{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/r49g44j90r/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Gibian, Richard"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2012-01-23 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral History Colletion","Jewish Oral History Project of Atlanta"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRichard Gibian was interviewed by Sandra Berman on January 23, 2012 in Selma, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eRichard Gibian was born in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1919. His father, Julian Gibian, was born in Macon, Georgia. His mother, Lucile Newman, was from Snow Hill, Alabama. His family was Reform. Richard graduated from the Georgia School (now Institute) of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1941. While attending university, Richard volunteered for the cadet program and earned his wings in December, 1942. He joined the United States Army Air Corps as a fighter pilot and trained in Texas. He went overseas during World War II and was stationed in England. He flew with the Ninth Air Force in Europe with the 87th mission and became commanding officer. He returned to Montgomery after the war in 1945 and worked briefly in his family’s men’s haberdashery business, Capitol Clothing Store. In 1947, he moved to Selma, Alabama, with his wife, Betty Rose “Bo” Leva Gibian (1922-2012). He worked in his wife’s family business, American Candy Company, until they sold the business in 1989. The company started as a local business and eventually expanded nationally and internationally. At the height of the business, the company had approximately 350 to 500 employees. He was vice president of the P47 Pilots Association. He had been a member of the Kiwanis Club and sat on the board of directors of a hospital. He volunteered at the library. He and Bo had three children: Richard “Rick” Gibian, Jr., Gail Gibian, and Joan Gibian Looney. Richard Gibian passed away in 2015 at the age of 95.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eRichard discusses his life in Selma, Alabama. He grew up in Montgomery, Alabama. He mentions that his family was Reform but notes they were not very observant. He talks about training as a fighter pilot and earning his wings in 1942 after graduating from Georgia Tech in Atlanta, Georgia. Richard discusses his military service in the United States Army Corps during World War II in the European theater. He describes his experiences and achievements. He mentions what he observed being an Jewish American soldier. Richard talks about his return to the United States after the war in April, 1945, and briefly working in his family’s men’s haberdashery’s store in Montgomery. He discusses moving shortly thereafter to Selma with his wife, Betty Rose “Bo” Leva Gibian, and working at her father’s business, helping to develop machines. He reflects on the welcoming Jewish community in Selma. He discusses the civil rights era and the impact it had on the business and employees. He tells several funny stories about customers. Richard remembers the well-known incident of a group of rabbis who came to Birmingham and their visit with Martin Luther King, Jr., in the Birmingham jail. He talks about the effect it had on the Jewish community of Selma. Richard talks about being vice president of the P47 Pilots Association. He discusses his generation, the War, and patriotism. He reflects on the Selma community today and how he sees its future.\u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/28006"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Julian Gibian (personal name)","Selma, Alabama (geographic term)","American Candy Manufacturing Company (corporate name)","World War II (topical term)","United States Army Air Corps (topical term)","D-Day (topical term)","Pearl Harbor (topical term)","Kristallnacht (topical term)","Civil Rights Movement (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eRichard Gibian was interviewed by Sandra Berman on January 23, 2012 in Selma, Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRichard Gibian was born in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1919. His father, Julian Gibian, was born in Macon, Georgia. His mother, Lucile Newman, was from Snow Hill, Alabama. His family was Reform. Richard graduated from the Georgia School (now Institute) of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1941. While attending university, Richard volunteered for the cadet program and earned his wings in December, 1942. He joined the United States Army Air Corps as a fighter pilot and trained in Texas. He went overseas during World War II and was stationed in England. He flew with the Ninth Air Force in Europe with the 87th mission and became commanding officer. He returned to Montgomery after the war in 1945 and worked briefly in his family’s men’s haberdashery business, Capitol Clothing Store. In 1947, he moved to Selma, Alabama, with his wife, Betty Rose “Bo” Leva Gibian (1922-2012). He worked in his wife’s family business, American Candy Company, until they sold the business in 1989. The company started as a local business and eventually expanded nationally and internationally. At the height of the business, the company had approximately 350 to 500 employees. He was vice president of the P47 Pilots Association. He had been a member of the Kiwanis Club and sat on the board of directors of a hospital. He volunteered at the library. He and Bo had three children: Richard “Rick” Gibian, Jr., Gail Gibian, and Joan Gibian Looney. Richard Gibian passed away in 2015 at the age of 95.