{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/r20rr1rk73/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Goldman, Shalom"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2010-01-30 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Goldman, Shalom (Interviewee)","Lazarus, Phyllis (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum","Esther \u0026amp; Herbert Taylor Jewish Oral History Collection"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eShalom Goldman conducted a book talk on January 30, 2010, in Atlanta, Georgia\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eDr. Shalom L. Goldman was born on June 14, 1947, in Brooklyn, New York. He is the oldest son of three sons born to Marvin Goldman and Judith Mehler Goldman. His two younger brothers are Ari and Dov. Goldman grew up in Hartford, Connecticut and New York City in an Orthodox Jewish family. His parents later divorced and both remarried. He has been married three times and is currently married to Laurie L. Patton.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Goldman earned his bachelor’s degree from New York University and his master’s from Columbia University. He got his Ph.D. from New York University in Hebrew and Biblical Studies. He has taught at Dartmouth College, Ohio State University, Emory University, Duke University and Middlebury College. He is currently Professor Emeritus of Religion at Middlebury College. Goldman has published six books and numerous scholarly articles over his career.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eThis is not a traditional oral history with an interviewer asking questions, but a book talk by Dr. Shalom Goldman.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe interview begins with Phyllis Lazarus sharing about the Breman Museum’s upcoming events and introducing Dr. Shalom Goldman and his book Zeal for Zion: Christian, Jews \u0026amp; the Idea of the Promised Land. Dr. Goldman starts his discussion by talking about various books that have been written about Christian Zionism and Americans interest in the Promised Land. He shares about Laurence Oliphant, an Anglican Christian, and his connection to Ottoman Palestine. He talks about Evangelical Christian Zionism and dispensationalism. He spoke about John Nelson Darby and his writing about the second coming of G-d. He details the millions of Americans who believe we are in the end times and the Jews connection to the end times.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Goldman discusses Christian churches strong belief in G-d’s promise to Abraham of the Promised Land. He reflects on how American’s have taken the idea of a promised land and connected it to the foundation of the United States. He shares how the citizens of the United States have created this dual idea of a promised land in the America and the Promised Land from the Bible, and that G-d favors both. Goldman details the dual Zion idea that developed in the Church of the Latter-day Saints, and explores how it developed prior to the Zionist Movement. He plays a song by Johnny Cash about the Promised Land and reflects on Cash’s interest in Israel and Zionism.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Goldman talks about Zionism in Palestine and the Protestant connection to it. He spoke about Hatikvah and how the official anthem of the state of Israel was written under the sponsorship of Laurence and Alice Oliphant, Christian Zionists. He reflects on various items from American history that are directly linked to the Hebrew language and the idea of a promised land. He also provides an example of how Christian Zionists do not always hold a positive view of the Jewish people. Goldman reflects on the Balfour Declaration and its view of Jewish people. He shares examples through history where scholars and politicians push for a return of the Jews to the Promised Land and the formation of Israel. He describes how religion influences public opinion and policy.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Goldman took questions from the audience. He spoke about replacement theology and the fact that this view is not held by the majority of American Evangelicals. He talks about the efforts of Evangelicals in trying to establish a theme park in Israel and the Christian community in Nes Ammin, Israel. He mentions that President Jimmy Carter view of Israel and the Jews is shaped by Carter’s biblical view. He also reflects on the fact that most American Christians hold a biblical idea of Israel versus American Jews who hold a secular idea of Israel. Goldman discusses other individuals from his book including Theodor Herzl, Henri Dunant, Jacques Maritain, and Robert Graves. He talks about the second coming and the Christian belief that the Jews must be back in the Promised Land. He reflects on the origins of the word British. He concludes the interview by talking about the alliance between Israel and Christian Zionism and how the past has shaped the current relationship between the two.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Goldman, Shalom (b. 1947) (personal name)","Geisel, Theodor Seuss/Dr. Seuss (1904-1991) (personal name)","Goldstein, Eric L. (b. 1970) (personal name)","Hefetz, Zev (personal name)","Sizer, Stephen (b. 1953) (personal name)","Oliphant, Laurence (1829-1888) (personal name)","Oliphant, Alice Le Strange (1847-1886) (personal name)","Marty, Martin (1928-2025) (personal name)","Darby, John Nelson (1800-1882) (personal name)","King George III (1738-1820) (personal name)","Smith, Joseph (1805-1844) (personal name)","Cash, Johnny (1932-2003) (personal name)","Cash, June Carter (1929-2003) (personal name)","Jackson, Michael (1958-2009) (personal name)","Imber, Naftaili Herz (1856-1909) (personal name)","Davis, Moshe (1916-1996) (personal name)","Bush, Rev. George (1796-1859) (personal name)","Balfour, Arthur James (1848-1930) (personal name)","Sykes, Christopher (1907-1986) (personal name)","Newton, Sir Isaac (1643-1727) (personal name)","McCullough, David (1933-2022) (personal name)","Truman, Harry S. (1884-1972) (personal name)","Hagee, John (b. 1940) (personal name)","Robertson, Marion Gordon “Pat” (1930-2023) (personal name)","Carter Jr., James Earl “Jimmy” (1924-2024) (personal name)","Niebuhr, Karl Paul Reinhold (1892-1971) (personal name)","Hussein, Saddam (1937-2006) (personal name)","Herzl, Theodor (1860-1904) (personal name)","Dunant, Henri (1828-1910) (personal name)","Maritain, Jacques (1882-1973) (personal name)","Marrus, Michael (1941-2022) (personal name)","Pope Pius XII (1876-1958) (personal name)","Graves, Robert (1895-1985) (personal name)","Podro, Joshua (1894-1962) (personal name)","Ben-Gurion, David (1886-1973) (personal name)","Katz, David S. (b. 1953) (personal name)","Haifa, Israel (geographic term)","Ottoman Palestine (geographic term)","Mount Megiddo (geographic term)","Jerusalem, Israel (geographic term)","Zion National Park (geographic term)","Salt Lake City, Utah (geographic term)","The Great Salt Lake (geographic term)","Basel, Switzerland (geographic term)","Western Wall (geographic term)","New Haven, Connecticut (geographic term)","Tiberias, Israel (geographic term)","Sea of Galilee (geographic term)","Gaza (geographic term)","New Orleans, Louisiana (geographic term)","Nes Ammin, Israel (geographic term)","Babylon (geographic term)","Tel Aviv, Israel (geographic term)","Emory University (corporate name)","University of Chicago (corporate name)","Brigham Young University Jerusalem Center for Near Eastern Studies (corporate name)","Hebrew University of Jerusalem (corporate name)","Atlanta Journal-Constitution (corporate name)","The New York Times (corporate name)","Michael C. Carlos Museum (corporate name)","Yale University (corporate name)","Dartmouth College (corporate name)","New York University (corporate name)","AIPAC/American Israel Public Affairs Committee (corporate name)","Dallas Theological Seminary (corporate name)","Tel Aviv University (corporate name)","American Civil War (named event)","First Zionist Congress (named event)","American Revolutionary War (named event)","Hurricane Katrina (named event)","World War II (named event)","The Reformation (named event)","Christian Zionism (topical term)","American Evangelicals (topical term)","The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (topical term)","Zionism (topical term)","Anglicanism (topical term)","Protestant (topical term)","Jehovah’s Witness (topical term)","Catholic Church (topical term)","Zeal for Zion: Christians, Jews \u0026amp; the Idea of the Promised Land (topical term)","Armageddon scenario (topical term)","Hatikvah (topical term)","The Mormon Tabernacle Choir (topical term)","Ashkenazi Judaism (topical term)","Conservative Judaism (topical term)","Orthodox Judaism (topical term)","G-d of the Patriarchs (topical term)","Tetragrammaton (topical term)","Balfour Declaration of 1917 (topical term)","The Knesset (topical term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eShalom Goldman conducted a book talk on January 30, 2010, in Atlanta, Georgia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Shalom L. Goldman was born on June 14, 1947, in Brooklyn, New York. He is the oldest son of three sons born to Marvin Goldman and Judith Mehler Goldman. His two younger brothers are Ari and Dov. Goldman grew up in Hartford, Connecticut and New York City in an Orthodox Jewish family. His parents later divorced and both remarried. He has been married three times and is currently married to Laurie L. Patton.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Goldman earned his bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree from New York University and his master\u0026rsquo;s from Columbia University. He got his Ph.D. from New York University in Hebrew and Biblical Studies. He has taught at Dartmouth College, Ohio State University, Emory University, Duke University and Middlebury College. He is currently Professor Emeritus of Religion at Middlebury College. Goldman has published six books and numerous scholarly articles over his career.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis is not a traditional oral history with an interviewer asking questions, but a book talk by Dr. Shalom Goldman.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eThe interview begins with Phyllis Lazarus sharing about the Breman Museum\u0026rsquo;s upcoming events and introducing Dr. Shalom Goldman and his book Zeal for Zion: Christian, Jews \u0026amp; the Idea of the Promised Land. Dr. Goldman starts his discussion by talking about various books that have been written about Christian Zionism and Americans interest in the Promised Land. He shares about Laurence Oliphant, an Anglican Christian, and his connection to Ottoman Palestine. He talks about Evangelical Christian Zionism and dispensationalism. He spoke about John Nelson Darby and his writing about the second coming of G-d. He details the millions of Americans who believe we are in the end times and the Jews connection to the end times.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Goldman discusses Christian churches strong belief in G-d\u0026rsquo;s promise to Abraham of the Promised Land. He reflects on how American\u0026rsquo;s have taken the idea of a promised land and connected it to the foundation of the United States. He shares how the citizens of the United States have created this dual idea of a promised land in the America and the Promised Land from the Bible, and that G-d favors both. Goldman details the dual Zion idea that developed in the Church of the Latter-day Saints, and explores how it developed prior to the Zionist Movement. He plays a song by Johnny Cash about the Promised Land and reflects on Cash\u0026rsquo;s interest in Israel and Zionism.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Goldman talks about Zionism in Palestine and the Protestant connection to it. He spoke about Hatikvah and how the official anthem of the state of Israel was written under the sponsorship of Laurence and Alice Oliphant, Christian Zionists. He reflects on various items from American history that are directly linked to the Hebrew language and the idea of a promised land. He also provides an example of how Christian Zionists do not always hold a positive view of the Jewish people. Goldman reflects on the Balfour Declaration and its view of Jewish people. He shares examples through history where scholars and politicians push for a return of the Jews to the Promised Land and the formation of Israel. He describes how religion influences public opinion and policy.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Goldman took questions from the audience. He spoke about replacement theology and the fact that this view is not held by the majority of American Evangelicals. He talks about the efforts of Evangelicals in trying to establish a theme park in Israel and the Christian community in Nes Ammin, Israel. He mentions that President Jimmy Carter view of Israel and the Jews is shaped by Carter\u0026rsquo;s biblical view. He also reflects on the fact that most American Christians hold a biblical idea of Israel versus American Jews who hold a secular idea of Israel. Goldman discusses other individuals from his book including Theodor Herzl, Henri Dunant, Jacques Maritain, and Robert Graves. He talks about the second coming and the Christian belief that the Jews must be back in the Promised Land. He reflects on the origins of the word British. He concludes the interview by talking about the alliance between Israel and Christian Zionism and how the past has shaped the current relationship between the two.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/291/802/small/Goldman_Shalom.mp4_1758141640.jpg?1758141641","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Goldman_Shalom.mp4"]},"duration":3886.9065,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/291/802/small/Goldman_Shalom.mp4_1758141640.jpg?1758141641","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/291/802/original/Goldman_Shalom.mp4?1758141638","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3886.9065,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Goldman, Shalom [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eNOTE:\u003c/strong\u003e This is not a traditional oral history with an interviewer asking questions, but a book talk by Dr. Shalom Goldman","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLAZARUS:\u003c/strong\u003e This is not a traditional oral history with an interviewer asking questions, but a book talk by Dr. Shalom Goldman This is not a traditional oral history with an interviewer asking questions, but a book talk by Professor Shalom Goldman Which is usually a bad omen if you're having a book talk inside. It's a challenge when the weather's been so miserable and have such a beautiful day and to come inside. I want to thank you all for coming. We're very excited about this book talk. Before I tell you about Shalom Goldman and his book, I want to tell you just a little bit about the museum. First of all, my name is Phyllis Lazarus, and I work here at the Breman. I do a lot of the programming and marketing and always looking for new ideas, so if you all have any, just let me know. The Breman, one of our principal objectives at the Breman is to do tours to students. We do approximately 300 school groups per year, and that's like over 20,000 students come to the Breman throughout the week. They're given a guided tour with a speaker. The speakers are survivors, and as our survivor community ages, we're getting a lot of their children to become our speakers to give them an account of what it was like growing up during the Holocaust. We have heard from many of our constituents and others that they'd like to have the privilege to hear a speaker and to get the same type of tour as the kids have done. We started an experiment here and we've done it . . . the program is called \"Bearing Witness\" and it's done the first Sunday of every month where we've had one of our speakers speak to the public . . . anyone who wants to come, if they're Breman members they come in free, If they're not, they just pay museum admission. They can hear the speaker, and afterwards, they'll get a docent lecture through our gallery. It's the same experience that our students experience, and it's really quite remarkable. It is quite, I won't say enjoyable, but