{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/r20rr1qw8n/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Wise, Isaac and Sam"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1983-02-15 (captured)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Isaac Wise (Interviewee)","Sam Wise (Interviewee)","Enoch Goodfriend (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eIsaac and Sam Wise are interviewed by Enoch Goodfriend in Atlanta, Georgia on February 15, 1983.\u003c/p\u003e (general)","\u003cp\u003eIsaac Wise (born Izchak Visgardiski) was born on April 1, 1910, and his younger brother Sam Wise (born Smerel Visgardiski) was born on December 15, 1915. They were two of seven children born into an Orthodox Jewish family in the small village of Vendziogola, Lithuania. The family later moved to the nearby city of Kovno (Kaunus), where the brothers completed their education. In 1936, Isaac married Rachel Lager (1915-2011) and became a successful salesman. In 1938, Isaac and Rachel welcomed their first child, a son named Chaim. Around this time, Sam began serving two years of mandatory service in the Lithuanian army. Following the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in 1940, he returned to Kovno.\u003cbr\u003eLife changed dramatically for the Visgardiskis when the Germans invaded Lithuania in the summer of 1941. The brothers and their family were soon confined to a ghetto along with all of the Jews in Kovno. For the next two years, Isaac and Sam endured forced labor and the brutal conditions of ghetto life. Sam was assigned to labor brigades outside the ghetto, where he risked his life trading clothing for food, which he then smuggled back inside. Isaac and Rachel were able to obtain slightly increased rations through their work as a carpenter and a domestic servant. During this period, Sam met a young woman from Kovno named Ida (Chaja) Baron (1922-1995). Soon the two referred to themselves as married in an effort to avoid deportations and selections.\u003cbr\u003eWhile in the ghetto, the young couples witnessed the deportation and murder of numerous family members. In March 1943, Isaac and Rachel’s young son was seized during the “Children’s Aktion” and murdered. Later, when the Kovno ghetto was transformed into the Kauen concentration camp, the remaining Visgardiski family was separated. Rachel remained in Kovno with her mother, while Isaac was sent to the Alexoten subcamp, an airfield where prisoners endured brutal forced labor. During an October 1943 roundup, Sam witnessed the deportation of his parents, Abram Leyzer Visgardiski and Batya Chaya (Grinblatt) Visgardiski, along with two siblings. All four were murdered in Estonia. Another sister was killed with her husband and children in the ghetto. In December 1943, Sam and Ida were sent to the Schanzen subcamp, where they were forced to labor for various Wehrmacht installations.\u003cbr\u003eIn July 1944, as the Red Army advanced, Kauen and its subcamps were evacuated. Male prisoners were deported to Dachau concentration camp in Germany. Isaac was imprisoned with Rachel’s father in one section of the camp, while Sam and an uncle were held in another. Both older men perished, but Isaac and Sam survived and eventually reunited in the camp. Meanwhile, all of the women, including Rachel and Ida, were deported to Stutthof concentration camp near present-day Gdansk, Poland, on the Baltic Sea.\u003cbr\u003eAs Allied forces approached Dachau in late April 1945, the Germans evacuated the camp. On April 26, Isaac was forced on a death march toward the Alps. Sam, critically ill, was left behind. When American forces liberated Dachau on April 29, 1945, Sam was discovered barely alive in a pile of corpses. Isaac narrowly escaped execution during the march and was liberated by American troops near Tegernsee, Germany, close to the Austrian border on May 2, 1945. As the brothers recovered from years of starvation, exhaustion, and trauma, they were reunited in the hospital of the Sankt Ottilien Archabbey in Emming, Germany. Both later discovered that their wives had also survived, but they had lost at least 134 family members.\u003cbr\u003eIsaac and Rachel were reunited in Lodz, Poland. In Germany, Isaac and Ida were also reunited. They were officially married on November 10, 1946, in the Feldafing DP camp near Munich, Germany, where Rachel and Isaac had also settled. With the help of Isaac and Sam’s only surviving sibling—a sister who had immigrated to South Africa before the war—as well as Rachel’s extended relatives in the United States, both couples applied for U.S. visas. While awaiting immigration, Isaac and Rachel welcomed the birth of twins, a son and a daughter. Sam and Ida also welcomed a daughter.\u003cbr\u003eIn 1949, both families immigrated to the United States. They settled in Atlanta, Georgia, where they opened Wise Brothers Grocery in 1950. Eight years later, Sam opened his own grocery, Windsor Red Dot, while Isaac continued operating the original business—renamed Isaac Wise Grocery—until approximately 1970. Sam and Ida welcomed a second daughter in the United States. The two families remained very close and were active members of Atlanta’s Ahavath Achim Synagogue. Sam and Isaac were very active in sharing their stories until their deaths. Isaac died on January 22, 2002. Sam died on June 19, 2003. The Breman Museum in Atlanta holds additional oral histories, papers and artifacts related to the Wise family. The USC Shoah Foundation also preserves oral history testimonies from Isaac, Sam, and Rachel Wise.\u003c/p\u003e (bioghist)","\u003cp\u003eIsaac and Sam talk about how old they were when World War II began. They recall the village they were born in, their family, and education. Both describe the antisemitism they encountered before the war. The brothers remember what happened when the Germans invaded in 1941 and the Lithuanians began attacking Jews. They describe the fear and violence they endured in the ghetto. They also recount examples of Jewish traditions and practices, as well as the honorable actions of the ghetto leadership. Sam remembers his arrival in Dachau. Isaac explains how he pretended to be a carpenter to survive a selection. Sam describes life in Dachau. Isaac recounts building a rabbit house for a commandant for extra food. Sam explains how American troops liberating Dachau discovered him among a pile of dead bodies. He recounts his recovery in a German hospital. Isaac talks about the death march he was sent on. The brothers offer examples of hope and sharing among prisoners. Isaac describes the starvation and grueling forced labor he endured. Sam and Isaac explain how they reunited in Dachau. They talk about a special gift Sam gave Isaac. Isaac describes the action where his son was killed. The brothers talk about different ways prisoners dealt with starvation, illness, injury. Isaac recollects the loss of identity and power he felt when anti-Jewish regulations first began to restrict their lives. He remembers his liberation and reuniting with Sam. Isaac talks about General Eisenhower’s visit to the Feldafing DP camp. The brothers discuss reparations, modern antisemitism, and the importance of Israel. \u003c/p\u003e (scope content)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://archivesspace.thebreman.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/29113"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Vendziogola, Lithuania (geographic term)","Kovno, Lithuania (geographic term)","Slobodka, Lithuania (geographic term)","Atlanta, Georgia (geographic term)","Germany (geographic term)","Lithuania (geographic term)","Soviet Union (geographic term)","Estonia (geographic term)","Riga, Latvia (geographic term)","ghetto (topical term)","Holocaust (named event)","World War II (named event)","Lithuanian army (corporate name)","deportation (topical term)","Kauen concentration camp (geographic term)","Dachau Concentration camp (geographic term)","Forced labor (topical term)","Koramei concentration camp (geographic term)","Feldafing DP camp (corporate name)","Displaced persons (topical term)","Yiddish (other)","Wise Brothers Grocery (corporate name)","survivor (topical term)","Orthodox (other)","Jewish (topical term)","Judaism (topical term)","Mohel (other)","Bris (other)","Kosher (other)","Yom Kippur (other)","Slobodka Yeshiva (corporate name)","Russians (geographic term)","Nazi (corporate name)","antisemitism (other)","Nuremberg Laws (named event)","Ninth Fort (geographic term)","Yellow Star (topical term)","Magen David (other)","Intellectuals Action (named event)","Children's Action (named event)","Gestapo (topical term)","Judenrat (topical term)","partisans (topical term)","underground (topical term)","resistance (topical term)","collaborators (topical term)","kapos (topical term)","Davening (other)","Alexoten (geographic term)","Lithuanians (geographic term)","bystanders (topical term)","Kauen-Alexoten (geographic term)","Great Action (named event)","liquidation (topical term)","extermination (topical term)","Commandant (topical term)","American Army (corporate name)","Death march (topical term)","death train (topical term)","Armenians (other)","Armenian genocide (named event)","Reparations (other)","Rosh HaShanah (other)","SS (topical term)","Gestapo (topical term)","Jewish Police (topical term)","Israel (geographic term)","UNRRA (corporate name)","Adolf Hitler (personal name)","Ku Klux Klan (topical term)","Mezuzah (other)","St. Ottilien Archabbey (other)","labor camp (topical term)","ghetto (topical term)","concentration camp (topical term)","Kauen-Schanzen (corporate name)","Schanzen (corporate name)","crematorium (topical term)","Appell (topical term)","Pesa Vizgardiska (personal name)","Mottel Laibe Vizgardiski (personal name)","Berele Vizgardiski (personal name)","Sarah Bella Vizgardiska Margolis (personal name)","Rivl Vizgardiska (personal name)","Asna Toiba Vizgardiska Menishewitz (personal name)","Abraham Vizgardiski (personal name)","Leyb Gorfinkel (personal name)","Israel Lager (personal name)","Chassa Lager (personal name)","Elkhanan Elkes (personal name)","Chaim Wise (personal name)","Dwight D. Eisenhower (personal name)","Franklin D. Roosevelt (personal name)","Ida Chaya Baron Wise (personal name)","Rachel Lager Wise (personal name)","Smerel Visgardiski (personal name)","Sam Wise (personal name)","Izchak Visgardiski (personal name)","Isaac Wise (personal name)","United States (geographic term)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eIsaac and Sam Wise are interviewed by Enoch Goodfriend in Atlanta, Georgia on February 15, 1983.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIsaac Wise (born Izchak Visgardiski) was born on April 1, 1910, and his younger brother Sam Wise (born Smerel Visgardiski) was born on December 15, 1915. They were two of seven children born into an Orthodox Jewish family in the small village of Vendziogola, Lithuania. The family later moved to the nearby city of Kovno (Kaunus), where the brothers completed their education. In 1936, Isaac married Rachel Lager (1915-2011) and became a successful salesman. In 1938, Isaac and Rachel welcomed their first child, a son named Chaim. Around this time, Sam began serving two years of mandatory service in the Lithuanian army. Following the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in 1940, he returned to Kovno.\u003cbr /\u003eLife changed dramatically for the Visgardiskis when the Germans invaded Lithuania in the summer of 1941. The brothers and their family were soon confined to a ghetto along with all of the Jews in Kovno. For the next two years, Isaac and Sam endured forced labor and the brutal conditions of ghetto life. Sam was assigned to labor brigades outside the ghetto, where he risked his life trading clothing for food, which he then smuggled back inside. Isaac and Rachel were able to obtain slightly increased rations through their work as a carpenter and a domestic servant. During this period, Sam met a young woman from Kovno named Ida (Chaja) Baron (1922-1995). Soon the two referred to themselves as married in an effort to avoid deportations and selections.\u003cbr /\u003eWhile in the ghetto, the young couples witnessed the deportation and murder of numerous family members. In March 1943, Isaac and Rachel\u0026rsquo;s young son was seized during the \u0026ldquo;Children\u0026rsquo;s Aktion\u0026rdquo; and murdered. Later, when the Kovno ghetto was transformed into the Kauen concentration camp, the remaining Visgardiski family was separated. Rachel remained in Kovno with her mother, while Isaac was sent to the Alexoten subcamp, an airfield where prisoners endured brutal forced labor. During an October 1943 roundup, Sam witnessed the deportation of his parents, Abram Leyzer Visgardiski and Batya Chaya (Grinblatt) Visgardiski, along with two siblings. All four were murdered in Estonia. Another sister was killed with her husband and children in the ghetto. In December 1943, Sam and Ida were sent to the Schanzen subcamp, where they were forced to labor for various Wehrmacht installations.\u003cbr /\u003eIn July 1944, as the Red Army advanced, Kauen and its subcamps were evacuated. Male prisoners were deported to Dachau concentration camp in Germany. Isaac was imprisoned with Rachel\u0026rsquo;s father in one section of the camp, while Sam and an uncle were held in another. Both older men perished, but Isaac and Sam survived and eventually reunited in the camp. Meanwhile, all of the women, including Rachel and Ida, were deported to Stutthof concentration camp near present-day Gdansk, Poland, on the Baltic Sea.\u003cbr /\u003eAs Allied forces approached Dachau in late April 1945, the Germans evacuated the camp. On April 26, Isaac was forced on a death march toward the Alps. Sam, critically ill, was left behind. When American forces liberated Dachau on April 29, 1945, Sam was discovered barely alive in a pile of corpses. Isaac narrowly escaped execution during the march and was liberated by American troops near Tegernsee, Germany, close to the Austrian border on May 2, 1945. As the brothers recovered from years of starvation, exhaustion, and trauma, they were reunited in the hospital of the Sankt Ottilien Archabbey in Emming, Germany. Both later discovered that their wives had also survived, but they had lost at least 134 family members.\u003cbr /\u003eIsaac and Rachel were reunited in Lodz, Poland. In Germany, Isaac and Ida were also reunited. They were officially married on November 10, 1946, in the Feldafing DP camp near Munich, Germany, where Rachel and Isaac had also settled. With the help of Isaac and Sam\u0026rsquo;s only surviving sibling\u0026mdash;a sister who had immigrated to South Africa before the war\u0026mdash;as well as Rachel\u0026rsquo;s extended relatives in the United States, both couples applied for U.S. visas. While awaiting immigration, Isaac and Rachel welcomed the birth of twins, a son and a daughter. Sam and Ida also welcomed a daughter.\u003cbr /\u003eIn 1949, both families immigrated to the United States. They settled in Atlanta, Georgia, where they opened Wise Brothers Grocery in 1950. Eight years later, Sam opened his own grocery, Windsor Red Dot, while Isaac continued operating the original business\u0026mdash;renamed Isaac Wise Grocery\u0026mdash;until approximately 1970. Sam and Ida welcomed a second daughter in the United States. The two families remained very close and were active members of Atlanta\u0026rsquo;s Ahavath Achim Synagogue. Sam and Isaac were very active in sharing their stories until their deaths. Isaac died on January 22, 2002. Sam died on June 19, 2003. The Breman Museum in Atlanta holds additional oral histories, papers and artifacts related to the Wise family. The USC Shoah Foundation also preserves oral history testimonies from Isaac, Sam, and Rachel Wise.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIsaac and Sam talk about how old they were when World War II began. They recall the village they were born in, their family, and education. Both describe the antisemitism they encountered before the war. The brothers remember what happened when the Germans invaded in 1941 and the Lithuanians began attacking Jews. They describe the fear and violence they endured in the ghetto. They also recount examples of Jewish traditions and practices, as well as the honorable actions of the ghetto leadership. Sam remembers his arrival in Dachau. Isaac explains how he pretended to be a carpenter to survive a selection. Sam describes life in Dachau. Isaac recounts building a rabbit house for a commandant for extra food. Sam explains how American troops liberating Dachau discovered him among a pile of dead bodies. He recounts his recovery in a German hospital. Isaac talks about the death march he was sent on. The brothers offer examples of hope and sharing among prisoners. Isaac describes the starvation and grueling forced labor he endured. Sam and Isaac explain how they reunited in Dachau. They talk about a special gift Sam gave Isaac. Isaac describes the action where his son was killed. The brothers talk about different ways prisoners dealt with starvation, illness, injury. Isaac recollects the loss of identity and power he felt when anti-Jewish regulations first began to restrict their lives. He remembers his liberation and reuniting with Sam. Isaac talks about General Eisenhower\u0026rsquo;s visit to the Feldafing DP camp. The brothers discuss reparations, modern antisemitism, and the importance of Israel.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, recorded by any information storage and retrieval system, without the express written consent of the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/082/original/TheBreman_SecondaryMark_Horizontal_Blue_Black.png?1713640889","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/188/632/small/Wise_IsaacAndSam.m4v_1685127074.jpg?1685127075","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Wise_IsaacAndSam.m4v"]},"duration":6722.262,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/188/632/small/Wise_IsaacAndSam.m4v_1685127074.jpg?1685127075","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-thebreman.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/188/632/original/Wise_IsaacAndSam.m4v?1685127068","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":6722.262,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Isaac and Sam Wise [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Enoch: Today is February 15, 1983. We are conducting this interview from\nAtlanta, Georgia. Could you please tell me your full names?\n\nIsaac: Isaac Wise.\n\nEnoch: What was your name?\n\nIsaac: Izchak Visgardiski. [I was] born Visgardiski.\n\nSam: My name is Sam Wise. [It was] Smerel Visgardiski in Yiddish.\n\nEnoch: Sam, could you please give us your current address in Atlanta?\n\nSam: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fifteen fifty-seven Anita Place.\n\nEnoch: Your date of birth?\n\nSam: In 1915, December the fifteenth.\n\nEnoch: Isaac, could you please give us your address and your date of birth?\n\nIsaac: Nine sixty Wildwood Road northeast [in] Atlanta, Georgia.\n\nEnoch: Your date of birth?\n\nIsaac: April the first, 1910.\n\nEnoch: Isaac, do you remember your age at the time of liberation, when you were liberated?\n\nIsaac: The age?\n\nEnoch: About how old were you?\n\nIsaac: When I got ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=30.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberated, I would have been -- Let us see, it was in 1945. In\n1945 I got, we got free. I was [born in] 1910 -- about 34 years old.\n\nEnoch: About 34. Sam, do you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember?\n\nSam: Maybe 30 years.\n\nEnoch: About 30 years. Before the war, Isaac, what is it that you wanted to do\nas far as a profession? Did you have something that you wanted to do?\n\nIsaac: I worked as a traveling salesman. This was my job.\n\nEnoch: What did you sell?\n\nIsaac: I sold fabrics and neckties.\n\nEnoch: Sam?\n\nSam: I been a salesman.\n\nEnoch: You were also a traveling salesman?\n\nSam: Right.\n\nEnoch: What is your present occupation? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=90.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What do you do now?\n\nIsaac: Now, nothing, we are retired, but in America, I had a small grocery store.\n\nEnoch: Sam, you were also in a grocery store?\n\nSam: [Yes.] The same thing.\n\nEnoch: Isaac, could you please tell me what city and country you were born in?\n\nIsaac: I was born in a small village, small little town in Lithuania [called]\nVendziogola. This was near Kovno, about 22 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"miles from Kovno.\n\nEnoch: Sam, you were born [there] also?\n\nSam: [Yes.] The same thing.\n\nEnoch: Same place.\n\nIsaac: Later, we moved in Kovno, all of us, the whole family.\n\nEnoch: Did you grow up in the city or was it rural? Were you in the city or in\nthe country, Sam?\n\nSam: I grown up in the country, like a little -- a klyen shtetl [Yiddish: little\ntown]. Later, when I became 16, I moved ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=150.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Kovno, in the city.\n\nEnoch: Then you both grew up together?\n\nIsaac: We grew up. We always stayed the whole family together.