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRichard discusses his life in Selma, Alabama. He grew up in Montgomery, Alabama. He mentions that his family was Reform but notes they were not very observant. He talks about training as a fighter pilot and earning his wings in 1942 after graduating from Georgia Tech in Atlanta, Georgia. Richard discusses his military service in the United States Army Corps during World War II in the European theater. He describes his experiences and achievements. He mentions what he observed being an Jewish American soldier. Richard talks about his return to the United States after the war in April, 1945, and briefly working in his family’s men’s haberdashery’s store in Montgomery. He discusses moving shortly thereafter to Selma with his wife, Betty Rose “Bo” Leva Gibian, and working at her father’s business, helping to develop machines. He reflects on the welcoming Jewish community in Selma. He discusses the civil rights era and the impact it had on the business and employees. He tells several funny stories about customers. Richard remembers the well-known incident of a group of rabbis who came to Birmingham and their visit with Martin Luther King, Jr., in the Birmingham jail. He talks about the effect it had on the Jewish community of Selma. Richard talks about being vice president of the P47 Pilots Association. He discusses his generation, the War, and patriotism. He reflects on the Selma community today and how he sees its future.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/098/056/small/Richard_Gibian.png?1619298227","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Gibian_Richard.mp4"]},"duration":1626.588,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/098/056/small/Richard_Gibian.png?1619298227","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/098/056/original/Gibian_Richard.mp4?1601641455","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1626.588,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Gibian, Richard [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"BERMAN: Today is January 23, 2012. I'm in Selma, Alabama, with Richard\nGibian, who has agreed to participate in the Esther and Herbert Taylor Oral\nHistory Project of the William Breman Jewish Heritage and Holocaust Museum. I am\nSandra Berman, the archivist with the museum. I'm very pleased that you have\nagreed to participate in this project. Thank you so much.\n\nGIBIAN: You're welcome.\n\nBERMAN: I want to find out from you when you arrived in Selma.\n\nGIBIAN: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrived in June, 1947.\n\nBERMAN: Where were you were born?\n\nGIBIAN: Montgomery. I'm an immigrant over here.\n\nBERMAN: Is your family originally from Montgomery?\n\nGIBIAN: My father was born in Macon, Georgia. My mother came from Snow Hill, Alabama.\n\nBERMAN: What were their names?\n\nGIBIAN: Daddy's name was Julian Gibian. Mother's name was Lucile ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Newman.\n\nBERMAN:Then they moved to Montgomery? Why did your dad leave Macon and go to Montgomery?\n\nGIBIAN: I have no idea.\n\nBERMAN: You came here after the war because you met your lovely wife?\n\nGIBIAN: Right. And I hated what I was doing in Montgomery.\n\nBERMAN: What were you doing in Montgomery?\n\nGIBIAN: My family had a men's haberdashery, and I was determined not to sell\nshirts and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"socks for a living.\n\nBERMAN: What was the name of the company in Montgomery?\n\nGIBIAN: Capitol Clothing Store. Number 1 Court Square.\n\nBERMAN: You did not like the retail business?\n\nGIBIAN: No. Absolutely not.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me about the candy business. What was that like?\n\nGIBIAN: It was an old, old business. I think it started in 1899 or something\nlike that. It was small and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"local. I think they had somewhere around 25 to 30\nemployees. I came over here. As a Georgia Tech graduate, I was mechanic minded,\nand I got mixed up in the business. I bought some machines and equipment and\ndeveloped it.\n\nBERMAN: I asked your wife, and she remembered two of the candy brands. Do you\nremember any of the other names?\n\nGIBIAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had old-fashioned stick candy. I don't know if you ever noticed the\nracks around. We started that in . . . We had a Disney license. We had lollipops\nand twirl pops, the big round . . . the twirl pops. We built the machine that\nmade those right at the plant. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had the little five or two's with the hooks on\nit with Disney heads on it. We finally got going and did pretty well.\n\nBERMAN: At the height, how many employees did you have?\n\nGIBIAN: It varied from maybe 350 to 500.\n\nBERMAN: It was really a big operation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When did you sell out?\n\nGIBIAN: I believe it was 1989, wasn't it? Sold out to a tobacco company.\n\nBERMAN: Do they still make your candy?\n\nGIBIAN: No. The business is kaput.\n\nBERMAN: Do you still have a sweet tooth? Did you ever have a sweet tooth? Did\nyou eat your candy?\n\nGIBIAN: Every day.\n\nBERMAN: Did your kids have a lot of cavities?\n\nGIBIAN: Let me tell you about that. If you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"keep your teeth clean, you won't get\ncavities. I don't care what you eat.\n\nBERMAN: Was that part of your slogan?\n\nGIBIAN: Oh yes.