very appreciated. All I know is I was surprised. It was an experiment that we were trying. The first one we had about 70 people come, and I was very surprised that we had so many, and then next month, we had 140. We are getting quite a big group of people. The next one we're having is on February 7th. Andre Kessler, who is from Romania, some of you may know him, he's one of our speakers, and he will be coming and speaking. These programs start at two o'clock. If anyone's interested, please feel free to come in and come to it. It's wonderful. The next one will be Helen Spiegel from Germany. Oh, no, I'm sorry. We have one in . . . Yes, from Germany, March 7th, Helen Spiegel. She'll be speaking at two o'clock, and she's from Germany. Then after that, I have to mention Yom HaShoah, which is Holocaust Memorial Day, which will be at Greenwood Cemetery. It's open to the public. We also, the Breman organizes that, and it's a big community-wide event. I don't know if you paid any attention when you all checked in in our gift shop, but we have a remarkable new exhibit starting on Dr. Seuss. It's called \"Dr. Seuss Goes to War and More\", and no, Dr. Seuss, Theodor Geisel, was not Jewish. However, during the early 1940's, he was a political cartoonist, and he was very anti-fascist, anti-isolationist, and he spent a lot of his editorial cartooning dealt with protecting the Jews in Europe and that the U.S. should enter the war and take action. Later, when he became the famous, iconic children's book author, he actually used many of these things of protecting the underdog and many of his books like Horton Hears a Who, The Sneetches, The Butter Battle Book, you can see his anti-war feelings and anti-fascist and all, pro-taking social action, and that is our connection with this exhibit. We are planning a fabulous exhibit, where half of it will be dealing with his political cartoons and his life for adults and history lovers. The second half of the exhibit will be a Seussian playground. It will be an interactive playground for children of all ages to come in, and they'll have a good time. I just want to thank all of you that are members of the museum for helping support this. We are always trying to attract new members. It's how we . . . are able to do these events. If you came today and are not a member, I would highly recommend you becoming a member today. We will refund you your admission fee. You can buy this fabulous book at a hefty 25 percent off, which is a really incredible deal that includes no tax either. Now it's my pleasure to tell you briefly that we have Shalom Goldman. I think we are his first book talk. It's a brand new hot off the press book Zeal for Zion, saw it in a catalog months ago and I said, \"Oh my gosh, this sounds terrific. It's something we need to know more about.\" I know you all are all here because basically the title tells you, Christians, Jews, and the idea of a promised land. Professor Goldman is the professor of Hebrew and Middle Eastern Studies at Emory University. He's the author of other books, and I'll let him tell you more. Let's welcome Professor Goldman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=0.0,353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much for coming today, and I want to thank Phyllis for having the foresight to ask me to do this talk a full year ago. Because many people have asked me to do talks since then and I've had to be selective. I think she saw, as my publisher saw, that this topic would be hot at this time. In fact, this is not the first book relating to Christians and Zionism. There were approximately ten such books. If so, why am I telling you this if I want to sell you my book for this reason? I read these ten books last year and wrote an essay about them in American Jewish History, the journal, which is edited by my colleague Eric Goldstein at Emory. What I said basically is there are ten books here five think that Christian Zionism is the most wonderful thing that ever happened and five think that Christians Zionism is the worst thing that ever happened. One is by Zev Hefetz, the former Israeli journalist who works in the States now, and it's about that Jews should embrace the present phenomenon of Christian Zionism. The other is by an English cleric named Stephen Sizer, and it is called Christian Zionism: The Road to Armageddon. We have these polarized views about this phenomenon, and I was glad to see that, selfishly, because I, at the time, was trying to write a book that was not polarized. That was not an advocacy book. My book is not about the headlines. It's not about the fact that many millions of American Evangelicals are very passionate about Israel. The last pages of my book are about that, but my contention is, is that you can't understand that passion without knowing about the past history. My project today, in the next half hour or so is through words, images, and one song to tell you about the specific American interest in the idea of the Promised Land and the return of the Jews to the Promised Land. Presiding over our meeting today is this interesting-looking gentleman, Laurence Oliphant, who died in 1888. He and his wife made Aliyah, to borrow the Jewish term, in 1882, to set up a commune in Haifa [Israel]. A commune to fulfill the biblical idea of the return to the land. They were not Jewish. They were Anglican Christians who were somewhat unhappy with the Anglican Church. In that period, many dissident groups found ways to express their unhappiness with the church. One of them was to go start a new life in another place. What better place, being that America was kind of getting used up by the 1880's. What better place than Ottoman Palestine, where you could start anew. Mr. Oliphant, who wrote some 30 books, and was a very prolific and important English author, will preside over the first part of this talk. Now, my title, Zeal for Zion, tries to convey that American and British enthusiasm for the idea of the Jews returning to the Promised Land is more than an enthusiasm. It's more than a passing idea. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=353.0,578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLAZARUS:\u003c/strong\u003e We're filming it, and we need you to just talk in the microphone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=578.0,581.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, I'm sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=581.0,583.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLAZARUS:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't know that either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=583.0,585.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, that's going to be an issue. Does this mic come out?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=585.0,592.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLAZARUS:\u003c/strong\u003e Does it, Ruth?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=592.0,593.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't know, try it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=593.0,594.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, so Ruth, you need me behind here to film it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=594.0,596.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUNKNOWN:\u003c/strong\u003e If you wouldn't mind, or we can move the podium up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=596.0,599.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I'll restrain myself then. Okay, those of you who know me know I don't like to stay chained, but this is for a good purpose. Right, it's for a good purpose. Yes, zeal, the idea that the Christians, who I'm going to describe to you, were passionate about this subject, is something I've tried to convey throughout the book. Now today, the term Christian Zionism is reserved for Evangelical Christian Zionism, a movement that's most deeply influenced by dispensationalism. I wonder, do people know what that term is, dispensationalism?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=599.0,641.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAUDIENCE:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=641.0,642.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e No. Okay, as a very important scholar of religion, Martin Marty at the University of Chicago, now emeritus, said, \"This is one of the five words that every American should know about religion in America.\" He said this a good 10 or 20 years ago. Dispensationalism is a set of beliefs that emerged in the mid-nineteenth century that influenced many, many sectors of the Protestant world. Its most forceful prophet was a man named John Nelson Darby. He was an Englishman who came to the United States after the Civil War and preached to hundreds of thousands of people in these large tent revivals, which became very popular after the Civil War. His message was this, all of history, as Christians should understand it, is composed of dispensations or ages. According to the early Christian teachings, and also, and Darby was writing this, according to many Jewish teachings, the world will have six eras, and in the seventh era, the end of time will come. That will be the Messianic age. In Christian terms, this would be the second coming. The second coming is going to be in the last dispensation. By the way, Shalom Goldman isn't saying this, John Nelson Darby said this, right? Again, I tend to present things as the people I'm teaching about said them. I'm saying this so I'm not quoted in the AJC [Atlanta Journal Constitution] tomorrow saying that the world is going to end in the seventh dispensation. But 30 to 40 million Americans, according to the New York Times last year, firmly believe this, that we are now in the ending time. Now that might be a small number, ten percent of the American population, but I agree with Professor Marty that 30 to 40 percent of American population is deeply influenced by these ideas. They may not subscribe to them, but these ideas are in the air, and these ideas are most directly reflected in the most popular, best-selling book in the United States today and in the United States history. A book that is not listed on the New York Times book review to the anger of the publishers, which is the Left Behind series. Is this a series you're familiar with? It's in every Walmart, in every airport. It comes in 12 volumes. It's also been made into three popular films, a kids' set of workbooks, and some very fancy video games. In this set of books and games, we are in the end of the last dispensation, and the end time is upon us. To cut to the chase, who are the most important actors in this end time scenario? Jews, because Jews hold the key to the secrets of the end time, not only according to dispensationalism, but according to a very powerful strain in the Christian tradition. I'll be saying more about this as I go along. Dispensationalism is part of the story, but only part of it. That is, some of my predecessors in explaining Christian Zionism have said, \"Oh, it's about the people who believe that the world is going to end, and the Jews are going to play a part.\" I'm sure you've heard of the Armageddon scenario. That's a word familiar to everyone. But what is Armageddon? Armageddon is the English form of the Hebrew phrase ha-Megiddo, the mountain of Megiddo in northern Israel. I'm sure you know at the millennium year; there were thousands of people there on New Year's Eve waiting for the end of time. This Armageddon scenario is important, but it's less important than another factor, which is, for most American Christians and for many, many British Christians, the idea of the link between the Jews and the Promised Land is not based on the end time at all. It's based on beginning time. That is, it's not based on the Book of Revelation. Which is a book that some Christian churches have an ambivalent attitude towards. It's based on the Book of Genesis, hence my title in the book, the story of the Promised Land, the idea of the promise land. Genesis 12 and 15 tell of G-d's promise to the land to Abraham. This promise is taken very seriously in the Christian world. I hope to demonstrate that over the next half an hour to show you exactly how. Now, the Promised Land is not only an idea that Christians have had about Palestine, Ottoman Palestine in the 19th century. It's an idea that Americans had about their own land. That is, America, the United States, initially the British colonies, were seen as a promised land. In what way? The English dissidents were fleeing the Pharaoh, George III. They were crossing the great sea with the help of G-d, and they were setting up a new country, a country based on G-d's word. I'm sure this is an idea familiar to everyone. Phyllis, can I get some water? Even though I can't move around a lot, I'm starting to get thirsty. Now, we have many phrases in American history, city on a hill, a shining light, and we have many biblical words, names, and ideas in American history. At this point, I want to establish what I call in the book the dual Zion idea, that for the past 200 to 300 years, the United States, the citizens of the United States, and especially of the elites. The people who run the government, the people who run the universities, have had this dual idea. There's a promised land here, and of course, isn't this the promised land for immigrants. It's still a promised land, despite its problems, despite its attitudes. This is the promised land. This is a shining place. This is place that G-d favors, according to many American understandings. But then there's also the early Promised Land. There's the land that G-d promised to Abraham and his descendants. How do we fit these two things together? In a very creative way, American Christians have developed this dual Zion idea. The most vivid and I would say most explicit way is among the Mormons, the Church of the Latter-day Saints. I recently read a D’var Torah, a commentary on the Torah in a Mormon magazine. Thank you very much. Ki mitzion tetze torah. Ud'var HaShaem Yerushalayim. For from Zion will come forth, the Torah and the word of G-d from Jerusalem. This is something every synagogue sings on every Saturday. We sing it when the Torah goes around. Now what does this mean to the ten million people in the Church of the Latter-day Saints, the fastest growing American religion. It means this, I learned only two weeks ago, from Zion comes the law, comes the Torah. That is, from American Zion, from Salt Lake City [Utah], from Zion National Park in Utah, from the Great Salt Lake in Utah. That's the American Zion. Now, the word of G-d also comes from Jerusalem. That it is, Jerusalem and Salt Lake are sister cities to Mormons. I put in the description today that I would play you something by the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, but I couldn't find my CD. But you can find it on iTunes, and you can find it in many different places. The Mormon Tabernacle Choir in Jerusalem recorded in the millennial year, in 2000, which opens with a rousing version of Hatikvah. I haven't heard such a rousing version since I was a child. The Mormons take it to an extreme, as it were. They theologize it. But I think this Mormon set of beliefs really typifies very early American attitude towards the idea of Zion. The American Zion and the Zion of the Middle East. Next time you think of going to Zion National Park, this is not a mistake, it's not something cute, it's not some someone said, \"Oh, there's a desert here let's call it Zion.\" They meant it deeply seriously and I'll show you how seriously. Joseph Smith was murdered in 1844. That's the founder of the Mormon Church, and the year before, he sent an emissary. In Yiddish terms, he would say a misholoch or a meshulach. He sent an emissary to Palestine in 1844. This is before there was steamboat travel, and he told him to go to Jerusalem and bless the city. If you go to East Jerusalem, to the campus of Brigham Young University in Jerusalem, which is near the Hebrew U [Hebrew University of Jerusalem], you can see this plaque still there, so in 1844 the Mormons were praying for the return of the Jews. Now why is this so interesting, and I hope it'll be interesting for both Jewish and Christian readers of my book, and actually for readers of other religious traditions, because it's not until 1897 that the Zionist movement begins at the First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland. Some 55 years before, the Mormons who were then in Ohio were active in this idea of the return to Zion. Now, to buttress my claim that the idea of Zion permeates American culture, both as an actuality and as a reality, I'd like to play a song, and if you turn to the second page, you can see the lyrics, so you can follow along, but let's not sing along, it's a little too corny.