\n\nEnoch: Could you tell me a little bit about your family? Could you give me the\nnames of the people in your household? For example, if an uncle or an aunt lived\nwith you, could you please tell me?\n\nIsaac: We did not live with -- Do you want me to tell this when I been a\nyoungster or --\n\nEnoch: Yes. When you grew up before the war, how many people lived in your house?\n\nIsaac: Before the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war, I already been married and had a little child, who was\nfive and a half years old.\n\nEnoch: As a child, when you were a child, when you were growing up, your\nbrothers and sisters, how many people lived in your house?\n\nIsaac: We had four brothers and three sisters we been.\n\nEnoch: And your mother and your father --\n\nIsaac: Mother [Rivl (Volve) Visgardiski] and father [Berl Visgardiski].\n\nEnoch: -- lived in the same house. Could you give us the names of your brothers\nand sisters?\n\nSam: Yes, my older ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sister was ... The names?... Asna. Later, my brother Isaac--this is\nhim. After him, my sister Sarah, what she is in South Africa. After my sister,\nSarah, is my brother, Mottel. After my brother, Mottel, my sister, Pesa. After ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=240.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pesa\nwas Berele. This was a youngster.\n\nEnoch: What was your social and economic status? By that, I mean were you a\nmiddle class family? Were you --\n\nIsaac: Middle class.\n\nEnoch: Middle class family. And your educational background? Did you go to\nyeshiva, a cheder, a public school? What kind of education did you have as a\nyoungster, Isaac?\n\nEnoch: Okay, we had been -- Like here, they have -- At home, they used to call\nit 'folkschul' [Yiddish: elementary school]. The Hebrew school was a Hebrew\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"folkshul. Then I went to the real gymnasium [in Yiddish, a realshul is a\nsecondary school; in Europe, 'gymnasium' is a term for high schools] in Kovno\ntill fifth grade.\n\nEnoch: And after the fifth grade?\n\nIsaac: After the fifth grade, I start to work.\n\nEnoch: Sam?\n\nSam: I finished the folkshul. Later, I went to Slobodka Yeshiva. I started by\nmake me a rabbi. But right away, I run away from them. I did not want to be a\nrabbi so I stopped ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it.\n\nEnoch: When you were growing up, what was your religious orientation? Did you\nhave a religious home, not Orthodox?\n\nIsaac: A very religious home, really.\n\nEnoch: Very religious house.\n\nIsaac: It was the father and mother -- We had a strict kosher house and\nreligious like everybody in Europe, was the same, the Jewish people.\n\nEnoch: Sam, what was your contact with non-Jews like before the war?\n\nSam: I had not too much contact with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-Jews.\n\nEnoch: Did you, Isaac?\n\nIsaac: I had to do it. First, in the business I had to it already. I had good\nfriends, some very Lithuanians. Later, before the war started and the Russians\ntook over Lithuania, I had to quit my job because I made too much money for them\nas an employer. They could not -- They take off my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"salary to take make smaller.\nThey had to take the job from me and they gave me a few different kind of jobs\nwhere I worked only with the not Jews and I had plenty friends.\n\nEnoch: Did you experience--now, this is for either of you--before -- now, this\nis before the war, while growing up as a child--did you experience any\nantisemitism, as a child growing up before any of this started?\n\nIsaac: I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you are talking about the antisemitism, there is no place in\nthe world where it does not exist. Every place in the whole world got it, I\nthink. But you could never know who is the real one and who [was] not. To give\nyou an example, I told you when I worked for the Russians, when the Russians\ntook it over from the Lithuanians, I worked with not Jewish people. I think they\nare my best friends. When the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"war starts, in the same day when the war started,\nand they owed me some money. I think that they are running away but I will my\nmoney from them. Then I see how the manager--I called him my friend--told\nanother guy to take the shotgun to me. He did not see how I walk to the door and\nI told him I had come right away back to get money and run home.\n\nEnoch: Let me ask --\n\nIsaac: They want to kill ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=450.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me.\n\nEnoch: Let me ask you a question, Sam. Did you personally experience -- in other\nwords, I understand what you say, Isaac. [Sam,] I am asking you. Did you\npersonally experience before the war, before this, any antisemitism? Did\nsomebody -- Did you experience any kind of antisemitism before the war, Sam?\n\nSam: I been in the Lithuanian army. There was antisemitism, too. But there, it\nwas just a little, to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"call you \"Jew\" or something like that. But I was proud of\nthat I am a Jew and I never let somebody call me \"Jew\" or something like this. I\nwas fighting for them.\n\nEnoch: Isaac, what were your first memories of the war, the very first\nindications of the war to you, and how old were you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=510.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when --\n\nIsaac: The first memories -- I just know that this was on Saturday and really --\nI know the date was June 22 [1941] in Kovno, Lithuania. In the morning, when we\ngot up and we see we got bombed, the whole city.\n\nEnoch: Excuse me, what year?\n\nIsaac: In the year of 1941 was in Kovno. They started the war. That is what we\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seen, how they started war. That was my memories, what I remember.\n\nEnoch: The very beginning?\n\nIsaac: This was the day from the first beginning.\n\nEnoch: Sam, do you remember the same?\n\nSam: Same thing.\n\nEnoch: About how old were you? Do you remember when this first -- about -- the war?\n\nIsaac: This is -- In 1941, I [was] 21 years [old].\n\nEnoch: How did changes, which came with the --\n\nIsaac: Thirty-one years, excuse me.\n\nEnoch: Thirty-one years old, and you are --\n\nIsaac: I am ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=570.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sorry, thirty-one.\n\nEnoch: How did changes which came with the Nazi movement affect you? For\nexample, schools, jobs -- Sam, what happened to you when the first effects of\nthe Nazis came to you personally? How did that affect you?\n\nSam: I could tell already this was terrible for the Jewish people. There was a\npanic. Later, they started putting in the ghetto.\n\nEnoch: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But more specifically, as far as when the Nuremberg laws came out, and\nthe civil service jobs, and the schools, were there any indication to you, as\nfar as the schools or the jobs that you had, that the Nazi movement was coming?\nWere there any indications like that?\n\nSam: There were. The Nazis, when they came out--the first, the second day\nalmost--and we been in the ghetto, they asked for 500 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intelligent professionals\nwhat they needed for jobs. I did not been a professional, but the professionals\nwhen they went on the bank--[they thought] this would really be true they need\nthem for the jobs--everybody run to help themselves, but they killed them all\ntogether. They carried them somewhere. There was a place, the 'Neynter Fort'\n[Ninth Fort] they called this in Yiddish. It was a place where there was already\nmade graves for them. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"killed them and that was it.\n\nIsaac: They took them from the first day, from the beginning.\n\nSam: This is from the beginning.\n\nIsaac: The same day, they killed 800 Jewish people, in the same Sunday, what\nthey find on the streets. They--the same day--helped them to do it, the\nLithuanians. They was the real antisemitists.\n\nEnoch: This is when the war first affected you?\n\nIsaac: In the first day.\n\nEnoch: Personally, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about your family, when was the first event in the war that\npersonally struck you? Let us start with Sam. The first thing that happened to\nyour own family that made you realize that something was going on, that there\nwas a war going on?\n\nSam: Our family was in the ghetto all the time till they start to make the\nselections. Until the last minute, we stayed altogether. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=720.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later, they took away\nmy parents, and my two brothers, and my little sister. They killed them in Riga\n[Latvia]. Not Riga; in Estonia. They killed them there.\n\nEnoch: Isaac, you referred before to your non-Jewish neighbors. You said that\nthe very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day the war came, they all turned. Did you find this to be true with\nall of your non-Jewish friends?\n\nIsaac: I just tell this was 90 percent for all. At least 90 percent because we\ncould not see the same like the Germans were themselves and even worse. Anyway,\nthey hurt us more--the Lithuanians did--then the Germans in the same day.\n\nEnoch: Were there any neighbors that helped you?\n\nSam: No ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=780.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neighbors helped. They helped was for their own use, for their own\nfavor, to get something from us what we still got left over.\n\nEnoch: As the war came closer to you, what options did your family have as to\nwhat they could do, Isaac?\n\nIsaac: Nobody can do nothing. You could go away, not to run away nowhere.\nEspecially -- We had already a child. I been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=810.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married. How would you run? Where\nyou run? My friends, all my best friends, the Jewish, what they start to run\naway from the war and they got killed, all of them, on the way. In any place, in\nthese small little towns, where they start to run, everybody -- I run, too, but\nI been the lucky one to come with my family back the next day home. We seen\nthere was no place to go. Where[ever] you go, they are there. They been there.\nYou got afraid more from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=840.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lithuanians than from the Germans.\n\nEnoch: Both of you were in ghetto, were you not?\n\nSam: [Yes.]\n\nEnoch: Could you describe to me, Sam, how the ghetto was formed?\n\nSam: The ghetto was formed -- This was a suburb, like Slobodka, we call it this.\nThere was with gates with what you call in Yiddish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=870.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'shtekhldrat.'\n\nIsaac: Wires.\n\nSam: Wires.\n\nEnoch: Barbed wire.\n\nSam: Right. We did not have any rights, no rights at all. You could not go even\non the sidewalk. We got to go in the middle of the street. When you see Germans\ncoming in, if you do not take off your hat when they got about 20 feet from you,\nyou can get killed from this.\n\nEnoch: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=900.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What were you told before the ghetto? What were you told? What was what\nwas the information that you had?\n\nIsaac: From whom?\n\nEnoch: And from whom.\n\nIsaac: And from whom. The information -- There was no information. The only way\n-- We used to sit out together the Jewish people and talk between us and find\nout what is going to be is the end for all of us. Then, when they decided to put\nthe Jewish people in the Slobodka ghetto, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=930.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was in little, small apartments.\nI lived in one little room together with my child, my wife, and her parents, her\nmother and Daddy. We been lucky to have such a one room.\n\nEnoch: But the question is: what were you told before you went? Did they tell\nyou anything?\n\nIsaac: They told us -- They did not. They just told us in one day you had to be\njust moved out.\n\nEnoch: Did they say ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=960.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why?\n\nIsaac: Nothing why. Because they needed places. That is all they wanted.\n\nSam: You would not ask them the question 'why.' There was no questioning for\nthem why.\n\nEnoch: Who was 'them?'\n\nSam: The Gestapo.\n\nEnoch: This was the Gestapo. What year was this about?\n\nIsaac: Nineteen forty-one.\n\nEnoch: Could you tell me a little bit about the daily routines in the ghetto?\nWhat was life like living in the ghetto every day?\n\nSam: We used to get up in the morning about four or five ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"o'clock in the morning.\nWe used to make an Appel [German: roll call] right by the gate. The Germans came\nand they select every day a group of people to work. All of us work, no matter\nwhat kind. They took away every day hundreds of thousands of people to work and\nthey bring them in the night back. This was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto. They did not care if you\ngot clothes on, if you do not have any clothes on, if you got something to eat,\nor you do not have to eat, nothing at all. You got to work and that is it.\n\nEnoch: How was business carried out in the ghetto? Was there any business going on?\n\nIsaac: What business? What kind of business can do there?\n\nSam: What kind of business in there can you do?\n\nIsaac: The kids, the youngsters used to go in and steal or get from the Goyim\n[non-Jews] something. They used to take out a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1050.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shirt, a pair of shoes, or\nwhat[ever] and bring them. They give them a piece of bread. The Germans give you\nsomething little to eat only because of them. But to explain and to describe how\nit was the life in the ghetto, this is so hard to tell you.\n\nI [can] tell you better [about] a quiet day in ghetto, in a quiet, nice day\nalready in ghetto. This was a day when we did not have to work looks like. We\nsit down on the ground in the back ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1080.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yard. A German car passed by and wanted to\nhave a little fun. They killed the second next to me, and the third one next to\nthe other one, for fun one day. Then they walked away. [There was] nobody you\ncould talk to, nobody you can tell or complain. That was a quiet Sunday day.\n\nEnoch: Education, was there any?\n\nIsaac: Education was --\n\nEnoch: In the ghetto.\n\nIsaac: Just in secretly. If they would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"catch [someone] giving an education [to]\nkids, they would kill anyway the kids right away with them. They would kill them\nanyway later, but the Jewish people did everything. They did not stop nothing\nfor the Jewish knowledge. That is what they really want: to cut off from the\nJewish people the knowledge, and the teaching, and everything, [for them] to be\nlike dummies or something. But it did not help them, this. We did it. Every\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1140.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish man did it, reading in secretly so nobody see, or somebody watched, stood\nguard. If they see a German going, they tell them right now to walk away. But\neducation did not stop--but not education like in a regular school; but what\nthey could without books or without --\n\nSam: Education was in underground. You asked about what kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1170.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business. The\nbusiness was: in ghetto, when we went to work--they selected about 100, 200; a\n'brigade' they called it--when we went to work and we meet some Gentile\n[non-Jewish] people what they came to do business with us. What kind of\nbusiness? You opened up from here [hidden in your pants] and took out a pair of\nsocks or a shirt what you had. I give it to him in the men's room when we gone\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1200.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in with him, because the Germans did not have to see us. If not, he would have\nshot us. I give him the shirt or the socks what I had and he give me a piece of\nbread. I hide the bread here [in my pants] in the same place where I had the\nshirt. If I get lucky, I go through the gate and the Germans did not see I got\nsomething. But if they see, they will take away and shoot me, or something like this.\n\nIsaac: We are still really talking about in the ghetto.\n\nSam: This was the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1230.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business.\n\nEnoch: We are still in the ghetto.\n\nIsaac: In the ghetto. To tell you about how we been afraid and what kind: they\nused to give out an order one day, let us say, that all the Jewish people got to\ngive up all their jewelry, and gold work, and things, and money, and everything.\nIf they will find a piece of jewelry, silver, or gold, let us say, after this,\nthey will kill ten families around where they will ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1260.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"find. I been at work very far\nfrom the ghetto away. When I come back home, they told me. I see my wife crying\nin fear, my mother-in-law scared. [I asked] what happened. They told me when\nthey have to give away the jewelry, they do not care for them, but she find a\nlittle tea spoon [from] when the baby was born--a friend give a present with the\nname for my little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1290.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boy. Now, she is afraid to go there so they can give it back.\nG-d knows if they will come to look and they will find, they will kill the ten\nfamilies around. I took and put the little spoon in pocket. I walked and I see\nif nobody will see. I throw them over the fence for the Germans, [where] all the\njewelry and everything was. I did not been afraid for my life, but I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1320.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe\nthis is true, and they will find them, and they kill. I been afraid for the rest\nof the people [around] us, their lives.\n\nEnoch: Your family -- What year did you get married?\n\nSam: I got married in 1936.\n\nEnoch: When you were in the ghetto, did you and your wife live with your mother,\nand father, and your brothers, and sisters?\n\nIsaac: Not with my mother and father, but with her parents, with my\nfather-in-law and mother-in-law.\n\nEnoch: When did you have your first child?\n\nIsaac: My first son was -- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After three years, we had the first son. He was five\nand a half years [old] in ghetto when they took him away from me.\n\nEnoch: Sam, was your whole family able to stay together in the ghetto?\n\nSam: Right.\n\nEnoch: When were you separated?\n\nSam: When they took away my parents in Estonia.\n\nEnoch: Do you know about what year that was?\n\nSam: This was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1380.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1942, I think.\n\nEnoch: Was there a resistance in the ghetto, for example, newspaper resistance\nor art resistance?\n\nSam: That was against the law.\n\nIsaac: This was in 1943.\n\nSam: Nineteen forty-three.\n\nEnoch: Forty-three. There was resistance. What type of resistance did you know\nof took place in the ghetto? Any kind?\n\nSam: What type of resistance?\n\nEnoch: Any kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resistance.\n\nIsaac: Yes, there was underground resistance.\n\nSam: Underground. They called them Partisans.\n\nEnoch: Do you know in what form did it take? What did they do that you know of\nin the form of resistance?\n\nIsaac: We could not really see with our own eyes what they are doing, because\nthis was the -- But really they did a lot.\n\nEnoch: Were you aware of any messages? Were you able to send messages out of the\nghetto successfully?\n\nSam: The Partisans did.\n\nEnoch: The underground?\n\nSam: The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"underground.\n\nIsaac: They would get messages of some kind and bring to us.\n\nSam: They used to collect ammunition, too.\n\nEnoch: How was the leadership in the ghetto organized? Was there a leadership?\n\nSam: Yes.\n\nEnoch: How was that organized?\n\nIsaac: This is like you take an election, let us say the top leader from a\ngroup, the same way. They took all the Jewish people. They make one leader like\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he is the top because if they need somebody, if they needed -- really, every\ncouple of weeks they needed to kill so many Jewish, they have to [have] somebody\nto talk [to] not to go to everybody. He had to be responsible to deliver them\nand the Jewish police and everything, to carry out for them their orders.