\n\nBERMAN: What was the community like when you came here after the war? The Jewish\ncommunity. Welcoming?\n\nGIBIAN: Yes, they were. Overwhelmingly so. I got along with everybody.\n\nBERMAN: Who were some of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people you met that became life-long friends?\n\nGIBIAN: Donny Russell. Edgar Russell. Johnny Russell. David Pruitt. The two\nAtkins boys. Dave Martin. . . ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most of the non-Jewish people. If you have an hour\nand a half or two hours, I'll tell you all about Donny Russell.\n\nBERMAN: Why don't you tell me one thing about Donny Russell.\n\nGIBIAN: He was a character.\n\nBERMAN: How so?\n\nGIBIAN: He just was wild. Very wild.\n\nBERMAN: What branch of service were you in?\n\nGIBIAN: I was in the Army Air Corps. I was a fighter ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pilot.\n\nBERMAN: Which theater?\n\nGIBIAN: European.\n\nBERMAN: Do you want to talk about those experiences? We do a lot with Jewish\npeople who went into the military. I was wondering if that would be okay if we\ntalked about some of that.\n\nGIBIAN: I was class of 1941 at Georgia Tech. \"North Avenue Trade School,\" I call\nit. I graduated and volunteered for the cadet ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program. I got my wings in\nDecember of 1942. They gave you a form, asking you what kind of assignment you\nwould like to have. They gave you three choices. I wrote in there, \"fighter\npilot, fighter pilot, fighter pilot\" in all three of them, and they made me an\ninstructor. So, I instructed for about a year and three months in advanced\nflying ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. Finally, a request came through for some volunteers for fighters,\nand I volunteered. I ended up flying with the Ninth Air Force in Europe with\n87th mission.\n\nBERMAN: When did you get over to Europe?\n\nGIBIAN: Just before D-Day.\n\nBERMAN: I want to backtrack just for a second. Do you remember where you were\nwhen you heard that Pearl Harbor was attacked?\n\nGIBIAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was a member of the . . . fraternity in Atlanta, Georgia. One of our\nmembers developed rheumatic fever. I had my mother's car there, so I drove him\nout to the airport so they could fly him home because he had to drop out of\nschool. On the way back to the fraternity house, we were listening to the radio\nwhen they broke in and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said the Japs bombed Pearl Harbor. I had already, at that\njuncture, made up my mind that I was going into the cadet program. The next day,\nI skipped school. I went down to get a physical for the navy and the army. I\npassed them both. I decided that there were no railroad tracks to fall in the\nocean, so I decided to stay in the air ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"force.\n\nBERMAN: Where did you do your training?\n\nGIBIAN: At Texas. Fort Worth, San Antonio, Victoria, Texas graduate. Then I\ninstructed at Eagle Pass, Texas.\n\nBERMAN: When you finally got sent to your . . . you said right before D-Day?\n\nGIBIAN: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Where were you stationed? In England?\n\nGIBIAN: In Kent County at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ashford.\n\nBERMAN: Is that where you flew your missions from?\n\nGIBIAN: To begin with. Then we went to the beachhead. They built a little strip\nover there at Normandy. Then we went to Saint James. We were following the\nground troops to keep the path clear ahead of us . . . bombing. Third place was\nRheims. Fourth place was Liege, Belgium. Then we ended up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Holland and Germany.\n\nBERMAN: As an American-Jewish soldier, did you have any idea what was happening\nto the Jews of Europe?\n\nGIBIAN: Not really, no. I knew about Kristallnacht and that the Jews were being\ndiscriminated against in Germany, but I didn't know that they were being eliminated.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you have any issues being in the Air Force and being Jewish?\n\nGIBIAN: I wondered what would happen to me if I bailed out. I had an \"H\" on my\ndog tags. Betty's brother-in-law was a D17 pilot. He ended up in Stalag 1.\n\nBERMAN: I know two people in Atlanta that were in Stalag 1.\n\nGIBIAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were treated fairly equally until it was apparent that Germany was\ngoing to lose the war. Then, he said, they got separated and put the Christians\nin one place and the Jews in another. He thought he was going to get shot, but\nhe didn't.\n\nBERMAN: Did you have any close calls?\n\nGIBIAN: I got shot up a couple of times.\n\nBERMAN: When did you get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discharged? I know about the point system. There are points.\n\nGIBIAN: I came home in April, 1945. I was a squadron CO. They sent me home on a\n30-day leave, and I was going to go back and fly some more. I landed in\nWashington, DC, the day Roosevelt died. When my days were up, the war was up in\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe, so they didn't send me back. I requested to go be stationed in Eglin in\nthe fighter squadron down there as a test pilot, and they sent me down there. I\nstayed there until I got out in December 13, 1945, which was exactly three years\nafter I was commissioned.\n\nBERMAN: Was it a difficult adjustment, after being in the service, to go back\ninto civilian life?