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCASH:\u003c/strong\u003e [Plays song] Of Jordan's stormy banks I stand and cast a wishful eye. To Cannan's fair and happy land, where my possessions lie. I am bound for the Promised Land. I am bound for the Promised Land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1317.0,1346.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e This is one of the last recorded songs of Johnny Cash.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1346.0,1349.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCASH:\u003c/strong\u003e [Singing continues] Oh, who will come and go with me? I am bound for the Promised Land. For all those wide-extended plains, that one eternal day, there G-d, the Son, forever reigns, and scatters night away. I am bound for the Promised Land. I'm bound for the Promised Land. Oh, who will come and go with me, I'm bound for the Promised Land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1349.0,1399.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e One more verse, something very Zionist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1399.0,1400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCASH:\u003c/strong\u003e [Singing continues] When shall I reach that happy place and be forever blessed? When shall I see my Father's face and in His bosom rest? I am bound for the Promised Land. I'm bound for the promised . . .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1400.0,1430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e If I would have heard this song a few years ago, I would've said, \"That's another American use of the metaphor of the promised land. Here, it's not only being used as a metaphor for the United States. It's being used a metaphor for heaven. When we die, we'll go to the Promised Land, and that would be the end of the story. But I discovered, in the course of my research, and I have vaguely heard about this before, that Johnny Cash was obsessed with the state of Israel. I'm not just interested, but zealous. He made five pilgrimages with his family, with June Carter Cash and their two children. Each of them religious pilgrimages. I have a great shot of him at the Western Wall that I'm saving it for another event. Along with shots of Michael Jackson at the Western Wall. But Johnny Cash was a passionate Zionist. His Zionism was directly linked to this idea, so the metaphor became a reality. The metaphor of the promised land, which was a metaphor for the United States, and was a metaphor for heaven, became a reality. Now when I played this song and showed it to a very astute Israeli colleague of mine, a professor of literature, she said \"Yes, this is the key to understanding so much because for Johnny Cash and Americans, and many Americans of all religions, Israel is the manifestation, the concretization of a metaphor. The metaphor of the Bible, it's the fulfillment of a promise. But for most Israeli Jews, there's no metaphor. It's all reality. There's no metaphor behind it.\" This is one of the things that leads us to this often marked upon very different attitude of Americans and Israelis towards the idea of the Promised Land. This is a subject for yet another lecture. I want to tease you, tease this idea about you, to show the difference between metaphor and reality. If you're intrigued by this Johnny Cash connection in two weeks. I'm a shameless promoter, because I remember my late mom saying, \"Shalom, if you don't promote your books, no one else will.\" On Thursday, February 18th, at the Carlos Museum, I'm presenting an evening with a local band called \"In the Holy Land with Johnny Cash,\" in which we're going to play these songs, and we're going to watch part of a film that John and June Carter Cash made in Jerusalem in the 1960's. Now, let's move from the metaphor of America to the actuality of Zionism in Palestine and how that affected Christians. In fact, when I began this project, which was about three or four years ago, my understanding of Christians and Zionism was the understanding we get from the Encyclopedia Judaica, which is the standard work we use in scholarship in Jewish studies, Middle Eastern studies, it's that big set published in 1972. They have 100 and something pages about Zionism, which is basically about Jews and Zionism. Then they have a page and a half called Christian Zionism at the end. Christians were also interested; they list a few names. This was basically the scholarly attitude. What I realized through my work, and I'm not the only one to realize this, is that Christians, primarily Protestants, are part of this story from the very beginning. If we could look at the next slide, please. That's Alice Oliphant . . . the wife, another very passionate Zionist. Next, please. Good. This is a postcard that was collected at [indistinct:","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1430.0,1677.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hebrew word] with the words, the original words of Hatikvah, the song that became the anthem of the Zionist movement and only six years ago became the official anthem of this state of Israel. Now, I put this after the pictures of Laurence and Alice Oliphant because this poem, set to music as Hatikvah, was written under their sponsorship, and was dedicated to them. I found the original, in the JTS [Jewish Theological Seminary] library, I found original printing from 1886. These people were the, well he looks very biblical, doesn't he? I have some more biblical characters coming up. Can we go back to the Hatikvah? Thank you. They were the mentors, and not just the mentors but the patrons they supported financially, the author of Hatikvah, Imber, Naftaili Imber. He dedicated the poem to them, and they in a sense were better Zionists than he was, because they went to Palestine and stayed and died there. He went for five years and got restless, and came to New York, that would be in about 1904. Od lo avda tikvatenu. This is the old version - Our hope is not yet lost . . . I'll read it in Ashkenazi Hebrew. Hatikvah hashanah, the ancient hope. Lashuv le'eret avotenu, to return to the land of our fathers. [indistinct:","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1677.0,1774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHebrew:\u003c/strong\u003e possible Qiryat Hanah], in the city in which David dwelt. These are the original words to Hatikvah. Now, Oliphant understood once he came to America from Jerusalem in the early, in the beginning of the twentieth century, he began to see the connection between the American idea of Zion and the Jewish Zionist idea of Zion. He's one of my first teachers about this. But he was too eccentric to be an academic teacher because he . . . really ended up like an alcoholic bohemian, died in dire poverty, and was a famous schnorrer [Yiddish: a beggar]. He would go around to every Jewish organization and collect money saying, \"I'm the man who wrote Hatikvah.\" This lasted for about 20 years. Finally, people got sick of it. Now, among the things that Naftali Imber noted, and many other scholars have noticed since are on the pages that follow. If you go to the page after the Hatikvah page, I want to present in the next few minutes some of the items from American history that are directly linked to the Hebrew language, and through the Hebrew language, then link to the idea of a promised land. This might be familiar to you, the seal of Yale University, which is now on every t-shirt and coffee cup in New Haven, Connecticut. Under it, the seal of Dartmouth College, with the Hebrew words El Shaddai [Hebrew: G-d Almighty] at the top, the name of the G-d of the Patriarchs. That is the name by which G-d reveals himself to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. On the seal of Columbia University, the Tetragrammaton, the sacred name of the four letters that Jews do not pronounce. The name, often known in English as Jehovah, as in Jehovah's Witnesses. Now these three Hebrew words are on seals of colleges, all founded before the American Revolution. Colleges in which there were no Jews, and colleges which had no idea of Jews. Let me give you some idea of this. All of these elite colleges were founded before 1776, the ten elite colleges. There were three million people in the American colonies, including the remnants of the Native Americans, the African slaves, and the British colonists. Three million people, and there were fewer, there were between 500 and 1,000 Jews. Jews had nothing to do with public life in America, surely not university-like. What's all this Hebrew? How come they provided for t-shirts 250 years henceforward in New Haven? Because they, the American colonists, understood themselves as being in a promised land. They had fulfilled the vision of the Bible to go out of oppression and to live in freedom, something that I hope is equally familiar on the next page, a map of the United States. This is a map only of New England. Though I do have such a map of the whole country. This is a map put together by a very charismatic Conservative rabbi named Moshe Davis, who moved to Israel in the 1950's to teach at Hebrew U. He told me that in 1955, he and his wife came back to the States by boat, and they bought an old car. They decided to travel to every place they could find that had a biblical name in it. At his office in Jewish Theological Seminary, I still remember, it was many years ago, he showed me a map that they had drawn that had hundreds of names out of the Bible in it. His point was that America understood itself as a biblical country in a very concrete way, not in a metaphorical way, but they actually wanted to name places after places in the Bible, because this, this continent, which was the fulfillment of a dream. Moving to the next page, I want to speak about one of the early Christian Zionists, the Reverend George Bush, whose picture is kind of compressed here, but you can see the family resemblance. This gentleman is actually a relative of the Bush family, and in the same year, I told you the story of Joseph Smith sending an emissary to Palestine. In that same year, Professor Bush, who was the professor of Hebrew at New York University wrote a book called The Valley of Vision in which he said, \"I have a new interpretation of Ezekiel chapter 37.\" That's a haftarah we're going to read in two or three weeks, I think. Ezekial chapter 37, Ezekial sees the dry bones and the bones come to life. He sees this vast valley filled with bones, and the bone's all are clothed with flesh. What, says Professor Bush, does this mean? It means that the Jews are going to return to their land. Now, what does it mean for Christians, he says, for Christians, it means that Jesus will come again. But the Jews, he said, are a carnal people that cannot understand something so abstract, they can only understand a real return. This is very typical of Christian Zionist thought. Christian Zionists thought is generally not very pleasant to read about Jews as individual or a group. Rather, the Jews are players in a kind of cosmic drama. That is, Christianity, recognizing its Jewish roots, understands that according to its teachings, Jews have a place to play in the past and it seems in the future. But the place of the Jews in the present always seemed to be problematic. Something I found throughout my research on Christian Zionism was this unease. Let me give you something that might be more familiar to you. The Balfour Declaration, I'm sure everyone knows about that, right. 1917, perhaps not. Is that familiar to everyone?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1774.0,2174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAUDIENCE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2174.0,2175.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e 1917, the British issued that famous paragraph, His Majesty's government looks favorably on the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. That famous paragraph. Now who was Balfour, Lord Balfour, a very devout Anglican, the British Foreign Secretary. I recently read Christopher Sykes' biography of him. He really had terrible things to say about Jews. Terrible. But he had very good things to say about getting them to Palestine, which is part of the story. He also had things to say about the end of time. That the British won the war in 1917 and defeated the quote G-dless Turk was a sign that G-d was moving in the direction of returning his people to his land. As long as they would stay in England, what they do is fine. I say this not at some of my colleagues have done in certain books. Not to say that Christian Zionism is anti-Jewish, not at all, but to say that it's very often about an internal Christian question that has very little to do with the Jews. The Jews are a symbol of something, rather than an actuality to be dealt with. You can see this symbolizing very vividly on the next page, where you see one, two, three, four, five. These are the epigrams that I chose for my book. That is on the first page of the book. I think ever since Moby Dick was published, everyone who writes a book feels they have to have a page of quotes. Like, even if my book is no good, here are 10 great things that people have said before. This seems to be the spirit. Now, I do think my book is worth reading. But I think these things are really of lasting value. On the top, I put the words from Genesis in which the land is promised to Abram. Then I have a quote from someone who you might not expect to find in a book of this sort, Sir Isaac Newton. This is in a manuscript only recently published, five years ago, was a manuscript that was held in a private collection and sold to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. You can see it on the Hebrew U website if you want to look into this. In this manuscript, the world's greatest mathematician reveals what he has spent 20 years doing. Not creating more mathematical insights but trying to solve a number problem. Almost an arithmetical problem, and what is the problem? Very hard to believe. The problem is that if you open the Bible and you read the ninth chapter of the Book of Daniel, it tells you how many weeks are going to go by until G-d returns the Jews to Jerusalem. Sir Isaac Newton was determined to figure out what this number meant. It's actually a combination of numbers, 70 weeks, 5,000 days. It's this whole, to most scholars, it reads like someone's vision. But he devoted his time to this, and what was his conclusion? What did the world's greatest mathematician of the time say? He puts it in the context of the restitution of all things. His turn for the time when time will be resolved or come to an end. [Newton said,] \"Then the mystery of this restitution of all things is to be found in all the prophets, which makes me wonder with great admiration that so few Christians of our age can find it there. For they understand not that the final return of the Jews' captivity and their conquering the nations of the four monarchies.\" This refers to the Book of Daniel and the vision of the four monarchies. \"And setting up a righteous and flourishing kingdom at the day of judgment,\" that is, the Jews have to set up a flourishing and righteous kingdom at the day of judgment is this mystery. That is the mystery of the end of time. What the Jews are going to do at the end time. Now, the Jews had been expelled from England in 1290. [tape stops and resumes] At the opening of the book, it really takes us back to my remarks at the beginning, and this is a quote directly from David McCullough's wonderful biography of Harry Truman. After I read that biography, I think it came out in 1995 or 1994, I had the opportunity to meet David McCullough. Oh, that's right. Phyllis mentioned Dr. Seuss. Let's tie everything together. Now, what does David McCollough and Harry Truman have to do with Dr. Seuss? I, too, knew that Dr. Seuss was an ardently anti-fascist and was pro-Zionist because I used to teach at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. When you enter the library, there's an enormous oil portrait of Dr. Seuss. Why? Because he went to Dartmouth. Yes, but the real reason is, is because the copyright benefits of Horton Hatches an Egg goes to Dartmouth College. I don't know how much money that is, but it's a lot of money. Fifty years’ worth of one of the most influential children's books, so he was a kind of saint at Dartmouth, and they had many exhibits about him, and I got interested in him. It was at Dartmouth that I met David McCullough. I asked if I could have, he was a visiting fellow, I asked him if I can have lunch with him, and he said, \"Why?