\n\nEnoch: How did this organization, this leadership, affect your life? Did it help\nyou? Did it hurt ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1500.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you? Did it not make a difference? How did it affect you?\n\nIsaac: You want to answer it?\n\nSam: You answer it.\n\nIsaac: The way you mean [how] it affect me or affect all the Jewish people?\n\nEnoch: Affect you. Talk about you.\n\nIsaac: Me, just the same because the way I understood that somebody has got to\ndo something. If not, I would not be alive now maybe, because if not, [if] they\nwould not do it the way they want, or what they want, or what, they would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1530.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kill\nout all the Jewish people in the ghetto and that is all. Nobody would be left\nover now. But they -- I am not saying they did not condemn.\n\nI will give you an example. The leader from our ghetto was Doctor [Elkhanan]\nElkes. He was one of the greatest, biggest doctors in Lithuania, in Kovno. He\nwas an older man and he was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything--a good person, and a great Zionist, and\neverything. One day, they Germans called him. They sent for him to come to the\nGestapo, to give him a word of some kind. They told him they need 3,000 Jewish\nto be killed. [The Germans said, \"[There are] too many in your ghetto. You are\nliving too many people.\" They give him time till Friday morning to bring the\nlist with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1590.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"3,000, which ones he want to be killed, and to bring this back to\nthe Gestapo.\n\nEnoch: There were Jews transported from your ghetto?\n\nIsaac: Yes. But this is very important to hear this. When they come Friday, Dr.\nElkes told them, \"Yes, sir, I will do it. I will bring the list Friday morning.\"\nOn Friday morning, they sent for him a carriage with a horse to go because they\nmade it like they respecting him ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1620.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already, making for him like he is a big man.\n\nHe came with the book what they gave him to write all the names, the list and\neverything. He came in to the Gestapo leader. They asked him, \"Do you got the\nlist ready?\" [Dr. Elkes said,] \"Yes, sir.\" He gave him the book and [said,]\n\"Here it is.\" The Gestapo opened up the book and they read it. Two names was: my\nwife and myself. He said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1650.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"This is the two which I have the right to do what you\nwant with my life, but I have not got a right to tell what to do with somebody\nelse's life.\" Then they went and they got it by themselves.\n\nEnoch: Jews were transported from the ghetto to the death camps. What did you\nknow about that? Did you know where they were going?\n\nSam: No.\n\nIsaac: Who?\n\nEnoch: The Jews that were transported from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1680.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghettos. Did you know where they\nwere going?\n\nIsaac: Where they transported the Jewish, we already know in the second or third\nweek. Like my brother told you a while ago, right before we knew what they are\ndoing was not for good. [It was] for bad, just to kill.\n\nEnoch: Did the general population, the people, generally know about the camps?\nDid everybody know about the camps in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1710.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ghetto?\n\nIsaac: About the concentration camps? No, we did not know about the camps at all.\n\nSam: We did not know about Dachau or something like this.\n\nEnoch: Nobody knew anything about it?\n\nIsaac: No, this we did not know.\n\nEnoch: What did you do if you were sick in the ghetto?\n\nIsaac: Okay. The ghetto had a hospital. They had a hospital with their own\nJewish doctors with sick people, many of them, more than there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are -- like in a\nghetto, it was dirty and everything. Sicknesses exist more and more with us. One\nday, they came in the ghetto with vehicles and everything on a day when nobody\nworked, like Sunday. They come, everybody, to see their families in the\nhospital. What they did, they locked up all the doors, put gasoline ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1770.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around, and\nburned the sick, with the visitors, with everybody.\n\nSam: The hospital with the doctors, with everybody.\n\nIsaac: They did not need an excuse, but the excuse was they were scared for an epidemic.\n\nEnoch: This was in your ghetto?\n\nIsaac: In my ghetto in Slobodka.\n\nEnoch: What year did this happen about?\n\nIsaac: That happened on the fourth, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1800.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"October 1941.\n\nEnoch: Did you have enough food to eat?\n\nIsaac: Excuse me --\n\nEnoch: Did you have enough food to eat in the ghetto? Was there enough to eat?\n\nSam: Only just what we get. We got a piece of bread and something with water,\nwhat they give something all labor to give. You had something to eat when you go\nto the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1830.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work. What you did [was] you swap out something you had in your clothes\nfor a bread, for a piece of meat, or something like this.\n\nEnoch: Do you remember any babies being born in the ghetto?\n\nIsaac: [Yes.] I remember. Even went to a bris. We already went to a bris in an\nattic [so] nobody had to see it, nobody had to know. The Germans should not know\nit. They called my father-in-law. He was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"religious man.\n\nEnoch: He performed the bris?\n\nSam: He performed with the mohel, but he was -- he performed the service.\n\nEnoch: There was a mohel?\n\nIsaac: There was all kinds. Everybody. We had doctor, we had mohels.\n\nEnoch: Were you able to carry out any religious ceremonies in the ghetto?\n\nIsaac: Ceremonies -- Personally, we did everything, the religious people. They\nbeen davening. Even though they start -- We believe in G-d, because if G-d can\npunish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us so much and so hard, there He is. Everybody else [wondered], \"Where is\nG-d? Why is he not helping us instead of to punish us?\"\n\nEnoch: Now, I am going to ask you the question. I am going to ask Sam first. Did\nyour religious beliefs change at all during this time? Did you question or did\nyour religious beliefs change --\n\nSam: No.\n\nEnoch: -- at this time?\n\nSam: No, I do not believe they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1920.0,1950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"changed, the religious [beliefs].\n\nEnoch: Do you feel the same way?\n\nIsaac: I feel the same way. I did not. I believed before in G-d and I believe\nnow, too.\n\nEnoch: At that time, did you question anything at all religiously?\n\nIsaac: Everybody, religious people, more religious people than me, were asking\nthe same question they could not get nowhere from. The answer was the end of the\nwar. We still survived, some of them, the Jews. Life goes on again, and we\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1950.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"building, and we got Israel and we --\n\nEnoch: Were you aware of any help from non-Jewish neighbors outside the ghetto\ninto the ghetto? Were you aware of any that that went on?\n\nIsaac: In which way you mean help? What kind of help are you talking about?\n\nEnoch: Whether it be food or whether it be any kind of assistance at all from\noutside the ghetto. Were you aware of any that came in from non-Jews, from outside?\n\nIsaac: The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1980.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food used to come in, but only for a price of some kind. We had to\ngive them away what we -- till the last drop of everything ours, our clothing,\nour everything. They needed everything and they could only get --\n\nEnoch: I am going to ask you, Sam, were you in a concentration camp?\n\nSam: [Yes.]\n\nEnoch: Could you tell us which concentration camp?\n\nSam: In ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2010.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dachau number one.\n\nEnoch: Could you describe the situation that led to your being there? How did\nyou get there?\n\nSam: They brought us there straight in the train from the ghetto till we got to\nDachau, when they separated. They separated woman and the men, separate.\n\nEnoch: Could you could you describe a little more of the conditions of how they\nchose you to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2040.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go? Why did they choose you?\n\nSam: They chose me, one -- like they make a selection. One to the right, one to\nthe left, one to the right, one to the left, one to the right -- I went to the\nright. That means Dachau.\n\nEnoch: What happened when you first arrived at the camp?\n\nSam: The first when we arrived in camp, we only see beaten to death, beating and\nhollering like this is crazy. Everybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2070.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stayed, you got knocked out. Every --\nThey beat us to death.\n\nEnoch: Did you arrive with any members of your family or were you by yourself?\n\nSam: I arrived by myself, but later I found out my uncle -- And a year later,\ndid you not come to me, Isaac?\n\nIsaac: No, not in a year; the same year. I been in a different -- [There were]\ntwo lagers, two camps. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One [was] not too near, but about 15 miles maybe one from\nthe other. There was Lager zwei [German: camp two], Lager A. Lager one, lager two.\n\nSam: I was in Lager one.\n\nIsaac: One day, I went -- They carried me to work near to his camp. The people\nwhat they been in his camp, they knew me, some of them. When we passed by, we\n[saw] the other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prisoners. They said, \"Isaac! Isaac! You know your brother, Sam,\nis in our camp?\" We find out and a Jewish foreman, he worked out and he made\nlike he needed me in his camp to unite us together.\n\nEnoch: How did you happen to arrive, Isaac, to Dachau from the ghetto?\n\nIsaac: The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2160.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same. We been in another Lager. I worked before in Alexoten. When\nthey start -- One day, they took out all the people on the field and they ask\nfor people what they got a trade. They want to review. Who did not have a trade,\nthey want to kill first. I did not have a trade. Being a salesman is not a trade\nfor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. I have been standing like this and shaking from fear.\n\nThere was standing near to me a man what he was a carpenter. He know me. He\nsays, \"Isaac, what's the matter with you? What you scared of?\" I told him I have\nnot got a trade. I could not tell them I am this. They calling brick layers, and\nshoemakers, and carpenters, and this. He said, \"When they come to carpenters,\nyou raise your hand. You say you are a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2220.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"carpenter.\" They took out all the -- They\ncame to carpenters and he went like this [hit me] to raise up [my] arm. I raised\nmy arm. The carpenter, he said to me, the other guy, \"If we will work together,\nyou don't to worry,\" because he was a real carpenter. \"If not,\" he said, \"to\ndie, you've got time. You'll die later. Why you want right now to get killed\nalready?\" Sure ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2250.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enough, they put me in Dachau as a carpenter, let us say.\n\nWhen I come in Dachau, the Lager, it was nothing, like [Sam] said, you are\nletting animals in a -- the same like wild horses or something when they would\nrun around, the Germans, calling you by the worst names and nobody had the\nnumbers. The numbers, they did not look at the numbers, too. We forgot almost\nour own names. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2280.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I been only lucky later to find out that my brother is alive and\nhe is with me. We had been reunited together in Lager A, in camp two.\n\nEnoch: Sam, do you know what happened to the other members of your family when\nyou left? And how do you know?\n\nSam: Only what somebody told me. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2310.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seen them killed.\n\nEnoch: In the ghetto?\n\nSam: Not in the ghetto; in Estonia. My parents, you are talking about?\n\nEnoch: And the rest of your brothers, your sisters, and your parents.\n\nSam: Yes, they carried them to Estonia and they killed them.\n\nEnoch: Your whole family?\n\nSam: Yes.\n\nEnoch: How did you come to find this out? How did you find out?\n\nSam: Because people what had survived from there, they saw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2340.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. They saw what\nhappened. You got survivors there, too, what they run away from there to the\nPartisans, the underground, and they saw this.\n\nEnoch: Can you tell me what a daily routine, if there is such a thing, in Dachau\nwas like for you? What was a daily routine for you?\n\nSam: A ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2370.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daily routine was you get up in the morning about four o'clock in the\nmorning or five o'clock in the morning on they make an Appell. Do you know what\nan Appell is? Everybody got to stand, line up.\n\nIsaac: Like in the army.\n\nSam: Not to move. It can be raining, or snowing, or anything at all. They do not\ncare for nothing. They make an Appell. You stand about two hours or three hours\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2400.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes till they correct and everybody is there and they carry you to work\nand hard labor.\n\nEnoch: What type of work?\n\nSam: Any kind. There was no type. Any kind of the hardest work that can be.\n\nEnoch: Could you give us some examples of some of the work that you did?\n\nSam: I especially did not too ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2430.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hard. This is maybe why I survived because I did\nfor them something for the Germans. I make something [like] a little doll for\nthe children from wood. I make something to smoke, a pipe from wood, something\nwhat I make for them. I survive. They give me something.\n\nIsaac: Little tchotchkes [Yiddish: small objects].\n\nSam: Only what they can carry, the German soldiers can carry for their own\nchildren at home. I used to make a lot of things for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2460.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. Sometimes, I had from\nthem -- They threw me a piece of bread or something, but this is the way you had\nto. The other work, we used to do all kind of work, by cement, by barracks, to\ndig, everything.\n\nEnoch: Isaac, what was the daily routine for you?\n\nIsaac: Mine was every day, you could not predicate so many people in different\nplaces where they needed what can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2490.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work. They did not give us nice work. You can\nunderstand. The difference -- the others worked like if you were civilians, but\ncivilian is not to compare even with. It is worse than in [unintelligible; 42:15].\n\nEnoch: You told me something interesting. You told me you were a carpenter.\n\nIsaac: Yes.\n\nEnoch: What did you build? Or, the people you were involved with, what did you build?\n\nIsaac: What I built, this is another story. The commandant by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"himself, after all\nthe carpenters would be standing on the field already selected separate, he\ncome. From the whole group, he picked up only me. He needed a carpenter and he\nliked me, the way I looked for him. With no other carpenters and help, he said\nto me, \"Come on. I take you to the commandant, to him.\"\n\nHe was going to show me what he want for me to do for him. [He said,] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2550.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I'll give\nyou all kinds of lumber, and I'll give you all kinds of tools, and I tell you\nwhat. Here, I got two house rabbits,\" Kanninchen in German, \"and the mother\nKanninchen, rabbit is pregnant. When she's pregnant, we got to separate them. If\nnot, he will eat up the babies, the man.\" He said to me, \"I want you to build a\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2580.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house, a duplex.\" This seems for you funny. \"But I want it to be beautiful wood\nmade,\" he said to me, \"Take your time, but just make it good.\"\n\nI am by myself and I do not know even how to start. My hair stood up, believe\nme, from fear. I think am dying from this. That is how scared I was but I really\n-- ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2610.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Look, that is why I believe in G-d more because G-d was my helper it was\nlike. I do not know from what. I worked and I worked. Every time I am doing\nsomething, I see I am doing better and better. I paint it up and everything.\n\nBy the end of the week--almost took me a whole week--I come to the commandant. I\ntold him, \"Herr Kommandant, Ich bin fertig.\" [German: Sir commandant, I am\nfinished.] He walked with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2640.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me to check it. [He said,] \"Bravo! Exactly what I\nwanted!\" He took me back to his office there and took out a little loaf of\nbread, the army bread, this buttered brown bread. He handed it to me for a tip\nfor doing such work for him. I swear, when he gave me the loaf of bread --\n$10,000 would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2670.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not be worth it to this. The bread was -- When he gave it to me, I\nthink I would be so lucky.\n\nI got a chutzpah [Yiddish: self-confidence]. You know [what] a chutzpah what is?\nI think right now, I got an opportunity to ask him if my wife can be a dienst\n[German: service] maid for him. Maybe she will have bread from him. Maybe he\nwill give her bread. He let her work a couple of days and gave it to her, bread too.\n\nEnoch: Your wife was with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2700.0,2730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you in the camps?\n\nIsaac: Not in that camp. This was still in Kovno, before we came in --\n\nSam: From the ghetto.\n\nIsaac: No, from there, we went already to Germany. This was the last camp, but\nwe been with my wife together. From there, they carried us in Germany already.\nWe did not know for what, if they gassing us or really still to work a little\nfor them. They brought us in the -- There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2730.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was -- What was the name of them? They\nbrought us in German, anyway. We had been there for two days--not together;\nthere they separate already the women separate [from] the men. I been with her\nfather. From there, they sent us in all the Lagers-- Lager one, Lager two, Lager\nthree -- Lager eleven. My father-in-law was sent away to Lager eleven and he\ndied there. They brought me to Lager ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2760.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one. It is the same thing like he said.\n\nEnoch: Sam, were you aware of any attempts of resistance or escape in the camp,\nin Dachau?\n\nSam: No.\n\nEnoch: Or are you, [Isaac]?\n\nIsaac: I been afraid for this because I [was] thinking, I still hoped maybe for\nfreedom. Maybe I be free without escaping. But I could not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2790.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"run. I did not have\nstrength even to work.\n\nEnoch: Were you aware of any resistance on anybody else's part?\n\nIsaac: Some of them did try to--not in the camps; on the way, on the march\nalready a few days before we got free.\n\nEnoch: Sam, did you think you were going to survive?\n\nSam: [No.] I never think I am going to survive because I was -- Right before\nthey liberate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2820.