes. That\nwas one way that certain young people saved their life: because they satisfied\nthe SS.\n\nBERMAN: Did the American troops ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take the soldiers as prisoners or did they just\neliminate them?\n\nFILLER: The MPs took over once we knew that the fighting was over. Because\nseveral of the SS that were in certain areas of the camp... because the camp was\nvery large. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those SS were taken as prisoners. When I got there, most of the SS\nhad escaped in one way or another or had been killed because we didn't know\nwhether they're going to try and fight their way out. But they knew that once\nour troops entered the camps ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there was no chance for them surviving if they\nstayed there, so either they gave themselves up or they were able to get out\nthrough some areas that we didn't know that were still open for them to get out.\nBecause it was a large camp and a lot was going on in the confusion.\n\nBERMAN: How long did you stay there?\n\nFILLER: I only stayed there for one full day and then we moved on.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Were you hoping to perhaps stay and set up some kind of field hospital there?\n\nFILLER: No. The way I understood it was that we were going to turn the aid over\nto a hospital that was moved in. We were going to try to get these people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for\nmedical attention as soon as we can. It was a matter of feeding them and it was\nvery tricky because they hadn't eaten any decent food and it had to be handled\nby nutrition people. That was the way it was done. It was such a big thing. The\nmost important thing at that particular time was to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"try to feed the people so\nthat we can save their lives. They were starved to death. They were skin and\nbones. It was a matter of feeding them the right food and getting them stable. I\nmoved on and so I don't know what happened after, but I understood that was the\nobject, was to get the right medical people in that could handle ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starving people.\n\nBERMAN: A couple more questions about the camp and about your reaction. Did you\nfeel, being Jewish, was your reaction different than your fellow soldiers? Do\nyou think that it affected you more?\n\nFILLER: Yes, definitely. I said to myself, \"How in the world could human beings\ndo this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to people, especially the Jewish people?\" I said, \"The Jewish people to\nme were fine people.\" How any nation in this case could take the Jewish people\nand say, \"Let's eradicate the Jewish people from the face of the earth...\" My\nanger was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"severe. Most of the officers that I was associated with had great\nhatred for it, but I, as a Jew, felt it more than most people because I\nassociated with... Could it be somebody in my family?\n\nIt could have been because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my mother and dad came over... My mother came over\nwhen she was one year old from Austria. My dad came over from a section of at\nthat time Hungary, it was the Austro-Hungrian empire at the time. In 1889, my\nparents came over. I said to myself, \"My relatives, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my own family could've been\nliving in Europe at that time and they could be part of this horrible thing that\nwas taking place.\"\n\nThe odor was beyond imagination. The odor was something I can never forget. It\nwas the worst odor imaginable.\n\nBERMAN: I know this is hard, some of these questions. You are doing great.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before you got to Dachau or you were told about Dachau, were you at all aware\nwhat was going on up to this point?\n\nFILLER: We had no conception at all that this was going on. This was a\ntremendous surprise to us. We, from a distance, thought that this was a big\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factory. We did not dream that it was a murder factory. When we broke in and we\nsaw these people, it was a surprise to us.\n\nBERMAN: You had not heard about any of these other camps anywhere else?\n\nFILLER: We had not heard about any of the other camps at that time.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EINSTEIN: You had not heard of any of the camps? How did you deal with your\nshock and how did that carry through the rest of your experience there?\n\nFILLER: Yes, we talked a lot about it. Major Gordon said, \"Ed, is this horrible\nthing possible?\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know how it was brought in. I understand... To these\ncamps... I was told that he couldn't imagine that that was going on. It was a\nreally a tremendously big surprise to the majority of soldiers at the highest level.\n\n[General Dwight D.] Eisenhower was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dumbfounded when he was brought in and he saw\nthese graves that were built by the inmates. [They] were forced to build, and\ndig graves, and then the Germans would just mow them down and throw the bodies\ninto these graves. When Eisenhower was brought in and was shown ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all these\nhorrible things, he was the Commander of our entire armed forces that was dumbfounded.\n\nIt was so inhuman that you could not believe unless you were there. It reminds\nme of today that 20 million American citizens are denying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the Holocaust\never took place. It is beyond my imagination that today people deny that the\nHolocaust has taken place. To me, this is a lesson for all of us to know. They\nway I see it, it could happen again ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of all this denying and there is an\narea in the world, especially for Jewish people, in my way of thinking that the\nJewish race has to be ready and able to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either neutralize the horrible feeling\nof hatred toward the Jewish race and be prepared in every way to try to\nreeducate the world that they can accept the Jewish people as a group of people\nthat are not interested in destroying or harming them. Just let us alone ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we\nwill do the best we can to make society a good society.\n\nBERMAN: I know that after you left Dachau, the war was really coming to an end.\n\nFILLER: Right, yes.\n\nBERMAN: Can you tell me where your last couple of stops were before you heard\nthat the war was over?\n\nFILLER: Yes, that was interesting. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we went from there into Bavaria area. Our\nnext interesting stop was Hitler's Eagle's Nest. This is most interesting\nbecause we knew the war was going very well at this particular time. Here we\nwere. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As engineers, we were ahead of the army most of the time. We get to\nEagle's Nest and I said, \"Gee. You know? I'd like to look at [what] Hitler\nreally was doing.\" I went into some of the buildings that were connected to the\nEagle's Nest.\n\nHis home was on top of a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of a mountain, but all around the base of this\nsort of large hill were houses that the guests would stay at. I went into one of\nthe houses and I looked at the cards. There was an... It must've been an office.\nIt must have been where they sent out all the invitations to guests ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Hitler\nwas inviting. I picked up a mess of cards and I must've looked at it. I said,\n\"Oh. my G-d. Here's a card that's to [Hermann] Goering, to [Heinrich] Himmler,\nEhrlich. I said, \"Yeah, I'm going to keep them.\" They all had Hitler's stamp on\nit and little sayings ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of acceptance to the ball or whatever it was. I must've\nkept a couple of hundred of them. I have lots of them. Unfortunately, later on,\nin my home where I kept all these things, we had a hurricane and a flood and I\nlost a lot of those cards. I couldn't keep them.\n\nWhat I did keep was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler's ashtray. I have Hitler's ashtray with the SS on it.\nHis Eagle's Nest was a very interesting building, set up on this mountain with\nthe big patio where he had the parties.\n\nBERMAN: How did you feel being in it?\n\nFILLER: Actually, the war was going on, so what will I say? \"Well, that son of a\nbitch. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where Hitler's having his fun, and here I am where Hitler was and where\nall these men...\" There is a little railroad train that Goering used to come\ninto that area. I saw his name, Goering, [on] a special cabinet in this little\nfreight train that seems like a private little train. I said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Me, little Ed\nFiller, where Hitler and all these powerful powerful people were having their\nfun, and the parties, and everything, and showing their power that they were\nconquering the world at.\"\n\nIt was just a very interesting, nice feeling that we were able to get to a spot\nwhere we were going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eliminate a terrible person like Hitler. I was there\nwalking and laughing to my friends that here we are, having fun where Hitler\nused to live and have his guests. It was a joyous, sort of relaxed feeling that\nwe were safe at this point and we were able to be where Hitler, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a person that\nwas trying to conquer the world... It was coming to an end. It was a nice\nfeeling and a funny feeling. We were having fun.\n\nBERMAN: A couple of our other interviewees who were officers said it was a\nquandary or questionable sometimes when soldiers within their units were taking\nthings. Is that considered...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FILLER: Once we saw Dachau, for example, we felt that we were entitled to those\nthings. From Dachau, for example, I took out one of the big rifles there. I took\n[it] home with me. From Hitler's home, I took the ashtray. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I was in the\nhome that that girl that gave herself to Hitler, I took a lovely little cup and\na few things like that. But I felt that we were entitled to it and we didn't\nhave any second thoughts about it.\n\nBERMAN: Is the war... Was that your last...\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FILLER: No, from there we went on. We surrounded the city of Salzburg, Austria.\nWe got news that the war was ending. That was May 5, [1945]. That was a great\nthing. We wanted to celebrate, but the things that had to be put in order... We\nhad a lot of things to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put in order so that we would be able to account for\nall our equipment and a lot of things.