\n\nGIBIAN: I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forget what I was making, $400 or $450 or something like that a month,\nas a captain. I went to work in my family's clothing store. My uncle was very\ngenerous. He paid me $37.50 a week. When I announced I was getting married, he\ngave me a $5 a week raise. I will make this comment about it, at $42.50 I was\ndefinitely not worth ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, as far as an employee because it just wasn't my cup of tea.\n\nBERMAN: Did you ever think about making military a career?\n\nGIBIAN: Definitely.\n\nBERMAN: Why didn't you?\n\nGIBIAN: Because I had children. I was offered a . . . in the Air Corp. I got out\nand got recalled in Korea. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had one daughter and one on the way. I met the\ndelay board and told them I didn't want to go. They agreed with me. But I had\nmade up my mind that if I had to go back, that was going to be my career.\n\nBERMAN: Are you ever sorry you didn't make that decision?\n\nGIBIAN: I'm sorry I didn't stay in the Reserve because I missed that nice\nretirement check that I would be getting if I stayed.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Were you happy in the candy business? Was it a good fit?\n\nGIBIAN: It was pretty tough in the beginning, but yes, it was a challenge. A\nvery definite challenge. We had our good years and our bad years.\n\nBERMAN: Tell me about your own family and the impact of Judaism within it. Was\nit an observant family? A Reform ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family?\n\nGIBIAN: Reform but not very religious.\n\nBERMAN: What about when you came to Selma and you got married? Did the synagogue\nbecome an important part of your life?\n\nGIBIAN: No. I taught Sunday school, but I learned more than I taught. I promise you.\n\nBERMAN: Who was the rabbi here when you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came?\n\nGIBIAN: I can't answer that.\n\nBERMAN: I want to talk a little bit about the business in the late 1950's and\nearly 1960's. Did the Civil Rights Movement impact your business here?\n\nGIBIAN: That's a pretty good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"story. As far as employees were concerned, we\nreally didn't tell a whole lot of difference. Our plant was right down here at\nthe railroad tracks. The brown church is right around the corner and another\nlittle brown church here. We would see the people walking back and forth all the\ntime. Once or twice a week, I'd have one of the employees knock on my door and\nask me to get their child out of jail. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would call Jim Clark and ask him to\nplease release so-and-so. He'd say okay. He said, \"But he'll be back in this\nafternoon.\" We didn't have any problem with that. Most of the problems came from\noutside. Like Betty said, I have a story to tell you about. As I said before, I\nsaid we made the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"old-fashioned stick candy, right? We had some big customers,\nand we had some little tiny customers. There was an outfit in Laramie, Wyoming,\ncalled the Pink Goddess Saloon. They would buy one or two cases at a time. I\nnoticed one day they had not ordered in a long time, so I wrote the lady a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"letter and asked them if there was any problem and that I appreciated their\nbusiness. If there is something wrong, please let us know. I got a letter back,\nsaying, \"We've been reading about all the things going on in Selma, and we'd\nlike to ask a few questions. Do you have any blacks working for you? Do you have\nseparate restroom facilities? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And separate eating places?\" I wrote back and\nsaid, \"We don't have separate restrooms. We don't have separate drinking\nfountains. We have a common lunch room. We have about 375 or 380 black people\nworking for us. If you'll tell me how many Indians you have working in your\nsaloon, I'll be glad to consider sending you some candy.\" And I got an order by\nreturn ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mail. I never did find out whether she had any Indians working. We had\nthose kind of things.\n\nBERMAN: That is a wonderful story. Do you have any more of them?\n\nGIBIAN: I have . . . you don't want to be bored with them.\n\nBERMAN: No, I do. Tell me. That was a great antidote.\n\nGIBIAN: I had one candy company in Milwaukee that I went up to see. I sat in the\noffice waiting to see the guy for probably an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hour. Finally he came out. He\nsays, \"I can't see you. We're going to lunch.\" And I said, \"Look, I came all the\nway up here from Selma to see you. I don't appreciate what you're doing to me.\"\nI said, \"You at least owe me a minute or two.\" He says, \"What are you all doing\nwith all those people down in Selma?\" I said, \"We're ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feeding 300 and some odd.\nThat's what we're doing.\" He said, \"What did you all do to my rabbi?\" I said, \"I\ndidn't know your rabbi was down there.\" I don't know if he was put in jail or\nnot, but it was a good chance that he was. I didn't sell him anything. I don't\nthink I convinced him of anything. He convinced me that he didn't know me and\ndidn't know what the candy company was or anything about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, and he didn't care.\n\nBERMAN: We've spoken a lot to folks in Birmingham about when the 19 rabbis came\ndown to Birmingham. How did you feel about Jews from the north coming down to\nSelma and . . .