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us, I had been very sick. They carried out all the sick people\nfrom camp to kill, to carry to crematoriums. Everybody cry over there for me.\nEverybody seen me how they carry me out. They took me in the trains. They\ncarried -- This was right on tomorrow when the American Army came and they\ndropped bombs on them train. They think it is an army ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"train. All the Germans ran\naway and they left it open, the train.\n\nLater, after that, they came back to see how many dead we got. They think I am\ndead, too. They threw out all the dead bodies, thousands and thousands of dead\nbodies. They threw me away, too. A few hours later, the American Army came. They\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2880.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"start to make pictures from the dead bodies, from everything what they saw. They\nseen [that] between thousands of bodies, some of them moving, some hands, some\nlegs moving. They selected, they tried to get -- Maybe they can get some of them\nalive. Maybe I been the lucky one.\n\nThey took me right now to the nearest German hospital. This was the name Sankt\n[German: saint] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2910.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ottilien. From there, when they brought me in the hospital, I\ndid not know where I am, but I see soldiers around me, strange soldiers I never\nseen in my life. [They were] American soldiers in American uniform, but I\nthought I see Germans. When I start to cry, I start to holler, \"Don't kill me!\nDon't kill me,\" everybody, the soldiers, start ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yelling, \"We are not killing you!\nWe are not killing you!\" But I did not understand what they say to me. I never\nheard English speaker, but one American colonel came to me. He pat me on my head\nand he said, \"Du a Yid. Ich a Yid. My Mutter a gut Yid.\" [broken mix of English,\nGerman and Yiddish: You are a Jew. I am a Jew. My mother is a good Jew.] He\nopened up [his shirt] and he took out a mezuzah. When I see the mezuzah, I feel\nthis is the end of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, from happiness though.\n\nLater, I became more sick. All the American soldiers tried to give me anything\nin the world, all mixed with chocolate, with bananas -- There was a German\ndoctor from the hospital. He said, \"Don't give him nothing in the world. You\nwill kill him! In two hours, he'll be dead if he's going to eat this. He's got\nto get an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ounce or something a day.\" When I had been there three or four months\nin the hospital, my weight was about 40 pounds, something, like a piece of wood,\nsomehow, I came alive.\n\nEnoch: Sam, why do you think you survived? Why? Do you think there was a reason\nfor you to survive?\n\nSam: I do not know. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3030.0,3060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do not understand it myself how I survived like this. It\nwas not only me. There were a few. We were together in the same conditions, in\nthe same hospital. One of them I found here when I came in Atlanta. He was\nsurviving the same time, under the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3060.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"condition as me. This was Joisha. He is\nhere in Atlanta. We immigrated together. When he see me, that I am alive and he\nis alive, we did not believe.\n\nIsaac: You questioned why is this, what kind of meaning it got we survived or\nshould I ask myself the question why?\n\nEnoch: Ask ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3090.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yourself. Why?\n\nIsaac: Ask myself why. If the question is why we survived this, I think, I\nbelieve that we survived [because] like everything, it is just luck.\n\nSam: I believe it is survival.\n\nIsaac: It is not because I be strong. It is not because I am bigger than\neverybody and everything. But thank G-d we survived. We can be today the\nwitnesses from everything.\n\nEnoch: Did you think you were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3120.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to survive?\n\nIsaac: No, never. I did not believe it if somebody came and told me that my wife\nis alive. This is, thank G-d, my wife from my marriage from home. When after we\ngot free, I been with him in the same hospital, this was like this.\n\nWhen our freedom came, we did not know they had already prepared graves for all\nthe 23,000 in our camp. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3150.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was 23,000 people. It is the same camp, the same\nDachau, where the late Dr. Koffer was. It was the same Dachau. They had the\ngraves prepared for us, to bury everybody, to kill them out somehow. But the\nAmericans, they knew it, it looks like. In every place where they want to kill\nus, they come before them. They did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3180.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not have a chance, but we did not understand it.\n\nWe walked, and we walked, and we walked, day and night. He was, like he said, in\nhospital. I left him. We came at night, in snow and everything like here was in\nthe weather. When they let us rest awhile, to sleep over night, everybody wanted\nto lay down in the snow, in the bottom, not in the top of somebody because we\nwarmer. We been so cold. In the morning, we got up, and there was four or five\ndead in each ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3210.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group. We find them there in the morning, and I see I been lucky to\nbe alive. I think maybe this was G-d's meaning for me. I do not know why.\n\nEnoch: How did people help each other in the camps? For example, do you remember\ninstances of giving or sharing of work or food? Or, do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3240.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you remember instances of\nsuicide? Any kind of interpersonal sharing that went on between people in the camps?\n\nSam: I had an uncle. I found an uncle of mine in concentration camp, in Dachau.\nI feel like I am obligated to him what, how much I do not have, to share with\nhim ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3270.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something. He used to ask me always. For him, this was the best medicine. If\nI bring him an onion.\n\nEnoch: Onion.\n\nSam: I brought him every day from my work. I ask everybody who can give me an\nonion. This is not only for to eat. It is medicine for him. I give him every day\nan onion. He wants to pay me for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3300.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this. He wants to repay me. With what he can\nrepay me? When he got his soup, he wants to give me a couple spoons of soup from\nhis, what they give it to him every day, to pay me a couple spoons of soup. I\ndid not take from him the soup, but this is the way what I share with him\nbecause it is all that I can share with him.\n\nEnoch: Were you aware of any suicide ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3330.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or abortion that went on in the\nconcentration camps?\n\nIsaac: What? Abortion?\n\nEnoch: Abortion or suicide.\n\nIsaac: How can be abortions?\n\nSam: How can there be abortion in the concentration camp because the women were\nseparate and the men separate? They did not live together in concentration camp,\nmen with women.\n\nIsaac: My best friend came to me. Everybody, lots of people had a feeling like\nthey dying right now or in a little while. He came to me--my good friend from\nhome still; I had been with him in the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3360.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camp--and he said to me, \"Isaac,\nhere is my little piece of bread,\" and he had something else they gave that day.\n[He said,] \"You can eat it.\" I said, \"Why?\" He said, \"I am going to die,\" and\nlaid down, and right now, he closed his eyes, and he was dead. He died.\n\nEnoch: As far as the sharing of food and maybe the helping of work from one to\nanother, do you think the people that were involved, were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3390.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were friends who\nknew each other from the shtetl or ghetto? Or, where a lot of new friends made?\nDid you find that people helped each other who did not know each other from\nback, or do you think it was only mishpocha [Yiddish: family], family and friends?\n\nIsaac: Some of them, but 99 percent of them did nothing. They want to save\neverybody their own lives because they know that to them, everybody is the same.\nThey did not have what to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3420.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"share with somebody. If there was privilege, the girls\nor somebody who works by the kitchen or somewhere, they had already some of\ntheir own friends what they maybe can help what they can help just a little bit.\nEverybody tried to save his own life the same way like here, you see the fire in\nthe movie theater. Everybody knows that if not, they will die ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anyway. They run.\nEverybody who could save his life, he does not look out for the next [person] or\nfor the other one. He was jumping over one and step on the other. He did not\ncare; the others, too. He did not care. Nobody cared for the other one no more.\n\nSam: In our camp --\n\nIsaac: They been animals. They did stuff like this. This comes from nature how\nto be.\n\nSam: In our camp, there was the guy beside me, a father and a son. They sleep\ntogether ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3480.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and work together, and they hold each other together, and they love\neach other. All of a sudden, the father died in the middle of the night. He did\nnot get up on his own. They said, \"Look. Your father is dead.\" The first thing,\nyou know what he did? He opened up his arm and took out from under his arm his\npiece of bread for tomorrow. He took out the piece of bread and put in his\npocket. This was for him important. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3510.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So was the love from a father to son. This\nwas the love for him. He did not have any tears to cry for him; only to save his\nown life. The father died with a piece of bread under his arm and he took it\nout. The first thing what he did, he took out the piece of bread and --\n\nIsaac: Somebody died what he had a pair of shoes better on, you took away quick\nto save it because when they gave you a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3540.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pair of shoes, they did not care if they\nboth are the left side on the right foot, or one is smaller and the other one is\nbig, the wrong size -- They did not care.\n\nSam: They walked over dead bodies like they were not bodies at all, like a piece\nof wood. You did not pay attention to this, on who you are stepping.\n\nEnoch: How did you know who you could trust in the camps? How did you know who\nwas trustworthy?\n\nIsaac: It was nothing what to trust. We did not have nothing to trust.\n\nSam: What you got to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3570.0,3600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trust? What are you going to do? You have got nothing to\nhide in there. If you had the main person what was in the camp, when you got a\npiece of bread, this was for you your life.\n\nEnoch: Did any kind of groups form in the camps and what kind of groups were there?\n\nIsaac: Yes.\n\nSam: Yes.\n\nIsaac: This I will never forget. I forgot lots of things, but this I cannot\nforget. Being so in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3600.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pain and hunger and everything, I remember just now like it\nhappened yesterday. There was in our, the same barrack as me, the same building,\na building on the ground, was a Doctor [Leyb] Gorfinkel, a big lawyer from\nKovno. He used to have lectures twice a week. Then one used to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stand and guard\nby the door that the Germans, nobody not coming in. He had to tell us by heart.\nHe had lectures. Every time, he [taught] us and give us the biggest hope. He\ncompared our lives with the Armenians. He said, \"Look what happened to them and\nthere still are Armenians in the world.\"\n\nEnoch: Armenians?\n\nIsaac: Yes. He said, \"Death will happen with us. Plenty of us will ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"die. We still\nwill lose, but it could not be that they will kill all of us. Don't lose your\nhope.\" This can go, but otherwise, you could not even read a little piece of\npaper. If you would pick up a piece of newspaper from floor and the German would\nsee you reading something, he will kill you right away.\n\nEnoch: Do you remember at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3690.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all any time of being able to laugh during this whole\nexperience, or share humorous times during this time? Do you remember any of\nthat? Was that possible?\n\nIsaac: Yes.\n\nSam: Go ahead.\n\nIsaac: That was not only possible, there was. I do not know how. They used to --\nThis -- I did not know it so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3720.0,3750.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much, but Jewish peoples inside, what Jewish people\ngot in them, they wrote songs and everything. That is what shows, to me, it\nlooks like this was the biggest hope, then they will be free sometime in life in\ntheir time.\n\nEnoch: Do you think that this laughter or humor was a way of coping? Was it a\nway of putting up with what was going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3750.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on? Why do you think that was?\n\nSam: I tell you what, in concentration camp, how hard the day was, but when\nnight came, we came together. We start to sing songs--all kinds of songs--and\nall kinds of jokes, and all kinds of stories to tell, everything. Some of them\n[unintelligible; 1:03:25] this maybe help us and everything. Isaac: They got medicine.\n\nSam: You forgot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3780.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about everything.\n\nEnoch: Were there any attempts at sabotage during your work to sabotage some of\nthe operations of the camp? Were you aware of any attempts of that at all?\n\nIsaac: There was.\n\nSam: If sabotage, who did [it was] the Partisans.\n\nIsaac: Only they.\n\nSam: Only they, but we could not sabotage, nothing. We could do, but we know\nwhat the price we got to pay for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3810.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. For one [act of sabotage], ten thousand\nmaybe they can kill--only for one [act of sabotage]. We did not sabotage there\nin the concentration camps.\n\nIsaac: That is what -- Remember, I told you in the beginning. We did not worry\nfor [our] own life, what happen to me, but we been worried. They used to tell\nyou all the time, \"For each thing one would do, we'll punish 100 more.\" We did\nnot want innocents to be killed or be blamed.\n\nEnoch: During your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3840.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"separate work details during the time in the camps, how did\nyou conserve energy? You told me you woke up very early in the morning and\nworked until very late. What did you do to conserve energy, to rest, or did you?\n\nSam: What kind of rest? We did not get rest. We carried on like animals. From\nthe work, right there, they give us a little soup with a piece of bread, and\nthat is all. You get up in the morning again; same thing.\n\nIsaac: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3870.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They will not come to us in our, both camps. We did not have hot water at\nall. We never washed our faces. I will tell a story. It hurts me to tell this.\nIf I tell you -- You know what lice is? People ate lice. I seen it by myself and\nmaybe I did it by myself. You know why? When they give you the little bit warm\nwater as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3900.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soup, and they had so much lice, and they eat with such a hunger,\nthen the lice falling inside. They did not take it out. They swallowed it\ntogether with this because they scared they lose a little soup. You understand?\n\nBut I do not know, somehow they gathered all up to build a Badeplatz [German:\nbath place]. It means a place to make hot showers for once a week to carry them\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3930.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in, to take showers, the prisoners. Soon as they made this, it is like we got\nthe best medicine in the world. Everybody got stronger and everything and we did\nnot know what -- It was so much -- the cleanliness, to be clean is better than\nfood in this time. Since then, the dead people got lots less, but, sure, we died.\n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3960.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When they used to carry us out to work and when they brought us back, on the way\nalready was a few hundred dead. When the commandant -- He gave the report to the\ncommandant, he told him, \"Herr Kommandant, this morning, I walked out with 8,460\npeople and I come back with 8,121.\" There was 300 dead. [The commandant said,]\n\"Should have done better!\" This means like, \"G-d ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3990.0,4020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"damn. I want you tomorrow to\n[have] more dead,\" like this.\n\nEnoch: Can you describe for me the selection process in the camps for who shall\nlive, who shall die? Could you describe how those took place?\n\nSam: In the camps, you are scared to say you are sick, how sick you are. But you\nare scared to say you are sick because if you are sick, you got to go.\n\nEnoch: Was that the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4020.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only criteria? Or, what else?\n\nSam: This is the only. There is no kind -- You got to be complaining you are\nsick, this means you are already [dead]. This means they have no use for you.\n\nEnoch: Did you ever -- Were you aware of any deliberate acts of violence? We\ntalked about sabotage before. Was there -- You said the Partisans -- Were you\naware of this?\n\nIsaac: That was in the ghettos, but not in the camps. In the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4050.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"camps, you got to\nmake the difference to understand. The ghettos was in our countries, the\nconcentration camps was already under strict Germans. From Germany, to run away\nwas harder. In our country, we know where to go and the people. That is where we\nhad the Partisans so many.\n\nSam: I would like to remind [unintelligible; 1:08:29] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something we had in the\ncamps, happiness, let us say. I serve a present to him. When did not see him\n[for] a year, when I hear that he is alive and he heard I am alive, we make\narrangements of how we get together. When we came together, I brought him a\npresent and he did for me a present. What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4110.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he did for me a present [was] a piece\nof bread or something what he had, or a potato. I do not remember. He will tell\nyou exactly the details. But I brought him a present that was for him better\nthan medicine, better than a piece of bread, and everything in his life. That is\nwhat I brought him, the present. He will tell you now what kind of present that\nI brought him there when we meet all together. I did not know if he [was] alive.\n\nIsaac: The only thing they let ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4140.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us have was razorblades He, my brother, used to\ngot -- He was smart to do such a thing right when they -- He took a picture that\nsomebody took away from us. The picture--here is the picture--was big like his\nrazor blade. He put in the envelope ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4170.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the razor blades the little picture. He\nthinks when he finds me or he sees me, at least we will have [a picture]. How he\nhad the picture, I could not [unintelligible; 1:10:09] because they took away.\nThey shoot. For a picture, they could kill too easy. Right now, they would say,\n\"Kill him.\"\n\nSam: He is dead.