\" I didn't ask him directly, I wrote to the university secretary, and I said, \"I want to talk to him about Harry Truman and Israel.\" He said, \"Absolutely, absolutely.\" I had a long, wonderful conversation with him. I said, \"This quote that you put in your book,\" let's look at the quote. \"In 1948, beyond the so-called Jewish vote,\" you'll note that was something people talked about. Why did Harry Truman support the idea of Israel? It must be that he was worried about the Jewish vote. Jews were then two percent of the American population as they are now. What is this idea about the Jewish vote? [McCullough wrote,] \"But beyond that, there was the country at large where popular support for a Jewish homeland was overwhelming. As it would sometimes be forgotten, it was not just American Jews who were stirred by the prospect of a new nation for the Jewish people. It was most of America.\" This is something that McCullough emphasized in the book. I thought he was spot on about and had surely by the 1990's, when I spoke to him, it had been long forgotten both by Jews and Christians. That is, the creation of the State of Israel and the part that the United States plays in it is deeply influenced by the set of ideas that I presented to you today. Sadly, many historians today can't see this, not because they're inimical to Israel, but because they are inimical to the idea that religion influences public opinion and public policy. This is most striking in the book, The Israel Lobby, which came out in 2007. My problem with that book is that in the first five pages, the authors dismiss everything I've told you today as something from the anachronistic American past. It can't be, and I heard them say this at an interview, that religious ideas will affect people 200 years later. But I say, and I think myself and other scholars have demonstrated that they're dead wrong, these ideas really do influence people today. Not only dispensationalists I've been speaking about, but the 30 to 40 percent of the American public that identifies itself as socially conservative and Evangelical Christians. That's 40 percent of 300 million people hold very powerful ideas about the promise of the land. I'll close with an invitation if you enjoyed this talk and want to hear more about this and want to hear some music, come to \"In the Holy Land with John Cash.\" It's in two weeks, on February 18th at the Carlos Museum. Okay, I have time. We have time for questions, discussion, but please, no statements. For statements, you have to talk to Phyllis and book them all. I'm really serious.  a short terse question, I'd appreciate. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2175.0,2718.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAUDIENCE MEMBER 1:\u003c/strong\u003e From your research, do you feel like the majority of Christian Zionists don't buy into a replacement theology? That they back Israel simply because it says those who bless Israel will be blessed, etc.?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2718.0,2733.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the term replacement theology, which is not a great term, we should explain. It's taken to mean the churches that consider the word Israel in the Hebrew Bible to no longer mean the Jews, but rather to mean, the church. That is, the Jews are not the people to whom a promise is still made. It may have been made once. But Israel has been replaced by the church. Now, this is a very complicated theological issue, so if you're at it . . .  perhaps you can phrase your question again. Try me again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2733.0,2773.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAUDIENCE MEMBER 1:\u003c/strong\u003e I’ll tell you the reason I ask you. John Hagee, who you're familiar with as an Evangelical TV preacher, spoke at AIPAC [American Israel Public Affairs]. Great speaker, very motivational guy, and he comes out and he says, \"I want to clear the air. I'm not here to convert you.\" He says, \"I don't believe in replacement theology. I'm here because it clearly states in our Bible, those who support Israel . . .\" If you believe him, then, and he has like 50 million people that watch him or something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2773.0,2804.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, let me say something about that . . . You have to buy my book to get the answer to this question because I spend 50 pages at the end of the book addressing this question. Let me give you, but if you want to save the $25. Here's the thing, John Hagee is of the school that I was describing before, dispensationalism. He's from a certain sector of Evangelical Christianity, which in the scholarly way is identified with Dallas Theological Seminary. I talk about this in my book, and they represent a small number of American, but vocal number of American Evangelicals. When John Hagee said to AIPAC, 50 million Christians, he's trying to co-opt all of Evangelical America. He's a public person who's trying to make his, put himself up front. I don't think that we should identify what he says with what most Christians in America say, even though he says that. That's the short answer to the question. Yes please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2804.0,2886.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAUDIENCE MEMBER 2:\u003c/strong\u003e In your research, are you aware of an area in northern Israel . . . near Tiberias [Israel] on the Sea of Galilee where a group of Evangelicals actually purchased an area to make it some type of compound? Did that ever happen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2886.0,2900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I can say a little bit of that now. Pat Robertson, who's got himself in a lot of trouble recently, made a deal with the Israeli tourism industry to set up a theme park for Christians near the Sea of Galilee. Then, Pat Robinson said that Ariel Sharon had a stroke because of the withdrawal from Gaza . . . You'll probably know that two weeks ago he said the people of Haiti had made a deal with the devil. He said that [Hurricane] Katrina came because of homosexuality in New Orleans [Louisiana]. He's got this tendency, and the Israeli government really got enraged, and I heard reneged on the deal. Then I read that they're thinking of doing it again. But it's not a done deal, and it has to do with Pat Robertson. But there are, in northern Israel, many Evangelical Christian communities. There's a whole big community called Nes Ammim. It's been there for 40 years. A Christian community populated by European and American Christians who see themselves as Israelis of a Christian persuasion. This is a very rich topic that I'm writing about now. Any other questions? Yes, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2900.0,2979.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAUDIENCE MEMBER 3:\u003c/strong\u003e I was wondering how do you treat Jimmy Carter's or understand Jimmy Carter view of Israel and the Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2979.0,2995.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e This is such a loaded question in this town. I don't want to get into it that way. I will say, and I do talk about this in the book, very briefly, to say that you need to understand President Carter's ideas in the context that I was describing. That is, if you read his first book, The Blood of Abraham, published in 1978, you'll see there that his understanding of the Middle East is a biblical one. I will leave it at that. It's not, again, the nice thing about being a professor and not being a community leader or rabbi or . . . I don't have to make a statement. I do have to encourage people to be informed. That's what I see as my job. I think one can learn more about this if you think about it in biblical terms, which speaks to what I was saying in the beginning. For most serious Christians in America, the question of Israel is a biblical question. This takes us to a delicious irony. Most American Jews are, by any definition, secular. Only seven percent of American Jews are Orthodox. American Jews' secularity is something that's well known. Their liberalism is well known; they don't have a biblical idea of Israel. They have a kind of Jewish idea of Israel. It's really Christians who have a biblical idea of Israel. This is a delicious idea that I'd like to make a movie about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2995.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAUDIENCE MEMBER 4:\u003c/strong\u003e You mentioned that the Evangelicals today are the ones we associate with Israel as opposed to those before who were not. What other Christians today would you say have a connection to Israel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3090.0,3106.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I would, oh, what other Christians?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3106.0,3107.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAUDIENCE MEMBER 4:\u003c/strong\u003e Besides Evangelicals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3107.0,3109.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I would say Evangelicals in the widest sense, not the ten percent, but the 40 percent of Americans who consider themselves. The 40 percent Americans who go to church every week, they have a very strong, by the way, by strong link to Israel, I don't mean that they're John Hagee. I mean that they're almost obsessed with Israel. They may be hostile to the Israeli government. Much more hostile they are than they are to the Burmese government. Their hostility is also religious. That's something that's very difficult for American Jews to understand. Because naturally, we say, \"Oh, you don't like what Israel did, you must be bad.\" Their attitude is, no our understanding of the situation stems from our religious beliefs. I'll show you how Christian Zionism changes with this one fact. In the 1940's, the most important Christian Zionists were the liberal Protestant group from Niebuhr. Reinhold Niebuhr was the great theologian. In 1943, Niebuhr wrote three articles in The Nation, which then was a national, very influential magazine, called Jews After the War. You can find them online . . . saying that every American Christian, now this is the most influential theologian in America. Every American Christian is duty bound to help found a Jewish state. Not because Abram was promised the land, but because the Jews are being murdered. That is on moral grounds, liberal Protestants supported the idea of Israel. Again, there's a whole chapter in my book about this. For both Jews and Christians and people of other faiths or the 15 percent of Americans who told the Pew Charitable Trust that they have no religion . . . last year. If you're here too, for all of you, these ideas, the ideas of, American ideas of the Middle East are deeply linked to the Bible, not only Israel. Iraq. Afghanistan. American attitudes towards what goes on is linked to the Bible. If you think about Saddam [Hussein], the way people felt about Saddam and Babylon, especially if you listen to Evangelical sermons, you'll understand that Saddam is the ancient Babylonian coming to life again, who had to be destroyed. Yes, Professor Patten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3109.0,3266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAUDIENCE MEMBER 5:\u003c/strong\u003e Just wondering, because your book is so filled with wonderful characters and the chapters are kind of organized around those really interesting characters who influence the Zionist conversation. I wonder if you could give us a few little hints about two or three of those wonderful characters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3266.0,3279.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Actually, if you wouldn't mind giving me some more pictures. Now, this is Theodor Herzl, his two daughters and his son. A picture taken two years before his death in 1902. Now, Herzl occupies a lot of space in my book because Herzl, the founder of political Zionism, the convener of the 1897 Basel Conference, was a very astute politician. He understood that he had to have Christian associates in order to make Zionism work, and he invited Christians to the First Zionist Congress. There were only three Orthodox rabbis at the First Zionist congress among the 200 delegates. There were many Christians, among them the founder, Henri Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross. In my book, I tell about the Christian helpers of the early Zionist years, and I also tell the very sad story of Herzl's three children. Tragic tale. He and his kids are definitely one set of characters. Now, Jacques Maritain, perhaps the most influential post-World War II French philosopher, Christian French philosopher was an ardent Zionist. He, I only learned last year from Professor Michael Marrus in Toronto [Canada], the great historian of the Shoah, that Maritain personally tried to get Pius XII to condemn the murder of the Jews in the middle of the war, to make a public statement, but the Pope wouldn't do it for whatever reason, and that's a very contentious issue. I have in my book portraits of people who you wouldn't think have anything to do with this story. Because now, Christian Zionism, you think of John Hagee. My point is that these very illustrious, mainstream figures were ardent Zionists. One more, please. That's another one of Maritain. Ah, this is the poet Robert Graves, and his friend, Joshua Podro. Robert Graves, is that a name that's still in cultural currency? He was a great English poet, perhaps the greatest English poet of the first half of the twentieth century. He was a very ardent Zionist and was a friend of [David] Ben-Gurion's. Ben-Gurion, like Herzl, understood that important Christian intellectual scholars, theologians, politicians, needed to be cultivated, and he did. Robert Graves went to Tel Aviv [Israel] in 1960 as a guest of Ben-Gurion. He gave a very famous lecture called, \"To Be a Goy.\" In this lecture, he said something that I quote in my book. He said, \"I'm the grandson of an Anglican, a very high-ranking Anglican churchman, and as a child, when I would go to the cathedral and they would sing about the city of Jerusalem and David's Psalms. I would wonder how all of these Nordic types could identify with this.\" Like, where are the people about whom this Bible was written? Where are they? This led to his lifelong interest in the Jews and Zionism. Again, that's the end. But of course, I should have had a picture of Johnny Cash. If you come to my lecture in two weeks, I have a film of John and June Carter in which June Carter Cash plays Mary Magdalene. It's a great five minutes. It's worth coming back for. Yes, Darc?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3279.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAUDIENCE MEMBER 6:\u003c/strong\u003e What parts of the theology of the second coming and Jews having to be back in the land, what does that play into any of this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3505.0,3512.