\n\nBut the Japanese war was still going on. We were told that, if the Japanese war\ncontinues, we'd be going over. We had the background and know-how of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really\nrebuilding. Colonel Gordon said to me, \"Ed, you know we're not gonna break up\neverything. But let's keep our groups together because you might be going to\nJapan.\" But the order that we got at that moment was that we're moving into\nAustria and that we... It's a funny thing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get orders that we're going to help\nthe Austrians rebuild Austria. We all looked at each other and said, \"Look,\nafter the war... We won the war. We had to destroy the buildings and the\nfactories to win the war. Now we're told that we have to help them rebuild it?\nThat's just crazy.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6690.0,6720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that's the orders we got. That we're going to help the\nAustrian people rebuild Austria.\n\nBERMAN: How did you feel about that?\n\nFILLER: We couldn't believe it was happening. We felt that [we should] let the\nAustrians rebuild themselves. But now we're going to tell them how to rebuild\nthe Austrian necessities? One of our first assignments was we're going to go\ndown to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6720.0,6750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Innsbruck, where the water had been contaminated. We were going to\nrebuild their purification system. We moved into Innsbruck. We stayed in\nInnsbruck three months.\n\nWe did have a week of relaxation. All the officers went to a place called\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Siefort. It was a ski resort. It was very interesting because Innsbruck is the\nbottom of these beautiful big mountains that were covered with snow and ice. I\nwent up to a hotel that we took over. It was a place that the soldiers could go\nfor relaxation for a few days. I stayed there for a few days.\n\nInteresting thing-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just make it a little more exciting to hear-- was that the\nofficer in charge of the recreation was... that he brought in-- I don't know\nwhere he got [them] from-- about five or six beautiful girls from from Finland,\nfrom the Scandinavian area. They were sort of waitresses and things like that.\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6810.0,6840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a distraction and a relief at this particular time because the war had\njust ended.\n\nWhile we're in Innsbruck, we did have a chance to relax. I wanted to see where\nHitler and Mussolini came together and shook hands that they'd be allies for\neach other. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We drove up to the Brenner Pass. It was very near the Brenner Pass.\nThe Brenner Pass where they met was on top of a mountain it was ice and snow all\naround. We got ourselves into trouble because our ambulance was sliding all over\nthe ice, but we went there as an interesting thing to see where Hitler and\nMussolini ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got together.\n\nFrom Innsbruck, we went from there to Salzburg for a while. Then we went to\nLinz, Austria. Linz, Austria is where Hitler was born and lived. I found a\npicture of Hitler shaking hands ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a little girl in Linz. Unfortunately, I\ncouldn't find the picture now. But I got that.\n\nAnyhow, from there we went to a marvelous place south of Salzburg called\nGrundlsee, a resort little town. Here's an interesting thing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that might be\ninteresting to know. For about a week or two after the war ended, we had\ninstructions, \"No fraternization with the Austrian people or the German people.\"\nThen what happened was they lifted that restriction when we moved down ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6960.0,6990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to\nGrundlsee. The Colonel said, \"You know, we haven't really celebrated and I'm\ngonna throw a nice party. All you officers, what I'd like you to do is see if\nyou can find a nice young lady so that the party can be a typical celebration.\nSee if you can find a nice young lady.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6990.0,7020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right near the clinic that I had set up\nin Grundlsee...\n\nBERMAN: Can you spell that?\n\nFILLER: G-R-U-N-D-L, see is S-E-E, where I set up my clinic. Now, every place\nthat we went, it was my job to set up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7020.0,7050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a dental functioning clinic. By this time,\nwe had gotten a medical officer to join us, Dr. Dave Delishe, who became a very\ndear, close friend. Actually, Dave joined us way back at the time when we got\ninto ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7050.0,7080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dachau, so he was with us now. Anyhow, Dave was trying to find something\nbring to this party.\n\nA young girl who had come to my clinic [because she] wanted to have me check her\ndental work, I asked her if she would come. Now, the reason I mention this is an\ninteresting thing happened. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7080.0,7110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I asked this young lady to come to this party--\nand she was very anxious to because she hasn't had real good food for a long\ntime, to a party, my G-d, was a big honor as far as she was concerned-- the\nfirst thing she said, \"Captain, are you Jewish?\" I said to her, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7110.0,7140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Does that\nmatter?\" She didn't answer me. Apparently, she wanted to go to this party so\nbadly that she didn't want to know whether I was Jewish or not. Because if I had\nsaid to her, \"Jewish,\" I think she would say-- because she asked me that\nquestion-- that she could not go. You can see that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7140.0,7170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Jewish people still were\nnot accepted or were thought of as a different group of people no matter where.\n\nBERMAN: The war is over. You are still in the army. How many points did you have?\n\nFILLER: I had enough points at that time to go back home, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I wanted to see\nVienna. By this time, I had become friendly with a lot of top officers because\nthey came in for an emergency clinic treatment and so over the... It's now a\nyear and a half already since I got... after the year for Omaha Beach. I met all\nthese different officers. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7200.0,7230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the officers was a General Taylor. I said to\nGeneral Taylor, \"Why, I haven't seen Vienna yet. Is it possible for me to get\ntransferred to Vienna?\" He says, \"No problem.\"\n\nI went to Vienna and they reassigned me. I became a regimental dental surgeon\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7230.0,7260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the 42nd Rainbow Division. They gave me a beautiful house, my own house to\nlive in. I set up a dental clinic in the better part of the Vienna. Now, Vienna\nif you know the history of the agreements ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between all our allies, they divided\nVienna into four sections, the French, the British, the Russians and the\nAmericans. I was in the American section.\n\nHere I am in Vienna and I wanted to see Vienna. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had a jeep and Ceruti was\nstill with me. I was able to take most of my staff with me to Vienna. It was\nreally nice. I had two little German pointers who were puppies that were sort of\nthe mascots of our group. They would get on the sides of the of the jeep. When\nI'd drive through ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7320.0,7350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vienna, it was like a very high-ranking official driving\nthrough. I'd drive through the streets of Vienna.\n\nI bought some very nice things there. I don't know if you're interested, but\nthere's some marvelous dinnerware that the Germans and the Austrians made. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7350.0,7380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I\ndon't want to take up too much of your time, but I was able to send back a nice\ndinnerware set to America.\n\nThe other thing that was available to me was the opera. The main opera house in\nVienna had been destroyed-- It was a beautiful building made of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"marble and\neverything-- but the Folks opera which was in the Russian section of the Vienna\nwas still functioning. I saw a lot of good operas. I was introduced to opera and\nI really learned to like opera. Up until that time, I had never been to a real\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7410.0,7440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good opera performance. The Folks opera house was a stunning thing. The\nperformances were brilliant. The decorations were, I guess, just as good as the\nmain opera house. I frequented most of the operas ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7440.0,7470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the time I was there in\nVienna, so I had a good education along that line.\n\nBERMAN: There are a couple of things that I wanted to ask you about. First of\nall, when you were in Vienna and the war was over, did you meet any people--\nViennese, Austrians or even any Jews-- who were returning to Vienna following\nthe war or were trying to rebuild their lives after the war?\n\nFILLER: Not a one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7470.0,7500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I got around quite well speaking to a lot of people. To\nme, the Jews had disappeared, as far as I was concerned. I met a lot of\nAustrians. They came to the the clinic asking for aid.\n\nFor example, penicillin had just become a new antibiotic. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7500.0,7530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One Austrian family\ncame to me and begged me to sell them some penicillin. They would pay any price.\nThe father of one of these people was dying from pneumonia. It was against the\nlaw to sell penicillin to the civilians. I don't know if she ever managed to\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7530.0,7560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bribe somebody or not but I heard that... I told her, \"Keep asking around.