\n\nIsaac: When he said to me -- They arranged for us to see each other. I asked the\nGerman, my foreman and guard, I told him, \"This is my brother. Can I stay and\ntalk to him?\" He said, \"Go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4200.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ahead. Lay down there on the ground and talk to him.\nI will watch it.\" The German, he said this. He was an older man. The younger\nones were on the front.\n\nSam: He understands.\n\nIsaac: This was the end of the war almost. I had a couple little bitty potatoes,\ntiny, that I digged from the ground. I seen it with my feet. After we see this\n-- This is a special story to tell. You cannot understand how this was. Maybe\nabout ten ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4230.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"minutes, we could not say a word one to the other. We cried. I cried.\nHe cried. We exchanged the presents, his bread with the potatoes. Later, he\nsaid, \"Isaac, I got something for you.\" \"I know you will like it,\" he said.\n\nSam: I saved for him a piece of bread. Later, I said, \"I got for you another\npresent. This will make you happy.\" Go ahead.\n\nIsaac: He said, \"I got for you a little picture.\" When I see my son's picture --\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4260.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Really, that was the biggest present. To make the story short because it is too\nlong to tell: Later, when I come back in to camp to sleep, they made an order.\nThey ordered everybody to go out and to take a shower. They told us not to put\non the same clothes, the other clothes they will give us. And there was my\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4290.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little picture. I am telling you, I started to cry when I come back and I did\nnot have it. My friend, I said to him -- He was in the other barrack, he lived.\nI said that -- He was next to me, my good friend from Lithuania. He said to me,\n\"What happened to you? What happened, Isaac?\" I told him I left the little\npicture in my pajamas, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4320.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the prison suit. This was about 300 feet from the\nbarrack, where they took -- That guy --\n\nSam: He risked his life.\n\nIsaac: He walked out and crawled like a baby [in the] middle of the night. He\njust looked in every jacket from the uniforms. He found the little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4350.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"picture and\nbrought me back. You can see it there, from him I got the picture. Later, we got free.\n\nEnoch: Did you ever have any personal contacts with the SS?\n\nSam: Personal contact with the SS? [No.]\n\nEnoch: Yes, personal contact with the SS.\n\nIsaac: What you mean? Contact to --\n\nSam: No, nobody wanted to have contact with them.\n\nIsaac: What kind of contact are you talking about?\n\nEnoch: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Any.\n\nIsaac: Any. I had one time -- and I cannot forgive myself why I said it. I still\nbelieve if you really honest with them, too, but they was old men. I told him I\nwas a carpenter and this was why they let me be alive. The old foreman of mine\nwas a German. He used to talk and talk to me about the work. He looked around\nand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4410.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nobody is there around. He said to me, \"Isaak\"--this is my name in\nGerman--\"come here.\" I come. He said to me, \"Do you got children?\" I told him I\ngot one child. He looked again if nobody hear us. He said to me, \"Listen to what\nI tell you. Do you got a way to give somebody away your child to let him be\nalive, because they going to take away all the children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4440.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from your people?\" He\ntalking about the Germans. I told him, \"How?\" He said, \"Do what you can.\" Like\nthat. I told him, \"Thank you.\" When I come home and I told my wife and my wife's\nparents, they said, \"You still believe them Germans? He wanted to aggravate you.\nThat's why he told ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4470.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you.\" I think, \"Maybe he is a German the same like the rest,\nNazis and everybody.\" But, a few days later, when I came home, I did not find my\nson already. He was right. That is the contact what I had with them.\n\nEnoch: Could you tell us a little more about -- When was this, that this story\nhappened that you were just saying?\n\nIsaac: What you mean? When?\n\nEnoch: Yes.\n\nIsaac: That was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1943.\n\nEnoch: You were still with your wife at that time?\n\nIsaac: Yes, that was what happened still in Kovno --\n\nSam: In ghetto.\n\nIsaac: -- in the ghetto.\n\nEnoch: When did they take your child?\n\nIsaac: They take my child -- I got it here [the year written down] to remember\nit. That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4530.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was March 27, 1944, before sending us all to Germany, taking us out.\n\nEnoch: What happened?\n\nIsaac: What happened, when I come -- When we came from work -- First of all, in\nthe morning they sent out all the men to work, all of them, not to leave any men\nin the ghetto. When we came back, we seen the tragedy already. Tragedies was\nevery ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4560.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day. Every day was something, all kinds. When I come in--and I lived right\nby the gates from the ghetto almost--as soon as I come in, I see there is a big\ntoil, a big sadness. They told us which happened. They took away all the\nchildren from the parents. Every mother had to give away their child and bring\nit out.\n\nMy wife, followed the Germans to the street, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4590.0,4620.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started kissing his boots, and\nasked him, \"Do me a favor. Kill me first or kill me together with my child.\nPlease do not kill my child by himself.\" He said, \"Oh, no, you are too young to\nbe killed,\" to my wife, \"The child is older.\" He made it in a funny joke. \"But\ndon't worry,\" he said, \"first you got to work for us, and when the work in\nGermany will be finished, we'll finish your life,\" like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4620.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this.\n\nWhen the people started to tell me the way they killed, this is unbelievable. I\ncould not believe it this was like this. They used to play such games. They took\na child, like a piece of -- threw him in the air. They showed us how. They said,\n\"Oh, I'll catch him in the eye.\" The other said, \"I'll catch him in the nose.\"\nThey used to say, \"Bravo! He catched him in the ear,\" like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4650.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this. They came out\nwith the microphones outside. They said, \"Every mother who can recognize --\n\nSam: The clothes.\n\nIsaac: -- the clothes from your children can go and have it as a souvenir, but\ndon't forget, they are all in blood.\"\n\nEnoch: In the camps, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4680.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what changed about your religious beliefs or did anything\nchange? In the camps now, did your religious beliefs stay the same after you saw\nall of this?\n\nIsaac: How could they stay the same? They could not stay the same. We did not\nhave how to be religious. When we ate worms from the ground, we digged dirt\nbecause when we find the grass, we did not want to shake it off from the\ndirt--the grass--to fill up a little of our hunger. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4710.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How you can be religious? I\nmean, because to pray for G-d is just what you remember by heart. But still, we\nused to pray and stay and pray. Some of them even remembered. I do not know how\nthey remembered when Yom Kippur was. His brother-in-law, on Rosh HaShanah\nalready, he came to me and said, \"Isaac, here is for you to eat, far fasten\n[Yiddish: for fasting].\" You know what far fasten is? To eat before you fast. I\nsaid, \"What kind of fast? We're fasting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every day.\" He said, \"Today is Yom\nKippur and I got a piece of bread for you here.\"\n\nEnoch: Did people fast on Yom Kippur in the camps?\n\nIsaac: What?\n\nEnoch: Did people talk of fasting?\n\nIsaac: Who knows who fasts.\n\nSam: For us, it was every day Yom Kippur.\n\nIsaac: Every day was Yom Kippur!\n\nSam: But those who fasted on Yom Kippur --\n\nIsaac: Just to show you --\n\nSam: -- who knew the date when Yom Kippur was. We did not dare.\n\nIsaac: We stayed in the camps, nobody know how to pray. [Those that knew] a\nlittle to say, they said [for] everybody. They said Kaddish. The people knew.\nThis means it was forbidden ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for us. We did as much as we could.\n\nEnoch: We talked about what happened if you got sick. If you got sick and you\ntold, you mentioned what would happen to you. Was there any medicine of any kind\navailable to the Jews?\n\nSam: They did not give you any medicine. Everybody got -- He is scared to say,\n\"I am sick.\" If he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4800.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was sick, he could not walk even on his legs, he was afraid\nto say he is sick because he knows what will be with this.\n\nIsaac: If I had a wound on my leg. We used to put -- The cement, the bags, they\ncome in paper bags. We used to open up the bags--the middle one was cleaner a\nlittle--and put around like bandage, to have a bandage. What kind of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4830.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medicine?\nThey did not care for the people. They did not want them to live. They only keep\nus because we worked for them all to the last.\n\nEnoch: Did dentists search your mouth for gold?\n\nSam: Yes.\n\nIsaac: Yes, but --\n\nSam: They took out from our mouths all the pieces, all the tooths, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gold. Who\ngot a golden tooth or something like this --\n\nIsaac: They shoved open their mouth to salvage.\n\nEnoch: I know you said that the women were separated. Were there ever any\npregnant women and what happened to them?\n\nIsaac: From after the ghetto, [there was] nothing a pregnant woman. They find\nout was a pregnant woman --\n\nSam: They take them out right now to have them killed.\n\nIsaac: They killed.\n\nEnoch: Immediately. Were any babies born in the camps?\n\nIsaac: In the camps, no.\n\nSam: No way.\n\nIsaac: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4890.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the ghetto was born, but still, they not alive to give them away later anyway.\n\nEnoch: Isaac, could you tell me what health changes happened while you were in\nthe camps: lost weight, lost teeth, gums. Can you describe some of those things?\n\nIsaac: What I think you see in the pictures, in all the movies, they show how it\nlooked: just bones with skin. That is all we had.\n\nSam: That is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4920.0,4950.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why when we came alive, that was a miracle, like I said before.\nThis was a miracle that nobody understands. There was an eye doctor from our\ncountry. He saw that I am already nothing. I am only like a piece of wood. He\nsaw how they carried me already to burn up in the crematoriums. After the war\nabout ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4950.0,4980.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe six months, eight months later, he came. When he told [Isaac] I am\nalive, he said, \"I have never been religious. I never believed in something in\nthe world. But when I see Sam is alive, I got to became religious and I believe\nin G-d.\" He never in his life believed in G-d. The same doctor, Dr. Elkes. He\nwas an eye doctor. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4980.0,5010.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He told me, \"Now, I believe in G-d. Before, I never believed\nin my life in G-d.\"\n\nIsaac: The strong people sometimes died before the weak. I do not know why.\n\nEnoch: Were there any medical experiments carried out in your camp that you know of?\n\nIsaac: Exactly our camp, no. They had special other camps, I think. Our camp was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not.\n\nEnoch: Were there prisoners in your camp whom you perceived as traitors, like\nthe kapos and the prostitutes?\n\nIsaac: Yes.\n\nEnoch: Did you perceive them as traitors and what happened to them?\n\nIsaac: They died like the rest.\n\nSam: The same thing.\n\nIsaac: Who could survive? They survived like they can be, but they died the same\nway. When [the Germans] killed in ghetto, [it was] the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish police that had\nhelped them and did all the work for them. It was not that they helped them\nbecause they want to kill Jewish, [it was] because they have to. They made them\nto be their representatives, to help [them]. The kapos, sure, they survived\nthemselves--some of them--and some of them died the same like me.\n\nEnoch: What did you think about those people? What did you personally think\nabout ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5070.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people who did that?\n\nSam: I did not think about them nothing. I think only they will be the same like\nme. They will get killed and that is all. But they [thought that] the worse they\nwere to us, that they going to be alive. They will kill everybody, but who works\nfor the Germans, they will be alive. They made the biggest mistake.\n\nEnoch: Sam, did you ever kill anyone?\n\nSam: I never. I did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5100.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not have any care to kill somebody.\n\nIsaac: I could not kill because I been like he. He was almost dead. They find\nme. The American soldiers find me on the street when I been already free. They\nsee that they had to carry me to the hospital. They did not even know where to\ngo. This why I did not. But some of them [unintelligible; 1:25:58] at the same\ntime, when they got free and they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5130.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw already that the Americans are here. As\nsoon as, they grabbed, they carried somebody, they hanged. I seen it with my own\neyes how they hanged up one German soldier, a guard. He was -- They hanged him.\nBut, what they did, they did nothing in comparison. This was like a drop of\nwater in an ocean. It did not matter.\n\nEnoch: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5160.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sam, of all these atrocities that went on while you were in the camp,\nwhat was the worst experience that you can remember from the camps?\n\nSam: The worst experience was in my camp, where we used to live. He had a\nswollen leg. Right beside me was [a man with] a swollen leg. He could not stand\nfor nothing. He took piece from his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5190.0,5220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blanket, a little piece. He tore it off and\nhe made like a bandage on his leg. The Kapo who was working for the Germans, he\nsaw this. He told it to the Germans what he did. They hanged him between.\nEverybody got to stay two hours to watch how they hanged him from his neck for\nthe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5220.0,5250.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"piece what --\n\nIsaac: He tried to cover himself.\n\nSam: Was a guy he tried to cover himself. This was at night. We had to stay, not\nto move, and to watch. They make us to stand and to watch for two hours of how\nthey hang him for only this. This was a day I wished I did not get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5250.0,5280.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up in the morning.\n\nIsaac: For me, the difference, let us say, like him -- I am not talking -- You\nmentioned more about camp. I am talking camp. For you, the ghetto and camp looks\nalike. I understand why, because -- But for me, the worst thing, the hardest\nthing was in the beginning when they took over. The Germans came in and they\nordered all the Jews to wear the yellow Magen David, to put on [their clothes].\nThis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was, for me, proud. I was so proud to wear it. I did not care. It did not\nembarrass me. It made me proud to be Jewish.\n\nBut one day was I could never forget it. When we walked from work and it was\nstarting to rain over a bridge from Slobodka and Kovno, and we heard--we walked\non the sidewalk and guards surrounded ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5310.0,5340.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us--there, I seen a horse run away from\nsomewhere. [It was] a loose horse and he was going, running exactly on the\nsidewalk. I mean, on the other side from the sidewalk, on the other side of the\nstreet. We listened what they talking through the [microphones or loud\nspeakers]. They ordered [that] now, all the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5340.0,5370.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish people to go down from the\nsidewalks. They got to go in middle the way, where they --\n\nEnoch: Middle of the street.\n\nIsaac: -- everything. I seen it now, the picture. The horse [has] right and I\n[do] not. What kind of -- Right now, I lost my own prestige. I am not -- They\nthink I am worse than an animal? Then I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started to feel dead. But, the worst\nthing what happened to me cannot happen worse than when I had to say goodbye to\nmy parents in Slobodka [and] I had to give away my child. When my wife told me\nshe gave away my child, this was the worst. Then I separated from my wife and\nthe family.\n\nWhat I mentioned before, when we were in the ghetto, how they used to give\norders for 3,000 people, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5400.0,5430.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish they need to kill today or tomorrow. When they\nasked for the 3,000 people, we know the Jewish police will come and get us. I\ntook [and] put on my jacket and sat down on the bed. I kissed the parents and,\nof course, my wife because I been waiting every minute for them to come and get\nme. I had been -- like, nothing. We had been waiting because we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5430.0,5460.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got so used to\nbeing prepared for the worst in the world. Thank G-d, they skipped my house. I\nam alive. That is why it makes me to believe in G-d.\n\nSam: They had already an amount. They said 10,000 and that is it.\n\nIsaac: This is just luck.\n\nSam: Like I say, that is it.\n\nIsaac: When we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5460.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heard -- I knew that my sister, the oldest sister with her\n[children]--she had four kids--and my brother-in-law, and then about 22 more\nfamilies was there. They went in their house to hide.\n\nSam: In bunker.\n\nIsaac: They put gasoline on their house and burned them alive, everybody. This\nwas -- What can be worse for me? Even I do not know what is worse. Nobody can\ntell what is worse because every time was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5490.0,5520.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some new kind --\n\nSam: Everybody lived not for the day; for the minute only. Somebody says, \"I\nlike from day to day.\" There, we lived in the minute. Every minute what you\nlived was yours, but you did not know the second minute what can be.\n\nIsaac: It is like I told you. This is impossible for any person--not because\nalready this was 40 years ago; this happened 40 years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5520.0,5550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ago--but it is impossible\nfor anybody to remember one day what has happened to him and to tell everything.\n\nEnoch: What were the first signs to you that the war was coming to an end?\n\nIsaac: That the war was coming to an end?\n\nEnoch: The war was coming -- The war would be over.\n\nIsaac: The signs? This was our freedom. Then, this was -- I told you like he was\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5550.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the hospital and they put him in the wagon to kill, or to send to the grave,\nor something somewhere. They carried us--23 or 22,000 prisoners--to bury us. I\nmean, to kill us. They had the graves fixed already from before.