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e It definitely plays, it's based on an interpretation of Paul's letter to the Romans, and this is one of the verses that is so differently interpreted in the different Christian traditions that it seems no two denominations can agree on it. But let me take your question back to . . . let me use my answer to your question to say something I should have said before that will help me answer, which is, it's basically a Protestant story. It's the Protestant interpretations of the end of time. The Christian Zionism I've been describing is mostly Protestant. This is because for the Protestant churches, the Bible after the Reformation became a living document that individuals could read and interpret and understand in a new way. Catholic, the Catholic tradition had its own way, its own kind of pneuming way of understanding the end time. If you look into the phenomenon, I called your attention to before, Left Behind or the John Hagee phenomenon, the most ardent condemners of this phenomenon is the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church is so upset about this end of time idea. The Catholic Church, as I understand it, projects itself into the future. It doesn't want to see time end. It doesn't come to the Armageddon meetings. Now, to the end of time factor, my claim in my book is that the end of time factor is less important than the beginning of time factor. That is, for Christians all over the world, the Book of Genesis is more important than the Book of Revelation. The promise of the land is more important than speculating about what's going to happen at the end of time. The beginning of time is something more solid than the end of time. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3512.0,3638.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAUDIENCE MEMBER 7:\u003c/strong\u003e I know you mentioned British for Balfour. Isn't the word British, covenant man? Isn't that so?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3638.0,3649.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e When you say isn't . . . No, I can tell you, as the professor of Hebrew, that Brit-ish does not come from [that] but it's a very creative speculation. Again, for those of you who aren't following, like Brit, that is covenant or circumcision, and ish, man. That's where the British got their name, because they are the Hebrews. Now, to contextualize this, do you recall where you heard this or read this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3649.0,3677.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAUDIENCE MEMBER 7:\u003c/strong\u003e Just looking at the word itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3677.0,3682.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, so you thought it. Okay, 150 years ago, a movement arose in England called the British Israelites. These were members of the British nobility who claimed that they were the true people of Israel. Now, what's the second half of this kind of claim? The Jews are not the children of Israel. They turned into be very bitter antisemites, this group. But sadly, they still exist in many forms on the internet, and a lot of white supremacy hate groups subscribe to the British Israelite idea. For this, I learned from my colleague David Katz at Tel Aviv University who wrote a book about these people . . . This is a different kind of replacement theology. That is, we're the Jews, you're not the Jews, hence the British idea. No, it's fanciful, but it's not for real. Okay, I think we have time for one more point, yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3682.0,3741.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAUDIENCE MEMBER 8:\u003c/strong\u003e I'll try to draw you in on a political question again. What's your opinion about the utility or appropriateness of supporters of Israel welcoming Christian Zionism support being that it's translation today, at least, is very, very, right-wing, don't-give-up-an-inch kind of mentality in Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3741.0,3762.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOLDMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I, again, at the end of my book, I spent quite a bit of time describing how this alliance came about. The alliance between dispensationalist Evangelicals, like Hagee, and the Israeli right, like the Likud party. That's chapter six of the book, and I don't offer in the book any opinion about it. Again, my purpose here is to inform. I do have a blog that you can read where I do opinionate, but I don't put that in my scholarship because I think it just turns people off. Oh, he's a conservative, he is a liberal. That's not the point. The point is, to understand what's going on now, we need to know what's going on in the past. I will say that the Israeli different factions within Israeli politics are deeply interested in this question. In the Knesset, in the Israeli parliament, there's actually something called the Israeli Christian Coalition. It's a group of parliament members, all of whom are Jews, who have ties to American churchmen. They take them on tours and things like that. Now, if you want to read about this phenomenon, if you Google Christians and Zionism, I tried it yesterday. You'll find an article that I wrote about the ten books I mentioned in the beginning, the books that say that today's Christian Zionism is the greatest thing in the world or the biggest danger to the world. From my review, I hope you'll get an idea of what the range of opinion is. But the idea here is to let you know that this is an old phenomenon, a fascinating phenomenon, and one that's going to be with us in the future. Christian interest in Zionism. Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3762.0,3878.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/transcript/84396/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLAZARUS:\u003c/strong\u003e Professor Goldman will be in the lobby signing books and pick up your book in our bookshop as you came in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3878.0,3888.5"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePhyllis Goldstein Lazarus (1949-2015) was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky. She taught at The Epstein School and worked for the Breman Museum for 10 years. She active with the 1996 Olympics including running the Olympic Torch in Gainesville, Georgia. She was also an active volunteer with the Jewish Film Festival film selection committed, Atlanta Jewish Federation and AIPAC. In 1974, she married Wayne Lazarus, and they had three children. Phyllis and her husband were founding members of Congregation B’nai Torah in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=0.0,353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum in Atlanta celebrates and commemorates Jewish history, culture, and art through events and museum spaces. The Breman also contains the Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History, which houses thousands of manuscripts, oral histories, and photograph collections, related to southern Jewish history and the Holocaust. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=0.0,353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Holocaust was the systematic, government-sponsored attempt by the German Nazi government to annihilate the Jews of Europe between 1939 and 1945, which resulted in the deaths of 6,000,000 Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=0.0,353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAndre John Kessler (1940-2019) was born in Bucharest, Romania and survived the Holocaust in hiding with his mother. They immigrated to the United States in 1951. He served in the U.S. Navy and graduated from New York University. Andre eventually settled in Atlanta, Georgia. Kessler married Marsha Tenenbaum in 1973, and they had a daughter and son, and four grandchildren. His family were founding members of Etz Chaim Congregation and later they joined B'nai Torah. Kessler’s testimony is housed at the Breman Museum’s The Cuba Family Archives for Southern Jewish History.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=0.0,353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHelen Wasserman Spiegel (1923-2017) was born in Nuremburg, Germany, immigrated to Boston, Massachusetts in 1938 after Kristallnacht, and moved to Atlanta in 1946. She was a co-founder, along with Sara Duke, of the Shearith Israel homeless shelter for women, now called Rebecca’s Tent. She was a supporter of the Hebrew Academy; founding member of Congregation Beth El; chapter and regional president of Hadassah; and board member of the Jewish Home. She was a docent and educator of the Holocaust for the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=0.0,353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Hazikaron laShoah ve-laG'vurah [Hebrew: Day of (remembrance of) the Holocaust and the Heroism] known colloquially in Israel and abroad as Yom HaShoah, or in English as Holocaust Remembrance Day. It marks the anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and is on the 27th day in the month of Nisan. In Atlanta, Georgia, a Yom HaShoah service is held annually at the Memorial to Six Million in Greenwood Cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=0.0,353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGreenwood Cemetery, opened in 1904, is designed in the Lawn style, with long vistas in all directions. Greenwood has a large Jewish section. Greenwood Cemetery is also the home of the Memorial to the Six Million, where Holocaust remembrance services are held every spring.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=0.0,353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTheodor Seuss Geisel, known by his pen name Dr. Seuss, (1904-1991) was an American children’s author, illustrator, animator, and cartoonist. He is known for writing and illustrating more the 60 children books, including The Cat in the Hat, How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, and Horton Hears a Who. He attended Dartmouth College and was a graduate student at Lincoln College, Oxford. During World War II, he illustrated political cartoons and worked in the animation and film department of the United States Army. Geisel was a liberal Democrat, and his early political cartoons showed a passionate opposition to fascism and he urged action against it before and after the U.S. entered World War II. Many of his books expressed his views on various social and political issues - The Lorax – environmentalism and anti-consumerism, The Sneetches – racial equality, Yertle the Turtle – anti-authoritarianism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=0.0,353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZeal for Zion: Christians, Jews \u0026amp; the Idea of the Promised Land was written by Shalom Goldman and was originally published in 2009. The book focuses on Christian Zionism and its place in the larger history of Zionism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=0.0,353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEmory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as \"Emory College\" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=0.0,353.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZionism is a movement which supports a Jewish national state in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Although Zionism existed before the nineteenth century, in the 1890s Theodor Herzl popularized it and gave it a new urgency, as he believed that Jewish life in Europe was threatened and a State of Israel was needed. The State of Israel was established in 1948 and Zionism today is expressed as support for the continued existence of Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=353.0,578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmerican Jewish History is the official publication of the American Jewish Historical Society. It is the oldest ethnic historical organization in the United States. It was founded in 1892 as Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society. The journal is published quarterly by John Hopkins University Press.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=353.0,578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEric L. Goldstein (b. 1970) is an Associate Professor at Emory University. He is jointly appointed in the Department of History and Institute for Jewish Studies. He earned his bachelor’s at Emory University, Masters and PhD at the University of Michigan.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=353.0,578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChristian Zionism is a political and religious ideology that, in a Christian context supports the return of the Jewish people to the Promised Land. It also holds that the founding of the State of Israel in 1948 is in accordance with biblical prophecies state in the Old Testament is a prerequisite for the second coming of Jesus Christ.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=353.0,578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZev Hefetz served as the American director of the Israel Government Press Office. He served in that position during the late 1970’s and early 1980’s.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=353.0,578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStephen Sizer (b. 1953) is a priest in the Church of England. He is known for his opposition to Christian Zionism. He adapted his PhD thesis into the book, Christian Zionism: Road to Armageddon? which argued that Chrisitan Zionism led millions of Christians astray. In 2023, he was banned from serving as a priest until 2030 due to allegations and finding of antisemitic behavior.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=353.0,578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAmerican Evangelicals are Protestant Christians that believe in the necessity of being born again in order to be saved. They believe that Jesus is the son of G-d and that he was born human, died and rose from the dead. They also believe in preaching and spreading the Christian gospel and tend to hold more conservative values. Many American Evangelicals are strong supporters of Israel and a Jewish homeland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=353.0,578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe “Promised Land” is the land which, according to the Tanakh, was promised and subsequently given by G-d to Abraham and his descendants. In modern contexts it is an idea related both to the restored Homeland for the Jewish people and more generally, to salvation and liberation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=353.0,578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLaurence Oliphant (1829-1888) was born in South Africa and a British citizen. He was a member of Parliament, author, and diplomat. He was also a Christian Zionist and in 1879 tried to establish a Jewish agricultural colony in the Holy Land. In 1882, he and his wife settled in Palestine. He is known for his satirical novel, Piccadilly and his books on Jewish farming communities in the Holy Land, The Land of Gilead.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=353.0,578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAliyah (Hebrew: \"ascent\") is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the Land of Israel historically, which today includes the modern State of Israel. Also defined as \"the act of going up\"—that is, towards Jerusalem—\"making aliyah\" by moving to the Land of Israel is one of the most basic tenets of Zionism. The opposite action, emigration from Israel, is referred to in Hebrew as yerida (\"descent\"). The State of Israel's Law of Return gives Jews, their children, and their grandchildren automatic rights regarding residency and Israeli citizenship.