\nSomebody might be able to help you out,\" but I couldn't do that on the risk of\nbeing discharged from the army. I hope that she was helped.\n\nThe things that were happening were very peculiar. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7560.0,7590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't smoke, for example.\nI would get a carton and a half of cigarettes every week. The person that owned\nthe house that I was living in, I allowed to have his family live in the\nbasement. He worked for one of the large American Standard companies that was in\nVienna. He said that to me, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could I sell him the cigarettes? I said that, \"Why\nwould you want them?\" He said, \"My boss would pay you a $150 worth of Austrian\nshillings for the carton and a half.\" I didn't smoke. I said, \"Well, that's a\ngood deal.\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I accumulated quite a bit of money and that's the way I was able to\nbuy a beautiful set of dinnerware. We have that at home now.\n\nThat was a little shady to do. You're not supposed to barter really. But those\nare the things that were happening. In fact, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7650.0,7680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the owner had diamonds and he\nwanted me to buy the diamonds and things like that, but I didn't get involved\nwith that. But those were the things that were happening in Vienna.\n\nThe thing that is worthwhile is that the Austrian people would say to American\nsoldiers, \"Don't walk on that side of the street,\" ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7680.0,7710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for example. I would say,\n\"Why?\" He said, \"Because the Russians are there.\" The Austrian people felt that\nthe Russians at that time were definitely a nation that the Americans should not\nbecome friendly with. They knew better than the Americans what the future plans\nof Russia had for Americans. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7710.0,7740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was the feeling of living in Vienna. Russians\nwere despised by the Austrians and they made it very plain, clear to us American\nsoldiers how they felt about it.\n\nBERMAN: I wanted to ask you also, you said earlier that you did not really\ncelebrate as soon as the war ended ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7740.0,7770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you might have to go to Japan. But\nthen the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.\n\nFILLER: Right. August 15 [1945]. I remember that distinctly.\n\nBERMAN: How did you feel about it then and do you feel the same way about that now?\n\nFILLER: I and all my friends in our outfit were thrilled that President ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harry\nTruman decided to drop the atomic bomb on the Japanese for two reasons. The\nJapanese had joined up with Hitler to take over the whole world, the two of\nthem. What the Japanese didn't know... They didn't read Mein Kampf. The last\nchapter in Mein Kampf, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the book that I just showed you, explains that Hitler\nintended to conquer the entire world for himself. He would double-cross Japan\nthe moment he had conquered England and the United States. The Japanese would've\nbeen very disappointed in the outcome. We were delighted when ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7830.0,7860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the bomb was\ndropped because now, we can go home after going through the whole war in Europe.\nWe felt that was the right thing to do. It saved lives. We felt that if we go to\nJapan, we didn't know whether we'd survive that. We were lucky to survive up to\nnow. We were absolutely delighted.\n\nBERMAN: Sixty years later, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7860.0,7890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do you still feel that way, that it was the right\nthing to do?\n\nFILLER: Absolutely.\n\nBERMAN: Tom Brokaw wrote a book a couple of years ago describing your generation\nas the greatest generation ever. Do you agree with his assessment of your generation?\n\nFILLER: When that book came out and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I found Tom Brokow had written that book, I\nfelt that he was right.\n\nBERMAN: Why?\n\nFILLER: I felt that because what I saw and what we did for the world, defeating\nHitler ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7920.0,7950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and knowing his plans, I felt that we had done the best favor for the\nworld and the world does not appreciate now.\n\nBERMAN: You do not think the world appreciates it now or remembers?\n\nFILLER: No. I feel that... I say 75 percent of the people alive today were born\nafter the war was over. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7950.0,7980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To them, World War II is history. It took place, and\nthey don't have the feeling, and they don't know exactly what transpired during\nthe period of World War II. They have no way of knowing the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7980.0,8010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sacrifices, the\ncost, the hundreds of thousands of human beings that lost their lives to get rid\nof Hitler, to get rid of the Japanese Empire.\n\nThe Japanese had no use for Americans at that time. If they had conquered ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=8010.0,8040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nFar East like they wanted to do... The way they treated our soldiers on the\nislands of the Philippines ... If you knew the stories that were brought back,\nhow our soldiers were treated when they'd become prisoners of the Japanese...\nalmost as bad as Hitler.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I feel that what Brokaw said about the soldiers and the people that sacrificed\nto win the peace, that took place due to our energy. Our winning the war was a\ntremendous gift to civilization. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=8070.0,8100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a shame that youngsters today do not\nappreciate what those brave people did for the country.\n\nBERMAN: Speaking of brave people, do you think this generation is as patriotic\nas your generation?\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=8100.0,8130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FILLER: I think if shove came to push and things deteriorated to the point\nwhere, as a matter of saving our United States... ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=8130.0,8160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that the courage is\nthere. I think America is a great nation and I think that the young people would\ndo anything to preserve our country.\n\nI do think that there's an element ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=8160.0,8190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in America that is not as dedicated as I\nwould like. I think that the colleges and the universities are staffed by a very\nliberal group of people that are educating these young people to think that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=8190.0,8220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the\nso-called, in quotes, \"the arrogance\" of a large group of people in our country.\nI think that the young people figure we're ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=8220.0,8250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too pushy, and too demanding, and\ndon't appreciate the fact that there are millions of people that are suffering\nin the world. They've been educated by professors and things to the point where\nthey would like to help the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=8250.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suffering people of people outside of the United\nStates to the point where I don't know how dedicated that they would be in\nfighting for the things that the older generation, the people that formed the\nUnited States going back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=8280.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[George] Washington, and [Thomas] Jefferson, and\n[John] Marshall, and [John] Adams, and all the founders of our country... I\ndon't think that the young people have that patriotic feeling.\n\nI think that's where we can get into trouble if we don't have a better education\nof history and geography in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the schools, which I think is lacking. I think there\nis a chance of becoming a big problem and not following as dedicated and as\npatriotically as the older generations. I think that there could be a problem.\n\nBERMAN: On that note, I would like to say thank you. Thank you for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=8340.0,8370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/transcript/24758/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing this\ninterview. It was a pleasure. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=8370.0,8400.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Edward Filler [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eParksville is a small hamlet in the town of Liberty, in Sullivan County, New York, United States. It is approximately 85 miles (137 kilometers) northwest of New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLakewood is a town in northeastern New Jersey, approximately 43 miles (73 kilometers) south of New York City, New York and 7 miles (11 kilometers) northwest of Lakehurst, New Jersey.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin \u0026amp; Marshall College is a private liberal arts college in Lancaster, Pennsylvania founded in 1787.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Pennsylvania (Penn or UPenn) is a private Ivy League research university located in the University City neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Chartered in 1755, Penn is the sixth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The time of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930’s or early 1940’s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the twentieth century. Under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a series of economic programs were implemented in the United States between 1933 and 1935. The programs, which involved massive government spending, were in response to the Great Depression and focused on relief for the unemployed and poor, recovery of the economy, and reform of the financial system to prevent another Depression. Despite all the spending, the economy failed to recover until the United States entered World War II in December 1941, which brought full employment.              \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II had officially begun in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. While the U.S. provided some financial support to Britain, it did not enter the war until December 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLZ 129 [Luftschiff Zeppelin 129] Hindenburg was German commercial passenger-carrying rigid airship (also known as a dirigible). It was the first airliner to provide regularly-scheduled service between Europe and North America. At the time, it was the longest and largest airship built, as well as the fastest and most comfortable way to cross the Atlantic. On May 6, 1937, the airship caught fire during its attempt to dock with a mooring mast in Lakehurst, New Jersey. An electrostatic discharge (a spark) ignited leaking hydrogen gas. Although designed to be filled with helium gas, the Hindenburg was filled with highly flammable hydrogen because of export restrictions by the United States against Nazi Germany. Thirty-five of the 97 persons aboard were killed as well as one member of the ground crew. The Hindenburg disaster, which was recorded on film and on phonograph disc, marked the end of the use of rigid airships in commercial air transportation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolph Towbin (1891-1930) was a Jewish doctor in Lakewood, New Jersey. Towbin immigrated from Ukraine in 1903, served in World War I, and graduated from Fordham University Medical School in 1916. Along with a local pharmacist, Max Gitow, Towbin treated the burn victims from the Hindenburg disaster. Towbin and his wife, Jessie, had one daughter, Estelle, and one son, Donald.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCaptain Max Pruss (1891-1960) was the commanding Captain of the Hindenburg zeppelin. He was badly burned and required months of hospitalization and reconstructive surgery, but he survived the crash. Pruss had three other captains under him as watch officers: Albert Sammt, Heinrich Bauer, and Walter Ziegler; as well as two captains on board as observers: Ernst Lehmann and Anton Wittemann. All three watch officers and Wittemann survived the crash, but Lehmann died the next day from severe burns.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 7, 1941 the Japanese surprised the United States by attacking the United States’ fleet, which was docked in Pearl Harbor, a United States Navy deep-water naval base on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was the beginning of World War II for the United States, which until that time had remained neutral. A few days later, Germany declared war on the United States as well and we began fighting in the Pacific and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as ‘FDR,’ he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen World War II began in September 1939, most Americans hoped the United States would remain neutral. Although Americans had access to reliable information about the persecution of European Jews as it happened throughout the 1930s and many were sympathetic, most could not imagine the mass murders of the Holocaust could happen. Domestic concerns about the economy and national security further combined with prevalent antisemitism and racism in the United States to make any efforts to assist refugees or rescue victims of Nazism unlikely. By 1942, after the U.S. had entered the war, information regarding the mass murders of Jews had begun to reach the Allies. In November 1942, the State Department confirmed that the Germans planned to annihilate Europe’s Jews and in 1944 the War Refugee Board released a report which detailed the use of gas chambers in the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp. Nevertheless, the United States’ wartime priority remained focused on military victory rather than humanitarian considerations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 8 and 9, 1938, the Nazis started a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called ‘Kristallnacht,’ which means ‘Night of Broken Glass,’ because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt’s (FDR) legacy regarding the Holocaust remains controversial. Throughout the 1930’s, political leaders with ties to the Jewish community, including New York Governor Herbert Lehman, advised FDR of the growing refugee crisis in Europe. Although aware of and sympathetic to the plight European Jews faced, FDR was also preoccupied by a severe economic depression. During the 1930s, the combination of the Great Depression, xenophobic sentiments, and the memory of tragic losses in World War I contributed to pushing American public opinion and policy toward isolationism—a desire to avoid international entanglements. Although President Franklin Delano Roosevelt felt the United States needed to be more active in international affairs, isolationist sentiments dominated Congress. In the late 1930s, as the situation in Europe continued to grow worse and the Second Sino-Japanese War began in Asia, public opinion began to shift slightly. Americans were still not willing to risk their lives and livelihoods for peace abroad, but there was increasing support for limited U.S. aid to the Allies. Still, it would take the surprise Japanese attack on the U.S. Navy at Pearl Harbor in December of 1941 to convince the majority of Americans that the United States should enter the war on the side of the Allies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Patrick Kennedy Sr. (1888-1969) was a prominent businessman, investor and politician. Born in East Boston, Massachusetts, he became the patriarch of the Irish-American Kennedy political family (which included three senators, an attorney general and a President). Among other appointments, Kennedy served as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1938 until late 1940. In November 1940, he resigned; he was convinced that Britain was doomed to Nazi conquest and believed America’s only hope lay in isolation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWinston Churchill (1874-1965) was the Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCarlisle Barracks is a United States Army facility located in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. It is part of the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command and is the site of the U.S. Army War College. Opened in 1757, it is the nation's second-oldest active military base.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLisle is a village in the United States state of Illinois. It is part of the Chicago metropolitan area.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished in 1917, Camp Grant was a U.S. Army facility located outside of Rockford, Illinois. An estimated 100,000 medical personal were trained at the camp during World War II. The camp was closed in 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRMS Queen Mary is an ocean liner operated from 1936 to 1967 by the Cunard Line. The Queen Mary primarily sailed in the North Atlantic Ocean between Southampton (England), Cherbourg (France) and New York City (United States). During World War II, the liner was converted to carry Allied troops. After the war, the liner was returned to passenger service, continuing transatlantic service. The ship was retired from service in 1967 and is now permanently moored in Long Beach, California. It is open to the public for tours and as a luxury hotel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the five areas, or beaches, that spanned the 50-mile stretch of beach on the Normandy coastline. Omaha Beach was divided into ten sectors: Able, Baker, Charlie, Dog Green, Dog White, Dog Red, Easy Green, Easy Red, Fox Green and Fox Red. The objectives of the first wave of troops were to clear the beach and then form up and start inland. By the end of the day (June 6, 1944), the bridgehead was five miles deep. However, little went as planned. The engineering teams had no cover and had to work clearing gaps through the beach obstacles under enemy fire. Many LCIs didn’t make it under heavy fire; others discharged their soldiers in neck-deep water, while others found themselves on the wrong beach. Casualties were heavy. Dog Red suffered 50 percent casualties before they reached moderate safety. The second wave of troops on Omaha Beach was just as difficult and dangerous.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Firth of Clyde is the mouth of the River Clyde and the deepest waters in the British Isles, sheltered from the Atlantic Ocean by the Kintyre Peninsula. The Firth played an important military (naval) role during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross (“Red Cross”) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdinburgh is the capital city of Scotland, located on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth, which flows into the North Sea. The skyline of Edinburgh is dominated by Edinburgh Castle, a historic fortress atop Castle Rock, with buildings dating back to the 12th century. While Edinburgh is visible from the North Sea, it is not visible from the Firth of Clyde.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSouthampton is a major port city situated 121 kilometers (75 miles) southwest of London, England. During World War II, it was Britain’s most important military port, thus the German Luftwaffe bombed it heavily. It also served as an important staging area and port of embarkation for the Allied invasion of Normandy, France in the summer of 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSS Léopoldville was a Belgian passenger ship built in 1929 that was converted for use as a troopship in the Second World War. She was regularly used to carry troops across the English Channel. On December 24, 1944, while sailing between Southampton and Cherbourg, she was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine. As a result, 763 soldiers from the 66th Infantry Division of U.S. Army and 56 of the ship’s crew died.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdward mistakenly refers to the Leopoldville as a Dutch ship here. Although there were Dutch forces known as the Free Dutch Forces, which were military formations of the Dutch government-in-exile and its colonies that were formed to fight alongside the Allies following the Dutch surrender in May 1940, the Leopoldville was a Belgian ship. After Germany had invaded Belgium in 1940, soldiers who had escaped occupied Belgium were formed into units within the British military. Like the Free Dutch Forces, the Free Belgian Forces fought as part of the Allied armies in the European and Mediterranean Theatres during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSpam is a brand of canned precooked meat products introduced by Hormel Foods Corporation in 1937. Spam gained international popularity after it was used by the United States military during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in France is located in Colleville-sur-Mer, about 170 miles west of Paris. It is on the site of the temporary American St. Laurent Cemetery, a battlefield cemetery established by the U.S. First Army on June 8, 1944. It was the first American cemetery on European soil in World War II. The permanent cemetery was dedicated in 1956. The cemetery site, at the north end of its half mile access road, covers 172.5 acres and contains the graves of 9,385 of our military dead, most of whom lost their lives in the D-Day landings and ensuing operations. On the Walls of the Missing, in a semicircular garden on the east side of the memorial, are inscribed 1,557 names.