\n\nSam: It was ready graves for them.\n\nIsaac: They had ready graves. You understand? We did not know it. But because\nthey see they already lost and they want to clean this up, not to have any\nwitnesses to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5580.0,5610.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell what happened. But, the Americans was before them. The last\nnight, early in the morning, when they gave the order to get up and start to\nmarch, and to go again to walk, there was -- Every third man was a guard with\nthe guns from the German soldiers, the SS ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5610.0,5640.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. Next to me, to my friends, I\nsaid, \"Take a look. I don't see so many soldiers around us. I got a feeling from\nsomething we going to get free or something.\" He said, \"Isaac, you go. You\ncrazy.\" Talking like this, I see one soldier come to me and grabbed me. He said,\n\"How many clothes you got on, on you?\" They looked. Already, they want to take\noff from us --\n\nSam: The prisoner clothes.\n\nIsaac: -- prisoner clothes and put on themselves to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5640.0,5670.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alive because they scared\nfor their life.\n\nSam: The soldiers, the --\n\nIsaac: The other ones said to me, \"Don't let him take! Don't give him! He wants\nto save his life. There's something wrong. We going to get free in a minute\nlooks like.\" I see -- We walked through woods. I see one soldier and the other\nsoldier, he threw away his gun, jumping in the woods and running. I said, \"Oh,\nthis is the freedom coming.\" Then we stopped. We stand and we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5670.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"walking a little,\nand walking a little, and, \"March!\" We start to march, to go again. Then, we see\nwe not free yet.\n\nOn my right side was a big field and there was a dead horse. A horse was killed\nor something, or died, or -- Anyway, all the group, the people what survived,\nthey did not care if they will kill them, whether they will let them or not,\neverybody ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5700.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ran to grab pieces what they could from the horse.\n\nSam: Dead horse.\n\nIsaac: I could not even walk really. But some of them were strong and they\ncould. Here, I see a big fat German walking out. He started to speak into\nsomething like this, a microphone or what, talking, \"Leute!\" Leute in German\nmeans people. 'People' was a word we had not heard already for so many years. We\nare people again.\n\nSam: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5730.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They called us Schweine [German: pigs].\n\nIsaac: [The German said,] \"People, what you are doing? You are killing yourself.\nYou are free, you know. You see it? Take a look. Over here is white flags. The\nAmericans are here.\" The German said this. So, the freedom came. But before he\ntold us, when I walked, passed by, I see our people, they running ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5760.0,5790.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away already.\nThey did not wait until we get freed because they see we are free, and they can,\nand nobody did nothing.\n\nI pass by a house like in woods, like I am driving. I walked to the lady and the\nGerman lady's standing there [with her arms crossed across her chest] in her\nwindow looking. I asked her, \"Genaude Frau,\"--this means in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5790.0,5820.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"German, 'Dear\nlady'--\"Can I get a little water?\" I been a gentleman. I still did not ask for\nbread then. I started with water. I asked her, \"Can I have a little water? I am\nso thirsty. I am starving from thirst.\" She said, \"Yes, I will give it to you. I\ncome bring it out.\" I told her, \"Und ein Stück Brot?\"--this means [in German]\n'a piece of bread'--\"because I am hungry, too.\" She said, \"Jawohl [German: Yes],\ncome in inside.\" Then, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5820.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see we are free.\n\nIt was funny. When I walked in, she had the best food what I had not seen for\nyears and years. I sat down by the table, on a chair. I forgot how a table and a\nchair looks for people. She started to feed me. They got all these cooked\npotatoes for a whole day with the peels. When she gave me the potatoes, I saved\nthe peels. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5850.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could not have everything. I still could not believe this was true.\nI took the peels for the potatoes, and put it in the corner of my pocket, and\nkept it for later. She is by herself. She said, \"You don't need this. I'll give\nyou everything. We are free people. Don't be scared. Don't worry anymore.\" We\nhad the freedom to do that.\n\nEnoch: Were you in the DP [displaced persons]? After the war, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how did you decide\nwhere to go or was it decided for you?\n\nSam: There was a camp for all the survivors. Where were we? This was in\nFeldafing. It was in a little village there, Feldafing. There was where -- We\nhad been together and we come there.\n\nIsaac: We find each other again. Later, in a few days, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see he is in a\nhospital. When I come, I see he is in hospital and we come together again there.\n\nSam: When somebody came to tell him I am alive, he never believed. He said,\n\"Hey, listen, I know Sam is dead. Don't make with me a joke --\"\n\nIsaac: I can show you pictures of him dead.\n\nSam: -- with my dead brother.\" He never believed. He said, \"I can't believe.\"\nThe other fellow what seen me alive, he say, \"What kind of proof we can give\nyou?\" He [asks] if he can recognize my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5940.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"handwriting, \"If we can bring [Sam's]\nhandwriting, will you recognize your brother's? You will see that he is alive?\"\nWhen I been in the hospital, he came to me--the American from UNRRA, what they\nhelped, or from the Federation or something like this--they asked me to write my\nname in Yiddish. I did not know even for what whole purpose they want it, but I\nwrite my name. They came back and they saw ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. He said, \"There. Do you\nrecognize your brother's name and everything?\" That is when we come together.\n\nIsaac: We came--later, after we got better--like you said, in Feldafing.\n\nSam: He came to me in the same hospital where I been.\n\nIsaac: In Feldafing, I remember like it was now, it was the first Saturday\nmorning, General [Dwight D.] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6000.0,6030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eisenhower--the President Eisenhower; he was the\nGeneral [then]. He freed me. He opened our gates. General Eisenhower freed a\ncouple [camps], I think, then, a couple he got in his book. Anyway, the Jewish\npeople come out with --\n\nSam: By their selves.\n\nIsaac: -- with the Sefer Torahs. To him, they carried in [unintelligible;\n1:40:57]. I stood so near to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him, I was there in the pictures. They took\npictures, photographs when General Eisenhower promised. \"Right now,\" he talked\nto us, \"I tell you what. I can say this right now; but I still will tell that I\nwill ask them, my government, to open the gates for you, for all of you, [for\nimmigration to] America, to be free.\"\n\nSam: I will never forget it.\n\nEnoch: What are your feelings ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6060.0,6090.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today about how the war influenced you, Sam?\n\nSam: What do you mean?\n\nEnoch: Today, how do you think that the war influenced you, or changed your\nlife, or made you a different person than you would have been?\n\nSam: The same person what I had been before, I now, too. I did not change. It\ndid not change my life. My Jewish life, you mean?\n\nEnoch: I mean your life. Did the war influence you in any way? Did it make you\nthink about certain things?\n\nSam: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6090.0,6120.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No.\n\nIsaac: No? What makes me -- just, the Jewish -- First of all, just what we\naccomplished. We got our own country, Israel. The people now, I think, they are\nmore united--the Jewish people--in all the world like they used to be from\nbefore, because they have a lesson, what happened to us.\n\nWhen [Adolf] Hitler ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started to kill the Jews, he had in his mind even American\nJews, too. Because when they came when President [Franklin D.] Roosevelt died\nand they [told] us, I remember when we had been in the camp, in Dachau, they\nmade us -- One Sunday morning, they called us everybody in the field. We had\nbeen laying down on the floor, waiting until he will come. The commandant by\nhimself, he got to tell us something. He came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over and he says, \"Ihr dreht\nJuden.\" [In German] it means 'nothing,' 'sick Jewish,' or another name he had\nfor us. He said, \"You know something? I got good news for you. Your father,\nRoosevelt, died. Ha, ha,\" like this, \"I don't understand why you will be in a\nhurry to die now. You'll die. We will be there in two weeks. We will be there to\nkill his life,\" like ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6180.0,6210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this, \"together with the rest Jewish.\" He called [President\nRoosevelt] our 'father' because he had taken up for us, he thinks.\n\nThen, to show you this, they had in their mind to kill even the Jews from\nAmerica and from all over the world. They think there was only one kind people\nin the world. They will be Germans. This ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6210.0,6240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was for me, changes what I believe, how\nall the Jews got to be united and think about their own country, our own\ncountry, which G-d bless us, there is. Everybody got to do what they can for the\nfreedom in the world, and for the Jewish in the world, and in Israel.\n\nEnoch: In the years immediately following the war, did you immigrate to another\ncountry? And when did you immigrate? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6240.0,6270.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where did you go?\n\nSam: America we came.\n\nEnoch: What year?\n\nSam: In 1949.\n\nEnoch: In 1949. Isaac, you too?\n\nIsaac: The same year.\n\nEnoch: The same year.\n\nIsaac: The same year, I came over here.\n\nEnoch: Sam, did you ever apply for or receive war reparations?\n\nSam: [Yes.] I still --\n\nEnoch: You still --\n\nSam: We both.\n\nIsaac: Yes.\n\nSam: We get it, yes.\n\nEnoch: Okay. What are your feelings in regard to this?\n\nSam: What I feeling is that if I would not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take from them the money, what they\nare paying us monthly, to be able to have our families together. This does not\nmake me happy.\n\nIsaac: But this is -- at least -- First of all, they are not paying for this.\nThey took our own money, they took more. They can never pay back what they took\nfrom us. Besides lives, even if they paid back more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6300.0,6330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money than they got from the\nJewish people, they will never pay out.\n\nEnoch: Do you think another Holocaust is possible?\n\nSam: Yes, if we could not do nothing now about the antisemitic, or about the Ku\nKlux Klan, about the neo-Nazis, and everything. I think of them a lot.\n\nEnoch: Do you think it is possible?\n\nSam: Yes, it is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"possible.\n\nEnoch: Isaac?\n\nIsaac: The way they give them the freedom--for the neo-Nazis now, and for the Ku\nKlux Klan, and everybody--it looks like they are going to help them grow, and\nraise, and get forgetful for a new type of wars like this.\n\nEnoch: Is there anything that I have left out that you would like to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6360.0,6390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"share about\nyour wartime or before the war experience, any particular story you would like\nto relay that I may have left out of a question?\n\nIsaac: The stories [are] plenty. We could never -- If I live 100 more years and\ntell every day something, that will [still] be something to tell. What is there\nto say? Everything been said already by other people. They said it in a better\nway maybe than I did.\n\nSam: To tell you everything you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6390.0,6420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see, what happened, what is going on, I get very\nemotional for them, when I could not speak about what I wanted to say or I want\nto tell. I get emotional for them, how they can talk.\n\nIsaac: It is hard. It is just -- I do not blame people they could not believe it\nbecause our own Jewish people could not believe this. How? I myself could not\nbelieve it this really happened with me so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6420.0,6450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much.\n\nEnoch: How do you feel about answering these questions and about being taped?\nHow do you feel about this, what we are doing right?\n\nSam: I think this is for them a lesson. I think it is very useful. This is very\ngood for you [to do] it, because one day, even sometime our grandchildren will\ntake a look and they will ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6450.0,6480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know. They will at least believe it better then. They\nwill know that their grandfather, or grandmother, or uncle, or somebody talked\nto us and told us what he went through by himself. This is a real witness from\nthis what happened.\n\nEnoch: Do you ever think about your camp experiences today?\n\nSam: I think every day. Not only [about] this, but I thinking every day.\n\nEnoch: Do you have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6480.0,6510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dreams? Do you have nightmares?\n\nSam: I have dreams. I got nightmares and everything. Mostly, I tell you what I\nget sometimes. I dream like I am running, and running, and running, and running.\nWhat am I running for? I am running for my life. When I dream like this, I\ndreaming like somebody running after me. I am running for my life. That is what\nI get. Sometimes, I get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6510.0,6540.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up and I think, \"Where I am? Who I am?\"\n\nEnoch: Have either of you ever returned to Europe since the war?\n\nSam: [No.]\n\nEnoch: Your home?\n\nSam: No.\n\nEnoch: Do you have any desire to do this?\n\nSam: No, I do not have any desire to do this thing because this is ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6540.0,6570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too many\nmemories for this. I do not want to see my house there.\n\nEnoch: Isaac, have you ever been back to your --\n\nIsaac: I would not go even if they would give me free trips with everything\nbecause every step I put in [would] be in the blood from my family. After the\nwar, when I started to think only what is on top my head, what was near to me,\n134 people from near to my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family. [Those are] just what I remember. How in the\nworld I will go and step in the blood from them? Because every little piece of\nearth is there with the blood from my people. I do not want to see them and I do\nnot want to see their faces even who live there even.\n\nEnoch: We touched on this before. I will ask you. How has your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6600.0,6630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experience\naffected your feelings about Israel? What are your feelings? We will start with\nyou, Sam. What are your feelings about Israel, about Zion? Do you feel that\nIsrael had something to do with the Holocaust? What are your feelings?\n\nSam: With Israeli, if [there was] not the Holocaust, I think Israel would not be\nwhat Israel is now. That is what I feeling.\n\nIsaac: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6630.0,6660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Israel, G-d forbid -- If there would not be Israel, there would be\nanother Holocaust. Any little country would do it. Because we got Israel, and\neven how small she is, we can see how it is even more, a little secure to be out.\n\nEnoch: In summary, I would just like to state that what you have already ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6660.0,6690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/transcript/43892/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stated\nand how important this project is to our generation and to future generations as\nfar as knowledge, and to see that atrocities like this never happen again. I\nwould like to thank you, Smerel and Izchak, for giving us this interview. We\nappreciate it very much. We know how hard it is. We know how you feel about the\neducation of the eyniklekh, [Yiddish for] grandchildren, and for generations.\nThank you very much.\n\nSam: I thank you.\n\nIsaac: Thank you and good luck in your work. You are doing great work. Anyway --\n\nEnoch: Thank you.\n\n 2","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6690.0,6720.0"}]},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYiddish is the common historical language of Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe. It is heavily Germanic based but uses the Hebrew alphabet. The language was spoken or understood as a common tongue for many European Jews up until the middle of the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=0.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJust three days before the liberation of the Dachau camp, the SS forced approximately 7,000 prisoners, including Isaac, south on a death march south \u003cbr\u003etoward the Alps. During the six-day death march, anyone who could not keep up or continue was shot. Many others died of exposure, hunger, or exhaustion. Surviving prisoners reached Tegernsee on May 2, 1945 and were soon liberated by American troops.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=60.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSam and Isaac opened Wise Brothers Grocery in northwest Atlanta around 1950. About eight years later, Sam opened his own grocery, Windsor Red Dot.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVendziogola\u003cbr\u003e (Lithuanian: Vandžiogala; Yiddish:\u003cbr\u003e Vendzigole; Russian: Vendziagola) is a small village about 24 kilometers (15 miles) north of Kaunas, Lithuania. In 1940, the Jewish population was 350, or 58 percent of the total. The village was occupied by the Germans on June 25, 1941. On August 28, local partisans and Lithuanian policemen liquidated the ghetto that had been established there. According to one report, 252 Jews (42 men, 113 women, and 97 children) were shot in a nearby forest.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=120.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKovno (Yiddish: Kovne, Kovna, Kovni; Polish:  Kowno; German:  Kaunas and Kauen) is a city in south-central Lithuania. Between 1920 and 1939, it was the country's capital and largest city. Prior to the Second World War, Kovno had a significant Jewish population of 35,000-40,000, about one-fourth of the city's total population. Kovno had a rich Jewish culture with almost 100 Jewish organizations, 40 synagogues, many Yiddish schools, four Hebrew high schools, a Jewish hospital, and scores of Jewish-owned businesses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=180.0,210.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsaac married Rachel Lager in Kovno in 1936. The couple had one child, Chaim, born in 1938.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=210.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYeshiva \u003cbr\u003e[Hebrew: sitting] is a Jewish educational institution for religious instruction that is equivalent to high school. It also refers to a Talmudic college for unmarried male students from their teenage years to their early twenties.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA cheder is a traditional elementary school teaching the basics of Judaism and the Hebrew language.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=270.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAround 1882, Rabbi Nathan Zvi Finkel (1849–1927) founded the Yeshivas Knesses Yisrael in the Slobodka district of Kovno, Lithuania. The yeshiva became one of the most prestigious institutions of higher Jewish learning. Antisemitism between the two World Wars prompted the yeshiva to move to Jerusalem, where it still exists.