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=353.0,578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHaifa is the third-largest city in Israel. It is home to the Baháʼí Faith's Baháʼí World Centre and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a destination for Baháʼí pilgrimage. Over the millennia, the Haifa area has been conquered and ruled by the Canaanites, Israelites, Phoenicians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Hasmoneans, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, Ottomans, and the British. During the Battle of Haifa in the 1948 Palestine war, most of the city's predominantly Arab population fled or were expelled. That year, the city became part of the then-newly-established state of Israel. The city is a major seaport located on Israel's Mediterranean coastline in the Bay of Haifa. It is also home to two academic institutions, the University of Haifa and the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology the oldest and top-ranked university in both Israel and the Middle East. Haifa Bay is a center of heavy industry, petroleum refining, and chemical processing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=353.0,578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Anglican faith is a Western Christian tradition that draws its identity and historical roots from the Church of England. It was formed during the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=353.0,578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOttoman Palestine refers to the occupation of Palestine by the Ottoman Turks from 1516 until 1918. In 1917, the British forces entered Palestine and by 1918, the Ottoman rule ended following the defeat at the Battle of Megiddo. After World War I, the area come under control of the British government.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=353.0,578.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. The university has an undergraduate college, four graduate schools, and eight professional schools. The school was founded in 1890 by the American Baptist Education Society with endowments from John D. Rockefeller and Marshall Field. The university is based in Chicago’s Hyde Park neighborhood with campuses in England, Europe, and Asia. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Nelson Darby (1800-1882) was born in London, England. He was a Bible teacher and one of the influential figures among the original Plymouth Brethren and founder of the Exclusive Brethren. He is considered the father of modern dispensationalism and futurism. During the 1830’s, he popularized pre-tribulation rapture theology which became popular in the United States in the early 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Atlanta Journal-Constitution (AJC) is a major daily newspaper in the metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia. The newspaper is the result of the merger between The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution. Separate publication of the morning Constitution and afternoon Journal ended in 2001. The Constitution, as it was originally known, was first published in 1868. Its name changed to The Atlanta Constitution in 1869. The Atlanta Journal was established in 1883.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18, 1851.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeft Behind is a multimedia franchise of apocalyptic fiction written by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins. The books were published from 1995 to 2007. They were inspired by the New Testament’s Book of Revelation and focuses on a seven-year conflict in a post-rapture world. The book series has been adapted into five films.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWalmart Inc. (formerly Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.) is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets (also called supercenters), discount department stores, and grocery stores in the United States and 23 other countries. It is headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas. The company was founded in 1962 by brothers Sam and James \"Bud\" Walton in Rogers, Arkansas.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Armageddon scenario refers to interpret of various passages in the Bible the reference G-d’s return to the earth where he pours out his just and holy wrath against unrepentant sinners that are led by Satan. It is view as the end of the world by believes in the Christian faith.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMount Megiddo is a hill overlooking the valley where the Megiddo kibbutz in northern Israel is located. In Chrisitan apocalyptic literature, Mount Megiddo is identified as the site of the final battle between the forces of good and evil at the end of time. It is mentioned in the Book of Revelation 16:16 of the New Testament.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKing George III (1738-1820) was the king of Great Britain and Ireland from October 1760 until his death in 1820. Much of his reign was marked with various military conflicts including the Seven Years’ War with France, the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, and the loss of the American colonies during the American Revolution. In later life, George he suffered from mental illness that is thought to be either bipolar disorder or porphyria, and his eldest son, George, Prince of Wales was named Prince Regent in 1811. He reigned for 59 years and 96 days and remains the longest-living and longest-reigning male monarch in British history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or Mormons are a religious and cultural group that self-identify as Christian. The movement was started by Joseph Smith in upstate New York in the 1820’s. Smith died in 1844 and the movement split into several groups with the majority following Brigham Young and moved to the Utah territory. Most of the smaller groups eventually merged into the Community of Christ. Mormons hold to a health code that requires abstain from alcohol, tobacco, tea, coffee, and addictive substances. They also have a strict law of chastity.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA D'var Torah (Plural: Divrei Torah), also known as a Drasha in Ashkenazic communities, is a talk on topics relating to a section (parashah) of the Torah, typically the weekly Torah reading.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTorah [Hebrew: teaching] is a general term that covers all Jewish law including the vast mass of teachings recorded in the Talmud and other rabbinical works. “Sefer Torah” refers to the sacred scroll on which the first five books of the Bible (the Pentateuch) are written, but it is often shortened simply to \"Torah\" in casual speech and writing.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSalt Lake City is the capital and most populous city in the state of Utah. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young and his settlers who were seeking to escape religious persecution in the east. The city is home to the Salt Lake Temple, which is the temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and was dedicated in 1893.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eZion National Park is located in southwest Utah, near Springdale. In 1909, President Taft named the area Mukuntuweap National Monument to protect the canyon. In 1918, it was proposed by the National Park Service, acting director Horace Albright to enlarge the existing monument and rename is Zion National Monument. The name Zion came from a term used by the Mormons. It was designed a national park in 1919.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMartin E. Marty (1928-2025) was an American Lutheran religious scholar. He wrote extensively on religion in the United States. He graduated from Concordia Seminary, Chicago Lutheran Theological Seminary and the University of Chicago. Marty served as a Lutheran pastor from 1952 to 1967 and taught at the University of Chicago Divinity School from 1963 to 1998.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Great Salt Lake is the largest saltwater lake in the Western Hemisphere and the eighth-largest terminal lake in the world. It lies in the northern part of Utah, and the lake has a major impact on the local climate. The lake is a remnant of Lake Bonneville, a prehistoric body of water that covered much of western Utah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mormon Tabernacle Choir, now known as The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square, is an American choir affiliated with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It was founded in 1847 and has performed at the Salt Lake Tabernacle for over 100 years. It is one of the most famous choirs in the world and has performed at six presidential inaugurations.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHatikvah [Hebrew: hope] is the national anthem of Israel. It was the unofficial national anthem of Israel from its founding in 1948 and was adopted officially in 2004.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoseph Smith (1805-1844) was an American religious leader, political leader, and founder of Mormonism and the Latter-day Saint movement. Smith reportedly experienced a series of visions that lead him to publish the Book of Mormon in 1830. Also in 1830, he established the Church of Christ, members were later called Latter-day Saints or Mormons. Smith and his brother, Hyrum Smith, were killed by a mob in Carthage, Illinois on June 27, 1844. They were awaiting trial in the town jail on charges of treason.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eProtestant refers to individual who are followers of any Western non-Roman Catholic church. They follow the principles of the Reformation, including Baptist, Presbyterian, Methodists, and Lutheran Churches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBrigham Young University Jerusalem Center for Near Eastern Studies, often called BYU-Jerusalem, is located on Mount Olives in East Jerusalem. It is a satellite campus of Brigham Young University and is owned by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The center focuses on studies of the Old and New Testaments, ancient and modern Near Eastern studies, and Hebrew and Arabic languages.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Civil War, widely known in the United States as the “Civil War” or the “War Between the States,” was fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. In January 1861, seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often called the “South,” grew to include 11 states, and although they claimed 13 states and additional western territories, the Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by a foreign country. The states that did not declare secession were known as the “Union” or the “North.” The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. After four years of bloody combat, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring national unity and granting civil rights to freed slaves began.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJerusalem is located in western Asia and is one of the oldest cities in the world. It is considered to be a holy city for the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both Israel and Palestine claim Jerusalem as their capital. The status of the city remains one of the core issues in the on-going Israeli-Palestinian conflict.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI) is a public research university based in Jerusalem, Israel. Co-founded by Albert Einstein and Chaim Weizmann in July 1918, the public university officially opened in April 1925. It is the second-oldest Israeli university, having been founded 30 years before the establishment of the State of Israel but six years after the older Technion University. The university has five affiliated teaching hospitals (including the Hadassah Medical Center), seven faculties, more than 100 research centers, and 315 academic departments. Four of Israel's prime ministers are alumni of the university. As of 2018, 15 Nobel Prize winners, two Fields Medalists, and three Turing Award winners have been affiliated with the HUJI. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe First Zionist Congress was the inaugural congress of the Zionist Organization. It was held from August 29-31, 1897, in Basel, Switzerland. The event was convened and chaired by Theodor Herzl, the founder of the modern Zionism movement. The Congress established a Zionist platform, known as the Basel program, and founded the Zionist Organization.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBasel is a city located in northwestern Switzerland on the Rhine River. The city is the third most populous city in the country. It is commonly considered to be the cultural capital of Switzerland and home to forty museums. It is also home to the University of Basel, Switzerland’s oldest university, founded in 1460.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=642.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn R. Cash (1932-2003), known as Johnny Cash, was an American singer-songwriter. He was known for his deep, calm, bass-baritone voice and his trademark all-black stage wardrobe, which earned him the nickname, “Man in Black.” He was one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 90 million records worldwide. He music spanned various genres including country, rock and roll, rockabilly, blues, folk, and gospel sounds. Cash has been inducted into the Country, Rock and Roll, and Gospel Music Halls of Fame. His first marriage was to Vivian Liberto, and they had four daughters including Roseanne and Cindy. His second marriage was to June Carter, and they had one son, John.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1346.0,1349.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJune Carter Cash (1929-2003) was an American country singer and songwriter. She was a member of the Carter Family. Her mother Maybelle, aunt Sara, and uncle A.P. Carter made up the Carter Family group and June started performing with them at 10 years old. She won five Grammy Awards and was inducted in Christian Music Hall of Fame. In 2025, she was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. She was married three times including Johnny Cash from 1968 until her death in 2003.  She had a daughter with her first and second husbands and a son with Johnny Cash.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1430.0,1677.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Western Wall, or Kotel, is located in the Old City of Jerusalem at the foot of the western side of the Temple Mount. It is the remnant of the ancient wall that surrounded the Jewish Temple’s courtyard, and is arguably the most sacred sit recognized by the Jewish faith outside of the Temple Mount itself. It has been a site for Jewish prayer and pilgrimage for centuries, the earliest mention being in the fourth century. On June 7, 1967—the third day of the Six Day War—Israeli paratroopers took over the Old City, giving Israel sole control of Jerusalem, which it had previously shared with Jordan. A photo taken by David Rubinger of three paratroopers standing in silent awe in front of the Kotel that morning became an iconic symbol of the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1430.0,1677.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMichael Jackson (1958-2009) was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and philanthropist. He was nicknamed the “King of Pop” and was widely regarded as one of the most culturally significant individuals in the 20th century. He made has public debut at the age of six as the lead singer of the Jackson 5, one of Motown’s most successful acts. His career as a solo artist made him a global success and his videos including “Thriller” and Beat It” popularized MTV and made music videos an art form. He was also marred by scandal including accusation of sexually abusing children, which he was tried and acquitted of in 2005. During rehearsals for comeback concerts, he died from an overdose of propofol administered by his personal physician.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1430.0,1677.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Michael C. Carlos Museum is an art museum located in Atlanta on Emory University's main campus. The Carlos Museum has the largest ancient art collections in the Southeast, including objects from ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Near East, Africa, and the ancient Americas. It is one of the oldest museums in Georgia and the museum's collections date back to 1876, when a general museum known as Emory College Museum was established on Emory University's original campus in Oxford, Georgia. After the university was relocated to Atlanta, a small group of professors officially founded the Emory University Museum in 1919. The collections were housed and displayed in various buildings around the campus.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1430.0,1677.