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsigny-sur-Mer is a commune in the Normandy region of north-western France. In the spring of 1944, it was occupied by Ukrainian and German soldiers. It was the sight of heavy fighting and bombardment on June 8, 1944, as American infantry approached, but had been liberated by the next evening.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] The 101st Airborne Division (\"Screaming Eagles\") is a light infantry division of the United States Army specializing in air assault operations. The 101st Airborne Division was activated August 16, 1942 at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana. On June 6th, 1944 (D-Day), the division parachuted into the Contentin Peninsula, becoming the first Allied Soldiers to set foot in occupied France. The division participated in many of the major battles of World War II including Operation Market Garden in the Netherlands, the Battle of the Bulge and later pushed into Germany. In spring 1945, the Screaming Eagles liberated the Landsberg concentration camp and Hitler's mountaintop retreat in Bertchtesgaden. The end of World War II in Europe relegated the 101st Airborne to occupation duties in Germany, Austria, and France. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSaint Lo [French: Saint-Lô; also St. Lo] is a commune in north-western France, in the region of Normandy. The Germans occupied St. Lo on June 17, 1940.  It was at a strategic crossroads and was almost totally destroyed during the Battle of Normandy, earning the title of the “Capitol of the Ruins.” \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eCarentan is a small rural town near the north-eastern base of the French Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy in north-western France near the port city of Cherbourg. The Battle of Carentan was an engagement in World War II between airborne forces of the United States Army and the German Wehrmacht during the Battle of Normandy. The battle took place between June 6 and 13, 1944, on the approaches to and within the town of Carentan, France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMourmelon-le-Grand is a commune in north-eastern France. A military camp was established there in 1857 and in October 1944, it served as Army headquarters for the 101st Airborne division recovering from flights in Holland, waiting and training new replacements just before the Battle of Bastogne.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMalmedy is a town in eastern Belgium, near the border of Germany. It is situated in the densely forested Ardennes region, and was the site of heavy fighting during the Battle of the Bulge, the last major German offensive campaign at the end of World War II. It is also the site of an atrocity known as the “Malmedy Massacre.” On the day after the German offensive began, Waffen SS united captured and murdered more than 80 American soldiers and Belgian prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBastogne is a town located in southeastern Belgium in the Ardennes forest, 7.5 miles (12 kilometers) away from the Luxembourg border. It played an important role in World War II as the site of the Siege of Bastogne, an engagement in December 1944 between American and German forces that was part of the larger Battle of the Bulge.  Liberated by the Allies on September 10, 1944, Bastogne was attacked on December 16, 1944 by German forces as part of the Battle of the Bulge. The 101st Airborne Division, along with elements of the 10th Armored Division and the 82nd Airborne Division soon arrived to counter-attack, but after heavy fighting, became encircled in the town. On December 26, the Third U.S. Army, under the command of General Patton, arrived and broke the siege and the Battle of the Bulge ended three weeks later. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Smith Patton, Jr. (1885-1945) was a United States Army general, best known for his command of the Seventh United States Army, and later the Third United States Army in Europe during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePenicillin was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming and were among the first drugs to be effective against many previously serious diseases, such as bacterial infections. European scientists had successfully begun using penicillin in the 1930’s and early 1940’s. The drug was not mass-produced until 1944, however.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSulfonamides (sulphonamides) are a group of man-made (synthetic) medicines used to treat bacterial and some fungal infections.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe VII Army Corps of the United States Army was first activated in 1918 for World War I. It was reactivated for World War II and again during the Cold War. During World War II, it was subordinate to the Seventh Army and was one of two assault corps for the U.S. First Army during the D-Day landings. After the Battle of Normandy, the VII Corps participated in many battles during the advance across France and invasion of Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMaxwell Davenport Taylor (1901-1987) was a senior United States Army officer and diplomat of the mid-20th century. He served with distinction in World War II, most notably as commander of the 101st Airborne Division, nicknamed \"The Screaming Eagles.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDarmstadt is a city near Frankfurt in southwest Germany. Darmstadt was heavily bombed a number of times during World War II. The city was liberated by the 6th Armored and 5th Infantry Divisions on March 25, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHeidelberg is a town situated on the river Neckar in southwest Germany. It is home to the oldest university in Germany. The city was spared during bombing raids in World War, leaving its medieval and Renaissance architecture intact. Heidelberg was liberated by the U.S. 63rd Infantry and 7th Army on March 30, 1945, a day after German troops fled.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Service Organizations Inc. (USO) is a private, nonprofit organization that provides morale and recreational services to members of the United States military, with programs in 160 centers worldwide. Since 1941, it has worked in partnership with the Department of Defense (DOD), and has provided support and entertainment to U.S. armed forces, relying heavily on private contributions and on funds, goods, and services from DOD. Although congressionally chartered, it is not a government agency.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePigalle is a neighborhood in Paris, France on the border of the 9th arrondissement. It is famous for being a tourist district with many sex shops, theatres, and cabarets, such the Moulin Rouge. After the liberation of Paris in World War II, Allied soldiers nicknamed the area “Pig Alley.”  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBal Tabarin was the name of a cabaret located at 36, rue Victor-Massé in the 9th arrondissement in Paris, France. It was an immediate success when it opened in 1904. German soldiers frequented it during the occupation of Paris during World War II. After the war, it was taken over by the proprietors of the Moulin Rouge, who closed it in 1953.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United States Military Academy, also known as West Point, Army, Army West Point, The Academy, or simply The Point, is a four-year federal service academy in West Point, New York.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Geneva Convention was a series of international diplomatic meetings that produced a number of agreements, in particular the Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflicts, a group of international laws for the humane treatment of wounded or captured military personnel, medical personnel and non-military civilians during war or armed conflicts. The agreements originated in 1864 and were significantly updated in 1949 after World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDanube at Bamberg; Bamberg is a historic city in central Germany, located approximately 55 kilometers (34 miles) north of Nuremberg. The city is situated on the Regnitz River, close to its confluence with the Main River. The town dates back to the 9th century. Untouched by Allied bombing during World War II bombing, today it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ‘V weapons’ were the V1 and V2 rockets that were used by Germany at the end of World War II.  They were the world’s first cruise missiles. The V-1 was a pilotless airplane/bomb (today what we call a ‘drone’), which the Germans launched at Britain and parts of Belgium near the end of the war. It carried one ton of high explosives. It was pre-programmed so that the engine would stop at a certain point after which they would randomly fall. It was purely a terror weapon. There was no time for air raid sirens or to take shelter and they appeared at all times of the day or night. The V-2 rocket was more sophisticated and was really the world’s first ballistic missile. The area of destruction of a V-2 was 800 to 1,200 yards wide.  It was developed during World War II in Germany as a “vengeance weapon,” designed to attack Allied cities in retaliation for Allied bombing of German cities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 105 mm M101A1 howitzer is an artillery piece developed and used by the United States. It was the standard U.S. light field howitzer in World War II and saw action in both the European and Pacific theaters. Entering production in 1941, it quickly gained a reputation for accuracy and a powerful punch. It had a maximum firing range of 7 miles (11,270 m).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Volkssturm [German: people’s storm] was a German national militia established by the Nazi party during the last months of World War II. It was established on the orders of Adolph Hitler and conscripted all males between the ages of 16 and 60 who were not already serving in the military.