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=300.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKashrut\u003cbr\u003e is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning \"fit\" (in this context, \"fit for consumption\").\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Judaism is a traditional branch of Judaism that strictly follows the written Torah and the oral law concerning prayer, dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, the Sabbath day, holidays, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=330.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe history of the Kovno area of Lithuania is complicated.  Between the two world wars the area was contested by both Poland and Lithuania and finally ended up as part of Lithuania. On January 16, 1939, Lithuania and Germany signed a nonaggression pact. When the war started on September 1, 1939, the Russians annexed Kovno, but then turned it back over to Lithuania. In 1940, the Russians re-occupied the area, annexing the entire country in August 1940. They remained until June 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=360.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAntisemitism is prejudice against, hostility to, or hatred of Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=390.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSoviet occupation (1940-1941) had brought traumatic changes to Lithuania, which fueled later violence by nationalists. As the Soviets took control of the country, they began targeting people declared to be enemies of communism. Politicians, intellectuals, and community leaders were purged and executed in an atmosphere of lawlessness and extreme violence. The Soviets also began to nationalize farms, factories, and mines, transferring both people and equipment inland as part of their economic strategy. As Lithuanian businesses were nationalized, the Soviets often hired Jews to serve administrative roles in these companies, which aggravated economic, social, and cultural tensions that had existed for centuries. The Soviets also sent tens of thousands of Lithuanians to Siberia for internment in labor camps (gulags). Although some Jews supported a version of socialism or communism, the majority did not. This fact did not prevent Lithuanian nationalists and others from claiming that Jews were collaborating with the Soviet occupiers. Others openly accepted the claims of Nazi antisemitic propaganda. These factors set the stage for a brutal display of hostility and vengeance toward the Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=420.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSam served in the Lithuanian Armed Forces for two years, from around 1937 to 1939. At the time, military service was legally obligatory in Lithuania. The Lithuanian military was disbanded under Soviet Occupation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=480.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGermany attacked the Soviet Union on Sunday, June 22, 1941, invading Soviet-occupied territories including Lithuania.\u003cbr\u003e Soviet forces fled the country and by July 1941, the Germans occupied Lithuania.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=540.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn August 15, 1941, the Jews of Kovno were forced into a ghetto in the suburb of Slobodka and it was closed encircling nearly 30,000 Jews. A poorer section of the city known as Slobodka in Yiddish or Vilijampolė in Lithuanian that was in the northern part of town and had previously housed only 8,000 people would now house approximately 35,000. For the first two months, the ghetto consisted of two separate areas: a “large” ghetto along the Neris River and a “small” ghetto to the west, connected by a wooden footbridge. Until the fall of 1943, the ghetto was reduced in size several times.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=600.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nazis’ racial laws were a set of policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the “Aryan race,” and based on a specific racist doctrine, which claimed scientific legitimacy. These policies targeted Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, handicapped people, and others who were labeled as inferior in a racial hierarchy to the “master race” of Germans. In Germany, the Nuremberg Laws were passed on November 15, 1935. They formed the cornerstone of the German Nazi Party’s racial policy and heralded in a new wave of antisemitic legislation that brought about immediate and concrete segregation. They included the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, prohibiting marriages and sexual relations between Jews and Germans, and the Reich Citizenship Law, which stripped Jews of their citizenship. Allies of the Nazis emulated these laws.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=630.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of nineteenth century, the city of Kovno was fortified, and by 1890 it was encircled by a series of fortifications. The construction of the Ninth Fort [Yiddish: Neynter Fort] was begun in 1902 and was completed on the eve of the First World War.  From 1924 on, the Ninth Fort was used as a prison.  During the years of German occupation, the Ninth Fort was put to use as a place of mass murder. In early July 1941, German Einsatzgruppe (mobile killing unit) detachments and their Lithuanian auxiliaries began systematic massacres of Jews in several of the forts around Kovno that had been constructed by the Russian tsars in the nineteenth century for the defense of the city. Thousands of Jewish men, women, and children were shot, primarily in the Ninth Fort, but also in the Fourth and Seventh forts. In addition to at least 5,000 Lithuanian Jews, Jews from as far as France, Austria and Germany were brought to Kovno during the course of Nazi occupation and executed in the Ninth Fort.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe first action undertaken after the Kovno ghetto was sealed occurred on August 18, 1941 in what became known as the “Intellectuals Action.” Around 700 young men from the “intelligentsia” were taken out of the ghetto under the guise of being taken for light, professional work in the city. They never returned and are assumed to have been shot.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=660.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMany people in German-occupied areas collaborated with German authorities. In some cases, antisemitism, greed, or resentment of alleged cooperation with the Russians motivated the behavior. In others, coercion was the motivating factor. Such collaboration was a critical element in implementing the Final Solution and the mass murder of other groups whom the Nazi regime targeted. When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, they often drew on local civilian and police support to carry out the annihilation of the Jewish population. Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, and ethnic German collaborators played a significant role in killing Jews throughout eastern and southeastern Europe. Collaborators committed some of the worst atrocities of the Holocaust era.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eImmediately before and following the German occupation of Kovno on June 24, 1941, bands of Lithuanians went on bloody rampages against the Jews, attacking and brutally murdering hundreds of Jews in Kovno and surrounding areas. Some Jews tried to escape into Russia, but most were turned back and local Lithuanian nationalists killed some on the road. Within six months of the German occupation of the city, the Germans and their Lithuanian collaborators had murdered half of all Jews in Kovno.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=690.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn October 26, 1943, 2,800 Jews were sent from Kovno to the Koramei concentration camp in Estonia. Most were eventually sent to death camps or shot.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=750.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGestapo\u003cbr\u003e is an abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, which means “Secret State Police.” The Gestapo was established in 1934 and placed under Heinrich Himmler. With virtually unlimited powers, it was highly feared. The Gestapo acted to oppress and persecute Jews and other opponents of the Nazis, including rounding up Jews throughout Europe for deportation to extermination camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=990.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the ghetto, all men aged 16 to 57 and women aged 17 to 46 performed forced labor in workshops established inside the ghetto or in construction sites outside the ghetto. \u003cbr\u003eSeveral thousand Jews left the ghetto every day for the city and its surroundings. One of the most notorious assignments was the Aleksotas airfield construction site, with almost 3,500 laborers in the spring of 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1020.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor a while, the Judenrat operated schools with the Kovno ghetto. When the Germans closed all the schools in August 1942, the schools conducted secret classes in various hidden locations throughout the ghetto. These “illegal schools” continued to operate until the “Children’s Action” in March 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1110.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsaac’s mother-in law and father-in-law, Chassa and Israel Lager, both died in the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1350.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eResistance in the Kovno ghetto focused less on preparing an uprising than on preparing the way into hiding for as many Jews as possible. In the summer of 1943, the underground established close ties with the resistance groups outside the ghetto, especially in the forests. Their network managed to help hundreds of Jews escape the ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1410.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn response to the German occupation throughout occupied Europe, partisans banded together to engage in guerrilla warfare against the Germans. Some Jews who managed to escape from ghettos and camps formed their own fighting units. These fighters, or partisans, were concentrated in densely wooded areas. A large group of partisans hid in a forest near the Lithuanian capital of Vilna. They were able to derail hundreds of trains and kill over 3,000 German soldiers. Life as a partisan was very difficult. People had to move from place to place to avoid discovery, raid farmers' food supplies to eat, and try to survive the winter in flimsy shelters built from logs and branches.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1440.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Judenrat was a Council of Jewish leaders established on Germans orders in the various ghettos and Jewish communities of Nazi-occupied Europe. They were given the responsibility of implementing the Nazis' policies regarding the Jews, which included everything from the confiscation of electronics like radios and valuable assets like watches or jewelry to organizing forced labor details and groups for deportations. The Judenrat also administered the affairs of the ghetto and most tried to protect and support the Jews under their care. Forced to implement Nazi policy, the Jewish councils remain a controversial and delicate subject. Jewish council chairmen had to decide whether to comply or refuse to comply with German demands to, for example, list names of Jews for deportation. Some Jewish council officials advocated compliance, believing that cooperation would ensure the survival of at least a portion of the population. The members of the Jewish councils faced impossible moral dilemmas. Often forgotten in the debates over the culpability of the Jewish councils and the Jewish police are the efforts of many Jewish council members and officials in their employ to provide a variety of social, economic, and cultural services under the brutal and difficult conditions in the ghettos.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1470.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eElkhanan Elkes (1879-1944) was a Jewish Lithuanian physician, living in Kovno when World War II began. Following the German occupation of Kovno, Elkes assumed the leadership of the Jewish community in the Kovno (Kaunas) ghetto. He remained in this position for all three years of the ghetto’s existence, providing medical care, moral leadership and tacit support of the underground. When the Kovno ghetto was liquidated in July 1944, Elkes was deported to Germany, where he died on October 17, 1944. His two children survived the war in England and his wife, Miriam, survived and was liberated in Stutthof.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1560.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eEstablished on March 22, 1933, Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazi regime. It was located in southern Germany near the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. Over 188,000 prisoners passed through Dachau between 1933 and 1945. Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers and tens of thousands were literally worked to death. Between 1940 and 1945, at least 28,000 died there as a result of the harsh, overcrowded conditions, medical experiments, and executions. The Dachau concentration camp also operated a vast network of 140 subcamps. Most of these subcamps were in southern Bavaria, in close proximity to armaments factories.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1740.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePregnancies and births in the Kovno ghetto were officially prohibited in July 1942, with violators subjected to the death penalty.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA bris, formally known as the “brit milah” [Hebrew: Covenant of Circumcision], involves surgically removing the foreskin of the penis. Circumcision is performed only on males on the eighth day of the child's life. The brit milah is usually followed by a celebratory meal. It is a tradition that dates back the biblical patriarch Abraham. For Jews, circumcision is a sign of the Jewish people’s covenant with G-d. Even during the Holocaust, Jews tried to observe this practice. Because non-Jews in continental Europe generally were not circumcised, German and collaborationist police commonly checked males apprehended in raids. For boys attempting to hide their Jewish identity, using a public restroom or participating in sports could lead to their discovery.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1860.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA mohel is a Jewish person trained in the practice of brit milah, the covenant of circumcision. He performs the religious ceremony as well as the actual circumcision when Jewish boys are eight days old.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDavening is the act of reciting Jewish liturgical prayers during which the prayer sways or rocks lightly.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=1890.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBoth the Dachau and Kauen concentration camps had a vast number of sub-camps. It is unclear which camp Isaac is referring to.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2100.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSam was initially sent to Schanzen, a subcamp of Kauen concentration camp established in December 1943 southeast of the former ghetto. The camp was completely surrounded by two barbed wire fences and conditions were brutal. Prisoners worked for a variety of Wehrmacht establishments. Schanzen was closed on July 12, 1944. The prisoners were evacuated west. The women were taken to Stutthof, while the men arrived in Dachau on July 15, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2130.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsaac was among thousands of laborers forced in the Kovno ghetto to work the Aleksotas airfield starting in September 1941. During the summer and autumn of 1943, the laborers were kept at the airfield for periods of weeks at a time. In November 1943, it became a sub-camp of the Kauen concentration camp, known as Kauen-Alexoten. The camp was completely surrounded by two barbed wire fences and conditions were brutal. The camp was closed in July 1944 and the prisoners were evacuated west.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear which action Isaac is referring to. Many occurred during fall 1941. On September 15, 1941, work passes were distributed to 5,000 skilled Jews, together with their families, who would allegedly be spared because they could work. On September 25, 1941, another 1,608 ghetto inhabitants including 615 women and 581 children were murdered as a reprisal for an alleged attack on a German police officer. On October 4, 1941, Kovno’s Small Ghetto was liquidated and some of the buildings were burned to the ground. Only those with work passes were spared. The rest of the Jews were taken to the Ninth Fort and murdered. Finally, during the “Great Aktion” of October 28, 1941, all the remaining Jews were told to assemble in the central square of the ghetto. There, they were separated by the Germans and by the end of the day 9,200 Jews, about 30 percent of the ghetto, were taken to Ninth Fort and shot. Thereafter life in the ghetto settled into a so-called quiet period. By the end of March 1943, there were around 16,000 Jews in the ghetto. Around 4,000 of them worked in 44 workshops inside the ghetto and another 6,000 worked in labor detachments outside the ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2190.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAn August 1943 order directed that all Jews of working age in ghettos were to be put into concentration camps. Jewish labor was to be reorganized and contained to the sites where the Jews worked. All others were to be selected and murdered. Meanwhile, Jewish labor at other sites would be replaced by civilian labor.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe commandant [German: kommanndant] was the highest ranking SS officer in concentration camps. Wilhelm Göcke (1898-1944) was the commandant of the Kovno ghetto.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2520.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe mortality rate in Dachau skyrocketed during the last four months of operation in 1945. Thousands of prisoners evacuated from other camps poured into Dachau. Overcrowding and disease were exasperated by dwindling food supplies. A shortage of coal meant the crematoria could not keep pace. Prisoners were forced to bring the dead to a hill near the camp and bury them in a pit. By mid-April, American troops were approaching. In the chaos, bodies were no longer taken to the hill for burial, but left piled up throughout the camp. The SS personal fled the camp on April 27 and 28. When liberation finally came on Sunday, April 29, 1945, 30,000 inmates remained in Dachau and another 37,000 in its subcamps. As the 42nd and 45th Infantry Divisions and the 20th Armored Division of the US Army neared the camp, they discovered a train of about 40 cars, overflowing with thousands of decomposing bodies. The “death train” had left the Buchenwald concentration camp weeks earlier with around 3,000 prisoners, brought to Dachau and abandoned. By the time they found it, all but a quarter had died. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2850.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSt. Ottilien Archabbey is a Benedictine monastery built in the nineteenth century in Emming, a small village in southern Germany. The extensive complex included agricultural facilities, a printing press, guesthouse, and an infirmary with an X-ray machine and other state-of-the art equipment. In 1941, German authorities requisitioned the monastery and turned the infirmary into a military hospital. When the war ended, it became an Allied-occupied displaced persons camp. Between 1945 and 1948, it welcomed some 5,000 Jewish refugees. On top of a functioning hospital, mostly managed by Jewish doctors, it also had a school, a police force and a maternity ward. Some 450 babies were born at the monastery in the years following the end of the war. Though the camp was overseen by the U.S. Army and later the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, Jewish survivors assumed key roles as teachers, physicians and members of a police force tasked with keeping the uneasy peace among the Jews, Germans and monks occupying the space.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2940.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA mezuzah [Hebrew: doorpost] is a parchment scroll often contained in a decorative case that is fixed on the right side of doorpost of a home. The parchment scroll made by a scribe contains the handwritten text of the first two paragraphs of the Shema.