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlice Le Strange Oliphant (1847-1886) was born in England. In 1872, she married Laurence Oliphant. She worked with her husband to help Jewish refugees who fleeing persecution in Eastern Europe. In the 1880’s, she and her husband moved to Palestine to try and establish agricultural colonies for Jewish settlers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1430.0,1677.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Jewish Theological Seminary of America is a Conservative Jewish education organization in New York City. Founded in 1886, It is one of the academic and spiritual centers of Conservative Judaism and a major center for academic scholarship in Jewish studies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1677.0,1774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNaftaili Herz Imber (1856-1909) was born in what is now Zolochiv, Ukraine, and was raised an Orthodox Jew. He was a writer and a Hebrew-language poet. He is most well-known for writing, Hatikvah, the poem that became the basis of the Israeli national anthem. In 1882, he moved to Ottoman Palestine where he worked as secretary of Laurence Oliphant. He left Palestine in 1889 and eventually ended up in the United States. Imber died penniless in New York City from the effects of alcoholism. He initially was buried in Mount Zion Cemetery in Queens, but in 1953 was re-interred at Har HaMenuchot, in Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1677.0,1774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAshkenazi Jews [also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim] are Jews who originally lived in northern and eastern Europe. They once lived in the area of Rhineland and France and after the crusades they moved to Poland, Lithuania and Russia. In the 17th century, avoiding persecution, many Jews moved to and settled in Western Europe. As of 2018, Ashkenazim account for about 75% of the world's Jewish population.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1677.0,1774.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYale University is an Ivy League private university located in New Haven, Connecticut. It was established in 1701 as the Collegiate School and became known as Yale in 1718. It is the third-oldest university in the United States and considered one the most prestigious in the world. The Yale Divinity School was established in 1822.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1774.0,2174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew Haven is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of the Long Island Sound. It is part of the New York City metropolitan area, and it is the third largest city in Connecticut. It was one of the first planned cities in America and it is home to Yale University, one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1774.0,2174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDartmouth College is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire. The university was established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock. Dartmouth is one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolutionary War.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1774.0,2174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe G-d of the Patriarchs of the Bible refers to Abraham, his son Isaac, and Isaac’s son Jacob. They are collectively known as the patriarchs, and the period in which they lived is known as the patriarchal age. The relationship these three established with G-d is the foundation of faith in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1774.0,2174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eColumbia University is a private Ivy League university located in New York City. The university was founded in 1754 and was known as King’s College. It is the oldest higher education institution in New York and the fifth oldest in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1774.0,2174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTetragrammaton is the four-letter Hebrew-language theonym, translated to YHWH, the name of G-d in the Hebrew Bible. The word is not spoken aloud in Judaism out of reverence for G-d. The term itself means four-letter word.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1774.0,2174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJehovah’s Witnesses are a nontrinitarian, millenarian, and restorationist Christian denomination that stems from the Bible Student movement founded by Charles Taze Russell in the 1870’s. The faith is known for their evangelism, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and for refusing military service and blood transfusion. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and the establishment of God’s kingdom over earth is the only solution to humanity’s problems. Jehovah’s Witnesses do not observe Christman, Easter, birthdays, or other holidays they consider to have pagan origins.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1774.0,2174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Revolutionary War, also called the “American War of Independence,” was fought between American colonists and Great Britain between 1775 and 1783. It resulted in the independence and formation of the United States of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1774.0,2174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlso known as Masorti Judaism, Conservative Judaism is a form of Judaism that seeks to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual, but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. It attempts to combine a positive attitude toward modern culture, while preserving a commitment to Jewish observance. In general, Conservative congregations also observe gender equality (mixed seating, women rabbis, and bat mitzvah). The governing body for Conservative Judaism in the United States is the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ), formerly known as the United Synagogue of America.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1774.0,2174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoshe Davis (1916-1996) was a rabbi and a scholar of American Jewish history. He earned two bachelor’s degrees one from Columbia University and one from the Jewish Theological Seminary’s Teachers Institute. He was ordained a rabbi from the Jewish Theological Seminary, and Ph.D. from Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Davis was the first American to earn a doctorate from Hebrew University. He taught at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America and Hebrew University. He was been created with being the creator of the academic field of American-Holy Land Studies.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1774.0,2174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRev. George Bush (1796-1859) was an American biblical scholar, pastor, abolitionist, and academic. He graduated from Dartmouth College and studied theology at Princeton Theological Seminary. He was ordained a Presbyterian minister. In 1831, he became professor of Hebrew and oriental literature at New York University. Bush published a number of books including The Life of Mohammed and The Valley of Vision or The Dry Bones of Israel Revived. He is a distant relative of President George H.W. Bush and President George W. Bush.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1774.0,2174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew York University or NYU is a private research university in New York City, New York. It was established in 1831 by the New York State Legislature. As of 2019, it is the largest private university in the United States by enrollment.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1774.0,2174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBalfour Declaration of 1917 was a public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during World War I. The statement announced the support for the establishment of a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine. It was made in a letter dated November 2, 1917 from Arthur James Balfour, the British foreign secretary, to Lionel Walter Rothschild, a leader of the Anglo-Jewish community. The content of the letter was published in the press on November 9, 1917.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=1774.0,2174.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArthur James Balfour (1848-1930) was a British statesman and Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdon from 1902 to 1905. He also served as foreign secretary in the Lloyd George cabinet, and during this time he issued the Balfour Declaration of 1917 on behalf of the cabinet. The declaration supported a “home for the Jewish people” in Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2175.0,2718.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eChristopher Sykes (1907-1986) was an English writer. He was born in northern England and the second son of Sir Mark Sykes and Edith Gorst Sykes. He attended Downside School and Christ Church, Oxford. Sykes worked for a time in the Foreign Office and considered a create in politics, but a stammer and his artistic and imaginative disposition changed his path. In 1965, he wrote the British Mandate of Palestine, titled “Crossroads of Israel. He also wrote 15 other books between 1936 to 1975.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2175.0,2718.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMoby Dick or The Whale was written by American writer Herman Melvilleand was published in 1851. The book centers on the sailor Ishmael’s narrative of the quest of Ahab, captain of the whaling ship Pequod, for vengeance against Moby Dick, the giant sperm whale that bit off his leg on the ship’s previous voyage. Initially a commercial failure, the book gained the reputation of a great American novel in the 20th century, after the 1919 centennial of its author’s birth.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2175.0,2718.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author. He was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution (1543-1687) and the Enlightenment (1687-1789). Newton is well-known for his formulation of the three laws of motion, the basic principles of modern physics. His formulation of the laws of motion resulted in the law of universal gravitation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2175.0,2718.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid McCullough (1933-2022) was an American historian and author. He was born and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He studied English literature at Yale University. He became well-known for his various historical books including The Johnstown Flood, John Adams, 1776, Truman and The Wright Brothers. He won the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award twice. McCullough also narrated numerous documentaries including The Civil War by Ken Burns, various episodes of American Experience and the movie Seabiscuit. In 2006, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the U. S. highest civilian award given by the United States President.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2175.0,2718.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHarry S. Truman (1884-1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as the 34th vice president. He implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain Communist expansion. He proposed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the Conservative Coalition that dominated Congress. Only upon Roosevelt’s death was he told about the ongoing Manhattan Project and the atomic bomb. Truman authorized the first and only use of nuclear weapons in war against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Truman's administration engaged in an internationalist foreign policy by working closely with Britain. Truman staunchly denounced isolationism. He energized the New Deal coalition during the 1948 presidential election, despite a divided Democratic Party, and won a surprise victory against Republican Party nominee Thomas E. Dewey. Truman presided over the onset of the Cold War in 1947. In 1948, he proposed Congress pass comprehensive civil rights legislation. Congress refused, so Truman issued Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981, which prohibited discrimination in federal agencies and desegregated the U.S. Armed Forces. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2175.0,2718.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy was written by John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt and published in 2007. The book describes the lobby as a loose coalition of individuals and organizations that actively work to steer U.S. foreign policy in a pro-Israel direction. It was met with criticism and gratitude for addressing the impact of the Israel lobby on U.S. foreign policy. The book was credited with change in how the U.S.-Israel relationship was discussed.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2175.0,2718.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Hagee (b. 1940) is an American pastor and televangelist. He was born in Baytown, Texas. He studied at Southwestern Assemblies of God University in Waxahachie, Texas and graduated from Trinity University and the University of North Texas. He founded John Hagee Ministries and founder and chairman of the Christian Zionist organization Christians United for Israel, which is the largest Zionist organization in America. Hagee has attracted controversy over his comments on homosexuality, the Catholic Church, Jewish people and Islam, the promotion of the blood moon prophecy, and global warming.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2773.0,2804.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) is a Zionist lobbying group that advocates pro-Israel policies to the legislative and executive branches of the United States. It aims to strengthen and expand the U.S.-Israel relationship by garnering bipartisan support. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2773.0,2804.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDallas Theological Seminary is an evangelical theological seminary in Dallas, Texas. It was founded in 1924 and has campus in Dallas, Houston, Texas, and Washington, D.C. It is known for popularizing the theological system of dispensationalism.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2804.0,2886.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTiberias is a city in northern Israel that sits on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. It was a major Jewish center during Late Antiquity. Along with Jerusalem, Hebron, and Safed it is considered one of Judaism’s Four Holy Cities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2886.0,2900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sea of Galilee, also called Lake Tiberias or Kinneret, is a freshwater lake in Israel. It is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth. The lake is fed partly by underground springs, but its main source is the Jordan River, which flows through it from north to south and exits the lake at the Degania Dam.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2886.0,2900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarion Gordon \"Pat\" Robertson (1930-2023) was an American Baptist pastor, televangelist, and conservative activist. He founded the Christian Broadcasting Network, which held frequent telethons, and hosted The 700 Club, which drew controversy for comments that were often seen as anti-gay and racially insensitive. Robertson also founded the Christian Coalition, a college now known as Regent University, and unsuccessfully ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 1988.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2900.0,2979.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAriel Sharon (born Ariel Scheinerman in 1928 in Palestine) was an Israeli general who served as the Prime Minister of Israel from 2001 to 2006. In 2005, he had a stroke that incapacitated him and was replaced by Ehud Olmert. Sharon died in 2014.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2900.0,2979.