\n\nGIBIAN: I wasn't happy about it.\n\nBERMAN: What effect did it have on the overall Jewish community? How did you all\nfeel about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it?\n\nGIBIAN: I think that the Jewish community . . . I can't speak for everybody . .\n. really didn't want to get too involved in it because there might be some\nanti-Semitism raids because of that, because of our involvement. I mean, there\nwas some pretty radical people down here, but they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were certainly in the minority.\n\nBERMAN: In Birmingham, the Jewish community tried to talk to those rabbis and\nexplain the situation.\n\nGIBIAN: Yes.\n\nBERMAN: Was there any effort by the Jewish community in Selma to tell the\nNorthern Jews who were coming here that this was going to be a problem for you\nall after they left?\n\nGIBIAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't really know. I don't know if anybody else in the community\ntalked to anybody. I know one time Judge Russell called me and said he had a\nrabbi in jail and what he want me to do with him. I said, \"Let him out in the\nmorning.\" He said, \"Thank you.\"\n\nBERMAN: That's great.\n\nGIBIAN: So, he spent the night in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jail. I hope he was that guy's rabbi from Milwaukee.\n\nBERMAN: Did you get involved in any community activities here in Selma, in the\ngreater community, like the clubs Kiwanis and all that?\n\nGIBIAN: I was a member of the Kiwanis Club for a while. I never could make the\nmeetings because I was repairing a rapid machine and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing something at the\ncandy company. I got out of that, but I was on the board of two banks. I was\npresident of . . . association. I was on board of directors of a hospital. I was\nvice president of the P47 Pilots Association. A few other things like that.\n\nAUDIENCE MEMBER: Excuse me, you still do Meals on Wheels and the Food Pantry.\nYou both do.\n\nGIBIAN: I work at the library one day a week.\n\nBERMAN: I've asked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody this question all day long about Selma and your\nhope for it for the future. How do you see the Selma community moving on in the future?\n\nGIBIAN: I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're certainly in a downhill situation. Whether that will\nchange or not, I don't know. We've got a lot of crime and shootings going on in\nthe city. A lot of robberies. I don't know how you are going to stop it. I\nreally don't. These kids drop out of school and they're not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting an\neducation. There is no future for them. Third generation welfare people. There's\nnot a lot of hope for them. It's just a bad situation.\n\nBERMAN: What is the government like here in Selma?\n\nGIBIAN: For many, many years, we had a white mayor. He was a pretty good\ncharacter himself. We've had two black mayors now, George ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Evans. I don't know if\nyou've met him or not. He's alright. We've got controversy with one of the\nfemale blacks in town that cause a lot of trouble.\n\nBERMAN: How so?\n\nGIBIAN: She is messed up with education. Causes all sorts ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of . . . What does she\ndo? Rose Sanders.\n\nAUDIENCE MEMBER: She is living in the past.\n\nGIBIAN: She has crowds gathering to chant things. She writes a lot of nasty\nletters in the paper. She is a racist. She is a real racist.\n\nBERMAN: I want to get back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to . . . before we conclude. You have such an\nillustrious war career. All those missions. We've interviewed so many soldiers.\nI wanted to ask. After Pearl Harbor, was there any question in your mind that\nyou would serve?\n\nGIBIAN: No.\n\nBERMAN: How did you feel? Why was it so important to you to serve?\n\nGIBIAN: It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was . . . as Roosevelt said, it was a very dastardly act. It was just\nno question. I didn't know of anybody that didn't want to go.\n\nBERMAN: Tom Brokaw wrote a book about World War II and called your generation\nthe greatest generation. Do you agree with that assessment?\n\nGIBIAN: Pretty much. I wrote him a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"letter one time and told him I would pick him\nup in my airplane and fly him to the P47 reunion if he would be the speaker\nthere. I never heard from him. I liked his book.\n\nBERMAN: Why do you think you were a great generation?\n\nGIBIAN: Because of the war. One of the greatest things to happen to this country\nwas the GI Bill after the war. That all these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids went back to college. I'd\ncall myself moderately successful in the candy business, but I don't think . . .\nit wasn't hard to do well right after the war because everybody was out of\neverything. No washing machines. No homes. No jobs. Everything was on the\nup-and-up going for quite a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while.\n\nBERMAN: How would you compare your generation with the generation today? Do you\nthink that they're . . . do you think that there is still that same sense of patriotism?\n\nGIBIAN: No.\n\nBERMAN: What do you attribute that to?\n\nGIBIAN: I just . . . I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know how to respond to that. I don't think that the\nfamily situation is what it used to be. Too many divorces. I think drugs are a\ntremendous problem. I don't know what we can do about that.