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=2970.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLiberated camp survivors were often so weak, emaciated, or sick that thousands died in the weeks after liberation. After liberation, camp survivors faced a long and difficult road to recovery. Eating foods that were too rich or complex for survivors’ bodies to handle could exasperate years of malnutrition and starvation, resulting in sickness or death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3000.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsaac seems to be referring to a fire that took place on February 13, 1983 at the Cinema Statuto, a movie theater in Turin, Italy. The theater caught fire during a movie and caused the death of 64 people as a result of smoke inhalation and being trampled to death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3450.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeyb Gorfinkel (1896-1976) was a Jewish Lithuanian lawyer, journalist and political figure. \u003cbr\u003eFollowing the German occupation of Kovno, Gorfinkel served as the vice chair of the Jewish community in the Kovno (Kaunas) ghetto and was responsible for the ghetto’s day to day operations. When the Kovno ghetto was liquidated in July 1944, Gorfinkel was deported to Kaufering concentration camp near Dachau. He survived the war and emigrated to Israel in 1948. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3630.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eArmenians are an ethnic group native to Western Asia, an area that was part of the Ottoman empire between the 14th and early 20th century. In 1915, there were approximately 1.5 million Christian Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire. In what is sometimes called the first genocide of the 20th century, from spring 1915 through autumn 1916, at least 664,000 and possibly as many 1.2 million were killed either in massacres and individual killings, or from the systematic ill treatment, exposure and starvation that accompanied deportations south to desert regions. In addition, tens of thousands of Armenian children were forcibly removed from their families and converted to Islam.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=3660.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Holocaust, the creation of ghettos was a key step in the Nazi process of brutally separating, persecuting, and ultimately destroying Europe's Jews. Ghettos were often enclosed districts that isolated Jews from the non-Jewish population and from other Jewish communities. \u003cbr\u003eJews living in ghettos experienced miserable conditions and overcrowding. A concentration camp is different from a ghetto in the sense that it was used to house slave laborers and prisoners of the Nazi state who were detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4080.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe SS or Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. It began at the end of 1920 as a small, permanent guard unit known as the “Saal-Schutz” made up of Nazi Party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. Later, in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and renamed the “Schutz-Staffel.” Under Himmler’s leadership, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in the Third Reich. Under Himmler’s command, it was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II. Among other activities, black-shirted SS men served as guards at labor and concentration camps. After World War II, like the Nazi Party, it was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal and banned in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4380.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn March 27, 1944, the Kovno ghetto’s remaining children under the age of 12 were rounded up. During the brutal two-day action, German troops and Ukrainian auxiliaries went from house to house tearing the children from their parent’s arms. Known as the “Children’s Action” and the “Children and Elderly Operation,” around 1,300 mostly children and elderly were either shot at the Ninth Fort or deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they were gassed. Chaim Wise was one of the victims of this operation.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4500.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYom Kippur\u003cbr\u003e [Hebrew: day of atonement] The most sacred day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur is a 25-hour fast day. Most of the day is spent in prayer, reciting yizkor for deceased relatives, confessing sins, requesting divine forgiveness, and listening to Torah readings and sermons. People greet each other with the wish that they may be sealed in the heavenly book for a good year ahead. The day ends with the blowing of the shofar (a ram’s horn).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRosh HaShanah\u003cbr\u003e [Hebrew: head of the year] begins the cycle of High Holy Days. It introduces the Ten Days of Penitence, when Jews examine their souls and take stock of their actions. On the tenth day is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. The tradition is that on Rosh HaShanah, G-d sits in judgment on humanity. Then the fate of every living creature is inscribed in the Book of Life or the Book of Death. Prayer and repentance before the sealing of the books on Yom Kippurmay revoke these decisions.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4740.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKaddish\u003cbr\u003e [Hebrew: holy] is a hymn of praises to G-d found in the Jewish prayer service that is recited aloud while standing. The central theme of the Kaddish is the magnification and sanctification of G-d's name. Along with the Shemaand Amidah, the Kaddish is one of the most important and central elements in the Jewish liturgy. Mourner's Kaddish is said at all prayer services and certain other occasions. Following the death of a parent, child, spouse, or sibling it is customary to recite the Mourner's Kaddish in the presence of a congregation daily for 30 days, or 11 months in the case of a parent, and then at every anniversary of the death. It is important to note that the Mourner's Kaddish does not mention death at all, but instead praises G-d.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4770.0,4800.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt was common practice in concentration camps for gold teeth and gold fillings to be removed from victims before their bodies were cremated or buried. Along with other gold valuables such as jewelry, the gold would then be melted down and reused by the German Reich. Allied soldiers found piles of teeth and fillings when they liberated many of the camps. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=4860.0,4890.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, a number of German physicians conducted medical experiments on concentration camp prisoners. They performed these studies without the consent of the victims, who suffered indescribable pain, mutilation, permanent disability, or, in many cases, death as a result. The unethical experiments carried out may be divided into three categories. One category consists of experiments aimed at facilitating the survival of Axis military personnel. In the second category, experiments were aimed at developing and testing treatment methods, including pharmaceuticals, for injuries or illnesses encountered in the field by German military personnel. The third category sought to advance the racial and ideological tenets of the Nazi Party’s worldview. Josef Mengele’s experiments at Auschwitz-Birkenau are perhaps the most infamous example of such experiments. The most notorious experiments involved freezing, high altitude, poison, tuberculosis, transplants, sterilization, artificial insemination, seawater, and experiments on twins. In all, there were at least 7,000 victims of German medical experiments. At Dachau, experiments centered on malaria, hypothermia and seawater.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5010.0,5040.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTo assist in managing the large communities within concentration or labor camps, German authorities installed a hierarchy of administrative units under their control. A kapo was a prisoner in a concentration camp who was assigned by the SS guards to supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks in the camp. Kapos were generally criminals. Thekapo system minimized costs by allowing the camps to function with fewer SS personnel. It was designed to turn victim against victim, as the kapos were pitted against their fellow prisoners in order to maintain the favor of their SS guards.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5040.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Magen David [Hebrew: Shield of David], or as it is more commonly known, the Star of David, is the symbol most commonly associated with Judaism today. During the Holocaust, the symbol was used by the Nazis to identify and isolate Jews. In September 1941, Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, issued a law requiring Jews over the age of six to wear a yellow Jewish star, or Magen David, on their outer garments. The star had the word “Jude” [German: Jew] written on it. The following year, Jews in lands under German control were also forced to wear the Star. The design of the badge varied from region to region. The German government’s policy of forcing Jews to wear identifying badges was but one of many psychological tactics aimed at isolating and dehumanizing the Jews of Europe, directly marking them as being different (i.e., inferior) to everyone else. It allowed for the easier facilitation of their separation from society and subsequent ghettoization, which ultimately led to their deportation and murder. Those who failed or refused to wear the badge risked severe punishment, including death.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5280.0,5310.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnder German direction, Lithuanian nationalists formed a local administration and soon introduced a series of anti-Jewish measures. Jews were forbidden to use sidewalks, maintain relationships of any kind with non-Jews, and Jewish houses had to be marked with a sign saying “Jude” [German: Jew]. Jews were forced to perform labor including agricultural work and domestic service, as well as demeaning tasks such as cleaning outhouses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5370.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhen hostilities ended on May 8, 1945 in Europe, as many as 100,000 Jewish survivors found themselves among the 7,000,000 uprooted and homeless people classified as displaced persons (DPs). In a chaotic six-month period, 6,000,000 non-Jewish DPs, who had been deported to Germany as forced laborers for the Nazis, wandered through Germany and Eastern Europe toward their homelands. The liberated Jews, who were plagued by illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world in which they had no place. Bereft of home and family, and reluctant to return to their pre-war homelands, these Jews were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia. In late 1945 and the summer of 1946, a series of horrific assaults against surviving Jewish communities occurred in postwar East Central Europe, particularly in Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Russia and Romania. Allied forces established temporary facilities (DP camps) across Germany, Austria, and Italy to house DPs. Often, shelter was improvised and DPs found themselves housed in everything from former military barracks, summer camps and airports to castles, hotels and even private homes. Most DP camps had been designated as either Jewish or non-Jewish by the end of 1945. In 1946 and 1947, the number of DPs in the camps rose substantially and conditions were often overcrowded and harsh. New organization and policies eventually took shape that substantially improved the DPs camps. Refugees were given some authority to manage their own affairs and some survivors began to establish new political and cultural lives. Many DPs married and started families while in the camps. From 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jewish displaced persons lived in camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Allied authorities and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered these facilities. Displaced Jews registered with various aid agencies like UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), the IRO (International Refugee Organization), or the British Red Cross’ Central Tracing Bureau (which would later be renamed the International Tracing Service) in the hopes of reconnecting with their families. Eventually, DPs were repatriated to their home countries, reestablished themselves in new countries or immigrated outside of Europe. Most of the DP camps were closed by 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5880.0,5910.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIsaac was \u003cbr\u003erecovering in a former military hospital when he learned of Sam’s survival.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFeldafing was the first all-Jewish displaced persons camp, and hosted a large and important community of survivors. It was originally a summer camp for Hitler Youth, and was located 20 miles southwest of Munich, Germany in the American zone of occupation. The camp was originally opened on May 1, 1945 to house 3,000 Hungarian Jews, and it housed many non-Jewish concentration camp survivors until July 1945. At that time, the United States Army moved the remaining Jewish survivors of Dachau into the camp. In autumn 1945, the first all-Jewish hospital in the German DP camps was founded at Feldafing. Educational and religious life flourished there. In addition to secular elementary and high schools, the camp’s religious community founded several schools. It also had a rabbinical council that supported its religious office, and an extensive library. In Feldafing, 450 children and adolescents were housed in a separate block known as the Kindercasion or kinderblock [Kinder is German for “children”]. Many of the youngsters in the kinderblock organized kibbutzim (Zionist communes). Newspapers were published. Theater groups and orchestras entertained camp residents.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5910.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was founded in 1943. Its mission was to provide economic assistance to European nations after World War II and to repatriate and assist the refugees who would come under Allied control. UNRRA managed hundreds of displaced persons camps in Germany, Italy, and Austria and played a major role in repatriating survivors to their home countries in 1946-1947. It largely shut down operations in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=5970.0,6000.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the fall of 1945, General Dwight Eisenhower—Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe and subsequently President of the United States—along with General George Patton, toured the displaced persons camps. President Truman had directed Eisenhower to visit the DP camps after receiving a scathing report about the living conditions of Jewish survivors in the American zone of occupation. By late 1945, some 75,000 Jewish survivors had crowded into the hastily set up DP camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Conditions in the camps were crowded and poor, with DPs living under armed guard behind barbed wire, sometimes in the very camps where they had been victimized, with no separation between Jewish and non-Jewish DPs. On Yom Kippur, in 1945, Eisenhower toured Feldafing. Eisenhower was genuinely dismayed by the poor living conditions he saw in the camp. He delivered a brief address to assembled survivors, in which he pledged the assistance of the American army and counselled patience until the Jewish DPs could leave Germany. Eisenhower then ordered the immediate creation of Jewish-only centers, where survivors would receive better food rations and medical care, overcrowding would be reduced, and survivors would have representatives to advocate for them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA Torah scroll [Hebrew: Sefer Torah] is the holiest book within Judaism, made up of the five books of Moses. It is hand-written by a pious scribe in the original Hebrew and must meet extremely strict standards of production. Torah scrolls are routinely read aloud in all synagogues and are a core representation of Judaism itself. When not in use in services, it is stored in the holiest spot in a synagogue, the Aron Kodesh (Holy Ark), which is usually an ornate curtained-off cabinet or section of the synagogue built along the wall that most closely faced Jerusalem, the direction Jews face when praying.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6030.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer (“leader”) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of Nazi Germany, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was a central figure of the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6120.0,6150.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFranklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-twentieth century, leading the United States through a time of worldwide economic crisis and war. Popularly known as “FDR,” he collapsed and died in his home in Warm Springs, Georgia just a few months before the end of World War II. He was a Democrat. FDR was an avid horseback rider and enjoyed an active early life. He was diagnosed with infantile paralysis, better known as polio, in 1921, at the age of 39. Despite permanent paralysis from the waist down, he was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6150.0,6180.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1945 and 1947, the Allied governments enacted various legislation dealing with reparations to be paid to the victims of Nazi oppression. The Jewish Agency presented the first official claim to the Allied governments in September 1945. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference) was established in October 1951 to help with individual claims against Germany arising from the Holocaust. The Claims Conference initially recovered $100 million from West Germany, with direct compensation to Holocaust survivors paid in installments. In 1952, the government of West Germany reached an agreement with the state of Israel and the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany to pay reparations for material losses and injuries incurred during the Holocaust. Three separate German laws, known as the West German Federal Indemnification Laws, were adopted in 1953, 1956, and 1965. They further provided for compensation in the form of one-time payments and monthly pensions to Holocaust survivors. In the years since, other agreements for reparations have also been reached.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn April 1949, Isaac and Rachel Wise came to the United States and began a new life in Atlanta, Georgia. In November 1949, Sam, his wife Ida (also a survivor from Kovno), and their daughter Saba arrived in the United States to join Isaac and Rachel in Atlanta. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6270.0,6300.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ku Klux Klan (or “Knights of the Ku Klux Klan” today) is a white supremacist, white nationalist, anti-immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-Black secret society, whose methods have included terrorism and murder. It was founded in the South in the 1860s and then died out and come back several times, most notably in the 1920s when membership soared again, and then again in the 1960s during the civil rights era. When the Klan was re-founded in 1915 in Georgia, the event was marked by a cross burning on Stone Mountain. In the past it members dressed up in white robes and a pointed hat designed to hide their identity and to terrify. It is still in existence.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6330.0,6360.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eBefore World War II, the Jewish population of Lithuania was 160,000, about seven percent of the total population. By the time Lithuania was liberated, about 90 percent of Lithuanian Jews had been murdered—one of the highest victim rates in Europe. It is estimated that of the roughly 40,000 Jewish inhabitants of Kovno, only about 2,000 survived the war. Less than 100 managed to survive in Kovno after its liquidation on July 8, 1944. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6570.0,6600.0"},{"id":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632/annotation_set/1051/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the aftermath of the Holocaust, many survivors felt there was no future for Jews in Europe. When the state of Israel was established on May 14, 1948, it represented hope to survivors who longed for a homeland where Jews would not be a vulnerable minority.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://thebreman.aviaryplatform.com/collections/994/collection_resources/92611/file/188632#t=6630.0,6660.0"}]}]}]}