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEdward is referring to the Lebensborn [German: Fount of Life] program, an SS-initiated, state-supported, registered association created in 1935. The program was designed to stimulate the growth of a strong “racially elite” German population to advance Nazi goals of conquering and colonizing Eastern Europe. SS leader Heinrich Himmler personally oversaw many aspects of the program. The program was heavily influenced by Nazi racial ideology and theories of eugenics. The program originally focused on encouraging SS men to have large families, but it also focused on attracting unmarried, pregnant  “Aryan” women. It used financial incentives to attract applicants, who were then screened for medical issues or racial “impurity” before being accepted. The program provided a series of private maternity homes where women could live comfortably in anonymity as they received prenatal care, delivered their babies, and recovered from labor. In exchange, the program assumed guardianship of the unmarried mothers’ children. Around 7,000 children were born in Lebensborn homes during the program’s nine-year-long existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMein Kampf [German: My Struggle] is an autobiographical manifesto written by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler while imprisoned following the failed Beer Hall Putsch of November 1923. In the manifesto, Hitler outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlbert Speer (1905-1981) was a German architect who was Adolf Hitler's chief architect (1933–45) and minister for armaments and war production (1942–45). Speer joined the Nazi Party in 1931 and soon after Hitler became chancellor, became his personal architect. He was rewarded with many important commissions, including grandiose plans to rebuild the whole of Berlin (never accomplished) and the design of the parade grounds, searchlights, and banners of the spectacular Nuremberg party congress of 1934. After the war, Speer served a 20-year prison sentence for war crimes and crimes against humanity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGingivitis is a common and mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness and swelling (inflammation). Untreated gingivitis can lead to tooth loss and other serious conditions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGentian violet is an antiseptic dye used to treat fungal infections of the skin (e.g., ringworm, athlete's foot). It also has weak antibacterial effects and may be used on minor cuts and scrapes to prevent infection.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNuremberg [German: Nürnberg] is a city in Bavaria, Germany on the Pegnitz River and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal. It is distinguished by its medieval architecture. The Nazi Party held its massive annual rally in Nuremberg from 1927 to 1938. The event was held at the Nazi party rally ground and each were propaganda events to showcase the power of National Socialism to the rest of Germany and the world. The city was severely damaged by Allied bombing from 1943-1945 and further devastated by intense German resistance as United States troops advanced into the city at the end of the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMunich is the capital of the German state of Bavaria. It is located on the River Isar, north of the Alps. After World War II, the city was occupied by the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Dachau became a model for other concentration camps and was used as a training center for SS guards. Originally, it was a camp for criminals, political prisoners, and other opponents of the Nazi regime. In 1938, in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, the Jewish population rose to 10,000, although most were eventually released after agreeing to emigrate from Germany. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and thousands were literally worked to death. Between 1940 and 1945, at least 28,000 died there as a result of the harsh, overcrowded conditions, medical experiments, and executions. American troops from the 42nd and 45th Infantry Divisions of the U.S. Seventh army liberated the camp on April 29, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmerican troops from the 42nd Infantry Division, along with the 45th Infantry and the 20th Armored, liberated the Dachau concentration camp on April 29, 1945. When they entered the camp, they found thousands of dead and dying prisoners as well as more than 30 railroad cars filled with decomposing bodies that had been brought to Dachau and abandoned. On April 28, the day before liberation, a train had arrived at the camp. It had left Buchenwald four weeks earlier on April 7 filled with more than 5,000 prisoners. With few provisions, almost 2,000 inmates died on the circuitous route that took them into Bavaria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmong the groups the Nazi regime singled out for persecution on so-called racial grounds were the Roma, whose fate was parallel to that of the Jews. Roma are an ethnic group that originated in northern India but live worldwide today, principally in Europe. This minority is made up of distinct groups called “tribes” or “nations” and includes the Roma, Sinti and Lalleri family groupings. They were called “Gypsies” because Europeans mistakenly believed they came from Egypt. (This word is now considered a slur.) \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn International Red Cross representative from Switzerland, Dr. Vincent Maurer, arrived at Dachau on April 28, 1945 with a convoy of trucks filled with food parcels and other relief supplies. After distributing the food parcels to prisoners, Maurer was able to convince SS Lieutenant Heinrich Wickert to surrender the camp to the approaching American troops rather than abandoning it. Maurer convinced Wickert to keep guards posted in the towers to prevent the prisoners from seeking revenge, while the other remaining SS would collect and pile up their weapons and prepared to hand them over to the Americans.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDachau was divided into two sections—the main camp and a crematorium area next to it, which had been constructed in 1942. The crematorium was known as Barrack X and did contain a gas chamber with a sign painted above the door that read, “Brausebad” [German: bathhouse]. There is no credible evidence, however, that the chamber was ever used to murder human beings. Instead, prisoners underwent selections and the sick or weakened prisoners were sent to the Hartheim “euthanasia” killing center near Linz, Austria and murdered. The SS further used a firing range and gallows in the crematorium area as killing sites for prisoners. The crematorium in Dachau served to dispose of corpses from the concentration camp, but by the end of 1944, their capacity was no longer enough to cremate the scores of dead from the camp. Upon liberating the camp at the end of April 1945, American soldiers came across countless corpses piled up in the crematorium. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1847, today Siemens AG is a German conglomerate company headquartered in Berlin and Munich and the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe. Like many private German companies, Siemens saw their revenues increase during the 1930s thanks to government armaments contracts and were integrated into military preparations during World War II. Labor shortages in the German war economy led to an increased use of prisoners as forced laborers in order to meet production quotas. These laborers included people from territories occupied by the German military, prisoners of war, Jews, Sinti, Roma and concentration camp inmates. Concentration camps became administrative centers of huge networks of forced-labor camps operated by both SS-owned enterprises and private German firms like Siemens. Between 1940 and 1945, at least 80,000 forced laborers worked in Siemens factories and labor camps. In late 1944, at the height of World War II, Siemens’ total workforce of 244,000 included some 50,000 people who had been put to work against their will in numerous factories across the Reich. While Siemens operated a number of forced labor camps, it primarily manufactured electrical equipment for the armed forces and does not seem to have manufactured crematorium ovens. According to one source, the ovens at Dachau were manufactured by a Berlin firm called H. Kori GmbH and by J.A. Topf and Sons [German: J.A. Topf \u0026amp; Söhne], an engineering company that used slave laborers to manufacture aircraft parts for the Luftwaffe, weapons shells, crematoria ovens, and ventilation systems for gas chambers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] In 1942, the SS began opening brothels in several concentration camps, including Dachau. The so-called Sonderbauten [German: special buildings] were part of a system of rewards for male prisoners that met or surpassed production quotas. Only non-Jewish male prisoners were allowed to visit the special blocks. Most of the women forced to work as prostitutes in the brothels were prisoners who had been classified as “asocial” and came from Ravensbruck. Their numbers are estimated to have been at least 100. While some were forced to work in the brothels, others “volunteered” after camp authorities promised them preferential treatment or release from the concentration camp after six months. None of the women were released early as promised, however, and the program did not in fact increase productivity among the male prisoners.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLiberators confronted unspeakable conditions in the camps. Piles of corpses often lay unburied and survivors were so weak, emaciated, or sick that thousands died in the weeks after liberation. After liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Well-meaning soldiers, volunteers or locals without proper medical training often gave survivors foods that made their conditions worse. Eating foods that were too rich or complex for survivors’ bodies to handle could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAustria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was a constitutional union of the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers in World War I. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969) was the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, headquartered in Reims, France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first camp liberated by American troops was Ohrdruf, a subcamp of Buchenwald near the town of Gotha, Germany. When the soldiers of the 4th Armored Division entered the camp on April 6, 1945, they discovered vast piles of emaciated, half burned prisoners who had been too weak to be evacuated on a death march. The ghastly nature of their discovery led General Dwight D. Eisenhower to visit the camp on April 12 along with Generals George S. Patton and Omar Bradley. The visit made a powerful impact on Eisenhower, who immediately requested delegations of journalists and members of Congress be sent to the liberated camps so that they could document and publicize the atrocities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBavaria, officially the Free State of Bavaria, is a landlocked federal state of Germany, occupying its southeastern corner. Bavaria is the largest German state by land area. Bavaria borders Austria, the Czech Republic, Switzerland (across Lake Constance). Bavaria’s main cities are Munich, Nuremberg, and Augsburg.