\n\nBERMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/transcript/19235/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think on that note, we can conclude. I appreciate it so much.\n\nGIBIAN: You're welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1620.0,1650.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/annotation_set/168","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/annotation_set/168/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Normandy landings, termed ‘D-Day,’ were the landing operations on June 6, 1944, of the Allied invasion of Normandy during World War II, known in its entirety as ‘Operation Overlord.’\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/annotation_set/168/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn December 7, 1941 the Japanese surprised the United States by attacking the United States’ fleet in Honolulu, Hawaii. The ships were all docked in Pearl Harbor. The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was the beginning of World War II for the United States, which until that time had remained neutral.  A few days later, Germany declared war on the United States as well and we began fighting in the Pacific and Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/annotation_set/168/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn November 8 and 9, 1938, a state-sponsored nationwide pogrom was started by the Nazis. Across the country (and in Austria) Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses were looted and burned, Jews were attacked on the streets and 91 were killed. Thousands of Jewish men were sent to concentration camps for several weeks and released only when they agreed to leave the country as soon as possible. The Jews were made to pay for the damages to their premises. The pogrom was called ‘\u003cem\u003eKristallnacht\u003c/em\u003e,’ which means ‘Night of Broken Glass,’ because of all the damage done to Jewish shop windows.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/annotation_set/168/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Dog tags” is an informal term for the identification tags worn by military personnel.  The tag shows the recipient’s last name, first name, social security number, blood type, and religion.  During World War II, an American dog tag indicated only one of three religions, “P” for Protestant, “C” for Catholic, and “H” for Jewish, taken from the word “Hebrew.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/annotation_set/168/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStalag Luft 1 was a German World War II prisoner-of-war camp near Barth, Western Pomerania, Germany, for captured Allied airmen.  American, British, and Canadian airmen were imprisoned there.  It was liberated on the night of April 30, 1945, by Russian troops.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/annotation_set/168/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/annotation_set/168/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Gardner \"Jim\" Clark, Jr. (1922-2007) was the sheriff of Dallas County, Alabama, from 1955 to 1966. He was one of the officials responsible for the violent arrests of civil rights protestors during the Selma to Montgomery marches of 1965.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/annotation_set/168/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1963, in the throes of the Civil Rights era, Martin Luther King, Jr., made pleas to the Birmingham clergy, including rabbis, to support his marches.  When the Jewish rabbis counseled patience and moderation and asked him to wait for desegregation laws to take effect, King called them out on their perceived passivity in a “Letter from a Birmingham Jail.”  The letter gained national attention, and a few weeks later a group of 19 conservative rabbis from the North, outraged by the images they saw on the TV of black protestors being beaten, arrived in Birmingham.  They didn’t tell anyone in the Jewish community they were coming, which angered the rabbis and many Jews in Birmingham.  After talking with King in the Birmingham jail, they toured black churches, making speeches of support.  Then they left.  The whole episode appeared high-handed to the Birmingham Jewish community, and they feared an anti-Semitic backlash from the Ku Klux Klan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/annotation_set/168/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eServicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944, known informally as the GI Bill, was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as GI’s), including low-cost mortgages, loans to start business or farms and tuition and living expenses to attend college.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1500.0,1530.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Gibian, Richard [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Family History and Growing Up","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=27.0,105.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to find out from you when you arrived in Selma.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=27.0,105.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julian Gibian","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lucile Newman","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Macon, Georgia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montgomery, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Selma, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Snow Hill, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=27.0,105.