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Gaza Strip or Gaza is the smallest of the two Palestinian territories. It located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Egypt borders it on the southwest and Israel on the east and north. The territory came into being when it was controlled by Egypt during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and became a refuge for Palestinians who fled or were expelled during the 1948 Palestine war. In 1967, Gaza was captured and occupied by Israel, which established a decades-long occupation. The Oslo Accords of the mid-1990s established the Palestinian Authority (PA) as a limited governing authority of Gaza. In 2006, Hamas defeated the secular Fatah party in the election, and took over governance of the territory. The territory has been an area of on-going conflict with Israel for decades including the current Israel-Hamas War started on October 7, 2023 when Hamas attacked various areas in southwest Israel.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2900.0,2979.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHurricane Katrina was an extremely destructive and deadly Category 5 hurricane that struck the Gulf Coast of the United States in August 2005, causing catastrophic damage from central Florida to eastern Texas. Subsequent flooding caused largely as a result of fatal engineering flaws in the flood protection system around the city of New Orleans, precipitated most of the loss of lives.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2900.0,2979.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNew Orleans, Louisiana sits on the Mississippi River near the Gulf of Mexico. The city is nicknamed the \"Big Easy\" and is known for its live-music scene and cuisine that reflects the French, African and American cultures that influenced the city.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2900.0,2979.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNes Ammin is a village in northern Israel. It is located in the western Galilee region. It was founded by European Christians in 1964 as a sign of solidarity with the Jewish people after the Holocaust. The village had a population of about 442 people in 2023.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2900.0,2979.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJames Earl “Jimmy” Carter Jr. (1924-2024) was the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967 and as the 76th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. Founder of the Carter Center, he was awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize for work to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development. He is the author of numerous books, including Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid (2006), An Hour Before Daylight (2001) and Our Endangered Values (2005). In October 2024, he turned 100 years old, making him the longest living U.S. President.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2979.0,2995.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=2995.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKarl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971) was an American theologian and commentator on public affairs. He explained how the sin of pride created evil in the world and attacked utopianism as ineffectual for dealing with reality. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3109.0,3266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nation is a progressive American monthly magazine that covers political and cultural news, opinion, and analysis. It was founded in July 1865, as a successor to William Lloyd Garrion’s The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3109.0,3266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pew Charitable Trust is an independent non-profit, non-governmental organization. It was founded in 1948 by the children of the Sun Oil Company founder, Joseph N. Pew and his wife Mary Anderson Pew. The organization operates projects and conducts research in five main areas – communities, conservation, finance and economy, governing, and health. The Pew Research Center, which is a non-partisan public polling and think tank, operates as a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3109.0,3266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSaddam Hussein (1937-2006) was an Iraqi politician and revolutionary. He was the fifth president of Iraq from 1979 until he was overthrown in 2003 during the United States invasion of Iraq. He was a member of the Ba’ath Party and in 1957, he played a key role in the 17 Revolution that brought the Ba’athists to power. After becoming president in 1979, he purged all the rivals within his party. Saddam dominated Iraqi politics for 35 years. He was viewed by many Arabs as a resolute leader who challenged Western imperialism, opposed Israeli occupation of Palestine, and resisted foreign intervention in the region. Others including Shi’as Arabs and Kurds viewed him as a tyrant who was responsible for acts of repression, mass killing and other injustices. Human Rights Watch estimated that under his regime 250,000 to 290,000 Iraqis were murdered or disappeared. He was government was viewed as an authoritarian and totalitarian. In March 2003, a U.S. led coalition forces invaded Iraq on the belief that Saddam was a threat to stability of the region, and the belief that the country had weapons of mass destruction. Within three weeks of the invasion, the Iraqi government and military collapsed. Weapons of mass destruction were never found, and Saddam was captured by U.S. forces in December 2003. He was convicted of crimes against humanity in November 2006 and sentenced to death. He was executed on December 30, 2006.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3109.0,3266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBabylon was an ancient city located on the lower Euphrates River in southern Mesopotamia, within modern-day Hillah, Iraq. The city was the main cultural and political center of the Akkadian-speaking region of Babylonia. It is estimated the city was the largest city in the world circa 1770-1670 BC and again circa 612-320 BC. The city was abandoned circa 1000 AD. The main source of information on the city is from the excavation of the site and references in Bible and other classical writings. UNESCO designated Babylon as a World Heritage Site in 2019.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3109.0,3266.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTheodor Herzl (1860-1904) was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish journalist and lawyer. He is considered the father of modern political Zionism. He formed the Zionist Organization and promoted Jewish immigration to Palestine to form a Jewish state. In 1896 he published The Jewish State, in which he advocated the establishment of a Jewish state. In 1897, he convened the First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland and was elected president of the Zionist Organization. Herzl died in 1904 from a heart condition and was buried in Vienna, Austria. In 1949, his remains were move to Israel and he was reinterred on Mount Herzl.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3279.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe International Committee of the Red Cross (“Red Cross”) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland. The organization was founded in 1863 and among the founders was Henry Dunant and Gustave Moynier. At the end of World War II, the Red Cross worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected by the war and set up a registration and tracing service for missing persons.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3279.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJacques Maritain (1882-1973) was a French born Catholic philosopher. He was raised a Protestant but became an agnostic before converting to Catholicism in 1906. He wrote more than 60 books and helped to revive Thomas Aquinas for modern times and was influential in the development and drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. He was a close friend of Pope Paul VI, who seriously considered making him a lay cardinal, but Maritain rejected it.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3279.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War II (abbreviated WWII or WW2) was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3279.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMichael Marrus (1941-2022) was a Canadian historian of the Holocaust, modern European and Jewish history, and internation humanitarian law. He received his bachelor’s degree at the University of Toronto. He also studied at the University of California, Berkeley where he earned his master’s and a Ph.D. He also received a master’s degree in law from the University of Toronto. Marrus was a professor of history and dean of graduate studies at the University of Toronto. He wrote eight books on the Holocaust and related subjects.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3279.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eToronto is the capital of the Canadian province of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada. Toronto is an international center of business, finance, arts, and sports. Historically, Toronto was an important destination for immigrants to Canada, making it a very diverse and multicultural city today. The city is the location of the headquarters of Canada’s major national broadcast networks and media outlets. It is also the third largest technology hub in North America, after Silicon Valley and New York City. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3279.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Shoah” is a Hebrew word meaning “destruction.” It became the standard Hebrew term for the murder of European Jewry as early as the early 1940s and is often used in place of the more generalized term “Holocaust.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3279.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePope Pius XII (1876-1958) was elected to the papacy in 1939, just as World War II was beginning. The Vatican was officially neutral throughout the war—even under Benito Mussolini’s Fascist rule and while Rome was later occupied by Nazi Germany. The role of Pius XII and the Catholic Church during the Holocaust has been the subject of much critical and supportive literature.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3279.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRobert Graves (1895-1985) was an English poet, solider, historical novelist, and critic. He is the son of Alfred Perceval Graves, an Irish poets and figure in Gaelic revival. Graves studied as St. John’s College, Oxford. During World War I, he served in the British army and was injured during the Battle of the Somme. He wrote more than 140 works in his lifetime including Good-Bye to All That, The White Goddess, and short stories including The Tenement.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3279.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJoshua Podro (1894-1962) was a scholar and journalist. He served in World War I and worked in New York as a journalist for a time. He later moved to England and ran a press-cuttings agency. He also was a scholar of Hebrew and Aramaic. In 1957, Podro co-authored Jesus in Rome with Robert Graves.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3279.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid Ben-Gurion (1886-1973) was one of the primary founders and the first Prime Minister of Israel. He was born in Poland and immigrated to the Palestine region of the Ottoman Empire in 1906. He became a leader in the Jewish community in the British-rule Mandatory Palestine from 1935 until the establishment of Israel in 1948. He had a long interest in Zionism and became the executive head of the World Zionist Organization in 1946. In 1948, he was the first to sign the Israeli Declaration of Independence, which he helped to write. He served as prime minister from 1948-1953 and then again from 1955-1963.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3279.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHenri Dunant (1828-1910) was a Swiss humanitarian, businessman, social activist, and co-founder of the Red Cross. He was born in Geneva, Switzerland to a devout Calvinist family. In 1901, his humanitarian efforts led to him being awarded the first Nobel Peace Prize.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3279.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTel Aviv, Israel is located on the Mediterranean coast. It is considered the economic and technological center of Israel. It is the country’s second most populous city after Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3279.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Book of Psalms or Tehillim in Hebrew, is the first book of the section in the Hebrew Bible called Writings (Ketuvim). It is an anthology of 150 poems attributed to King David and to others. It includes songs of praise to God, laments of communal or personal tragedy, and expressions of anger, despair, hope, and gratitude. Psalms are prevalent throughout Jewish liturgy and are commonly recited as an independent form of prayer. They are often sung or chanted.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3279.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMary Magdalene is an historical figure who according to four canonical gospels, traveled with Jesus as one of his followers, and was a witness to his crucifixion and resurrection. She is considered to have played a key role among his female disciples.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3279.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Reformation or the Protestant Reformation occurred in the 16th-century in Europe and was a major theological movement in Western Christianity. The Reformation is usually dated from Martin Luther’s publication of the Ninety-five Theses in 1517, which gave birth to Lutheranism. Other religions that developed as a result of this time were Anglicanism and Presbyterianism. The Reformers, in general, argued justification or the process by which sinners are made righteous in the sight of G-d was based on faith in Jesus alone and not both faith and good works, as in the Catholic view. The spread of Gutenberg’s printing press allowed for rapid dissemination of religious materials to the wider public, which previous hadn’t been possible.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3512.0,3638.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Catholic Church or Roman Catholic Church is the largest Christian church in the world with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics as of 2025. It is among the world’s oldest and largest international institutions and has played an important role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church as seven sacraments with the Eucharist or Holy Communion being the principal one. The hierarchy of the Catholic Church is headed by the pope, who is currently Pope Leo XIV. The pope is also sovereign of Vatican City, the small city-state within the city of Rome.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3512.0,3638.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3682.0,3741.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavid S. Katz (b. 1953) received his bachelor’s from Columbia University and M.Phil and D.Phil. from Oxford University. He taught early modern European history at Tel Avi University in Israel from 1978 until 2019. In 2019, he became a Professor of History at Brandeis University. Since 2020, he has been the Director of the History of Ideas Program.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3682.0,3741.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTel Aviv University is a public research university in Tel Aviv, Israel. It was founded in 1956 when the Tel Aviv School Law and Economics, the Institute of Natural Science, and the Academic Institute of Jewish Studies joined together to form the university.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3682.0,3741.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802/annotation_set/2036/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Knesset is the unicameral legislature of Israel. As the legislative branch of the Israeli government, the Knesset passes all laws, elects the President and Prime Minister, approves the cabinet, and supervises the work of the government.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/160283/file/291802#t=3762.0,3878.0"}]}]}]}