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKehlsteinhaus is a chalet erected atop the summit of the Kehlstein, a rocky outcrop that rises above Obersalzberg. south of Berchtesgaden, a German town in the Bavarian Alps on the Austrian border. Although popularly referred to as the “Eagle’s Nest” in English, the name literally means “house on Kehlstein.” The house was commissioned by Martin Bormann as a 50th birthday present for Adolf Hitler. Construction was completed in 1938 and it was considered an engineering marvel in its day. To reach Kehlsteinhaus, which sits 1,834 meters above sea-level, a four-mile (6.37 kilometer) road with one hairpin curve and five tunnels was blasted into the mountainside. A 124-meter tunnel through solid rock takes visitors to a luxurious brass elevator that rises into the chalet. Although Hitler rarely visited the chalet, the retreat was used frequently during the Second World War to entertain visiting dignitaries. Spared Allied bombings, the house survived the war. Today it is a popular day-trip destination where visitors can dine in a restaurant that opened in Kehlsteinhaus in 1960 while enjoying panoramic views of the Alps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHermann Goering [German: Göring] (1893-1946) was a German politician, military leader, and leading member of the Nazi party (NSDAP). A member of the Nazi Party from its early days, Goering was one of Hitler’s inner circle during the Nazi years.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHeinrich Himmler was the Reich Leader (Reichsführer) of the dreaded SS from 1929 until 1945. Himmler presided over a vast ideological and bureaucratic empire that defined him for many, both inside and outside the Third Reich, as the second most powerful man in Germany during World War II. Himmler was the key and senior Nazi official responsible for conceiving, and overseeing implementation of the “Final Solution,” the German plan to murder the Jews of Europe. Despite having continuously assured his SS officers and men that he ultimately would take responsibility for all of their actions, the end of the war found Himmler dressed in Secret Field Police uniform with papers in the name of ‘Heinrich Hitzinger.’ He was captured by Russian soldiers on May 20, 1945, and turned over to the British, to whom he eventually confessed his identity. On May 23, 1945, while undergoing a body search, he killed himself by biting down on a cyanide capsule hidden in his mouth.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany of the German high command had personal trains called Sonderzug [German: special train], which functioned as mobile command posts and accommodation. Goring used a train called the Asien [German: Asia], which usually ran with 15 wagons. When the 101st Airborne Division reached Hitler’s home, Berchtesgaden, in April 1945, they found Goering’s train hidden in an unused tunnel, loaded with artwork. A zealous art collector, Goering had pilfered paintings and sculptures from throughout Europe during the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSalzburg is Austria’s fourth-largest city, located north of the Alps, along Austria’s western border with Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in Europe officially ended on May 7, 1945 when German General Alfred Jodl signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies in Reims, France. The following day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel officially surrendered to Soviet forces in Berlin.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe war in the Pacific Theater did not end until August 15, 1945, when Japan officially surrendered.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eInnsbruck is a city in the Alps of western Austria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6750.0,6780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSeefeld is an Alpine farming village about 17 kilometers (11 miles) northwest of Innsbruck, in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It lies on a plateau ringed by the Wetterstein and Karwendel ranges and is known for its cross-country skiing. It has been a venue for several Winter Olympics Games and a popular ski resort area since the early twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6780.0,6810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBenito Mussolini (1883-1945) was an Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party. He ruled Italy as Prime Minister from 1922 until he was ousted in 1943. He ruled constitutionally until 1925, when he dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a legal dictatorship. He was known as ‘Il Duce.’ Mussolini was captured and executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans on April 27, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6840.0,6870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Brenner Pass is a mountain pass through the Alps which forms the border between Italy and Austria. As one of the lowest passes in the area, it has been one of the principal routes between Germany and Italy since Roman times. In March 1940—three months before Italy entered World War II—and again in October 1940, Adolf Hitler and Italian prime minister Benito Mussolini met in railway carriages in the Brenner Pass to discuss their military and political alliance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6870.0,6900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLinz is a city in Upper Austria, straddling the Danube River midway between Salzburg and Vienna. Linz is the third-largest city of Austria. After World War II, it was just inside the border of the American zone of occupation and became a major assembly center for displaced persons and refugees.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6900.0,6930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGrundlsee is a village located directly on Grundlsee lake in the Liezen District of northwestern Austria.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6930.0,6960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Adjusted Service Rating Score was the system that the United States Army used at the end of World War II. In September 1944, eight months before Germany’s surrender, the War Department announced that soldiers would be demobilized based on a point system that counted length of service, overseas deployment, combat duty and parenthood. Soldiers with 85 points or more were first in line to head home. Female military personnel needed fewer points. Points were awarded based on each month of service, each battle served in, and each decoration earned.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7170.0,7200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe 42nd Infantry Division was created in August 1917, shortly after the United States entered World War I. It received the name \"Rainbow Division\" in 1917 during its organization at Camp Mills, Long Island, New York. The Chief of Staff of the Division at that time was Colonel Douglas MacArthur. As they were discussing the organization of the Division and reviewing the National Guard units from 26 states that would make up the Division, Colonel Douglas MacArthur commented that \"The 42nd Division stretches like a Rainbow from one end of America to the other.\" In December 1944, the division landed in Marseille, France as part of the 7th Army. By mid-December, the division had advanced into Alsace, closing in on the Strasbourg area. By March 1945, it was the first corps to enter Germany, first to penetrate the Seigfried line, and first into Munich. In April, the division captured the cities of Wurzburg, Schweinfurt, and Furth. By war’s end, it had completed its drive into Bavaria and had entered Austria. During their rapid advance through Germany, the 42nd Infantry Division, along with the 45th Infantry and the 20th Armored, liberated the Dachau concentration camp on April 29, 1945. The Division ended the war serving as occupation forces in Austria and was inactivated in June 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7260.0,7290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Allied occupation of Austria started in April 27, 1945. In the immediate aftermath of World War II, Austria was divided into four occupation zones and jointly occupied by the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France. Vienna was similarly subdivided but the central district was collectively administered by the Allied Control Council. The Allied occupation of Austria ended with the Austrian State Treaty in July 1955.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7290.0,7320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Vienna State Opera [German: Weiner Staatsoper] is an opera house and opera company in Vienna, Austria. The 1,709-seat Renaissance Revival venue opened on May 25, 1869. On March 12, 1945, the opera house was devastated during an Allied bombing raid. Only the main façade and grand staircase survived. Reconstruction began immediately after the war, but for the next ten years, the Vienna State Opera operated in two venues, at the Theater an der Wein and the Vienna Volkoper. In November 1955, the Vienna State Opera reopened.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7380.0,7410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore World War II, the overwhelming majority of Austrian Jews lived in Vienna, which was an important center of Jewish culture, Zionism, and education. In 1938, some 170,000 Jews lived in Vienna, Austria, as well as approximately 80,000 persons of mixed Jewish-Christian background. nearly half the Jewish population had left Vienna by the summer of 1939. Of the remainder, only 2,000 Viennese Jews survived deportations during the war, along with about 800 Jews who managed to hide. After the city was liberated in April 1945, there were 17,000 Jews in the city, most of whom were Hungarian Jews or other refugees. Between 1945 and 1952, other Jewish displaced persons, who looked towards the American Army for services and protection, rather than towards the Austrian government, augmented their numbers. After the Kielce pogrom in the summer of 1946, Jews fleeing Poland flooded into Vienna. Some 52,000 individuals passed through Vienna. 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That same year, it merged with American Radiator Company to form the American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation. The corporation adopted the name \"American Standard\" in 1967. Since 2013, it has been part of LIXIL Corporation, a global firm.