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Candy Business","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=105.0,324.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tell me about the candy business. What was that like?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=105.0,324.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Candy Manufacturing Company","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dave Martin","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Pruitt","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Donny Russell","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edgar Russell","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgia Institute of Technology","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Johnny Russell","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=105.0,324.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Military Career","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=324.0,798.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What branch of service were you in?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=324.0,798.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ashford, England","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"D-Day","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eagle Pass","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fort Worth","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Germany","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Korean War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kristallnacht","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Liege, Belguim","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ninth Air Force","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Normandy","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pearl Harbor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rheims","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Saint James","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stalag 1","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States Army Air Corps","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World War II","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=324.0,798.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Gibian Family and Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=798.0,853.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tell me about your own family and the impact of Judaism within it. Was it an observant family? A Reform family?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=798.0,853.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reform Judaism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=798.0,853.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Civil Rights Movement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=853.0,1241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to talk a little bit about the business in the late 1950's and early 1960's. Did the Civil Rights Movement impact your business here?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=853.0,1241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Civil Rights Movement","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jim Clark","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Judge Russell","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pink Goddess Saloon","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Segregation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=853.0,1241.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Community Activities","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1241.0,1306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you get involved in any community activities here in Selma, in the greater community, like the clubs Kiwanis and all that?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1241.0,1306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food Pantry","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kiwanis Club","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meals on Wheels","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"P47 Pilots Association","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Selma, Alabama","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1241.0,1306.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Future of Selma and the Government","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1306.0,1439.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've asked everybody this question all day long about Selma and your hope for it for the future. 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All those missions. We've interviewed so many soldiers. I wanted to ask. After Pearl Harbor, was there any question in your mind that you would serve?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1439.0,1626.588"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056/index/47242/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GI Bill","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"P47 Pilots Association","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pearl Harbor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Greatest Generation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tom Brokaw","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/30085/file/98056#t=1439.0,1626.588"}]}]}]}