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7590.0,7620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe schilling was the currency of Austria from 1925 to 1938 and from 1945 to 1999, and the circulating currency until 2002, when it was replaced by the Euro. The schilling was divided into 100 groschen.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7620.0,7650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Nagasaki was bombed on August 9, 1945. Japan sued for peace on August 15, 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7770.0,7800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States (1945-1953). He succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945 on the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. As president during the final months of World War II, he made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. He was elected in his own right in 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7800.0,7830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTom Brokaw (1949- ) is an American television journalist and author. He is the author of The Greatest Generation (1998) which chronicles the story of D-Day (the Allied invasion of France in June, 1944) through the words and stories of individual men and women. As a result, “the greatest generation” is mentioned often in discussion of American soldiers in World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7890.0,7920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA sovereign island country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of 7,107 islands that are categorized in three separate groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1942 and 1945, when the Empire of Japan occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II. The invasion of the Philippines started on December 8, 1941, ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. After hostilities began in the Pacific Theater during World War II, the Japanese Army captured more than 140,000 Allied prisoners—British, Australians, New Zealanders, Dutch, and Americans. At least 27,000 of these were American prisoners of war (POWs) and close to 14,000 were American civilian internees. Some 20,000 of the American POWs were American soldiers, sailors and marines captured during the campaign in the Philippines. It is estimated that 40 percent of POWs died in Japanese captivity as a result of unsanitary living conditions, starvation and abuse. POWs were routinely beaten, starved, abused and forced to work as slave laborers in mines and war-related factories throughout the Philippines, Japan, China, Thailand and Korea. One of the most notable instances of Japanese brutality towards U.S. POWs occurred after the fall of Bataan in the Philippines during what came to be known as the “Bataan Death March.” The Bataan Death March was a 66-mile (106 km) march in the Philippines that 76,000 prisoners of war (66,000 Filipinos, 10,000 Americans) were forced by the by the Japanese military to endure in April 1942. During the main march—which lasted 5 to 10 days, depending on where a prisoner joined it—the captives were beaten, shot, bayoneted, and, in many cases, beheaded; a large number of those who made it to the camp later died of starvation and disease. Only 54,000 prisoners reached Camp O’Donnell, a former Philippine army-training center used by the Japanese military to intern Filipino and American prisoners. Though exact numbers are unknown, some 2,500 Filipinos and 500 Americans may have died during the march, and an additional 26,000 Filipinos and 1,500 Americans died at Camp O’Donnell.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=8040.0,8070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorge Washington (1732-1799) was the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Washington was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThomas Jefferson (1743-1826) was an American founding father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and the third President of the United States. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=8310.0,8340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/annotation_set/456/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Marshall (1755-1835) was an American founding father, politician and lawyer. 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It was the 1930s. Nineteen thirty-two, for example, was when Roosevelt became President and we were in a very deep depression.  At that time, business and people were just doing everything they could to make a living and pay their way. In fact, my sister and I wondered whether we’ll ever go to college because things were so rough. 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They said, “Look, here we go off to the main road. It means something.” Went in off the main road about 20 feet, and I get off the jeep, and there on a big log is a colonel sitting. I saluted the colonel. He saluted me. He says, “What are you doing here?” I says, “Lieutenant Filler here for duty.” He says, “Boy, we didn’t expect you so fast. Normally we figure it would take a month or so before a replacement.” He said, “We had just lost our dentist and we figured it would take quite awhile.” He says, “Glad to have you here. I’m Colonel Schilinger and . . .”","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2604.0,3639.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/index/47803/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"65th Battalion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"77th Battalion","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bamberg, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Colonel Simpkins","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Scheringe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Geneva Convention","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Howitzer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lebensborn","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mein Kampf","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Regnitz River","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States Military Academy,","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"V1 Rocket","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"V2 Rocket","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Volkssturm","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"West Point","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=2604.0,3639.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/index/47803/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II: Antisemitism, Bamberg, and Dachau","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=3639.0,6218.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/index/47803/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I would like to regress a little bit. You had mentioned to me that there were some incidents you could relate to being a Jewish soldier in World War II, some things that came to you since our last meeting. 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Now we went from there into Bavaria area.  Our next interesting stop was Hitler’s Eagle’s Nest.  This is most interesting because we knew the war was going very well at this particular time. Here we were. As engineers, we were ahead of the army most of the time. We get to Eagle’s Nest and I said, “Gee. You know? I’d like to look at [what] Hitler really was doing.” I went into some of the buildings that were connected to the Eagle’s Nest.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6218.0,6596.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/index/47803/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bavaria, Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Heinrich Himmler","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hermann Goering","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hitler’s Eagle’s Nest","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kehlsteinhaus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sonderzug","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6218.0,6596.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/index/47803/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II: Salzburg, the End of the War, Rebuilding Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6596.0,7763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/index/47803/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FILLER: We surrounded the city of Salzburg, Austria.  We got news that the war was ending. That was May 5, [1945].  That was a great thing. We wanted to celebrate, but the things that had to be put in order . . . We had a lot of things to be put in order so that we would be able to account for all our equipment and a lot of things.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6596.0,7763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/index/47803/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"42nd Infantry Division","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adjusted Service Rating Score","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Allied occupation of Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Standard","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Antisemitism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Benito Mussolini","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brenner Pass","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Dave Delishe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grundlsee, Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Innsbruck, Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Linz, Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Opera","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Salzburg, Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Seefeld, Austria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vienna State Opera","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=6596.0,7763.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/index/47803/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The end of World War II and implications of the War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7763.0,8375.966"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/index/47803/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: I wanted to ask you also, you said earlier that you did not really celebrate as soon as the war ended because you might have to go to Japan. But then the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.  ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351#t=7763.0,8375.966"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/39762/file/111351/index/47803/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harry S. 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